HTTPSBMC - unideb.hupublicdocuments2022!09!132BMCI Lecture Week2 Compounds Mixtures PDF

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 82

Physical and chemical properties

Mixtures and chemical compounds


Chemical formulas
Naming chemical compounds

BMCI
2022
Any characteristic that can be used to describe or identify matter is called a property.

Physical Properties: characteristics that do not involve


a change in a sample’s chemical makeup.

Chemical Properties: characteristics that do involve a


change in a sample’s chemical makeup.
The types of physical properties of matter
Intensive and extensive properties are types of physical properties of matter.

(independent of sample size)

(dependent on sample size)


The types of physical properties of matter
’interesting contexts’

The ratio between two extensive properties is an intensive property.


For example, mass and volume are extensive properties, but their ratio (density) is an
intensive property of matter.

While extensive properties are great for describing a sample, they


aren't very helpful in identifying it because they can change according to sample
size or conditions.

One easy way to tell whether a physical property is intensive or


extensive is to take two identical samples of a substance and put them together. If this
doubles the property (e.g., twice the mass, twice as long), it's an extensive property. If the
property is unchanged by altering the sample size, it's an intensive property.
Classification of matter
Mixtures
A mixture is a blend of two or more substances in some arbitrary proportion.
Mixtures
A mixture…
 can be separated into two or more substances by physical or mechanical
means.
 displays the properties of the pure substances making it up.
 its composition can be varied by changing the proportion of pure
substances making it up.

3:4 7:2
Separation of Mixtures
based on different physical properties of the components.

Different Physical Property Technique

Boiling Point Distillation

State of Matter (solid/liquid/gas) Filtration

Adherence to a Surface Chromatography

Volatility Evaporation
Distillation is an effective method to separate
mixtures comprised of two or more pure
liquids. The mixture is heated and the most
volatile component vaporizes at the lowest
temperature. The vapor passes through a
cooled tube, where it condenses back into its
liquid state.

Evaporation is a technique used to separate out


homogenous mixtures where there is one or more
dissolved solids. This method drives off the liquid
components from the solid components. In many parts
of the world, table salt is obtained from the evaporation
of sea water. The heat for the process comes from the
sun.

Filtration is a separation method used to separate out pure


substances in mixtures comprised of particles some of which are
large enough in size to be captured with a porous material. Some
water filters can filter out bacteria, the length of which is on the
order of 1 micron. Other mixtures, like soil, have relatively large
particle sizes, which can be filtered through something like a
coffee filter.
The crystalline quartz sand is a pure compound (SiO2) but the seawater is a
liquid mixture of many compound dissolved in water.
Types of mixtures

Particles distributed Particles distributed


non-uniformly uniformly
A heterogeneous mixture has A homogenous mixture has the
components whose proportions vary same proportions of its components
throughout the sample. throughout any given sample.

Within the categories of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures there are more specific
types of mixtures including solutions, alloys, suspensions, and colloids.
Homogeneous mixtures
 Can NOT see the different parts of the mixture.
 Solutions are homogeneous mixtures.
 Although liquid solutions are most common, solutions can exist
in the gaseous and solid states as well.

Air is homogeneous mixture of invisible


odorless tasteless gases (such as nitrogen
and oxygen) that surrounds the earth.
An alloy is a mixture of elements that has
the characteristic of a metal. At least one
of the elements mixed is a metal.
One example of an alloy is steel which is
made from a mixture of iron and carbon. Seawater is a liquid
mixture.
Heterogeneous mixtures
 Particles are big enough to see and will settle out.
 A suspension is a mixture between a liquid and particles of a solid. A key characteristic
of a suspension is that the solid particles will settle and separate over time if left alone.
 Examples:
pizza oil in water sand in water sand and oil
in water
Pure Substances

Elements Compounds
Cl2(g) HCl(g)

Pure substances…
 cannot be separated into two or more substances by physical methods.
 are homogeneous, they have uniform composition throughout the whole
sample.
 have constant chemical composition.
 their properties are constant throughout the whole sample.
Pure Substances
Elements…
 consist of only one kind of atom (same atomic number).
 cannot be decomposed by CHEMICAL means.
 can exist as either atoms (e.g. Ar) or molecules (e.g., N2).
 are ’building blocks' of the universe.
 are abbreviated by symbols.
Pure Substances
Compounds…
 consist of atoms of two or more different elements bound together.
 can be decomposed by chemical means to elements/other compounds.
 All samples of a compound will have the same elements in the same
ratio.
Classification of Matter
Matter Flowchart

Pure substance
Atoms and Molecules

On the microscopic level, matter consists of atoms and


molecules.

