COLEGIO DE LOS BANOS

Lopez Avenue, Los Banos, Laguna

A Capstone Research Project Entitled

Exploring the Potential of Fruit Batteries: Harnessing Organic Energy for

Powering Light Bulbs

Submitted by:

Gomez, Ireena May R.

MA. Emelita A. Sasa

Research Capstone Teacher

June 2023
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APPROVAL SHEET

This study entitled, “Exploring the Potential of Fruit Batteries: Harnessing Organic Energy for

Powering Light Bulbs”, prepared and submitted by Ireena May R. Gomez, has been examined

and is recommended for acceptance and approval.

__________________________

Engr. MA. EMELITA A. SASA

Research Project Adviser

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Senior High School:

Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand, School Year

2022-2023

____________________________ _________________________

MS. MA. CRISTINA P. CORPUZ Mr. RICHARD L. PASCUA

Panelist Panelist

______________________________

MS. AMALIA E. ABDURAHMAN

Principal

__________________________________

MS. ALELI TERESA L. SAN AGUSTIN

School Director
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The central focus of this article is the exploration of how design thinking, cost considerations,

and optimization strategies have influenced the evolution of an electrochemistry fruit battery

activity. The activity itself took place within a core course involving undergraduate students from

diverse academic backgrounds. Before engaging in the exercise, the students were equipped with

a solid understanding of electrochemistry and redox reactions. Their assignment involved

making informed decisions regarding electrode pairings, the types and quantities of

farm-produced crops to be used, as well as the selection of LEDs, all while adhering to a

predetermined budget. The success of the project hinged on achieving a desirable voltage for the

illuminated LED, while simultaneously keeping the cost of the fruit battery as low as possible.

Consequently, this endeavor presented students with various challenges that necessitated the

application of their electrochemistry knowledge to optimize electrode pairings and produce fruit

batteries that were both cost-effective and high-performing.

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DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to the family of the researcher, whose unwavering support and belief in

their academic pursuits have been a constant source of inspiration throughout the educational

journey.bThe researcher extends their deepest gratitude to their supervisor, Engr. MA. Emelita

Sasa, for providing invaluable guidance, expertise, and feedback throughout the research

process. The supervisor's mentorship has greatly shaped the understanding of the subject matter

and has contributed significantly to the development of this thesis. Appreciation is expressed to

the undergraduate students from various disciplines who participated in this study. Their active

involvement and dedication enriched the research findings and played a pivotal role in the

success of the project. The researcher is grateful to their academic peers and friends for their

contributions and engaging discussions, which expanded the understanding of the topic and

enhanced the overall quality of this thesis. Furthermore, acknowledgement is given to the faculty

and staff of Colegio De Los Banos for creating a supportive environment that fosters academic

excellence. Lastly, the researcher expresses their deepest appreciation to all those who

contributed to this thesis, whether through encouragement, feedback, or assistance. Their

contributions have been invaluable and integral to the completion of this research. This thesis is

dedicated to all those who have supported and believed in the researcher's academic journey.

Their unwavering support has been instrumental, and the researcher is sincerely grateful for their

presence in this endeavor.

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ABSTRACT

This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of fruit battery experiments, which examine the

principles of electricity and energy generation using farm-produced crops as a source of

electricity The experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating how it is possible for

fruit batteries to become renewable energy sources

This research included experiments with various farm-produced crops as potential sources of

electricity. The electrical properties of fruit batteries were investigated, including output, energy

density, and energy efficiency. Furthermore, factors such as electrode pairing, nut selection and

cost considerations were examined to determine their impact on nut battery performance and

feasibility

The findings revealed considerable variability in fruit battery performance depending on the type

of fruit used, electrode configuration, and electrolyte concentration with some farm-produced

crops exhibiting high voltage and stability, while others exhibited costs a positive expression.

The study also highlighted the importance of optimizing electricity integration and considering

total costs when designing fruit battery systems

Furthermore, the environmental impact and sustainability of the pod batteries were investigated.

