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MA6351-TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

SUBJECT NOTES

Department of Mathematics
FATIMA MICHAEL
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
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MADURAI – 625 020, Tamilnadu, India

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Basic Formulae
DIFFERENTIATION &INTEGRATION FORMULAE

0 Function Differentiation
y f (x) dy
dx
1 xn nxn 1

2 log x 1
x
3 sin x cos x
4 cos x sin x
5 eax a ex
6 C (constant) 0
7 tan x sec2 x
8 sec x sec x tan x
9 cot x cos ec2 x
10 cos ecx cosecxcot x
11 x 1
2 x
12 sin 1 x 1
1 x2
13 cos 1 x 1
1 x2
14 tan 1 x 1
1 x2
15 sec 1 x 1
x x2 1
16 cos ec 1x 1
2
x x 1
17 cot 1 x 1
1 x2
18 ax ax log a

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du dv
dy u dy v dx u dx
19. If y uv , then du dv 20. If y , then
v u
dx dx dx v dx v2

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xn 1
1. x ndx
n1

x x ax eax ax eax
2. e dx e, e dx & e dx
a a

cos ax
3. sin xdx cos x & sin axdx
a

sin ax
4. cos xdx sin x & cos axdx
a

5. tan xdx log sec x log cos x

6. sec2 xdx tan x

dx 1 x
7. dx tan 1
x a2
2
a a

dx 1 x a
8. dx log
x a2
2
2a x a

dx 1 x
9. dx sin
a2 x2 a

dx x
10. dx sinh 1
a2 x2 a

dx x
11. dx cosh 1
x2 a2 a

x 2 a2 x
12. a2 x 2dx a x2 sin 1
2 2 a

2 2 x 2 2 a2 x
13. a x dx a x sinh 1
2 2 a

x 2 a2
14. x 2 a 2 dx x a2 cosh 1 x
2 2 a

dx
15. log x
x
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2xdx Department of Mathematics – FMCET – MADURAI

16. log x2 a2
x2 a2

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17. log xdx x log x x

3
2 a x
18. a x dx
3
3
2 a x
19. a x dx
3

1
20. dx 2 x
x

eax
21. e axcos bxdx a cos bx b sin bx
a2 b2

ax eax
22. e sin bxdx a sin bx b cos bx
a2 b2

23. udv uv u´v1 u´´v2 u´´´v3........

a a
24. f (x)dx 2 f (x)dx when f(x) is even
a 0

a
25. f (x)dx 0 when f(x) is odd
a

a
26. e ax cos bxdx 2
0
a b2

ax b
27. e sin bxdx 2
0
a b2

TRIGNOMETRY FORMULA
1. sin 2A 2sin Acos A

2. cos 2 A cos2 A sin2 A

1 2 sin2 A
2 cos2 A 1

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1 cos 2x & sin2 x 1 cos 2x

3. cos2 x
2 2

4. sin( A B) sin A cos B cos Asin B

sin( A B) sin A cos B cos Asin B
cos( A B) cos A cos B sin Asin B
cos( A B) cos A cos B sin Asin B

1
5. sin A cos B sin( A B) sin( A B)
2
1
cos Asin B sin( A B) sin( A B)
2
1
cos A cos B cos( A B) cos( A B)
2
1
sin Asin B cos( A B) cos( A B)
2
1
6. sin3 A 3sin A sin 3A
4
1
cos3 A 3cos A cos 3A
4
A A
7. sin A 2 sin cos
2 2
2 A
A
cos A cos sin2
2 2
A A
1 2 sin2 1 cos A 2 sin2
2 2

LOGRATHEMIC FORMULA

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log mn log m log n

m
log log m log n
n

log mn n log m

loga 1 0

loga 0
loga a 1

elog x x

UNIT - 1

PARTIAL DIFFRENTIAL EQUATIONS

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUTIONS

Notations
2 2 2
z z z z z
p q r s t
2
x y x 2
x y y

Formation PDE by Eliminating arbitrary functions

Suppose we are given f(u,v) = 0

Then it can be written as u = g(v) or v = g(u)

LAGRANGE’S LINEAR EQUATION

(Method of Multipliers)

General form
Pp + Qq = R

Subsidiary Equation
dx dy dz
P Q R

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dx dy dz x my nz
P Q R P mQ nR

Where (  , m ,n) are the Lagrangian Multipliers

Choose  , m, n such that  P + mQ + nR = 0

Then  dx + m dy + n dz = 0

On Integration we get a solution u = a

Similarly, We can find another solution v = a for another multiplier

The solution is (u, v) = 0

TYPE –2 (Clairut’s form)

General form
Z = px + qy + f(p,q) (1)

Complete integral
Put p = a & q = b in (1), We get (2) Which is the Complete integral

Singular Integral
Diff (2) Partially w.r.t a We get (3)

Diff (2) Partially w.r.t b We get (4)

Using (3) & (4) Find a & b and sub in (2) we get Singular Integral

REDUCIBLE FORM

F(xm p ,ynq) = 0 (1) (or)

F( zkp, zkq)=0
F( xmp, ynq, z)=0 (1)

If m 1& n 1then If k 1 then Z = zk+1

X = x1-m & Y = y1-n Q
zk q
xm p = P(1-m) & yn q = Q(1-n) k 1

Using the above in (1)we get Using the above in (1) We get

F(P,Q) = 0 (or) F(P,Q,z) = 0 F(P,Q) = 0

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If m=1 & n=1 then If k =-1 then Z = log z

X= logx & Y= logy
p q
xp = P & yq = Q P & Q
z z
Using the above in (1) we get
Using the above in (1)
F(P,Q) (or) F(P, Q, z) = 0 we get
F(P,Q) = 0

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 TYPE –1 TYPE –3(a) TYPE –3(b) TYPE –3(c) TYPE –4
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General form General form General
General form
F(p,q) = 0 (1)
General form
F(x,p,q) = 0 (1)
F(y,p,q) = 0 F(z,p,q) = 0 form m
(1) (1) F(x,y,p,q) =
0
(
1
)
Complete Complete Complete Complete Com
Integral Integral Integral Integral plete
Put p = a and q = Inte
b in (1) Put q = a in (1) Put p = a in (1) Put q = ap in (1) gral
Find b in terms Then, find p and Then, find q and Then, find p and
of a sub in sub in dz = p dx sub in (1) Can be
Then sub b in dz = p dx + q dy + q dy dz = p dx + q dy written as,
z = ax + by + c Integrating , Integrating , Integrating, f(x,p) =f(y,q)
we get (2) We get (2) We get (2) We get (2) which = a Then,
which is the which is the which is the is the find p and q
Complete Complete Complete Complete sub in
Integral integral integral integral dz = p dx +
qD y
Integrating,
We get (2)
which is the
Complete
integral
Singular Singular Singular Singular Singular
Integral Integral Integral Integral Integral
Diff (2) partially Diff (2) partially Diff (2) partially Diff (2) partially Diff (2)
partially
w.r.t cWe
get,0
w.r.t cWe get,0 w.r.t cWe get,0 w.r.t cWe get,0 w.r.t cWe get,0 =1 (absurd
=1 (absurdThere =1 (absurdThere =1 (absurdThere =1 (absurdThere
There is no
is no Singular is no Singular is no Singular is no Singular
Integral Integral Integral Integral Singular
Integral
General General General General
Integral Integral Integral Integral General
Put c = (a) in Put c = (a) in Put c = (a) in Put c = (a) in Integral Put
(2)We get (2)We get (2)We get (3) (2)We get c= (a)
(3)Diff (3) (3)Diff (3) (3)Diff (3) in (2)We get
Diff (3) partially (3)
partially w.r.t partially w.r.t partially w.r.t
w.r.t aWe get (4)
aWe get aWe get aWe get Diff (3)
(4)Eliminating a (4)Eliminating a Eliminating a (4)Eliminating a partially
from (3) and (4) rom (3) and (4) from (3) and (4) from (3) and (4) w.r.t aWe
we get General we get General we get General we get General get
Integral Integral Integral Integral (4)Eliminat
ing a from
(3) and (4)
we get
General
Integral
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HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATION

General form
3
(aD3 bD2 D cDD 2 dD )z f (x, y) (1)

To Find Complementary Function

Auxiliary Equation
Put D = m & D = 1 in (1)

Solving we get the roots m 1, m ,2 m 3

Case (1)

