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Unit No-02

This document discusses key concepts related to single-phase and three-phase electrical systems. It begins by defining single-phase systems which are used for most domestic appliances and then introduces polyphase systems which have multiple voltages displaced in phase. Three-phase systems are described as the most common polyphase system, having three voltages 120 degrees out of phase. Construction and operation of a three-phase alternator is explained. Connections for three-phase systems including star and delta are defined along with their voltage and current characteristics.

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Atharva Rakshe
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27 views52 pages

Unit No-02

This document discusses key concepts related to single-phase and three-phase electrical systems. It begins by defining single-phase systems which are used for most domestic appliances and then introduces polyphase systems which have multiple voltages displaced in phase. Three-phase systems are described as the most common polyphase system, having three voltages 120 degrees out of phase. Construction and operation of a three-phase alternator is explained. Connections for three-phase systems including star and delta are defined along with their voltage and current characteristics.

Uploaded by

Atharva Rakshe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Program- Computer Engineering

Course- Electrical Engineering


Course Code- R18 EE2310
Faculty Name- Prof. M. B.Gaikwad

Unit No- 02
Phase Relationship between Voltage and Current
•The current and voltage in an RLC
circuit are related by V = IZ.
•The phase relationship between the
current and voltage can be found
from the vector diagram: its the
angle between the impedance, Z,
and the resistance, R.
•The angle can be found from:

•If the angle is positive, the voltage leads the


current by that angle.
•If the angle is negative, the voltage lags the
currents.
•The power dissipated in an RLC circuit is
given by:
Single Phase Circuit
•Single-phase systems are employed for the operation of almost all
the domestic and commercial applications.
•For examples – Fans, Televisions, Refrigerators, Washing
machines, Mixer-grinder, Computers, Exhaust Fans, Lamps, Electric
Toasters, Electric Irons, etc.
•But the single-phase system has its limitations in the field of
generation, transmission, distribution and industrial applications.
Polyphase System
•Polyphase System is a combination of two or more than two
voltages having same magnitude and frequency but displaced from
each other by an equal electrical angle.
•As poly means, many (more than one) and phase means windings or
circuits.
•Each of them has a single alternating voltage of the same magnitude
and frequency.
•The angular displacement between the adjacent voltages is called
a phase difference and depends upon the number of phases.

•Types of Polyphase sysem:


1. Two Phase System
2. Three Phase System
Two Phase System
Three Phase System

Three Phase System:


• A generator consists of three coils placed 120  apart.
•The voltage generated are equal in magnitude but, out of phase
by 120 .
•Three phase is the most economical polyphase system.
Comparison
Basis For Comparison Single Phase Three Phase
Definition The power supply through The power supply through
one conductor. three conductors.
Wave Shape

Number of wire. Require two wires for Requires four wires for
completing the circuit. completing the circuit.
Voltage Carry 230V Carry 415V
Phase Name Split phase No other name
Power Transfer Capability Minimum Maximum

Network Simple Complicated


Power Failure Occurs Do not occur
Loss Maximum Minimum
Power Supply Connection
Efficiency Less High
Economical Less More
Uses For home appliances. In large industries and for
running heavy loads.
Generation of Three-phase Supply
A1
Stator

B2 C2

S N

C1
B1

A2

vA = Vm sin ωt =⇒ VA = |Vph|∠0◦
vB = Vm sin(ωt − 120◦) =⇒ VB = |Vph|∠ − 120◦
vC = Vm sin(ωt − 240◦) =⇒ VB = |Vph|∠ − 240◦
Construction:
•The armature of the alternator consists of three single-turn
rectangular coils RR2, YY2 and BB2 fixed to one another at
angles of 120˚.
•The coils are mounted on a common shaft and have same
physical dimensions.
•The ends of coil are connected to a pair of slip-rings carried
on the shaft.
•The coils are placed in the uniform magnetic field provided
by the North and South poles of the magnet.
•The carbon brushes are pressed against the slip-rings to
collect the induced currents in the coils.
Operation:
•Suppose the three coils are rotating in an anti-clockwise direction at
uniform speed.
•Because of this each coil will have its own generated e.m.f. and current
which will be alternating in nature.
•As shown in the figure the plane of the coil RR1 is perpendicular to the
magnetic field and hence no e.m.f. is generated in the coil.
•After 120˚ YY1 will occupy this position and after 120˚ BB1 will occupy
this position.
•This cycle continues and maximum value attained by every coil has 120˚
phase shift w.r.t e.m.f. in other coil.
•If the instantaneous value of the e.m.f. generated in the coil RR1 is
represented by, eR=Em sin ωt………(1)
• then, the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s generated in the coil YY1
and BB1 are,
eY=Em sin (ωt-1200)………(2)
eB=Em sin (ωt-2400) OR EB=Em sin (ωt+1200)……(3)
Phase Sequence

ABC Sequence ACB Sequence

Phase sequence can be changed by reversing the direction of


rotation of rotor of the alternator.
Connections in Three Phase System
In 3- φ system we have following connections:
a)Star or Wie (Y) connection:
b)Mesh or Delta (Δ) connection:
➢Star Connection:-
• In this connection, like terminals of
the coil i.e. either starting terminals R,
Y, B or finishing terminals R1, Y1, B1
are connected together to form a
common point ‘N’ which is known as
neutral point or star point.
•This kind of connection is also known
as ‘Four wire three phase system’.
•This connection is shown in figure.
Assuming phase sequence R-Y-B all the line
quantities and phase quantities of star connection are
shown in figure.
a) Line Voltage (VL) :The potential difference
between any two lines gives line to line voltage
called as line voltage. For above fig. Line
voltages are VL = VRY = VYB = VBR
b) Phase Voltage (Vph) :The potential difference
between any line and neutral point is called as
phase voltage. For above fig. Phase voltages are
Vph = VRN = VYN = VBN
c) Line Current (IL):The current flowing through
each line is called as line current. For above fig.
Line currents are IL = IR = IY = IB
d) Phase Current (Iph) :The current flowing through
each phase is called as phase current. For above
fig. phase currents are Iph = IRN = IYN = IBN
➢Delta Connection:-

•In this connection finishing terminal


of one coil is connected to starting
terminal of second coil and finishing
of that to starting of next and so on
i.e. In Δ connection coils are
connected to form a closed loop as
shown in fig
•This kind of connection is also
known as ‘three wire three phase
system’. This connection is shown in
fig
•Assuming phase sequence R-Y-B all
the line quantities and phase
quantities of delta connection are
shown in fig.
a)Line Voltage (VL) :
The potential difference between any two lines
gives line to line voltage called as line voltage.
For above fig. Line voltages are VL = VRY =
VYB = VBR
b) Phase Voltage (Vph) :
The potential difference between any line and
neutral point is called as phase voltage.
For above fig. Phase voltages are Vph = VR =
VY = VB
c) Line Current (IL):
The current flowing through each line is called as
line current.
For above fig. Line currents are IL = IR = IY =
IB
d)Phase Current (Iph) :
The current flowing through each phase is called
as phase current. For above fig. phase currents
are Iph = IRY = IYB = IBR
3 Phase system.pdf
3 Phase system.docx

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