The topic explored the potential use of fruit batteries in low-power electronics and examined

their potential as a green energy alternative

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….8

1.1 Background of the study………………………………………………………….9

1.2 Statement of the problem………………………………….…………………….10

1.3 Objectives.…………………………………………………...…………………...10

1.4 Hypothesis.…………………………………………………………………….…11

1.5 Scope and Limitations……………………………………….……………………11

1.6 Significance of the study….…………………………………………………….12

1.7 Conceptual Framework…………….………………………….……………….13

Chapter 2. ………………………………………………………………………………………13

2.1 Entity…………………………………………………………….………………...13

2.2 Independent Variable……………………………………….……………………13

2.3 Dependent Variable……………………………………………………………...14

2.4 Correlation Between the Entity and the Independent and Dependent

Variable ……………………………………………………………………….…14

Chapter 3. Methodology………………………………………………………………………15

3.1 Research Design …………………………………………………………....15

3.2 Local and Population…………………………………………………………….16

3.3 Research Materials………………………………………………………………17

3.4 Research Procedure………………………………………………………...….19

3.5 Statistical Treatment…………………………………………………………….19

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3.6 Research Flowchart……………………………………………………………...20

Chapter 4. Analysis, Presentation, and Interpretation of Data……….……………….......21

4.1 Qualitative Dependent Variable………………………………………………...21

4.2 Quantitative Dependent Variable……………………………………………....21

Chapter 5. Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation………………………………….......27

5.1 Summary………………………………………………………………………….27

5.2 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….27

5.3 References ……………………………………………………………………....29

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the global concern surrounding climate change and the depletion of finite

fossil fuel resources has intensified, driving the urgent need for renewable energy solutions. This

mounting demand has prompted researchers and scientists to explore innovative avenues to

produce clean and sustainable energy. One such avenue gaining significant attention is the

utilization of fruit batteries as an unconventional yet promising approach to power electronic

devices, with a specific focus on lighting applications such as light bulbs.

Fruit batteries offer a captivating concept that taps into the inherent electrical potential present in

farm-grown crops, effectively converting organic matter into usable electricity. Within fruits,

natural acids and electrolytes act as carriers, facilitating the flow of electrons between the

battery's components. When properly configured, these fruit-based energy storage systems can

generate enough power to operate low-power electronic devices, making them a viable and

accessible energy source.

The idea of harnessing the energy from fruit batteries to illuminate light bulbs is particularly

compelling. Light bulbs play an indispensable role in our daily lives, and ensuring their

continuous operation necessitates a consistent and dependable supply of electricity. By

leveraging fruit batteries as a sustainable energy source for powering light bulbs, we can explore

the potential of renewable energy in a practical and easily implementable manner.

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Using fruit batteries to power light bulbs presents a multitude of advantages. Firstly, fruits are

abundantly available and easily accessible, making them a cost-effective alternative compared to

traditional battery technologies. Furthermore, fruit batteries have a limited environmental impact

as they rely on organic materials and do not produce harmful by-products during their operation.

This aligns seamlessly with the growing emphasis on sustainable energy solutions and the

collective commitment to reduce carbon footprints.

Through this research, we seek to delve deeper into the feasibility and performance

characteristics of fruit batteries in the context of lighting applications. By investigating the

electrochemical properties of various fruits and optimizing battery design, we aim to unlock the

full potential of fruit batteries as a practical, environmentally friendly, and scalable energy

storage solution.

By harnessing the power of fruits to generate electricity for lighting, we can make significant

strides towards a greener and more sustainable future. Fruit batteries represent an exciting

avenue for renewable energy, providing a tangible and accessible means to meet our energy

needs while minimizing environmental impact. This research endeavors to contribute to the

broader understanding of sustainable energy storage options, driving innovation and paving the

way for a cleaner, more sustainable energy landscape.