If the roots are distinct then

C.F. = 1 ( y m1x) 2 ( y m2 x) 3 ( y m3 x)

Case (2)

If the roots are same then

C.F. =
2
1 ( y mx) x 2 ( y mx) x 3 ( y mx)

Case (3)

If the two roots are same and one is distinct, then

C.F = 1 ( y mx) x 2 ( y mx) 3 ( y m 3 x)

1
PI = F (x, y)
Function F (D, D1 )

F(x,y) = eax+by Put D = a & D1 = b

F(x,y)= sin(ax+by)(or) 2

Put D2 (a2 ), DD (ab)& D (b2 )

Cos (ax+by)
1
PI= F (D, D ) xr y s
F(x,y) = xr ys
Expand and operating D & D on xr ys

F(x,y) = eax+by f(x,y) Put D = D+a & D = D +b

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Particular Integral

1
F(x,y)=ex+y cosh(x+y) F(x ,y)= e2 x e2 y
2
1
F(x,y)=ex+y sinh(x+y) F(x, y) = e2 x e2 y
2

1
F (x, y) sin(x y) sin(x y)
F(x,y)=sin x cos y 2

1
F (x, y) sin(x y) sin(x y)
F(x,y)= cos x sin y 2

1
F (x, y) co s(x y) co s(x y)
F(x,y)= cos x cos y 2

1
F (x, y) cos(x y) cos(x y)
F(x,y)= sin x sin y 2

Note:

D represents differentiation with respect to ‘x ‘

D represents differentiation with respect to ‘y ‘
1
D represents integration with respect to ‘x ‘
1
D represents integration with respect to ‘y ‘

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PARTIAL DIFFRENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. Eliminate the arbitrary constants a & b from

z = (x2 + a)(y2 + b)
Answer:
z = (x2 + a)(y2 + b)
z z
Diff partially w.r.to x & y here p &q
x y
p = 2x(y2 + b) ; q = (x2 + a) 2y
(y2 + b) = p/2x ; (x2 + a) = q/2y
z = (p/2x)(q/2y)
4xyz = pq

2. Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function from z = f(xy)

Answer:
z = f(xy)
z z
Diff partially w.r.to x & y here p &q
x y
p = f (xy).y q = f (xy).x

p/q = y/x px – qy = 0

3. Form the PDE by eliminating the constants a and b from z = axn + byn
Answer:

z = axn + byn
z z
Diff. w .r. t. x and y here p &q
x y
p = naxn-1 ; q = nbyn-1

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p q
a ;b
nxn 1 nyn 1
p n q
z n1
x n1
yn
nx ny
nz px qy

xy
4. Eliminate the arbitrary function f from z f and form the PDE
z
Answer:
xy
z f
z
z z
Diff. w .r. t. and y here p &q
x y

xy z xp
p f .y
z z2

xy z yq
q f .x
z z2

p y z xp
.
q x z yq
pxz pqxy qyz pqxy
px qy 0

5. Find the complete integral of p + q =pq

Answer:
Put p = a, q = b
p + q =pq a+b=ab
a a
b – ab = -a b
1 a a1
a
14

The complete integral is z= ax+ y +c

a 1
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6. Find the solution of p q 1

Answer:
z = ax+by+c ----(1) is the required solution

given p q 1 --- (2)

put p=a, q = b in (2)

a b 1 b 1 a b (1 a )2
z ax (1 a )2 y c
7. Find the General solution of p tanx + q tany = tanz.
Answer:
dx dy dz
tan x tan y tan z
cot x dx cot y dy cot z dz

take cot x dx cot y dy cot y dy cot zdz

log sin x log sin y log c1 log sin y log sin z log c2
sin x sin y
c1 c2
sin y sin z

sin x sin y
, 0
sin y sin z

8. Eliminate the arbitrary function f from z f x2 y2 and form the PDE.

Answer:
z f x2 y2

p f x2 y2 2x ; q f x2 y2 ( 2 y)
p 2x
py qx 0
q 2y
9. Find the equation of the plane whose centre lie on the z-axis
Answer:
15

General form of the sphere equation is

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2
x2 y2 z c r2 (1)

Where ‘r’ is a constant. From (1)

2x+2(z-c) p=0 (2)

2y +2(z-c) q = 0 (3)
From (2) and (3)
x y
p q

That is py -qx =0 which is a required PDE.

10. Eliminate the arbitrary constants z ax by a2 b2 and form the PDE.

Answer:

z ax by a2 b2
p a; q b
z px qy p2 q2

11. Find the singular integral of z px qy pq

Answer:
The complete solution is z ax by ab
z z
0 x b ; 0 y a
a b
b x ; a y
z ( y)x ( x) y ( y. x)
xy xy xy
xy
xy z 0

12. Find the general solution of px+qy=z

Answer:
dx dy dz
16

The auxiliary equation is

x y z
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dx dy
From Integrating we get log x = log y + log c
x y
x
on simplifying c1 .
y
dy dz y
c2
y z z
x y
Therefore , 0 is general solution.
yz

13. Find the general solution of px2+qy2=z2

Answer:
dx dy dz
The auxiliary equation is
x2 y2 z2

dx dy 1 1
From Integrating we get c1
x2 y2 y x
dy dz 1 1
Also Integrating we get c2
y2 z2 z y
1 1 1 1
Therefore , 0 is general solution.
y x z y

14. Solve D2 2DD 3D 2 z 0

Answer:
Auxiliary equation is m2 2m 3 0
m 3 m 1 0
m 1, m 3
The solution is z f1 y x f2 y 3x

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15. Solve D2 4DD 3D 2 z ex y

Answer:
Auxiliary equation is m2 4m 3 0
m 3 m 1 0
m 1, m 3
The CF is CF f1 y x f2 y 3x
1
PI ex y Put D 1, D 1 Denominator =0.
D 2
4DD 3D 2

x
PI ex y

2D 4D
xex y
2
Z=CF + PI
xex y
z f1 y x f2 y 3x
2

16. Solve. D2 3DD 4D 2 z ex y

Answer:
Auxiliary equation is m2 3m 4 0
m 4 m 1 0
C.F is = f1(y + 4x) + f2(y - x)

1 x y 1 x y 1 x y
PI 2 2
e e e
D 3DD 4D 1 3 4 6

17. Find P.I D

2
4DD 4D 2 z e2 x y
Answer:
1
PI 2 2
e2 x y
D 4DD 4D
Put D 2, D 1

1 1 2xy e2 x y
PI e2xy
2
e
D 2D
2
2 2 16
18
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18. Find P.I D

2
DD 6D 2 z x2 y
Answer:
1
PI x2 y
D 6D 2
D2 1
D D2
1 D
2
1 x2 y
D D
1 x3 x4 y x5
x2 y
D2 3 12 60

2 2
z z
19. Find P.I 2 sin x y
x x y
Answer:
1
Put D
2
PI 2
Sin x y 1, DD (1)( 1) 1
D DD
1 Sin x y
Sin x y
1 1 2

20. Solve D3 3DD 2D 3 Z 0

Answer:
Auxiliary equation is m3 3m 2 0
m 1 m2 m 2 0
m 1 m 2 m 1 0
m 1,1 m 2
The Solution is CF f1 y x x f2 y x f3 y 2x

FOR PRACTICE:
x2 y2 z2
1. Eliminating arbitrary constants 1
a2 b2 c2
2
z
2. Solve 2
sin y
x
3. Find the complete the solution of p. d .e p 2 q2 4 pq 0
19

x
4. Form p.d.e eliminating arbitrary function from z2 xy,
2
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5. Find the singular soln of z px qy p2 q2 1

1. (i) Solve x2 y zp y2 z x q z2 x y

(ii) Solve x z 2 y2 p y x2 z2 q z y2 x2

z z
2. (i) Solve mz ny nx lz ly mx
x y

(ii) Solve 3z 4y p 4x 2z q 2y 3x

3. (i) Solve x2 y2 z 2 p 2xyq 2xz

(ii) Solve y2 z2 x2 p 2xyq 2zx 0

4. (i) Solve y z p z x q x y

(ii) Solve y z p z x q x y

5. Solve D2 3DD 2D 2 e3x 2 y sin(3x 2y)

2 2
z z
6. Solve cos x cos 2 y
x2 x y

7. Solve D2 DD 6D 2 z y cos x

8. Solve D2 DD 30D 2 z xy e6 x y

9. Solve D2 6DD 5D 2 z ex sinh y xy

10. Solve D2 4DD 4D 2 z e2 x y

11. Solve D3 D2 D DD 2 D3 z e2x y cos(x y)

12. Solve (i) z px qy 1 p2 q2

(ii) z px qy p2q2
20

13. Solve z 2 1 p 2 q2
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14. Solve z 2 ( p 2 x2 q2 ) 1

15. Solve (i) z ( p 2 q2 ) x2 y2

(ii) z 2 ( p 2 q2 ) x2 y2

UNIT - 2

FOURIER SERIES
a0
f (x) a cos nx b sin nx
n n
2 n 1

(0,2 ) (- , )