 In a molecule, the atoms are joined together by covalent


bonds.
 Molecules may consist of the same type of atoms or
different types of atoms.
 Nonmetal / nonmetal
 Neutral (no charge)
Molecular models
A molecule is the smallest unit of a compound that retains the
chemical characteristics of the compound.

Ball-and-stick models show


atoms (spheres) joined
together by covalent bonds
(sticks).

Space-filling models portray


the overall molecular shape
but don’t explicitly show
covalent bonds.

Hydrogen chloride Water Ammonia Methane


(HCl) (H2O) (NH3) (CH4)
Some elements exist as molecules

P4 S8
IONS

IONS are atoms or groups of atoms with


a positive or negative charge.
Taking away an electron from an atom
gives a CATION with a positive charge
Adding an electron to an atom gives an
ANION with a negative charge.
Forming Cations and Anions

H+ H H⁻
1 proton 1 proton 1 proton
1 electron 2 electrons
Forming Cations and Anions

Mg  Mg2+ + 2 e- F + e-  F-
12 protons 12 protons 9 protons 9 protons
12 electrons 10 electrons 9 electrons 10 electrons

Metals tend to form Nonmetals tend to form


cations. anions.
Predicting Ionic Charge
The number of electrons an atom loses or gains is related to its
position on the periodic table.
Metals tend to form cations whereas non-metals tend to form anions.
Predicting Ionic Charge
Main-group metals usually form cations whose charge is equal to the
group number.
Main-group nonmetals usually form anions whose charge is equal to
the group number minus 8.
Some transition metals form
more than one cation
Chemical compounds
Covalent and ionic bonds
Compounds and Chemical Bonds

Formation of a chemical compound (example)

H2 + Cl2 2 HCl

Chemical bonds join atoms together.

Compounds can be classified based on the types of bonds that


they contain.
Chemical Bonds
Covalent Bond:
 results when two atoms share several (usually two) electrons
 typically a nonmetal is bonded to a nonmetal

Molecule:

Ionic Bond:

Molecule: the unit of matter that results when two or more atoms are
joined by covalent bond
Chemical Bonds

Ionic Bond

 transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another


 strong electrical attraction between charged particles
 typically a metal bonded to a nonmetal.

Ion: A charged particle

Cation: A positively charged particle. Metals tend to form


cations.

Anion: A negatively charged particle. Nonmetals tend to form


anions.
Ionic Compounds
In the formation of sodium chloride, one electron is transferred
from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom.
1
Na + 2 Cl2 Na+ + Cl-
Pure Substances:
Types of Compounds
Pure
Substances If the electrons are
If the electrons are transferred, these
mutually shared, Elements compounds are
these compounds called ionic
are called Covalent Compounds
compounds.
Compounds.

Molecules Ionic
Covalent Compounds

•Sharing electrons •transfer electrons


•non-metals •metal + nonmetal
Polar-
Covalent
•unequal sharing electrons If the electrons are
unequally shared,
•metals or non-metals then these are called
polar covalent
compounds.
Chemical formula: a format for listing the number and kinds of
constituent elements in a compound.

The chemical formula for a covalent compound is called a molecular


formula.

E.g., H2O is the molecular formula of water


The chemical formula for an ionic compound is called a
formula unit.

NaCl is the formula unit of common table salt


Picturing Molecules
Name Molecular formula Structural formula

Acetic acid C2H4O2

A structural formula gives the connectivity between individual atoms


in a molecule.

Molecular model: Molecular model:


’’ball and stick’’ ’’space-filling’’

Molecules have three-dimensional shape. However, we often represent


them in two dimensions.
Picturing Molecules
Methane, CH4

•Structural formula gives the connectivity between


individual atoms in the molecule.

•Perspective drawings use dashed lines and wedges to


represent bonds receding and emerging from the plane of the
paper.

•Ball-and-stick models show atoms as contracted spheres and


the bonds as sticks. The angles in the ball-and-stick model
are accurate.

•Space-filling models give an accurate representation of the


3D shape of the molecule.
Give molecular formulas corresponding to each of the following ball-
and-stick molecular representations (red=O, gray=C, blue=N, ivory=H).
In writing the formula, list the atoms in alphabetical order.

Alanin
(an amino acid) C3H7NO2

Ethylene glycol C2H6O2


(automobile antifreeze)
Molecular and Empirical Formulas

Molecular formulas give the actual numbers and types of


atoms in a molecule.

