SQUAD TACTICAL OPERATION

Patrolling – are most common activates that the squad will undertake. Patrol mission are done to
gather information or to establish contact with the enemy.
Patrol Planning Consideration – Leader plan and prepare for patrols using the troop leading
procedure (TLP) and the estimate of the situation.
Reconnaissance Patrol – provide timely and accurate information on the enemy and terrain.
They confirm the squad leader plant before it is execute.
Tracking Patrol – A squad may receive the mission to follow the trail of a specific enemy unit.
Soldier look for sign left by the enemy.
Combat Patrol – Combat patrols are conducted to destroy or capture enemy soldiers or
equipment; destroy installation, facilities, or key points; or, harass enemy force.
2 types of combat patrol – Ambush and Raid
Leader’s Reconnaissance of the Objective – In a combat patrol, the squad leader considers the
conduct of reconnaissance of the objective from the ORP.
Ambush – is one of the combat patrol mission that is characterized as a surprise attack from a
concealed position on moving or temporarily halted target.
Raid – is a surprise attack on an enemy unit or installation, followed by withdrawal of the
attacking force after the accomplishment of the mission.
Consideration in the conduct of RAID
- Movement to objective area, Control, Training, Fire Support, Timing, Withdrawal
Link-Up Operation – linkups are part of most light infantry operation and normally occur in
enemy controlled areas.
Observation Post Operation – are position from which soldiers watch and listen for enemy
activity in a designated area.
Never gonna give you up Never gonna let you down
Never gonna run around and desert you

MAP READING
Map
- is a graphic representation of a portion of the earth’s surface drawn to scale, as seen from
above.
- it uses colors, symbols, and labels to represent features found on the ground
Scale
1. Small scale – 1:1,000,000 and smaller – used for general planning and for strategic studies
2. Medium Scale – 1: 75,000 – 1:1,000,000 – used for operational planning
3. Large Scale – 1:75,000 and larger – used for tactical, administrative, and logistical planning
By Type
1. Planimetric 2. Topographic 3. Photomap 4. Joint Operation Graphic 5.
Photomosaic
6. Terrain Model 7. Special Maps
Planimetric Map – Present only the horizontal position for the feature represented
Topographic Map – Portrays terrain feature in a measurable way
Photomap – A reproduction of an aerial photograph upon which grid lines, marginal data, place
names, route number, important elevation, boundaries, and approximate scale and direction have
been added
Joint Operation Graphics – Contain additional information needed in joint air-ground
operation
Terrain Model – A scale model of the terrain showing feature and in large-sacle models
showing industrial and cultural shape. It provides a means for visualizing the terrain for planning
or indoctrination purposes and for briefing operation
Photomosaic – An assembly of aerial photographs
Special Maps – Maps for special purposes, such as traffic ability, communication and assault
maps
Marginal Information – are information and instruction written on the outer edge of the map
Sheet Name – Title of the map and is named after the larges geographical area presented
Sheet Number – used as a reference number for the map sheet
Series Name – Usually includes a group of similar maps at the same scale and on the same sheet
lines or format designed to cover particular geographic are
Map Scale – A representative fraction that gives the ratio of a map distance to the corresponding
distance on the earth surface.
Series Number – it is a sequence reference expressed either as a four digit number or as a letter,
followed by a three or four digit numeral.
Bar Scale – Are rulers used to convert map distance to ground distance
Contour Interval Note – it states the vertical distance between adjacent contour lines of the map
LEGEND – Illustrates and identifies the topographic symbols used to depict some of the more
prominent features on the map. The symbols are not always the same on every map.
Color Used in Conventional Signs
Red – depicts classification of roads, built-up areas and
special features
Blue – Water Features
Green – vegetation
Blank – man-made object, ie. Building, tower, etc
Brown – depicts relief and elevation
Principle in Reading Map Coordinates
Read “RIGHT-UP”
Right – Objective should be to the right of the vertical grid line
Up – Objective is above the horizontal grid line
Types of Slopes
Gentle – evenly spaced and wide apart
Steep – evenly spaced but close together
Concave – closely spaced at the top and widely space at the bottom
Convex – widely spaced at the top and closely spaced at the bottom