Even (or) Half range Odd (or) Half range Neither even nor odd
Fourier co sine series Fourier sine series

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12 2 a0 0 1
a0 f (x)dx a0 f (x)dx a0 f (x)dx
0 0

12 2 an 0 1
an f (x) cos nxdx an f (x) cos nxdx an f (x) cos nxdx
0 0

12 bn=0 2 1
bn f (x) s innxdx bn f (x) s innxdx bn f (x) s innxdx
0 0

a0 n x nx
f (x) an cos bn sin
2 n 1
 

(0,2  ) (-, )

Even (or) Half range Odd (or) Half range Neither even nor odd
Fourier cosine series Fourier sine series
 
1 2 2 a0 0 1
a0 f (x)dx a0 f (x)dx a0 f (x)dx
0 0  
 
1 2 nx 2 nx an 0 1 nx
an f (x) cos dx an f (x) cos dx an f (x) cos dx
0  0    

 
1 2 nx bn=0 2 nx 1 nx
bn f (x) s in dx bn f (x) s in dx bn f (x)s in dx
0   0    

Even and odd function:

Even function:

f(-x)=f(x)

eg : cosx,x2 , , x , sin x , cos x are even functions

22

Odd function:
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f(-x)=-f(x)

eg : sinx,x3 ,sinhx, tanx are odd functions

For deduction

In the interval (0,2 ) if x = 0 or x = 2 then

f(0) = f(2 ) =
f (0) f (2 )
2

In the interval (0,2  ) if x = 0 or x = 2  then

f (0) f (2)
f(0) = f(2  ) =
2

In the interval (- , ) if x = - or x = then

f(- ) = f( ) =
f( ) f( )
2

In the interval (-  ,  ) if x = -  or x =  then

f ( ) f ()
f(-  ) = f(  ) =
2

HARMONIC ANALYSIS

a0
f(x)= + a cosx +b sinx + a cos2x + b sin2x ……… for form
1 1 2 2
2

y y cos x y cos 2x y sin x y sin 2x

a0 2 a1 2 , a2 2 b1 2 , b2 2
n n n n n

2x
f(x)= a0 + a1 cos x +b1 sin x + a2 cos + b2 sin
2 x
………(  form)
2    

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y x x 2 x
y cos 2 x y sin y sin
a0 2  y cos   
n a1 2  b1 2 ,b 2
n a2 2 n 2
n
n

1. Define R.M.S value.

If let f(x) be a function defined in the interval (a, b), then the R.M.S value of
b
1 2
f(x) is defined by y f (x) dx
b aa
2. State Parseval’s Theorem.
Let f(x) be periodic function with period 2l defined in the interval (c, c+2l).
c 2l
1 2 a2o 1
f (x) dx an2 bn2
2l c
4 2 n1 Where ao , an & bn are Fourier constants

3. Define periodic function with example.

If a function f(x) satisfies the condition that f(x + T) = f(x), then we say f(x) is a periodic
function with the period T.
Example:-
i) Sinx, cosx are periodic function with period 2
ii) tanx is are periodic function with period

4. State Dirichlets condition.

(i) f(x) is single valued periodic and well defined except possibly at a
Finite number of points.
(ii) f (x) has at most a finite number of finite discontinuous and no infinite
Discontinuous.
(iii) f (x) has at most a finite number of maxima and minima.

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5. State Euler’s formula.

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Answer:

In (c,c 2l)

f x ao
an cos nx bn sin nx
2
c 2l
1
where ao f (x)dx
c
c 2l
1
an f (x) cos nxdx
c
c 2l
1
bn f (x) sin nxdx
c

6. Write Fourier constant formula for f(x) in the interval (0, 2 )

Answer:
12
ao f (x)dx
0

12
an f (x) cos nxdx
0

12
bn f (x) sin nxdx
0

7. In the Fourier expansion of

2x
1 , x 0
f(x) = in (-π , π ), find the value of bn
2x
1 ,0 x

Since f(-x)=f(x) then f(x) is an even function. Hence bn = 0

8. If f(x) = x3 in –π < x < π, find the constant term of its Fourier series.
Answer:
Given f(x) = x3 f(-x) = (- x)3= - x3 = - f(x)
Hence f(x) is an odd function
The required constant term of the Fourier series = ao= 0

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9. What are the constant term a0 and the coefficient of cosnx in the Fourier
Expansion f(x) = x – x3 in –π < x < π
Answer:
Given f(x) = x – x3 f(-x) = -x - (- x)3= - [x - x3] = - f(x)
Hence f(x) is an odd function
The required constant term of the Fourier series = a0 = 0

10. Find the value of a0for f(x) = 1+x+x2 in ( 0 ,2 )

Answer:
12
ao f (x)dx
0
2
12 2 1 x2 x3
(1 x x )dx x
0 2 3 0
2 3 2
1 4 8 8
2 2 2
2 3 3

11. (i)Find bnin the expansion of x2 as a Fourier series in ( , )

(ii)Find bnin the expansion of xsinx a Fourier series in ( , )
Answer:

(i) Given f(x) = x2 f(-x) = x2 = f(x)

Hence f(x) is an even function

In the Fourier series bn = 0

(ii) Given f(x) = xsinx f(-x) = (-x)sin(-x) = xsinx = f(x)

Hence f(x) is an even function

In the Fourier series bn = 0

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x
0 x l /2
12. Obtain the sine series for f x
l x l /2 x l

x 0 x l /2
Given f x
l x l /2 x l
Answer:
x 0 x l /2
Given f x
l x l /2 x l
nx
Fourier sine series is fx bn sin
l
2 l
b f (x) sin nx dx
n
l0 l
l2 l
2 nx nx
x sin dx (l x) sin dx
l 0
l l2
l
l2 l
nx nx nx nx
cos sin cos sin
2 l l l l
lx (1)l 2 2
l(l x) l 2 ( 1) 2
l n n n n
0 l2

2 l 2 cos n 2 l 2 sin n 2 l 2 cos nl 2 l 2 sin n 2

2 2 2 2
l 2n n 2n n
2 2l2 sin n 2 4l sin n 2
2 2 2 2
l n n
4l sin n 2 nx
Fourier series is f x 2
sin
n1 n2 l

13. If f(x) is odd function in l,l . What are the value of a &a
0 n

Answer:
If f(x) is an odd function, a =
o
0, a =n 0

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14. In the Expansion f(x) = |x| as a Fourier series in (- . ) find the value of a 0
Answer:
Given f(x) = |x| f(-x) = |-x| = |x| = f(x)
Hence f(x) is an even function

2 2 x2 2 2

ao xdx
0
2 0
2

15. Find half range cosine series of f(x) = x, in 0 x

Answer:
2 2 x2 2 2
ao xdx
0
2 0
2

2 1 cos nx sin nx
an x sin nxdx x (1)
0
n n2 0

n n1
1 cos n 1 1
0 0
n n n
ao
f x an cos nx
2 n0

Fourier series is 1
n1

cos nx
2 n
n0

Given f(x) = x2
16. Find the RMS value of f(x) = x , 0 2
x 1
Answer:

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R.M.S value

1 2l 2 1 1
2
y f (x) dx x2 dx
l 0 120
1
x5 2
2
5 0
5

17. Find the half range sine series of f (x) x in (0, )

Answer:
2
bn f (x) sin nxdx
0

2 2 cos nx sin nx
x sin nxdx x (1)
0
n n2 0
n n1
2 ( 1) 2( 1)
n n

2( 1)n 1
Half range Fourier sine series is fx sin nx
n 0 n
18. Find the value of a0in the cosine series of f (x) x in (0, 5)
Answer:
5
25 2 x2 2 52
ao xdx 5
50 5 2 0
5 2

19. Define odd and even function with example.

Answer:
(i) If f ( x) f (x) then the function is an even function.

eg : cosx ,x2 , x , sin x , cos x are even functions

(ii) If f ( x) f (x) then the function is an odd function.

eg : sinx,x3 ,sinhx, tanx are odd functions

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20. Write the first two harmonic.

