Here are the key points about catabolism and anabolism:
- Catabolism breaks down larger molecules (like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) into smaller units through metabolic pathways. This releases energy.
- Anabolism uses the energy from catabolism to synthesize new biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, lipids etc. from smaller precursor units.
- Catabolism and anabolism work together in a cell. Catabolism provides energy and building blocks, while anabolism uses these to construct new cellular components.
- Without both catabolism and anabolism, the cell cannot function or grow properly. The breakdown of nutrients and use of energy for biosynthesis are tightly coupled
Here are the key points about catabolism and anabolism:
- Catabolism breaks down larger molecules (like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) into smaller units through metabolic pathways. This releases energy.
- Anabolism uses the energy from catabolism to synthesize new biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, lipids etc. from smaller precursor units.
- Catabolism and anabolism work together in a cell. Catabolism provides energy and building blocks, while anabolism uses these to construct new cellular components.
- Without both catabolism and anabolism, the cell cannot function or grow properly. The breakdown of nutrients and use of energy for biosynthesis are tightly coupled
Here are the key points about catabolism and anabolism:
- Catabolism breaks down larger molecules (like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) into smaller units through metabolic pathways. This releases energy.
- Anabolism uses the energy from catabolism to synthesize new biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, lipids etc. from smaller precursor units.
- Catabolism and anabolism work together in a cell. Catabolism provides energy and building blocks, while anabolism uses these to construct new cellular components.
- Without both catabolism and anabolism, the cell cannot function or grow properly. The breakdown of nutrients and use of energy for biosynthesis are tightly coupled
Here are the key points about catabolism and anabolism:
- Catabolism breaks down larger molecules (like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) into smaller units through metabolic pathways. This releases energy.
- Anabolism uses the energy from catabolism to synthesize new biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, lipids etc. from smaller precursor units.
- Catabolism and anabolism work together in a cell. Catabolism provides energy and building blocks, while anabolism uses these to construct new cellular components.
- Without both catabolism and anabolism, the cell cannot function or grow properly. The breakdown of nutrients and use of energy for biosynthesis are tightly coupled
The relationships between organisms and its environment are revealed by the similarities and differences between the myriad of forms and functions. Units we will study • Biological molecules
• Classification and taxonomy
• Cell biology and specialised cells
• Movement across membranes
• Enzymes Biological Molecules What are your favourite foods? Can you identify the key biological molecules present in your favourite foods?
HInt: they are found
on food labels The four main biological molecules we will study are:
is made up of smaller units. These units are called monomers
Starch, glycogen and cellulose are all
made up of monomers of glucose
Fats and oils are made up of
fatty acids and glycerol monomers
Proteins are made of monomers of
amino acids
The monomers of nucleic acids are
nucleotides Carbohydrates monosaccharide e.g. Made up of long chains of simple sugars C 6 H12O6 like glucose
they contain the elements, Carbon,
Hydrogen and Oxygen disaccharide
glucose is an example of a monosaccharide
when 2 glucose molecules bond together polysaccharide
it forms maltose - a disaccharide
starch, cellulose and glycogen are examples
of polysaccharides - what do you think this means? Cellulose is used for structural support in plant cell walls
Starch is the way in which
plants store their glucose, whereas humans store it as glycogen
These stores are used during
respiration to provide the organism with energy Fats a type of lipid
Fatty Acid Glycerol and fatty acids are Glycerol
made up of carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen
Lipids in the body are made The length of the fatty acid Fats are important for up of triglycerides. chains can vary between insulation, waterproofing, Triglycerides are made up of triglycerides energy, structure and 1 glycerol molecule and 3 protection of organs fatty acids Proteins • made up of amino acids
• there are 20 different amino acids
Structure of a simple amino acid • these 20 amino acids can be repeated and arranged in different orders to produce thousands of different proteins • Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur • the combination, order and number of amino acids in a protein determines its shape and structure • a protein's structure and shape is very important for its function • examples of proteins in the body are enzymes and antibodies • enzymes are biological catalysts. Their active sites have a specific shape to bind the correct substrate and catalyze metabolic reactions • antibodies have specific shapes so they can recognise the antigens of pathogens and attach as part of our immune response Nucleic acids
• for example, DNA
• long chains of nucleotides
• 5-carbon sugar, phosphate functional group and
nitrogen-containing base DNA DNA A type of nucleic acid Double helix structure formed from 2 strands of
A type of nucleic acid nucleic acids coiling around each other
Each strand has a sugar backbone with bases
attached
Bonds called hydrogen bonds form between bases
on opposite strands, holding the 2 strands together in the double helix
DNA has 4 types of bases: A, T, G, C.
A will always bind to T. G will always bind to C water helps with the transportation of soluble Water molecules e.g. digestion products, waste products water is an essential metabolite of many reactions Water acts as a solvent, providing a medium for Water helps to chemical reactions to maintain body occur in temperature Have a go at these questions • What patterns do you see in the structures of the biomolecules?
• Can you give specific examples of each biomolecule?
• Why do we need each biomolecule?
• Which elements are present in each biomolecule?
• How do we obtain these elements?
New Terminology
Catabolism - The breakdown Anabolism - The building of
of food molecules during new molecules used for cell digestion functions
Can you use these new terms to improve your answer to Q5?