SIGNAL COMMUNICATION

Signal Communication
- is a method or means of CONVEYING INFORMATION MESSAGES of one person or place
to another
Means of Communication
is a MEDIUM by which a message is conveyed from one person or place to another
Agency of Communication
- a FACILITY which embraces the personnel and equipment to provide signal communication
by any particular means or combination thereof.
Tactical Radio Set
- is a principal means of communication in tactical units
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
a. Telecommunication
ex. Wire, Radio, Television, Morse code, and Electromagnetic system
b. Visual Communication
ex. Light, Panel, Hand to hand Signal, Pyro technique
c. Sound Communication
ex. Whistle, Serene, Bells Voice, Amplifier, Bugle, Waning shots.
d. Physical Communication
1) Messenger – oldest and relatively most secured means
2) Trained Animals – this is not widely use in AFP
3. Mail – this means is not responsibility of the Signal Corps.
ADVANTAGE OF TACTICAL RADIO SETS
Speed of Installation
- it is easy to established than a wire or other means of communication
Flexible
- it is no fixed circuit are required to be constructed
DISADVANTAGE OF RADIO SETS
Lack of Security
- radio is the least secured means
Subject for Interception
- radio is less vulnerable to enemy terroristic activity than a wire, however, it is subject for
interference from precipitation and jamming to other station.
AS TO TYPE OF TACTICAL RADIO SETS
Portable sets
- are those that can be carried by individual and can be operated while being moved
Transportable sets
- are those that can be moved from one location to another
Vehicular sets
- are those normally installed in a vehicle.
FUNDAMENTAL OF TACTICAL RADIO COMMUNICATION
Radio Net
- A group of several station working together in the same frequency
Call Sign
- A combination of pronounceable words that identifies the facility o station
Individual Call Sign
- this call sign identifies a single call to any station within the net
Collective Call Sign
- This call sign identifies two or more station in particular radio net but not all stations in the net
Net Call Sign
- This call sign identifies all radio stations operating a particular radio net
Call
- a method of establishing communication whereby the station calling transmit the identity of the
station called as well as his own identity
Pro Words
- are pronounceable words which have assigned meaning to facilitate transmission by radio
communication