Answer:
The first twoharmonics are

f x ao
a1 cos x b1 sin x a2 cos 2x b2 sin 2x
2

FOURIER SERIES
x (0, )
1. Expand f (x) as Fourier series
2 x (,2)
2
1 1 1
and hence deduce that .........
12 32 52 8
2. Find the Fourier series for f(x) = x2 in (- . ) and also prove that
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(i) 2 ......... (ii) 2 .........
1 22 32 6 1 22 32 12
3. (i) Expand f(x) = | cosx | as Fourier series in (- . ).
(ii) Find cosine series for f(x) = x in (0, ) use Parsevals identity to
4
1 1 1
Show that .........
14 24 34 90
4. (i) Expand f(x) = xsinx as a Fourier series in (0, 2 )

(ii) Expand f(x) = |x| as a Fourier series in (- . ) and deduce to

2
1 1 1
.........
12 32 52 8
0 , ( , 0)
5. If f (x) Find the Fourier series and hence deduce that
sin x , (0, )
1 1 1 ......... 2
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
6. (i) Find the Fourier series up to second harmonic
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
Y 9 18 24 28 26 20

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X 0 π/3 2π/3 π 4π/3 5π/3 2π

F(x) 10 14 19 17 15 12 10

7. (i) Find the Fourier expansion of f (x) ( x)2 in (0, 2 ) and

2
1 1 1
Hence deduce that .........
12 22 32 6

(ii). Find a Fourier series to represent f (x) 2x x2 with period 3

in the range (0,3)

(ii) Find the Fourier series of fx ex in ( ,).

1 in (0, )
(ii) Find the Fourier series for f x
2 in ( , 2 )
2
1 1 1
and hence show that 2 .........
1 32 52 8

8. (i) Find the the half range sine series for f x x x in the interval (0, ) and deduce

that 1 1 1
3
....
1 33 53

2
(ii) Obtain the half range cosine series for f x x 1 in (0,1)
2
1 1 1
and also deduce that .........
12 22 32 6
9. (i) Find the Fourier series for f(x) = x2 in (- . ) and also prove that
4
1 1
1 ......... (use P.I)
14 24 90
(ii) Find the Fourier series for f(x) = x in (- . ) and also prove that
4
1 1
1 ......... (use P.I)
14 34 96

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l
cx ,0 x
2
10(i)Obtain the sine series for f x
l
c l x , x l
2

l
kx ,0 x
2
(ii). Find the Fourier series for the function f x
l
k 2l x , x l
2
11.(i).Find the Fourier series for the function f x 1 x x2 in( , ) and also
2
1 1 1
deduce that .........
12 22 32 6

(ii) Find the Fourier expansion of

2x
1 , x 0 2
1 1 1
f(x) = in (-π , π ), and also deduce that .........
2x 12 32 52 8
1 ,0 x

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UNIT - 3

APPLICATIONS OF P.D.E
S. ONE DIMENSIONAL WAVE EQUATION
N
O

VELOCITY MODEL INITIAL POSITION MODEL

1 STEP-1 STEP-1
One Dimensional wave equation One Dimensional wave equation
2 2 2 2
y y y y
is 2
a2 1 is a2 1
t x2 t 2
x2

2 STEP-2 STEP-2
Boundary conditions Boundary conditions
1. y(0,t) = 0 for t 0 1. y(0,t) =0 for t 0
2. y(  , t) = 0 for t 0 2. y(  , t) = 0 for t 0
3. y(x,0) = 0 for 0 < x <  y
3. =0 for 0 < x < 
y t t0
4. = f(x) for 0 < x < 
t t0 4. y(x,0) = f(x) for 0 < x < 

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3 STEP-3 STEP-3
The possible solutions are The possible solutions are
y(x,t) = (A e x + B e- x) (C e at + D e- at) y(x,t) = (A e x + B e- x) (C e at + D e- at)
y(x,t) = (A cos x + B sin x )( C cos at + D sin y(x,t) = (A cos x + B sin x )( C cos at + D
at) sin at)
y(x,t) = (Ax + B) ( Ct + D) y(x,t) = (Ax + B) ( Ct + D)

4 STEP-4 STEP-4
The suitable solution for the given The suitable solution for the given
boundary condition is boundary condition is
y(x,t) = (Acos x+B sin x )(Ccos at+D sin at) y(x,t) = (Acos x+B sin x )(Ccos at+D sin at)
(2) (2)
5 STEP-5 STEP-5
Using Boundary condition 1 Using Boundary condition 1
y(0,t) = 0 y(0,t) = 0
Then (2) becomes, Then (2) becomes,
y(0,t) = (A cos 0 +B sin 0 ) ( C cos at + Dsin at) =0 y(0,t) = (A cos 0 +B sin 0 ) ( C cos at + D sin at)
(A) ( C cos at + D sin at)=0 =0
A=0 (A) ( C cos at + D sin at)=0
Using A = 0 in (2) A=0
y(x,t) = ( B sin x) ( C cos at + D sin at) (3) Using A = 0 in (2)
y(x,t) = ( B sin x) ( C cos at + D sin at) (3)

STEP-6 STEP-6
Using Boundary condition 2 Using Boundary condition 2
6
y(  ,t) = 0 y(  ,t) = 0
Then (3) becomes, Then (3) becomes,
y(  ,t) = (B sin  ) ( C cos at + D sin at)=0 y(  ,t) = (B sin  ) ( C cos at + D sin at)=0
(B sin  ) ( C cos at + D sin at)=0 (B sin  ) ( C cos at + D sin at)=0
n n
= =
 
Then (3) becomes, Then (3) becomes,
n x n at n at n x n at n at
y(x, t) B sin( ) C cos( ) D sin( ) y(x, t) B sin( ) C cos( ) D sin( )
     
(4)
(4)

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7 STEP-7 STEP-7
Using Boundary condition 3 Using Boundary condition 3

34
y(x,0) = 0
Then (4) becomes,

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n x y
y(x, t) B sin( ) C cos 0 D sin 0 =0 = 0Then (4) becomes,
 t t0
nx
B sin( ) C 0 Differentiating (5) partially w.r.to ‘t’ and put t =0
 y n x n at n at
B sin( ) C sin( ) D cos(
C=0 t   
t 0
Then (4) becomes, n x n a
B sin( ) D 0
n x n at  
y(x, t) B sin( ) D sin( ) D=0
  Then (4) becomes,
The most general solution is
n x n at
y(x, t) B sin( ) sin( ) (5) n x n at
n y(x, t) B sin( ) C cos(
)
n 1    
The most general solution is
n x n at
y(x, t) B sin( ) cos( ) (5)
n
n 1  

8 STEP-8 STEP-8
Differentiating (5) partially w.r.to ‘t’ Using Boundary condition (4),
y n x n at n a y(x,0) = f(x)
Bnsin( ) cos( )
nx
t n1    y(x, 0) Bnsin( ) cos(0)
Using Boundary condition (4), n 1 
y nx
= f(x) f (x) Bnsin( )
t t0 n 1 
nx n a This is the Half Range Fourier Sine Series.
f (x) B sin( ) 
n 2 nx
n 1   Bn f (x) sin( )
This is the Half Range Fourier Sine Series.  0 

n a 2 n x
Bn f (x) sin( )
 0 

2 nx
Bn f (x) sin( )dx
n a 
0

9 STEP-9 STEP-9
The required solution is The required solution is
nx n at nx n at
y(x, t) Bnsin( ) sin( ) y(x, t) Bnsin( ) sin( )
n 1   n 1  

2 nx 2 n x
Where Bn f (x) sin( )dx Where Bn f (x) sin( )dx
n a0   0 

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ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT TWO DIMENSIONAL HEAT FLOW

EQUATION EQUATION
1 The one dimensional heat equation is The two Dimensional equation is
2 2 2
u 2 u u u
0
t x2 x 2
y2