Examples: H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, H2O2, C2H4

Empirical formulas give the relative numbers and types of


atoms in a molecule. That is, they give the lowest whole
number ratio of atoms in a molecule.

Examples: H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, HO, CH2


Picturing Molecules 2
Name Acetic acid

Structural formula

Molecular formula C2H4O2 Acetic acid has different empirical


and molecular formula
Empirical formula CH2O

Molecular model: Molecular model:


’’ball and stick’’ ’’space-filling’’
Which of the following is the empirical formula for C2H6O2?

A. CHO

B. C2H6O2

C. CH3O

D. C4H12O4

E. None of the above

C
Ionic Compounds and
Formula Units
Sodium chloride exists as a crystal:
Ionic Compounds and Formula Units
 NaCl does not exist as a single unit like a molecule.
 The Na+ and Cl- ions are each bonded to six oppositely charged
neighbors.
 The ratio of Na+ and Cl- ions is 1:1.
 NaCl is a binary compound, which contains only two different
elements.
 The formula unit for sodium chloride is NaCl.

The chemical formula for an ionic compound is called a formula unit.

The formula unit, shows the lowest whole number ratio of the ions, is
an empirical formula.
Ionic Compound Formulas

 The symbol for the positive element is written first,


followed by the symbol of the negative element

 Subscripts are used to indicate the numbers of ions


needed to produce an electrically neutral compound.

 cation charges   anion charges


Ionic Compound Formulas
Ionic Compound: A neutral compound in which the total number of
positive charges must equal to the total number of negative charges.
Principle of electrical neutrality is applied in order to predict formulas
of ionic compound.

Example 1: Potassium and Fluorine

K K+
KF
F F -

Potassium and fluorine combine in a 1:1 ratio because potassium (K)


is positive one (+1) and fluorine (F) is negative one (-1). Only in a
1:1 combination will the charges cancel each other.
Ionic Compound Formulas

Example 2: Aluminum and Sulfur

+3
Al Al +3 -2
Al S
-2 Al S
S 2 3
S

Aluminum and sulfur combine in a 2 : 3 ratio because aluminum (Al) is positive


three (+3) and sulfur (S) is negative two (-2). Only in a 2:3 combination will the
charges cancel each other.
What will be the formula for the ionic compound formed between
Mg and N?

Magnesium and nitrogen combine in a 3 : 2 ratio because magnesium


(Mg) is positive two (+2) and nitrogen (N) is negative three (-3). Only in a
3:2 combination will the charges cancel each other.

Mg3N2
In the following drawings, red spheres represent cations and blue
spheres represent anions. Match each of the drawings (a)-(d) with the
following ionic compounds:
Ca3(PO4)2 MgSO4 Li2CO3 FeCl2

MgSO4 Li2CO3

FeCl2 Ca3(PO4)2
Naming Compounds

Common Names
Examples: table salt, quicklime, barbituric acid
 Arbitrary
– Not based on chemical composition
– Not consistent among languages or disciplines

Systematic names
– Identify the chemical composition
– Devised by IUPAC

NaCl, CaO
Naming Compounds

Inorganic compounds
 Binary ionic compounds
 Binary molecular compounds
 Compounds with polyatomic ions
 Acids
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
Binary ionic compounds are named by naming the metal ion
(cation) first, followed by the nonmetal ion (anion).

KF
Identify the positive ion and the
Al2S3 negative ion. Give their name.

BaCl2

Fe2O3
Naming the Ions
Names of main-group monatomic ions are straightforward.
A cation takes the name of the element plus the word "ion."
K+ Al3+ Ba2+
potassium ion aluminum ion barium ion

If the metal can form more than one cation, then the charge is
indicated in parentheses in the name.

Cu+ copper(I) ion Cu2+ copper(II) ion

Cations formed from non-metals end in -ium.

NH4+ ammonium ion


Naming cations
Naming anions
Monatomic anions: stem of element name with ending changed
to –ide and add the word ion

ion
ion
ion
ion
ion
ion
ion
N3- nitride ion
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
Binary ionic compounds are named by naming the metal
ion (cation) first, followed by the nonmetal ion (anion).

KF K+, F‫־‬ potassium fluoride

Al2S3 2Al3+, 3S2‫ ־‬aluminum sulfide

CuCl2 Cu2+, 2Clˉ copper(II) chloride

Fe2O3 2Fe3+, 3O2‫ ־‬iron(III) oxide


Names and Formulas of Binary
Molecular Compounds
The more cationlike (more metallic) element is written first (farther
left and toward the bottom of the periodic table), followed by the
more anionlike element. (Exception: NH3).
H
F
Naming Chemical Compounds

N2F4

The prefix is added to the front of each to indicate


the number of each atom.

dinitrogen tetrafluoride
Naming Chemical Compounds

Binary Molecular Compounds


Whenever the prefix ends in “a” or “o” and the element name
begins with “a” or “o” vowel, drop the “a” or “o” in the prefix.