COMBAT TRAINING FOR INDIVIDUAL SOLDIER

Combat Training
Purpose – to mold you into a tough, self-reliant, fighting man; help you build and maintain an
aggressive spirit (the ill to close with and kill or capture the enemy).
Cover – protection from the fire of enemy weapon
Concealment – protection from the enemy observation
Two Types of Cover
1. Natural – ravines, hollow, reverse slopes, big mound of earth, smallest depression or fold in
the ground, trees(dead/alive), rocks.
2, Artificial – bunkers, foxholes, trenches, dikes
Concealing Yourself
a. Avoid Unnecessary Movement b. Use All Available Concealment c. Stay Low to
Observe
d. Expose Nothing That Shines e. Keep Off the Skyline f. Alter
Familiar Outlines
g. Keep Quite
Concealment Consideration
Military Shapes, Silhouettes and Human Outlines, Color, Movement, Surface, Noise
Camouflage – the military art of deception utilizing both natural and manmade device and
material
Facial Camo – does not look like it has been colored and painted
- should not look like a face at all
Equipment Must Blend With the Natural Background…
1. Your web equipment(pack, belt, canteen cover) blend with most terrain unless it is badly faded
2. Alter the distinctive silhouette of your helmet, let foliage stick over the edges to alter the
outline
3. Use mud or dirt to dull the shiny surfaces of your weapon
4. Color your equipment black or forest green when operating in the jungle
Using Your Weapon
1. Keep your weapon within at all times. When firing use the side of a building, a tree, a log, or
anything which steadies your aim and increases your accuracy
2. Exact, clear tgts are seldom seen on the battlefield because the enemy is as anxious as you are
to avoid detection
3. Sometimes it is desirable to bring surprise fire on the enemy, hold your fire until ordered to
shoot.
Sound and Smells…
a. learn to identify, evaluate, and react to common battlefield noises and the common sounds in
your area of operation
1. Sound can be heard better at night
2. Sound can reveal your presence to the enemy
b. Smell can help or endanger you
Selecting Routes
1. Avoid known enemy position and obstacles.
2. Seek terrain avoiding open areas and offering the most cover and concealment for daylight
movement
3. Seek terrain permitting quite movement at night
4. Take advantage of the most difficult terrain, such as swamps and dense woods
5. Avoid moving along exposed ridges. Move along the slope below the ridges to prevent
silhouetting yourself
6. Avoid using trails in guerrilla-infested areas and the areas between in contact in conventional
operation
7. Avoid areas which may be mined, booby-trapped, or covered by fire
8. Avoid villages, trails going to villages, wells, and place where you are likely to meet with the
native of the area
9. Study maps, aerial photographs, or sketches and memorize your route before you start
10. Note distinctive feature (hills, streams, swamps) and their location in relation to your route. If
possible “box” your route in with terrain features to aid in navigation
11. Plan an alternate route to use in case you cannot use your primary route
12. In difficult terrain, such as jungle or swamps, plan an offset to a known terrain feature
The Challenges and Password…
- the enemy may come from any direction keep watch in all direction
- Halt and identify personnel before they are close enough to be a danger to you
Silent Weapon
- it may be desirable to kill, stun, or capture an enemy soldier without alerting other enemy in the
area
Day Combat
Movement
a. Follow these general rules to move without being seen or heard by enemy
1. Prepare yourself and your equipment
2. Camouflage yourself and your equipment
3. Tape or pad any parts of your weapon or equipment that rattle or loose.
4. Wear soft, well-fitting clothes
5. Wear a soft cap
6. Do not carry unnecessary equipment
7. Move by bounds
8. Look for the next spot where you will stop before leaving the concealment of one
position
9. Change direction slightly from time to time when moving through tall grass
10. If you alarm the birds or animals, remain in position and observe briefly
11. Take advantage of the distraction provided by noises
12. Cross roads and trail where there is the most cover and concealment
13. Follow the furrows as much as possible when crawling a plowed filed
14. Avoid steep slopes and areas with loose stones
15. Avoid cleared areas to prevent being silhouettes
Low Crawl
- when cover and concealment are scarce, when visibility permit good enemy observation, and
when speed is not essential
High Crawl
- when cover and concealment are available, when poor visibility reduces enemy observation and
when you require more speed
Crawling
- the low crawl and high crawl are not suitable when you are very near the enemy. They make a
shuffling noise which is too easily heard
Night Combat
Movement
- usually you must move more quietly at night than in day
North Star – North of the equator the north stars show you true north.
Southern Cross – south of the equator, the general direction of south
Security
darkness provides a great deal of protection
Action Under Flares
a. Ground Flares – are placed in the same manner as anti-personnel mines, so you will set them
off or the enemy can set them of by pulling wires.
b. Overhead Flares – May be placed and set off in the same manner as ground flares or maybe
fired from rifles mortars, artillery, or hand projectors or may be dropped from aircraft, all rise
high in the air before bursting and burning
Crossing Danger Areas
- A danger area is any place where you are maybe exposed to enemy observation or fire
a. Open Areas – conceal yourself on the near side and carefully observe the area.
b. Roads and Trails – cross road or trail at or near a bend or here the road is narrow so the
enemy’s observation is limited.
c. Native Villages – Pass on the downwind side, ell away from the villages
d. Enemy Positions – pass these on the downwind side; also they may have scout dogs
e. Minefield – be alert for minefield and avoid them whenever possible.
f. Streams – select a spot where the stream is narrow and there is concealment on both side
g. Bared Wires – stay low when approaching wire
Night Firing
a. pointing method looking over the top of the barrel with your head held high and both eyes
open during all condition of visibility
b. You may be able to locate enemy position by having one or two men move off to one side and
fire a few rounds to draw the enemy fire
Night Vision
- You can see much more in the dark than you realize
Day and Night Eyes
- The retina is composed of cone cells and rod cells.
Cone cells – enable to see color, shaped and sharp contrast
Rod cells – produce a chemical substance called visual purple which make them active in
darkness or period of low illumination
Seeing At Night
Principle of Dark Vision
a. Dark adaptation means allowing your eyes to become accustomed to low levels of illumination
b. Off center vision is the technique of keeping your attention focused on an object without
looking directly at it
Factors Affecting Night Vision
- Visual purple is chemically related to vitamin A, and a serious lack of vitamin A impairs light
vision.
Preserving Night Vision
- Night vision is quickly destroyed if bright light is allowed to enter the eye.

