Introduction to

UME511: Automobile Engineering

“Good design must be beautiful, but also intelligent.”

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Brief Bio-sketch of Dr Rajnish Mallick
Course Instructor

Dr. Rajnish Mallick, AP, MED, TIET 2

 Course Objectives
• To deliver basic knowledge of different components of
automobiles.

• Exposure to performance parameters of a vehicle.

• Learning design procedure of various components and factors

affecting operation of vehicle on road.

• Enhancement of fault diagnosis and troubleshooting

capabilities.

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 Research Assignments
● Investigate different problems related to the design and functioning of
engine performance and find the corrective action.

● Fault diagnosis of clutch and transmission assembly through real case

studies of passenger vehicles.

● Critically evaluate the performance of vehicle steering mechanism

and its effect on turning radius, vehicle suspension and tyre wear
through real case studies

● Prepare a technical report on the recent trends in automotive

electronics and hybrid technologies used in the passenger vehicles.

(10% weightage of total marks shall be given to this assignment.

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 References and Literature

Text Books:

• Giri, N. K., Automobile Mechanics, Khanna Publishers, New

Delhi (2011).

• Hiller, V. A. W., Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology,

Oxford University Press, UK (2014).

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 Evaluation Scheme

Evaluation Elements Weightage (%)

• MST

• EST

• Sessionals (May include Assignments/Projects/Quizzes/Lab

Evaluations)

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7
 The Future!

“Good design must be beautiful, but also intelligent.”

Gorden Wagener
Chief Design Officer Daimler AG
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 The Future…!
Video: BMW Smart Automobile Factory

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 UME511: Automobile Engineering

Disclaimer
Content shown in presentation is solely for the
purpose of education and it is nowhere sold in any
form or used for promotion of commercial products.

“Good design must be beautiful, but also

intelligent.”

Dr. Rajnish Mallick

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 Definitions : Automobile
• The term automobile is derived from the Greek word autos,
which means self, and the French word mobile, which
means moving.
• Self-propelled vehicle that travels on land but not on rails;
usually has 4 wheel, and primary meant for personal
(human) transportation
• It includes car, truck, bus, motorcycle, or any other self-
propelled vehicle
• Automobile is defined as a
– wheeled vehicle
– driven by its own motive power unit
– that runs on ground
– and is used for transporting passengers or goods. 11
 Historical Background

Event Marks
1876 The OTTO four-stroke cycle engine was developed
by a German engineer, Nikolaus Otto.
1885 The first automobile was powered by an OTTO
cycle gasoline engine designed by Karl Friedrick
Benz
1892 Rudolf Diesel received a patent for a compression
ignition engine. The first diesel engine was built in
1897.
1896 Henry Ford built his first car, called the Quadricycle

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 The 1885 Benz Patent Motor Wagen, one of the
first automobiles made.

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https://en.wikipedia.org
 The Ford Quadricycle : 1896

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https://en.wikipedia.org
 Historical Background
Event Marks
1900 About 4,200 total automobiles were sold, including:
40% were steam powered
38% were battery/electric powered
22% were gasoline engine powered
1902 Oldsmobile, founded by Ransom E. Olds,
produced the first large-scale, affordable vehicle.
1908 William Durant formed General Motors.
1908 The Ford Model T was introduced as commercially
made in factory at large scale. .

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 Ford Model T : 1908

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https://en.wikipedia.org
 Historical Background
Event Marks
1912 The electric starter was invented by Charles F.
Kettering of Dayton, Ohio, first used on a Cadillac.
The starter was produced by a new company called
Delco, which stood for Dayton Electric Laboratories
Company.
1914 First car with a 100% steel body was made by the
Budd Corporation for Dodge. Before 1914, all car
bodies had wood components in them.
1922 The first vehicle to have four-wheel hydraulically
operated brakes was a Duesenberg built in
Indianapolis, Indiana.
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 Historical Background

Event Marks
1940 The first fully automatic transmission was
introduced by Oldsmobile.
1973 Airbags were offered as an option on some General
Motors vehicles.
1985 Lincoln offers the first four-wheel antilock braking
system.
1997 The first vehicle with electronic stability control was
offered by Cadillac.