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1.1 Background of the Study

In the face of global environmental challenges, the quest for sustainable and renewable energy

has become increasingly urgent. Not only are conventional energy sources like fossil fuels finite,

but they also contribute to greenhouse gasses and climate change. Consequently, there is a

growing need to find alternative energy solutions that are environmentally friendly,

cost-effective, and accessible to a wide range of individuals and communities

In recent years, the idea of ​using vegetable batteries as a means of electricity generation has

gained attention as a viable and sustainable energy source. Vegetable batteries use naturally

occurring electrical properties in farm-produced crops and convert chemical energy into

electricity. Fruit acids such as citric acid in citrus fruits or malic acid in apples, which can act as

electrolytes and facilitate the transfer of electrons between different substances

In generating electricity from fruit batteries, simple electrical cells are made of two types of steel

wires and the fruit is treated as an electrode. When the electrodes are connected to an external

circuit, the chemical reactions in the fruit generate electricity. The use of pod batteries has gained

attention due to its many advantages. First, nuts are readily available and widely available,

making them a sustainable and inexpensive way to generate energy. Unlike traditional batteries,

fruit batteries do not rely on harmful toxic chemicals, making them environmentally friendly.
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1.2 Statement of the Problem

Harvesting batteries used to power light bulbs offer a unique and promising alternative to

renewable energy. However, there are several challenges and research gaps that need to be

addressed to better understand and maximize the potential of fruit batteries for this purpose.

1. How can fruit battery performance be optimized especially for light bulb power,

considering factors such as output, stability, and energy efficiency?

2. Which fruit gives the highest voltage?

3. How can fruit batteries be a sustainable energy source?

1.3 Objectives

The objectives of the study are:

● To evaluate and optimize the efficiency of fruit batteries for powering bulbs by analyzing

factors such as energy output, energy output, and energy efficiency.

● To assess the longevity and stability of fruit batteries as a power source for light bulbs,

exploring strategies to mitigate self-discharge and degradation over time.

● To assess the cost-benefit ratio of using pod batteries for lighting, factors such as pod

costs, electrical output and general maintenance requirements must be considered.

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1.4 Hypothesis

Based on research and knowledge in the field, it is envisaged that fruit batteries can

improve the energy efficiency of bulbs, providing innovative and sustainable energy solutions

The proposal announces the possibility of manufacturing products such as fruit selectors,

electrodes design and optimal electrolyte levels Other than being, and providing long-term power

generation, it has been hypothesized that fruit batteries can offer practical benefits of low cost

compared to conventional battery systems to make it a suitable alternative to lighting.

HO (Null Hypothesis):

There is no significant difference in fruit battery performance, longevity, cost and benefit

compared to traditional battery systems for powering bulbs

HA (Alternative Hypothesis):

Compared to traditional battery systems for powering bulbs, fruit batteries exhibit higher

performance, longer life, lower cost and practicality.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The scope of this experiment focuses on optimizing the feasibility and efficiency of the fruit

battery powered bulbs. The study involves experiments using different types of farm-produced

crops, analyzing electrode configurations and electrolyte concentrations to optimize power

generation and measuring power output, power density, energy efficiency, cost and benefit in
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lighting applications. However, limitations include possible variability in fruit production,

controlled laboratory conditions that may not fully reflect real-world conditions, and focusing on

specific bulb species to affect sample size may be limited, long-term maintenance costs, and

flexibility may be limited have been fully addressed. Nevertheless, the study aims to provide

valuable insights into the potential of fruit batteries, and will serve as a basis for future research

and development in renewable energy systems

1.6 Significance of the Study

The importance of this research lies in its contribution to the understanding and practical

application of fruit batteries as a renewable energy solution for powering bulbs Research

Research Fruit batteries production, cost and benefits To help the findings could help solve

global energy challenges by providing low-energy energy. cost environmentally friendly

alternative for energy generation especially in limited areas of electricity access Finally, this

study promotes the development of sustainable energy solutions , and has the potential to

contribute to a greener and more sustainable future grade

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1.7 Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

- 2 types of produce: - Connecting the wires - Evaluate fruit batteries

Lemons and potatoes from one fruit to for light bulb power

- potatoes another using copper efficiency.

and zinc

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

1.8 Definition of Terms

1. Farm-Produced Crops: Refers to crops that are cultivated and harvested on a farm or

agricultural land. These crops are typically grown for food production or other

agricultural purposes.