WEAPON TRAINING GRENADES

Grenade – a small missile weighing between one and 1.5 pounds. Filled with high explosive or
chemical, it is used against enemy personnel or material at relatively short ranges. There are two
types; Hand grenade and Rifle grenade
a) Hand Grenade – thrown by the user, supplements small arms in close combat. It produces
screening smoke, irritating gases, and incendiary effects
b) Rifle Grenade – is projected by a specially design blank cartridge from a standard army rifle
equipped with a grenade launcher or adapter.
Types of Hand Grenade
1. Fragmentation – has a thin metal body about the size and shape of a lemon and weighs one
pound
2. Offensive – cylindrical and about the size of fragmentation grenade. Has a press-fiber
(cardboard) body loaded with approximately one-half pound of flaked tnt
3. Chemical – two types of chemical grenade, burning and bursting, are similar in size and
shape. They differ primarily in filler and fuse.
Types of Rifle Grenade
Rifle Grenade – are classified according to use as service fragmentation, high-explosive
antitank, chemical, and practice
1. The High-Explosive Antitank Grenade – used against tank and armored vehicles, consist of
a fuse, a body assembly, and adapter, a stabilizer tube, and a fin assembly
2. Smoke Rifle Grenade – designed primarily for producing smoke: either for signaling or
screening purposes. One type of smoke grenade, the white phosphorus (WP) grenade, also has
incendiary capabilities
3. Practice Rifle Grenades – are designed for training personnel in care, handling, and use of
rifle grenades prior to training with live or service grenades
4. Certain fragmentation, chemical, and practice grenades - can be change to rifle grenade
by fitting standard model hand grenade with projection adapter

Precaution in Storage and Handling

- Grenades must be handles with care at all times. Fuses, particularly are easily damaged by
mishandling and may become hazardous. Grenade and fuses, either stored or issued, should be
protected against moisture and excessive change in temperature
Care and Precaution in Handling
a. Treat all grenade and components as potentially dangerous, whether fully loaded or those
designated as inert
b. Avoid striking or dropping, or handling in other than manner prescribe for explosive loaded
items
c. Treat inert-loaded grenades and components with same degree of caution as their explosive or
chemical-loaded counterparts
d. Do not lift or handle hand grenade by pull ring attached to safety pin of fuse
e. Once a hand grenade has been inserted into grenade-projection adapter, do not remove without
first reinserting safety pin
f. Do not lift or handle rifle grenade by pull ring attached to safety pin. (yes you are right)
g. Do not place grenade on launcher unless it is intended to be fired immediately.
Precaution in Firing
Special Precaution
a. Do not recover live grenades that have failed to explode
b. Use appropriate rifle grenade and prescribe combination of launcher and cartridge
c. Assure that hand grenades are attached to adapter and prescribe combination of launcher and
grenade cartridge is used to launch hand grenade from rifle
d. Never launch rifle grenades or adapted hand grenades with other than special grenade
launching cartridges provided for that purpose
e. Do not use bulleted cartridge to project grenade or ground signal from launcher under any
circumstances.
f. Do not pull safety pin until just before throwing or launching grenade
g. During safety pin removal, hold safety lever firmly in place until grenade is thrown, tossed, or
placed in position
h. Silent type fuses are used in most grenade. Therefore, never consider projected grenades as
duds because no noise, smoke, or spark are observed upon release of safety lever.
VIPS
COMMANDER IN CHIEF
PRES FERDINAND R MARCOS JR
SECRETARY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
SEC CARLITO G GALVEZ JR
AFP CHIEF OF STAFF
GEN ANDRES C CENTINO PA
COMMANDING GENERAL PHIL. ARMY
LTGEM ROMEO S BRAWNER JR, PA
ACTING RESCOM COMMANDER
COL SAMUEL B MANZANO GSC (INF) PA
NCRRCDG GROUP COMMANDER
COL FERDINAND REY G GA (ART) MNSA PA
UNIVERSITY PRESIDENT
DR. NEDEÑA C. TORRALBA
PLV-NSTP DIRECTOR
MR. ROMULO T. ROMO
PLV-ROTC COORDINATOR
MR. CLINTON N. YU
COMMANDANT
COL FERDINAND REY G GA (ART) MNSA PA
ASSISTANT COMMANDANT
CPT MARICEL C GUARTEL PA (RES)