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Components of an Automobile

Automobile
Basic Structure/Chassis
Power Unit
Transmission System
Controls
Auxiliaries
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 Chassis
Automobile
Basic Structure/Chassis
For commercial vehicles “Chassis”
Power Unit The chassis is a self propelled vehicle. Body
Transmission System frame is made on it to carry loads
of different kind.
Controls
Auxiliaries

LADDER FRAME
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© 2020-Ford Motor Company
UME511: Automobile Engineering
Lecture - 03

“Good design must be beautiful, but also

intelligent.”

Dr. Rajnish Mallick

Dr. Rajnish Mallick, AP, MED, TIET 21
 Chassis
Automobile
Basic Structure/Chassis
For commercial vehicles “Chassis”
Power Unit The chassis is a self propelled vehicle. Body
Transmission System frame is made on it to carry loads
of different kind.
Controls
Auxiliaries

LADDER FRAME
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© 2020-Ford Motor Company
© 2019 Daimler AG, Mercedes, Germany

B
U
S
T
R
A T
I
L R
E
R U
Buses C
Trucks
K
Rigid Body Trucks
Tractor and Trailers 23
 The body
P T
I R
C U
K C
U K
P

The chassis

S
U
V
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 Chassis
Automobile For passenger Cars/SUVs “Chassis”
Basic Structure/Chassis The chassis is the main structure build to support
all other parts of the vehicle. Its
Power Unit protects occupants, bear all loads,
Transmission System provide base to fix everything.
Controls
Auxiliaries

UNI-BODY

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© 2020-Ford Motor Company
Chassis and United Powertrain
This is modern concept in high end sports cars and SUVs

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www.mercedesamg.com
 Chassis

The frame is the strong metal structure that provides a

mounting place for the other parts of the vehicle. 27
UME511: Automobile Engineering
Lecture - 03

“Good design must be beautiful, but also

intelligent.”

Dr. Rajnish Mallick

Dr. Rajnish Mallick, AP, MED, TIET 28
 The Chassis
Power Unit
Automobile
Engine
Basic Structure/Chassis
Batteries
Power Unit
Motors
Transmission System
Controls Transmission System

Auxiliaries Gearbox

Propeller Shaft

Differential
Axles

Auxiliaries Controls
Steering System
Lighting
Suspension
HVAC
Braking System
Catalytic Convertor
Tires and Wheels
Safety Devices 29
 The Body
• The body: The vehicle body provides a protective outer hull,
or “skin,” around the outside of an automobile.
• The body is an attractive, colourful covering over the other
parts.
• Body parts may also contribute to the structural integrity
(safety and strength) of the vehicle.
• The vehicle body can be made from steel, aluminium,
fibreglass, plastic, or composite (a combination of materials
like carbon fibre).
• The body is normally painted to give the vehicle its
appealing, shiny colour and appearance.

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 Power Unit
Engine

• The engine provides the energy to propel (move) the

vehicle and operate the other systems.
• Most engines consume gasoline or diesel fuel. 31
© 2019 Daimler AG, Mercedes, Germany
 Power Unit
Hybrid Vehicle
• Batteries
• Electric Motor/Generator

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Source : BMW 740e I Performance plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) powertrain and drivetrain
 Transmission

• Transmission is the mechanism which is used to transfer

the power developed by engine to the wheels of an
automobile.
• Often transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses
gears and gear trains to provide speed and torque
conversions from a rotating power source to another device.
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© 2019 Daimler AG, Mercedes, Germany
 Drive Line
• Propeller Shaft
• Differential
• Axles

• Propeller Shaft connects transmission with differential.

• Differential provides adjustment of drive torque during turn.
• Live Axle transmits the torque received from the engine, to
the driving wheels.
• Dead Axle just connects the wheel to the frame but does
not transmit any power.

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 Differential

Propeller Shaft

Universal Joint
Transmission

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www.artstation.com
 Steering System

The steering system allows the driver to control vehicle

direction by turning the wheels right or left. 36
 Suspension System

Functions of Suspension System

• It is responsible for preventing the road shocks from being transmitted to

the vehicle.
• Safeguarding the passengers from road shocks.
• Preserving the stability of vehicle during pitching and rolling. 37
 Suspension System
Rigid Suspension
(Leaf Spring/Coil Spring and Damper)

The suspension system allows the vehicle’s wheels and tires to

move up and down with little effect on body movement. 38
 Suspension System
Chassis
Coil Spring Mount
point
Upper Wishbone

Damper

Link Rod

Disc Brake
Assembly

Steering System
Lower Control Arm
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Source: https://sites.google.com/site/suspensioncontrolarms/
 Braking System

The brake system produces friction to slow or stop the vehicle.