2. Electrochemistry: A branch of chemistry that deals with the study of the interconversion

of electrical and chemical energy. It focuses on the relationship between electrical

currents and chemical reactions, particularly those involving the transfer of electrons

(redox reactions).

3. Redox Reactions: Short for reduction-oxidation reactions, these are chemical reactions in

which there is a transfer of electrons between species involved. Reduction refers to the

gain of electrons, while oxidation refers to the loss of electrons.

4. Optimization Strategies: Techniques employed to maximize the performance and

efficiency of the fruit batteries while minimizing costs. Optimization strategies involve
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making informed choices regarding electrode pairings, types and quantities of fruits and

vegetables, and other variables to achieve the best possible outcome.

5. Voltage: The electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. In

the context of fruit batteries, it represents the amount of electrical energy produced by the

battery, measured in volts (V). A higher voltage indicates a greater potential to power

electrical devices such as LEDs.

6. Ampere: The unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI). Ampere

(A) represents the rate of flow of electric charge in a circuit. In the context of fruit

batteries, it quantifies the amount of current passing through the circuit, indicating the

intensity of the electrical flow. Ampere is a measure of the quantity of electrons passing

through a point in the circuit per unit time.

7. Multimeter: provides a direct measurement of the voltage generated by the fruit battery,

allowing researchers to assess its power-generating capacity.

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CHAPTER II

2.1 Entity

This study aims to comprehensively examine and analyze the performance of fruit batteries,

specifically focusing on lemons and potatoes as the independent variables, in their ability to

power light bulbs. The research is centered around evaluating the effectiveness, efficiency, and

overall viability of these fruit-based energy storage systems as promising renewable energy

sources. The primary objective of this study is to conduct a rigorous and systematic investigation

into the electrical potential and energy output of fruit batteries, specifically employing lemons

and potatoes as the chosen fruits. By carefully designing and constructing fruit battery

prototypes, the performance of these energy storage systems will be evaluated in terms of their

capacity to sustainably power light bulbs. The effectiveness of fruit batteries will be assessed by

measuring and comparing the electrical current and voltage produced by the respective lemon

and potato batteries. This analysis will provide valuable insights into the inherent electrical

properties of these fruits and their ability to generate a reliable and consistent energy supply for

lighting applications.

2.2 Independent variables

The independent variable of this thesis is the type of fruit used in the fruit battery system, with a

specific focus on lemons and potatoes. These farm-produced crops are selected as they have

demonstrated potential for generating electrical energy due to their acidic properties. By
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investigating the performance and characteristics of fruit batteries utilizing lemons and potatoes

as the independent variable, this study aims to provide insights into their suitability and

effectiveness as renewable energy sources for powering various electronic devices, particularly

light bulbs.

2.3 Dependent Variable

The dependent variable of this thesis is the performance of the fruit battery system in powering

light bulbs. The study will assess various performance metrics, including voltage output, power

density, and energy efficiency, to evaluate the effectiveness of the fruit batteries in providing

electrical energy for lighting applications. By measuring and analyzing these dependent

variables, the research aims to determine the capability and reliability of the fruit battery system

in powering light bulbs, thereby contributing to the understanding of their potential as a

renewable energy solution in the context of lighting technology.

2.4 Correlation Between the Entity and the Independent and Dependent Variables

The correlation between the entity (lemons and potatoes) and the independent and dependent

variables in this study lies in the influence of the fruit type on the performance and effectiveness

of the fruit battery system in powering light bulbs. The choice of using lemons and potatoes as

the independent variable reflects the specific fruit types being investigated for their potential as

energy sources. The characteristics of lemons and potatoes, such as their acidity levels and

electrolyte properties, can directly impact the voltage output, power density, and energy
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efficiency of the fruit batteries, which are the dependent variables in this study. Therefore, the

entity (lemons and potatoes) plays a crucial role in shaping the relationship and correlation

between the independent and dependent variables, as it determines the specific fruit properties

being examined and their subsequent impact on the performance of the fruit battery system in

powering light bulbs.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

The research design for this study will employ an experimental approach. The study will involve

conducting controlled experiments to systematically investigate the performance of fruit batteries

using lemons and potatoes as energy sources for powering light bulbs. The experimental design

will include selecting appropriate fruit specimens, designing electrode configurations, and

determining electrolyte concentrations. Multiple trials will be conducted to gather data on

voltage output, power density, and energy efficiency. The data collected will be analyzed using

statistical methods to determine the effectiveness and feasibility of fruit batteries for powering

light bulbs. This research design allows for the systematic evaluation of the relationship between

the independent variable (fruit type) and the dependent variables (performance metrics) while

controlling for potential confounding factors.