N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide

Whenever the prefix for the first element is “mono,” drop it.
CO2 carbon dioxide
CO carbon monoxide
Give systematic names for the following compounds:

(a) BrF3 Bromine trifluoride

(b) P4O7 Tetraphosphorus heptoxide

(c) S2Cl2 Disulfur dichloride


Naming Polyatomic Oxoanions

Two oxoanions in a series:

NO2 Nitrite ion; NO3 Nitrate ion


SO32 Sulfite ion SO42 Sulfate ion

fewer oxygens more oxygens


-ite ending -ate ending
Naming Polyatomic Oxoanions
Polyatomic anions containing oxygen with more than two
members in the series.
When there are more than two oxoanions in a series, the prefix
hypo- (meaning “less than”) is used for the ion with the fewest
oxygens, and the prefix per- (meaning “more than”) is used for the
ion with the most oxygens.

per-….-ate perchlorate ClO4-

-ate chlorate ClO3-

-ite chlorite ClO2-

hypo-….-ite hypochlorite ClO-


Naming Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic anions containing oxygen with additional
hydrogens are named by adding hydrogen or bi- (one H),
dihydrogen (two H), etc., to the name as follows:

CO32- carbonate ion


HCO3- hydrogen bicarbonate ion

PO43- phosphate ion


HPO42- hydrogen phosphate ion
H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate anion
Naming Compounds with Polyatomic Ions

Name of cation with name of anion

CaCO3 Ca2+, CO32- calcium carbonate


FeSO4 Fe2+, SO4 2‫ ־‬iron(II) sulfate
NaH2PO4 Na+, H2PO4‫ ־‬sodium dihydrogen phosphate
Fe(ClO4)3 Fe3+, 3 ClO4‫ ־‬iron(III) perchlorate
Names and Formulas of Acids
Names and Formulas of Acids

The names of acids are related to the names of anions.


Naming Binary Acids
Emphasize the fact that a molecule is an acid by altering the
name.

HCl(g) hydrogen chloride HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid


HF(g) hydrogen fluoride HF(aq) hydrofluoric acid

- ide becomes hydro-…-ic acid


Naming Oxoacids
Anion “-ate” suffix becomes an “-ic” suffix in the acid.
Anion “-ite” suffix becomes an “-ous” suffix in the acid.
HNO3 (aq)  H+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
Nitric acid Nitrate ion
HNO2 (aq)  H+ (aq) + NO2- (aq)
Nitrous acid Nitrite ion
The oxoanion prefixes “hypo-” and “per-” are retained.
BrO4‫־‬ perbromate ion HBrO4 perbromic acid
BrO3‫־‬ bromate ion HBrO3 bromic acid
BrO2‫־‬ bromite ion HBrO2 bromous acid
BrO‫־‬ hypobromite ion HBrO hypobromous acid
Write formulas for the nine compounds that can form between
the following ions:
NH4+ Ca2+ Fe3+
NO3- SO42- PO43-
Name each of the compounds.
NH4NO3 Ammonium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 Calcium nitrate

(NH4)2SO4 Ammonium sulfate CaSO4 Calcium sulfate


(NH4)3PO4 Ammonium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 Calcium phosphate

Fe(NO3)3 Iron(III) nitrate


Fe2(SO4)3 Iron(III) sulfate
FePO4 Iron(III) phosphate
Name each of the following compounds. What are the charges
on the positive ions in these compounds?

+3 Al2(SO4)3 Aluminum sulfate

+2 Mg(NO2)2 Magnesium nitrite

+2 Ca(NO3)2 Calcium nitrate

+1 CuClO3 Copper(I) chlorate

+1 NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate

+1 KMnO4 Potassium permanganate


Write formulas for the following species:

Sulfite ion SO32-

Perchloric acid HClO4

Bromite ion BrO2-

Magnesium fluoride MgF2


Zinc carbonate ZnCO3
Potassium bromate KBrO3

Manganese(II) phosphate Mn3(PO4)2

Iron(III) oxide Fe2O3

Sulfur trioxide SO3


Cupper(I) hydroxide CuOH
Sulfurous acid H2SO3

You might also like