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www.procarmechanic.con, www.onlinetutions.com
 Braking System
• Advanced emergency braking system (AEBS) (also automated
emergency braking in some jurisdictions) is defined by UN
ECE regulation 131 as: a system which can automatically detect a
potential forward collision and activate the vehicle braking system to
decelerate the vehicle with the purpose of avoiding or mitigating a
collision.
• UN ECE regulation 152 says deceleration can be 5 metres per second
squared.

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 Tires and Wheels

Rim Tire Wheel

• A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on

an axial bearing.
• A tyre is a rubber covering, typically inflated or surrounding
an inflated inner tube, placed round a wheel to form a soft
contact with the road. 42
 Drive Train Design
Front Engine
Sedans, Hatchbacks, SUVs,
Pickup Trucks

Rear Engine
Sports Cars, Two Seater Cars,
Compact Cars

Mid Engine
High Power Sports Cars,
Racing Cars

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Source: Hiller’s Fundamental of Motor Vehicle Technology
 Drive Line Configuration

Front Wheel Drive Arrangement Rear Wheel Drive Arrangement

All Wheel Drive Arrangement

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Source: Hiller’s Fundamental of Motor Vehicle Technology
 Drive Line Configuration
"Four-by-four" or "4×4" is frequently used to refer to a class of vehicles in general.
Syntactically, the first figure indicates the total number of wheels (or more precisely: axle ends)
and the second indicates the number that are powered.

So, 4×2 means a four-wheel vehicle that transmits engine torque to only two axle ends: the front
two in front-wheel drive or the rear two in rear-wheel drive.

Similarly, a 6×4 vehicle has three axles, two of which provide torque to two axle ends each.
If this vehicle were a truck with dual rear wheels on two rear axles, so actually having ten
wheels, its configuration would still be formulated as 6x4.

All Wheel Drive Arrangement

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Source: Hiller’s Fundamental of Motor Vehicle Technology
 Drive Line Configuration
All-Wheel Drive (AWD)
AWD is similar to 4WD because the engine provides power with the drivetrain to all
four wheels. Generally speaking, however, AWD is created for speed and handling,
instead of off-road situations. It is, on the whole, a much more intelligent form of 4×4
innovation. AWD constantly monitors the traction of all four tires and sends more or
less power per specific wheel, depending upon what it requires.

This modern technology is known as ‘Torque Vectoring’. Additionally, when it

concerns high-end car and SUV performance, some varieties of AWD are developed
to send additional power to the rear tires to enhance acceleration

All Wheel Drive Arrangement

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Source: Hiller’s Fundamental of Motor Vehicle Technology
 Drive Line Configuration
• A transverse engine mounts sideways in the engine
compartment.
• Its crankshaft center line extends toward the right and left of
the body.
• Both front-engine and rear engine vehicles use this
configuration

• A longitudinal engine mounts the crankshaft center line

front to rear when viewed from the top.
• Front-engine, rear-wheel drive vehicles use this type of
engine mounting

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 Drive Line Configuration

FWD Transverse RWD Transverse FWD longitudinal RWD longitudinal

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Engine and Transmission Layout

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 Auxiliaries
Lighting
Auxiliaries
Lighting

HVAC

Catalytic Convertor
Sealed Multi-reflector
Safety Devices LED
Parabolic Halogen

HVAC
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Source: Hiller’s Fundamental of Motor Vehicle Technology
 Auxiliaries
Safety Devices

Catalytic Convertor

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Source: Hiller’s Fundamental of Motor Vehicle Technology
 Safety Tips
Every engine and vehicle body are specially made for
each other.

Drive your vehicle as per its capabilities.

Drive Safe
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 Disclaimer
Content shown in presentation is solely for the
purpose of education and it is nowhere sold in any
form or used for promotion of commercial products.

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