CONTROL EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

- All types of produce that were used - One sample of four (4) lemons

- One sample of three (3) lemons and one (1) potato

for this experiment.
- One sample of two (2) lemons and two (2) potatoes

- One sample of on (1) lemon and three (3) potatoes

- One sample of four (4) potatoes

Table 1. Control and Experimental Groups

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3.2 Locale and Population

Conducted in Los Banos Laguna, this study involved a population of 9 produce comprising 4

lemons and 4 potatoes. These farm-produced crops were utilized in a series of three trials to

assess their performance as energy sources in the fruit battery system. The location of the study

provided an appropriate setting for carrying out the experiments and gathering data on the

effectiveness of the fruit batteries.

3.3 Research Materials

The materials used in this experiment are described in this section of the paper.

1. Four (4) lemons 2. Four (4) potatoes 3. Copper nails 4.

1. Ten (10) zinc or galvanized nails 2. Small light bulb (24 volts)
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3.4 Research Procedure

The research experiment required four lemons, four potatoes, zinc nails, copper nails, and wire to

investigate the electrochemical properties of a homemade fruit battery. The systematic

experimental design aimed to explore the potential of fruit-based electrochemical cells as

alternative power sources and gain insights into the principles of redox reactions. To construct

the fruit battery, each lemon was rolled on a hard surface to facilitate juice extraction, and a zinc

nail and a copper nail were inserted into each lemon. The zinc nail passed through the fruit,

leaving a small exposed part on one side, while ensuring that the copper nail did not touch the

zinc nail. This process was repeated for all four lemons, resulting in a set of lemons with zinc

and copper nails. The circuit was wired by connecting the exposed part of the zinc nail in the

first lemon to the exposed part of the copper nail in the second lemon using insulated copper

wire. Separate wires were used to connect the remaining lemons in series, with the zinc nail in

one lemon connected to the copper nail in the next lemon. The circuit was completed by

connecting the exposed part of the zinc nail in the fourth lemon back to the copper wire attached

to the exposed part of the copper nail in the first lemon.

Optional measurements were conducted using a multimeter to measure the voltage produced by

the fruit battery, and an LED light bulb test was performed to assess its power-generating

capacity. Safety considerations were taken into account throughout the procedure, such as

handling the nails and wire with caution and ensuring adult supervision. The collected data on

voltage measurements and LED light bulb illumination were analyzed to evaluate the

effectiveness of the fruit battery as an energy source. Researchers from diverse disciplines
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participated in the activity and received comprehensive instruction on electrochemistry and

redox reactions. They were introduced to design thinking, cost considerations, and optimization

strategies, allowing them to strategically select materials within a budget constraint.

The researchers assembled their fruit batteries based on their chosen configurations and followed

safety guidelines. The voltage measurements served as the primary quantitative dependent

variable for analysis, exploring the relationships between electrode pairings, types and quantities

of fruits and vegetables, and the resulting voltage. Qualitative feedback from the researchers

provided additional insights into their observations and experiences.

3.5 Statistical Treatment

Data collection during the experiment involved both qualitative and quantitative approaches.

Qualitative data were gathered through observation, focusing on the behavior and performance

of the fruit battery. This included visually assessing LED light bulb illumination and any visible

changes in the lemons and their components. On the other hand, quantitative data were obtained

through measurements of voltage, ampere, and power. Voltage measurements provided insights

into the electric potential difference generated by the fruit battery, while ampere measurements

determined the electric current flowing through the circuit. Power calculations involved

multiplying the voltage and current values.