2 Boundary conditions Boundary conditions

1.u(0,t) = 0 for t 0 1.u(0,y) = 0 for 0<y<
2.u(  ,t) = 0 for t 0 2.u(  ,y) = 0 for 0<y<
3.u(x,t) = f(x) for 0<x<  3.u(x, ) = 0 for 0<x< 
4.u(x,0) = f(x) for 0<x< 

3 The possible solutions are The possible solutions are

2 2
x x t x x
u(x, t) ( Ae Be )Ce u(x, y) ( Ae Be )(C cos y D sin y)
22t y y
u(x, t) ( Acos x B sin x)Ce u(x, y) ( Acos x B sin x)(Ce De )
u(x, t) ( Ax B)C u(x, y) ( Ax B)(Cy D)

4, The most suitable solution is The most suitable solution is

22t y y
u(x,t) (Acos x Bsin x)Ce (2) u(x, y) ( Acos x B sin x)(Ce De ) (2)

5 Using boundary condition 1 Using boundary condition 1

u(0,t) = 0 u(0,y) = 0
22 y
u(0,t) (Acos0 Bsin 0)Ce t
=0 u(0, y) ( Acos 0 B sin 0)(Ce De y )
y
(A)Ce
2 2
t
=0 u(0, y) ( A)(Ce Be y )
A=0 A=0
Then (2) becomes Then (2) becomes
y y
2 2
t u(x, y) (B sin x)(Ce De ) (3)
u(x,t) (Bsin x)Ce (3)

6 Using boundary condition 2 Using boundary condition 2

u(l,t) = 0 u(l,t) = 0
22
t
u(,t) (Bsin )Ce =0
y
2 2
t
u(, y) (B sin )(Ce De y )
(Bsin )Ce 0 y
0 (B sin )(Ce De y )
n
n

Then (3) becomes 
n
222
t Then (3) becomes
u(x,t) B sin( n x )Ce 2 n y n y

 u(x, y) (B sin n x )(Ce  De 

) (4)

The most general solution is
222
n t
u(x,t) Bn sin( n x )e 2
(4)
n 1 
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7 Using Boundary condition 3 Using Boundary condition 3

u(x,0) = f(x) u(x, ) =0
nx n x
u(x, 0) Bnsin( ) u(x, ) (B sin )(Ce De )
n 1   
nx n x
f (x) Bnsin( ) 0 (B sin )(C D 0)
n 1   
This the Half range Fourier sine series C=0

2 nx then (3) becomes
Bn f (x) sin( )dx n y

  u(x, y) (B sin n x )(De 

)
0

The most general solution is
n y
n x 
u(x, y) Bn sin( )e (5
n 1 

8 The required solution is Using Boundary condition 4

222
n t y(x,0) = f(x)
Bn sin( n x )e 
2
u(x,t) nx
n 1  u(x, 0) Bnsin( )e0
 n 1 
2 nx
Where Bn f (x) sin( )dx nx
f (x) Bnsin( )
0  
n 1

This the Half range Fourier sine series


2 nx
Bn f (x) sin( )dx
 0 
The required solution is
n y
n x 
u(x, y) Bn sin( )e 
n 1 
2 nx
Where Bn f (x) sin( )dx
 0 

QUESTION WITH ANSWER

2 2
u u
1. Classify the Partial Differential Equation i)
x2 y2
Answer:
37
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2 2
u u
here A=1,B=0,&C=-1
x2 y2
B2 - 4AC=0-4(1)(-1)=4>0
The Partial Differential Equation is hyperbolic
2
u u u
2. Classify the Partial Differential Equation xy
x y y x
Answer:
u 2
u u
xy here A=0,B=1,&C=0
x y y x
B2-4AC=1-4(0)(0)=1>0
The Partial Differential Equation is hyperbolic

3. Classify the following second order Partial Differential equation

2 2 2 2
u u u u
x2 y2 y x

Answer:
2 2 2 2
u u u u
here A=1,B=0,&C=1
x2 y2 y x

B2-4AC=0-4(1)(1)=-4<0 The Partial Differential Equation is Elliptic

4. Classify the following second order Partial Differential equation

2 2 2
u u u u u
4 4 6 8 0
x2 x y y2 x y
Answer:
2 2 2
u u u u u
4 2
4 2
6 8 0
x x y y x y
here A= 4,B =4, & C = 1
B2-4AC =16 -4(4)(1) = 0

The Partial Differential Equation is Parabolic

5. Classify the following second order Partial Differential equation

38

i) y2u xx 2xyuxy x2uyy 2ux 3u 0

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ii) y2u xx uyy ux 2 uy 2 7 0

Answer:
i) Parabolic ii) Hyperbolic (If y = 0)

iii)Elliptic (If y may be +ve or –ve)

2 2
y y
6. In the wave equation what does c2 stands for?
2
2
c
t x2
Answer:
2 2
y 2 y
2
c
t x2
T
here a T-Tension and m- Mass
2

7. In one dimensional heat equation ut = α2 u what

xx
does α2 stands for?

Answer:-
2
u 2 u
t x2
k
2
= is called diffusivity of the substance
c

Where k – Thermal conductivity

- Density
c – Specific heat

8. State any two laws which are assumed to derive one dimensional heat equation

Answer:
i) Heat flows from higher to lower temp

ii) The rate at which heat flows across any area is proportional to the area
and to the temperature gradient normal to the curve. This constant of
proportionality is known as the conductivity of the material. It is known as
Fourier law of heat conduction

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9. A tightly stretched string of length 2  is fastened at both ends. The midpoint of the
string is displaced to a distance ‘b’ and released from rest in this position. Write the
initial conditions.

Answer:
(i) y(0 , t) = 0

(ii) y(2  ,t) = 0

y
(iii) 0
t t0

b
x 0 x 

(iv) y(x , 0 ) =
b
(2 x)  x 2


10. What are the possible solutions of one dimensional Wave equation?

The possible solutions are

Answer:
y(x,t) = (A e x + B e- x) (C e at + D e- at)

y(x,t) = (A cos x + B sin x )( C cos at + D sin at)

y(x,t) = (Ax + B) ( Ct + D)

11. What are the possible solutions of one dimensional head flow equation?

Answer:
The possible solutions are
22
u(x,t) ( Ae x Be x )Ce t

22
t
u(x,t) ( Acos x B sin x)Ce
u(x,t) ( Ax B)C

12. State Fourier law of heat conduction

Answer:
u
Q kA
x
(the rate at which heat flows across an area A at a distance from one end of a bar is
40

proportional to temperature gradient)

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Q=Quantity of heat flowing

k – Thermal conductivity

u
A=area of cross section ; =Temperature gradient
x

13. What are the possible solutions of two dimensional head flow equation?

Answer:
The possible solutions are

x
u(x, y) ( Ae Be x )(C cos y D sin y)
y y
u(x, y) ( Acos x B sin x)(Ce De )
u(x, y) ( Ax B)(Cy D)

14. The steady state temperature distribution is considered in a square plate with sides x
= 0 , y = 0 , x = a and y = a. The edge y = 0 is kept at a constant temperature T and the
three edges are insulated. The same state is continued subsequently. Express the
problem mathematically.
Answer:
U(0,y) = 0 , U(a,y) = 0 ,U(x,a) = 0, U(x,0) = T

15. An insulated rod of length 60cm has its ends A and B maintained 20°C and

80°C respectively. Find the steady state solution of the rod

Answer:
Here a=20°C & b=80°C
b a x
In Steady state condition The Temperature u(x, t) a
l
80 20 x
20
60
u(x,t) x 20

16. Write the D’Alembert’s solution of the one dimensional wave equation?
Answer:

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1 1 x at
y x at x at v( )d
2 2a x at
here x f x gx
vx ax f ag

17. What are the boundary conditions of one dimensional Wave equation?

Answer:
Boundary conditions

1. y(0,t) = 0 for t 0
2. y(  , t) = 0 for t 0
3. y(x,0) = 0 for 0 < x < 
y
4. = f(x) for 0 < x < 
t t0

18. What are the boundary conditions of one dimensional heat equation?

Answer:
Boundary conditions

1.u(0,t) = 0 for t 0

2.u(  ,t) = 0 for t 0

3.u(x,t) = f(x) for 0<x< 


19. What are the boundary conditions of one dimensional heat equation?

Answer:

Boundary conditions

1.u(0,y) = 0 for 0<y<

2.u(  ,y) = 0 for 0<y<

3.u(x, ) = 0 for 0<x< 

4.u(x,0) = f(x) for 0<x< 








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

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20.T he ends A and B has 30cm long have their temperatures 30c and 80c until steady
state prevails. If the temperature A is raised to40c and Reduced to 60C, find the
transient state temperature

Answer:
Here a=30°C & b=80°C
b a x
In Steady state condition The Temperature u(x, t) a
l
Here a=40°C & b=60°C

60 40 x 2
ut 40 x 40
30 3

PART-B QUESTION BANK

APPLICATIONS OF PDE

1. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially at rest in its
equilibrium position. If it is set vibrating giving each point a velocity 3x (l-x). Find the
displacement.