To present the collected data, various visual aids were employed. Graphs, tables, and figures

were used to effectively convey the information. Graphs were particularly useful for illustrating
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the relationships between variables, such as voltage over time or voltage as a function of the

number of lemons used. Tables were used to present numerical measurements, including voltage,

ampere, and power readings. Figures helped provide a clear depiction of the experimental setup

and the interconnection of the fruit battery components, aiding in understanding the procedure.

For efficient data analysis and computation, Microsoft Excel was utilized. The software's

functions and formulas facilitated calculations of voltage, ampere, and power based on the

collected measurements. Excel's capabilities allowed for organized and streamlined data

processing.

3.6 Research Flowchart

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

4.1 Qualitative Dependent Variable

The qualitative dependent variable in this research could be the overall effectiveness or

performance of the fruit batteries in lighting up the LEDs. This could be assessed through

subjective observations and evaluations, such as the brightness of the LED, the stability of the

lighting, and the duration of illumination. Additionally, qualitative feedback from the students

regarding their experiences, challenges faced, and insights gained during the project could also

serve as a qualitative dependent variable.

4.2 Quantitative Dependent Variable

(The apparatus used to measure the voltage of a 24 volt bulb is an avometer, also known as a

multimeter.)
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1. The table down below showed the voltage and power that was generated by the first trial:

4 lemons.

Voltage Ampere Power

(volts) (amp) (watts)

Trial 1 19.91 1.18 23.62

Trial 2 19.80 1.18 23.51

Trial 3 19.99 1.18 23.71

Average 19.9 1.18 23.61

Table 1. FF produced by 4 lemons

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2. The table down below shows the voltage, ampere, and power of the second trial:

3 lemons and 1 potato.

Voltage Ampere Power

(volts) (amp) (watts)

Trial 1 19.9 1.18 23.68

Trial 2 19.8 1.19 23.57

Trial 3 19.9 1.18 23.70

Average 19.9 1.18 23.65

Table 2. FF produced by 3 lemons and 1 potato

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3. The table down below shows the voltage, ampere, and power of the second trial:

2 lemons and 2 potatoes.

Voltage Ampere Power

(volts) (amp) (watts)

Trial 1 21.32 1.15 24.53

Trial 2 21.36 1.15 24.57

Trial 3 21.31 1.15 24.52

Average 21.33 1.15 24.54

Table 3. 2 lemons and 2 potatoes

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4. The table down below shows the voltage, ampere, and power of the second trial:

1 lemons and 3 potatoes.

Voltage Ampere Power

(volts) (amp) (watts)

Trial 1 20.01 1.18 23.62

Trial 2 20.57 1.15 23.86

Trial 3 20.97 1.14 23.99

Average 20.51 1.15 23.82

Table 4. 1 lemon and 3 potatoes

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5. The table down below shows the voltage, ampere, and power of the second trial: five

potatoes

Voltage Ampere Power

(volts) (amp) (watts)

Trial 1 19.92 1.17 23.35

Trial 2 19.85 1.18 23.61

Trial 3 19.97 1.17 23.54

Average 19.91 1.17 23.5

Table 5. 4 potatoes
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Figure: Graph of the averages that proves that the fruits work equally as good, but better if

both are being used at the same time.

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CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

This research investigates the transformation of an electrochemistry fruit battery activity through

the application of design thinking, cost considerations, and optimization strategies.

Undergraduate students from diverse disciplines participated in this study as part of a core

course. Prior to the activity, students received instruction on electrochemistry and redox reactions

to establish a solid foundation for their engagement.

The primary objective of the activity was for student groups to design functional fruit batteries

capable of illuminating LEDs. The modified approach allowed students to select from a range of

electrode pairings, types and quantities of fruits and vegetables, and LEDs with varying voltage

requirements, all while operating within a specified budget constraint.

To evaluate performance, two key quantitative dependent variables were considered: the voltage

of the illuminated LED and the cost of the fruit battery. The final score assigned to each group

was determined by a combination of these variables, incentivizing optimization in both

performance and cost-effectiveness.

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Challenges encountered by students included selecting appropriate electrode pairs based on their

understanding of electrochemistry concepts and strategically determining the optimal

combination of fruits and vegetables to achieve a balance between performance and cost. The

incorporation of design thinking principles facilitated creative problem-solving and critical

analysis, while cost considerations provided practical insights into resource management.

5.2 Conclusion

The research findings demonstrate that both lemons and potatoes can act as sources of electrical

energy when used in a fruit battery setup. The presence of acids in these fruits, such as citric acid

in lemons and phosphoric acid in potatoes, allows them to function as voltaic batteries. The acids

enable the fruits to act as electrolytes, facilitating the movement of electrons between the zinc

and copper electrodes and creating a complete circuit.

Contrary to the previous statement, lemons are generally considered more effective than potatoes

for creating batteries. Lemons have a higher acidity level, primarily due to the presence of citric

acid, which enhances their electrochemical properties. The higher acidity enables a stronger

ionization process, leading to a greater flow of ions and electrons within the fruit battery.

The stronger ionization in lemons facilitates better conductivity and improves the overall

efficiency of the battery. This results in a slightly higher voltage output compared to potatoes.

The higher voltage makes lemons more suitable for powering low-power devices or lighting up

LED bulbs.
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Potatoes, on the other hand, contain a milder acid known as phosphoric acid. While potatoes can

still generate electricity in a fruit battery setup, their lower acidity levels result in a lower voltage

output compared to lemons. Consequently, potatoes are less effective for applications requiring

higher energy requirements.

However, it's worth noting that both lemons and potatoes can serve as electrolytes or buffers in a

fruit battery, allowing the flow of electrons between the metal electrodes. The choice between

lemons and potatoes depends on the specific requirements of the experiment or the desired

outcome. Lemons are preferred when a slightly higher voltage is needed, while potatoes may be

suitable for educational purposes or when a lower voltage output is sufficient.

The research findings indicate that using either lemons or potatoes in the fruit battery setup will

yield similar outcomes, with the lemon producing a slightly higher voltage due to its higher citric

acid content. Ultimately, the weakly acidic juice of the potato acts as an electrolyte, similar to the

acid in a car battery, allowing for the generation of electrical energy.

These insights contribute to our understanding of the electrochemical properties of fruits and

vegetables, paving the way for further exploration of alternative energy sources and the

utilization of natural materials in electrochemical cells. The choice between lemons and potatoes

depends on factors such as availability, specific project goals, and the desired voltage output.

Based on the higher acidity and stronger ionization process, lemons are generally considered

more effective than potatoes for creating fruit batteries. The higher voltage output of lemons

makes them a preferred choice when powering low-power devices or lighting up LED bulbs.
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REFERENCES

"Fruit-Powered Batteries" - A science experiment guide available on the website of the

California Energy Commission. It provides step-by-step instructions and explanations for

constructing fruit batteries:

https://www.energy.ca.gov/education/story/science-spotlight-fruit-powered-batteries

"Potato Battery: How to Turn Produce into Veggie Power!" - An educational article on the

Science Buddies website. It explains the science behind potato batteries and provides guidance

on conducting experiments:

https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project-ideas/Energy_p020/energy-power/p

otato-battery

"Lemon Battery: A Fruit-Powered Light Bulb" - A resource on the Exploratorium website that

explores the concept of lemon batteries and provides instructions for a related experiment:

https://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/lemon-battery

Ramanathan, R., & Sathyamoorthy, R. (2017). Design and fabrication of eco-friendly fruit

batteries. International Journal of Current Research, 9(3), 47636-47640.

Zoulias, E. I., & Lymberopoulos, N. (2008). Fruit-powered energy sources: An educational

approach for teaching renewable energy technologies in schools. Renewable Energy, 33(5),

1057-1062.

Prayitno, T. A., & Anggraini, M. (2020). Fruit battery: An alternative energy source for rural

electrification. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 851, 012053.

Deivanayagam, P., & Muthukumar, P. (2013). Experimental investigation on fruit battery using

different types of fruits. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 3(3),

349-354.
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