2. A string is stretched and fastened to two points and apart. Motion is started by displacing
the string into the form y = K(lx-x2) from which it is released at time t = 0. Find the
displacement at any point of the string.

3. A taut string of length 2l is fastened at both ends. The midpoint of string is taken to a
height b and then released from rest in that position. Find the displacement of the string.
4. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially at rest in its
x
position given by y(x, 0) = y0 sin
3 . If it is released from rest find the displacement.
l
5. A string is stretched between two fixed points at a distance 2l apart and points of the
cx
0< x < 1
string are given initial velocities where V
l
Find the
c
(2l x) 0< x < 1
l
displacement.

6. Derive all possible solution of one dimensional wave equation. Derive all possible solution
of one dimensional heat equation. Derive all possible solution of two dimensional heat
equations.

7. A rod 30 cm long has its end A and B kept at 20oC and 80oC, respectively until steady state
condition prevails. The temperature at each end is then reduced to 0 oC and kept so. Find
43

the resulting temperature u(x, t) taking x = 0.

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8. A bar 10 cm long , with insulated sides has its end A & B kept at 20oC and 40oC respectively
until the steady state condition prevails. The temperature at A is suddenly raised to 50oC
and B is lowered to 10oC. Find the subsequent temperature function u(x , t).

9. A rectangular plate with insulated surface is 8 cm wide so long compared to its width that
it may be considered as an infinite plate. If the temperature along short edge y = 0 is u (
x ,0) = 100sin
x
0 < x < . While two edges x = 0 and x = 8 as well as the other short
8
edges are kept at 0oC. Find the steady state temperature.

10. A rectangular plate with insulated surface is10 cm wide so long compared to its width that it
may be considered as an infinite plate. If the temperature along short edge y = 0 is given
20x 0 x 5
by u and all other three edges are kept at 0o C. Find the steady
20(10 x) 5 x 10
state temperature at any point of the plate.

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Unit - 4

FOURIER TRANSFORMS

FORMULAE

1
1. Fourier Transform of f(x) is F[ f (x)] f(x)eisxdx
2 -

1
2. The inversion formula f (x) F(s)e-isx ds
2 -

2
3. Fourier cosine Transform F [f(x)] = F (s) = f (x) cos sxdx
c c
0

2
4. Inversion formula f(x) = Fc (s) cos sxds
0

2
5. Fourier sine Transform (FST) F [f(x)] = F (s) = f (x) sin sxdx
s s 0

2
6. Inversion formula f(x) = Fs (s) sin sxds
0
2
2
7. Parseval’s Identity f (x) dx F (s) ds

1
8. Gamma function n xn 1e xdx , n 1 nn&
0
2

a
9. e ax cos bxdx 2
0
a b2

b
10 e ax sin bxdx 2
0
a b2

sin ax
11. dx
45

0
x 2
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2 2

12. e x dx & e x dx
0
2

13. cos ax eiax e iax & sin ax eiax e iax

2 2

ORKING RULE TO FIND THE FOURIER TRANSFORM

Step1: Write the FT formula.

Step2: Substitute given f(x) with their limits.

Step3: Expand eisx as cos sx + isin sx and use Even & odd property

Step4: Integrate by using Bernoulli’s formula then we get F(s)

WORKING RULE TO FIND THE INVERSE FOURIER TRANSFORM

Step1: Write the Inverse FT formula

Step2: Sub f(x) & F(s) with limit , in the formula

isx
Step3: Expand e as cos sx -isin sx and equate real part

Step4: Simplify we get result

WORKING RULE FOR PARSEVAL’S IDENTITY

If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x) then

2
2
f (x) dx F (s) ds is known as Parseval’s identity.

Step1: Sub f(x) & F(s) With their limits in the above formula

Step2: Simplify we get result

WORKING RULE TO FIND FCT

Step1: Write the FCT formula & Sub f(x) with its limit in the formula

Step2: Simplify, we get FC(S )

46

WORKING RULE TO FIND INVERSE FCT

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F (S ) with its limit in the formula

C
Step1: Write the inverse FCT formula & Sub

Step2: Simplify, we get f(x)

WORKING RULE TO FIND FST

Step1: Write the FST formula & Sub f(x) with its limit in the formula

Step2: Simplify, we get FS (S )

WORKING RULE TO FIND INVERSE FCT

Step1: Write the inverse FST formula & Sub Fs (S ) with limit in the formula

Step2: Simplify, we get f(x)

WORKING RULE FOR f(x) = e ax

Step:1 First we follow the above FCT & FST working rule and then we get this

result

2 a 2 s
Fc(e-ax) = 2 2
Fs (e-ax) = 2
a s a s2

By Inversion formula, By Inversion formula,

cos sx s
ds e ax 2 2
sin sxds e ax
0
a2 s2 2a 0
a s 2

x 1
TYPE-I : If problems of the form i) 2 2
, 2
x a th x a2
ii)
e
n
u
se
In
ve
rs
io
n
fo
r
m
ul
a
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x2 dx
TYPE-II: If problems of the form i) dx ii) 2
, then use Parseval’s Identity
2 2
0 x 2
a 0 x2 a2

TYPE-III Click Here for Transforms and Partial Differential Equations full study
material.
dx , then use
0 x 2
a 2
x 2
b 2 f (x)g(x)dx F f (x) F g(x) dx
C C
0 0

47
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UNIT - 4
FOURIER TRANSFORM

1. State Fourier Integral Theorem.

Answer:

If f (x) is piece wise continuously differentiable and absolutely on , then,

1
f (x) f t ei( x t )sdt ds .
2

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2. StateandproveModulation 1
f x cos ax Fs a F s a Proof:
theorem. F 2
1
F f x cos ax f x cos ax eisxdx
2

1 eiax e iax isx

f x e dx
2 2

1 1 1 1
f x ei(s a) x dx f x ei(s a) xdx
2 2 2 2
1 1
F s a F s a
2 2
1
F f x cos ax Fs a F s a
2
3. State Parseval’s Identity.
Answer:

If F s is a Fourier transform of f x , then

2 2
F s ds f x dx

4. State Convolution theorem.

Answer:

The Fourier transform of Convolution of f x and g x is the product of their Fourier

transforms.

F f g FsG s
49

5. State and prove Change of scale of property.

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Answer:
1
If Fs Ffx , then F f ax F s
a
a
1
F f ax f ax eisxdx
2
1 i sat dt
fte ; where t ax
2 a
1 s
F f ax F
a a
n n dn
6. Prove that if F[f(x)] = F(s) then
F x f (x) ( i) F (s)
dsn
Answer:
1
Fs f x eisxdx
2

Diff w.r.t s ‘n’ times

dn 1 n
n
F s f x ix eisxdx
ds 2
1
f x (i) n (x)n eisxdx
2
n 1
1 d n isx
Fs (x) f x e dx
(i) n ds n
2

dn n 1
( i) n F s (x) nf x e dxisx
ds 2

n
n dn
F x f x i Fs
dsn

7. Solve for f(x) from the integral equation

Answer:
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f (x) cos sxdx e s
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50
0

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f (x) cos sxdx e s

0

2
Fc f x f x cos sx dx
0

2
Fc f x es

2
f (x) Fc f x cos sx ds
0
a
e ax cos bx dx
2 2 a 2
b2
e s cos sx ds 0

0
a 1, b x
2 2 1
e s cos sx ds
0
x2 1

1 x a
8. Find the complex Fourier Transform of f (x)
0 x a 0

Answer:
1
F f x f x eisxdx
2 x a; a x a

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1 a
F f x 1 eisxdx
2 a
1 a
(cos sx i sin sx)dx
2 a
a a
2 2 sin sx
(cos sx)dx
2 0 2 s 0

2 sin as
s

[Use even and odd property second term become zero]

x x a
9. Find the complex Fourier Transform of f (x)
0 x a 0
Answer:

1
F f x f x eisx dx
2
a
1
xeisx dx
2 a x a; a x a
a
1
x (cos sx i sin sx)dx
2 a
a a
2 2i cos sx sin sx
(x(i sin sx)dx x (1)
2 0 2 s s2 0

2 as cos as sin as
i
s2
52

[Use even and odd property first term become zero]

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10. Write Fourier Transform pair.

Answer:

If f (x) is defined in , , then its Fourier transform is defined as

1
Fs f x eisxdx
2
If F s is an Fourier transform of f x , then at every point of Continuity of f x , we

1
have f x F s e isxds .
2

11. Find the Fourier cosine Transform of f(x) = e-x

Answer:

2
Fc f x f x cos sx dx
0

2
Fc e x
e x cos sx dx ax a
 e cos bx dx 2
0 a b2
 2 1
0

x
Fc e 2
s 1

eimx , a x b
12. Find the Fourier Transform of f (x)
0, otherwise
Answer:

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1
F f x f x eisxdx
2
b b
1 1
imx isx
e e dx ei m s xdx
2 a 2 a

b
1 ei m s x 1 1
ei m s b ei m s a
2 im s 2 im s
a

1
13. Find the Fourier sine Transform of .
x
Answer:

2
Fs f x f x sin sxdx
0

2 sin sx 2
dx
0
x 2
1
Fs
x 2

14. Find the Fourier sine transform of e

x

Answer:

2
Fs f x f x sin sx dx
0

2
Fs e x e x sin sx dx
b
0  e ax sin bx dx
0
a2 b2
2 s
Fs e x
s2 1
54

15. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e 2x

2e x
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2
Fc f x f x cos sx dx
0

2
Fc e
2x
2e x e 2x 2e x cos sx dx
0

2
e 2 x cos sx dx 2 e x cos sx dx
0 0

2 2 1 2 1 1
2 2
s2 4 s2 1 s2 4 s 2 1

1, 0 x 1
16. Find the Fourier sine transform of f (x)
0 x 1
Answer:
2
Fs f x f x sin sx dx
0

1
2
Fs f x f x sin sx dx f x sin sx dx
0 1

1 1
2 2 cos sx
1sin sx dx 0
0
s 0

2 1 cos s
s

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x, o x 1
f (x) 2 x, 1 x 2
17. Obtain the Fourier sine transform of .
0, x 2

Answer:
2
Fs f x f x sin sx dx
0

1 2
2
x sin sx dx 2 x sin sx dx
0 1

1 2
2 cos sx sin sx cos sx sin sx
x 2 x
s s2 0 s s2 1

2 cos s sin s sin 2s cos s sin s

Fs f x
s s2 s2 s s2

2 2sin s sin
2s s2

18. Define self reciprocal and give example.

If the transform of f x is equal to f s , then the function f x is called self

x2
reciprocal. e 2
is self reciprocal under Fourier transform.

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x 0 x
19. Find the Fourier cosine Transform of f (x)
0 x
Answer:
2 2
Fc f x f x cos sx dx x cos sx dx
0 0

2 sin sx cos sx 2 cos s 1

x sin s
s s2 0
s s2 s2

2 s sin s cos s 1
2
s

x
20. Find the Fourier sine transform of 2
.
x a2
Answer:

L et fx e ax

2 s
Fs e ax
s2 a2
Using Inverse formula for Fourier sine transforms

2 2 s
e ax 2 2
sin sx ds
0
s a
s
(ie) 2 2
sin sx ds e ax , a 0
0
s a 2

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x
2 2
sin sx dx e as
Change x and s, we get 0 x a 2

x 2 x
Fs sin sx dx
x2 a2 0
x2 a2
2 as
e e as
2 2

FOURIER TRANSFORM
PART-B
1 x2 if x 1
1. (i)Find the Fourier Transform of f (x) and hence
0 if x 1
2
x cos x sin x cos x dx 3 sin x x cos x
deduce that (i) (ii) dx
0
x3 2 16 0
x3 15

a2 x2 x a
(ii). Find the Fourier Transform of f (x) . hence
0 x a 0
sin x x cos x
deduce that dx
0
x3 4

1 if x a
2. Find the Fourier Transform of f (x) and hence evaluate
0 if x a
2
sin x sin x
i) dx ii) dx
0
x 0
x

1 x if x 1
4. Find Fourier Transform of f (x) and hence evaluate
0 if x 1
2 4
sin x sin x
i) dx ii) dx
0
x 0
x

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x2 dx
5. Evaluate i) 2
dx ii) 2
0 x2 a2 0 x2 a2

dx x2dx
6 i). Evaluate (a) (b)
0 x2 a2 x2 b2 0 x2 a 2 x2 b2
dx t 2dt
ii). Evaluate (a) (b)
0 x2 1 x2 4 0 t2 4 t2 9

sin x;when o x
7. (i)Find the Fourier sine transform of f (x)
0 ; whenx
cos x; when o x a
(ii) Find the Fourier cosine transform of f (x)
0 ; whenx a
x2 s2

8. (i) Show that Fourier transform e 2

is e 2
2 2 2 2
(ii)Obtain Fourier cosine Transform of e a x
and hence find Fourier sine Transform x e a x

9. (i) Solve for f(x) from the integral equation f (x) cos xdx e
0

1 ,0 t 1
(ii) Solve for f(x) from the integral equation f (x) sin tx dx 2 ,1 t 2
0
0 ,t 2
x sin x
10. (i) Find Fourier sine Transform of e x , x>0 and hence deduce that dx
0 1 x2
(ii) Find Fourier cosine and sine Transform of e , x>0 and hence deduce
4x

cos 2x x sin 2x
that (i) dx e 8 (ii) dx e8
0
x2 16 8 0
x2 16 8
11.(i)Find F xe ax & F xe ax
S c

e ax e ax
(ii) Find FS & Fc
x x
(iii) Find the Fourier cosine transform of f (x) e ax cos ax
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Z - TRANSFORMS

Definition of Z Transform

Let {f(n)} be a sequence defined for n = 0, 1,2 … and f(n) = 0 for n< 0 then its
Z – Transform is defined as
n
Z f (n) Fz f (n)z (Two sided z transform)
n

Z f (n) Fz f (n)z n (One sided z transform)

n0

Unit sample and Unit step sequence

The unit sample sequence is defined as follows

1 for n 0
(n)
0 for n 0

The unit step sequence is defined as follows

1 for n 0
u(n)
0 for n 0
60

Properties
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1. Z – Transform is linear

(i) Z {a f(n) + b g(n)} = a Z{f(n)} + b Z{g(n)}

2. First Shifting Theorem

(i) If Z {f(t)} = F(z),

then Z e at f t Fz z zeaT

(ii) If Z {f(n)} = F(z),

z
then Z a f n
n
F
a

3. Second Shifting Theorem

If Z[f(n)]= F(z) then

(i)Z[f(n +1)] = z[ F(z) – f(0)]

(ii)Z[f(n +2)] = z [ F(z) – f(0)-f(1) z ]

2 1

(iii)Z[f(n +k)] = z [ F(z) – f(0)-f(1) z - f(2) z ………- f(k-1) z

k 1 2 (k 1)
]

(iv) Z[f(n -k)] = z k F(z)

4. Initial Value Theorem

If Z[f(n)] = F(z) then f(0) = lim F (z)
z

5. Final Value Theorem

If Z[f(n)] = F(z) then lim f (n) lim(z 1)F(z)

n z 1
61

PARTIAL FRACTION METHODS

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Model:I

1 A B
z a z b z a z b

Model:II

1 A B C
2
z a z b z a z b (z b)2

Model:III

1 A Bz C
z a z 2
b z a z2 b

Convolution of Two Sequences

Convolution of Two Sequences {f(n)} and {g(n)} is defined as

n
{ f (n)* g(n)} f (K )g(n K)
K0

Convolution Theorem

If Z[f(n)] = F(z) and Z[g(n)] = G(z) then Z{f(n)*g(n)} = F(z).G(z)

WORKING RULE TO FIND INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM USING CONVOLUTION THEOREM

Step: 1 Split given function as two terms

Step: 2 Take z 1 both terms

Step: 3 Apply z 1 formula

Step: 4 Simplifying we get answer

Note:

1 an 1
1 a a 2............... a n
62

1a
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n1
2 n 1 a
1 a a ....... a
1 ( a)

Solution of difference equations

Formula

i) Z[y(n)] = F(z)

ii) Z[y(n +1)] = z[ F(z) – y(0)]

iii) Z[y(n +2)] = z [ F(z) – y(0)- y(1) z ]

2 1

iv) Z[y(n +3)] = z [ F(z) – y(0)- y(1) z + y(2) z ]

3 1 2

WORKING RULE TO SOLVE DIFFERENCE EQUATION:

Step: 1 Take z transform on both sides

Step: 2 Apply formula and values of y(0) and y(1).

Step: 3 Simplify and we get F(Z)

Step:4 Find y(n) by using inverse method

Z - Transform Table

f(n)
No. Z[f(n)]

1. 1 z
z 1

2. an z
z a

3. n z
(z 1)2

4. n2 z2 z
(z 1)3

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6. 1 z
log
n (z 1)

7. 1 z
z log
n 1 (z 1)

8. 1 1 z
log
n 1 z (z 1)

9. ean z
(z ea )

10. 1 1

ez
n!

11. Cos n z(z cos )

2
z 2z cos 1

12. sin n z sin

2
z 2z cos 1

13. n z2
cos
2 z2 1

n z
sin
2
2 z 1

14. nan az
(z a)2

f(t) Z(f(t)

1 t Tz
(z 1)2

2. t2 T 2 z(z 1)
(z 1)3

3 eat z
(z eaT )

4. Sin t z sin T
2
z 2z cos T 1

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5. cos t z(z cos T )

2
z 2z cos T 1

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER

1. Define Z transform

Answer:

Let {f(n)} be a sequence defined for n = 0, 1,2 … and f(n) = 0 for n< 0 then
its Z – Transform is defined as
Z f (n) Fz f (n)z n (Two sided z transform)
n

Z f (n) Fz f (n)z n (One sided z transform)

n0

Find the Z Transform of 1

n
Answer: Z f n f nz
n0

Z1 (1)z n 1 z 1
z 2
....
n0
1
1z1
1 1
1 z1 z
1
z z z1
z
Z1
z1

2. Find the Z Transform of n

Answer:

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Z f n f nzn
n0

Zn nz n
n0

n 2
nz 0 z 1 2z 3z3 ...
n0
2 2
1 1 2 1 1 1 z
z 1 z 1
z z z z 1
z
2
z 1

3. Find the Z Transform of n2.

Answer:
d
Z n2 Z n n z Zn , by the property,
dz
2
d z z 1 z2 z 1 z2 z
z 2
( z) 4
dz z 1 z 1 (z 1)3

4. State Initial & Final value theorem on Z Transform

Initial Value Theorem
If Z [f (n)] = F (z) then f (0) = lim F (z)
z

Final Value Theorem

If Z [f (n)] = F (z) then lim f (n) lim(z 1)F(z)
n z 1
66

6. State convolution theorem of Z- Transform.

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Answer:

Z[f(n)] = F(z) and Z[g(n)] = G(z) then Z{f(n)*g(n)} = F(z) · G(z)

7. Find Z –Transform of nan

Answer:

Z f n f nzn
n0

Z nan nan z n
n0
n 1 2 3
a a a a
n 0 2 3 ...
n0 z z z z
2
a a az
1 2
z z z a

8. Find Z – Transform of
cos n and
sin n
2 2
Answer:
n
We know that Z f n f nz
n 0

Z cos n z z cos
z2 2z cos 1

z z cos
2 z2
Z cos n 2 z2 1
z2 2z cos 1
2
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z sin
Similarly Z sin n
z2 2z cos 1

z sin z
Z sin n 2 2 z2 1
z2 2z cos 1
2

1
9. Find Z – Transform of
n
Answer:
n
Z f n f nz
n0

1 1 n
Z z
n n0 n

1 n z1 z2 z3
z ....
n1n 1 2 3
1
1 z1
log 1 log
z z
z
log
z1

1
10. Find Z – Transform of
n!
68

Answer:
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Z fn fnzn
n0

1 1 n
Z z
n! n 0 n!

1 n z1 z2 z3
z 1 ....
n0 n! 1! 2! 3!
1
1
z
e ez

1
11. Find Z – Transform of
n1
Answer:

Z f n fnzn
n0

1 1
Z zn
n 1 n0 n 1
1
z z (n 1)
n0 n 1

1 z2 z3
zz ....
2 3

1
z log 1
z
z
z log
z 1

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12. Find Z – Transform of an

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Answer:
n
Z f n f nz
n0

n
n an a
Z a n
n0z n0 z
1 2 3
a a a
1 ...
z z z
1
a
1
z
1
z a z
z z a

13. State and prove First shifting theorem

Statement: If Zft Fz , then Z e at f (t) F zeaT

Proof:
at
Ze f (t) e anT f (nT ) z n
n0
As f(t) is a function defined for discrete values of t, where t = nT,

then the Z-transform is

n
Z f (t) f (nT ) z F (z) ).
n0

n
Z e at f (t) f (nT ) zeaT F(zeaT )
n0

14. Define unit impulse function and unit step function.

The unit sample sequence is defined as follows:

1 for n 0
(n)
0 for n 0
The unit step sequence is defined as follows:

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1 for n 0
u(n)
0 for n 0

15. Find Z – Transform of Z eat

Answer:
n n
Z eat eanT z n eaT z n
z eaT
n0 n0

z z
z an
z eaT z a
[Using First shifting theorem]
2t
16. Find Z – Transform of Z te
Answer:

2t Tz
Z te Zt z ze2T 2
z 1 z ze2T

Tze2T
2
ze2T 1
[Using First shifting theorem]

17. Find Z – Transform of Z et cos 2t

Answer:
z z cos
Z et cos 2t Z cos 2t z ze T 2
z 2 cos z 1 z ze T

T T
ze ze cosT
ze 2T 2 cosT ze T 1

[Using First shifting theorem]

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18. Find Z – Transform of Z e2 t T

Answer:

Let f (t) = e2t , by second sifting theorem

Z e2(t T)
Z f (t T ) z F (z) f (0)
2T
ze 1
z 1 z
ze 2T
1 ze 2T 1

19. Find Z – Transform of Z sin t T

Answer: Let f (t) = sint , by second sifting theorem
Z sin(t T ) Z f (t T ) z F(z) f (0)

z z sin t z2 sin t
0
z2 2cost z 1 z2 2cost z 1

20. Find Z – transform of n 1 n 2

Answer:

n
Z f n f nz
n0

Z n 1 n 2 Z n2 2n n 2

Z n2 3n 2 z n2 3z n 2z 1

z2 z z z
3
3 2
2
z 1 z 1 z 1

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QUESTION BANK

Z-TRANSFORMS
8z2 8z2
1. (i)Find Z 1 &Z 1 by convolution theorem.
(2z 1)(4z 1) (2z 1)(4z 1)

(ii) Find Z 1 z2 &Z1 z2 by convolution theorem

(z a)(z b) (z 1)(z 3)

z2 z2
2. (i) Find Z 1
& Z 1
by convolution theorem
(z a)2 (z a)2

3. (i ) State and prove Initial & Final value theorem.

(ii) State and prove Second shifting theorem

1 2n 3
(i) Find the Z transform of &
(n 1)(n 2) (n 1)(n 2)

z2
4. (i) Find Z 1
by residues.
(z 2 4)
z2 z
(ii) Find the inverse Z transform of by partial fractions.
z 1 (z 2 1)
z z2
5. (i) Find Z 1
&Z 1

z2 2z 2 z2 7z 10

1 Hence find Z 1 1
6. (i)Find the Z transform of f (n) and Z .
n! (n 1)! (n 2)!
1
(ii) Find Z and also find the value of sin(n 1) and cos(n 1) .
n!

7. (i)Solve y n 2 6y n 1 9y n 2n with y 0 0& y 1 0

(ii) Solve y n 2 4y n 1 4y n 0 y(0) = 1 ,y(1) =0

8. (i )Solve y n 3y n 1 4y n 2 0, n 2 given y(0) 3& y(1) 2

(ii) Solve y n 3 3y n 1 2y n 0, y 0 4, y 1 0& y 2 8,

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and also find Z a cos n
n
9. (i)Find Z cos n & Z sin n & Z an sin n

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