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GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Session 1: Functions and Operation on Functions
Recall
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set of first coordinates. The range is the set
of second coordinates.
Ex. (2, 10)
Domain Range
A function is a relation in which each element of the domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range.
This is denoted by y = f (x).

Concept of Function
A function is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y-
values. Using functional notation, we can write f(x) = y, read as “f of x is equal to y.” In particular, if (1, 2) is an
ordered pair associated with the function f, then we say that f(2)=1.

On the other hand, the vertical line test can be used to identify if the graph is a function. A graph represents a
function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph at most once.

Here are some real life examples of function:

1. Person’s salary depends on the number of hours worked
2. Buying rice in the market and its price per quantity
3. Internet Surfing fee and its hourly surfing rate
Function Rule
A function can be thought of as a rule, which operates on an input and produces an output.
This is often illustrated pictorially in two ways. The first way is by using a block diagram, which
consists of a box showing the input, output and the
rule
which,
is often
written
inside
the box.
The
second way is to use two sets, one to represent the
input and one to represent the output with an arrow showing the relationship between them.
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EXAMPLE 1. Guess the Equation!

x 0 1 2 3 4 5

y 1 3 5 7 9 11

The function rule is: f(x) = y = 2x + 1

If x =15, what is the value of y?
EXAMPLE 2: Guess the Equation!
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 10 11 14 19 26 35

The function is f(x) = x2+10

EXAMPLE 3: Guess the Equation!
Suppose Garry wants to determine the relationship of the price of NFA rice per kilo in the market and the
following information are given;
 One kilo of rice costs PHP 40.00
 He wants to buy 3 kilos of rice.
 He wants to determine the amount of rice he can purchase with PHP 200.00 in his pocket.

Number of kilos of Rice (x) Cost (y) Computations

1 PHP 40.00 40(1) = 40
2 PHP 80.00 40(2) = 80
3 PHP 120.00 40(3) = 120
4 PHP 160.00 40(4) = 160
5 PHP 200.00 40(5) = 200
6 PHP 240.00 40(6) = 240
Mathematically, we have y = 40x. (This indicates that the total cost (y) is equal to 40 times the
number of kilos (x) of rice.

FUNCTION REAL LIFE SITUATION

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EXAMPLE 4. If the width of a rectangle is 2 cm more than one-half its length and its perimeter is 40 cm, what
are the dimensions?
Given:
1
Let Length = x , Width = x + 2, Perimeter = 40
2
Solution:
P = 2L+2W
1
40 = 2(x)+2(2 x + 2)
40 = 2x+x+4
40 = 3x + 4
36 = 3x
x = 12
Length = x
= 12
1
Width = 2 𝑥 + 2
1
= 2 (12) + 2
=8
The length of the rectangle is 12 cm and its width is 8 cm.
EXAMPLE 5.
A clock manufacturer can produce a particular clock at a cost of 15 pesos per clock. It is estimated that if the
selling price of the clock is x pesos, then the number of clocks sold per week is 125-x.
a. Express the number of pesos in the manufacturer’s weekly profit as a function of x.
The profit can be obtained by subtracting the total cost from the total revenue.
Let R(x) pesos be the weekly revenue. Because the revenue is the product of the selling price of each clock
and the number of clock sold, R(x) = x (125-x).
Let C(x) pesos be the total cost of the clocks that are sold per week. The total cost is the product of the cost of
each clock and the number of clocks sold, C(x) = 15(125-x).
If P(x) pesos is the weekly profit, then
P(x) = R(x)- C(x)
= x (125-x)-15(125-x)
= 125x-x 2 -1875+15x
P(x) = -x2 + 140x-1875
The manufacturer’s weekly profit as a function of x is P(x) = -x2 + 140x-1875
b. Use the result of part (a) to determine the weekly profit if the selling price is 45 pesos per clock
Given: P(x) = -x2 + 140x - 1875, x=45
Solution:
P(x) = -x2 + 140x-1875
P(45) = -2025 + 6300 – 1875
P(45) = -(45)2 + 140(45) – 1875
P(45) = 2400
The weekly profit is 2400 pesos when the clocks are sold at 45 pesos each.
Piece-wise Function or Compound Function
- A functions having different values at different intervals and it composed of more than one equation.
Real-life Applications/Situations:
 The price of airline tickets 5 months before the flight is constantly changing until such time as the
flight schedule comes nearer.
 Prices of utilities like water, electricity are differently charge per interval.
 Schools offer discounts depending on the number of sibling enrolling in the same school.

EXAMPLE 6.
A school’s fair committee wants to sell t-shirts for their school fair. They found a supplier that sells t-shirts at
a price of P175.00 a piece but can charge P15, 000 for a bulk order of 100 shirts and P125.00 for each excess t-
shirt after that. Use a piecewise function to represent the cost in terms of the number of t-shirts purchased.
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175𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 99
𝑓(𝑥) = { 15,000 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 100
15000 + 125(𝑥 − 100), , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 100
EXAMPLE 7.
The fee to park in the parking lot of a shopping mall costs P40.00 for the first two hours and an extra P10.00
for each hour (or a fraction of it) after that. If you park for more than twelve hours, you instead pay a flat rate of
P200.00. Represent your parking fee using the function p (t) where t is the number of hours you parked in the
mall.
a. Write the piecewise function
40 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑡 ≤ 2
p (t)={40 + 10(𝑡 − 2) , 𝑖𝑓 2 < 𝑡 ≤ 12
200 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑡 > 12
b. Find p (3) and p (13)
p (3) = 40 +10(3-2) p(13) = 200
=40+10
p (3) =50
EVALUATING FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE 8.
Evaluate the following functions at x=-4

3
a. f(x) = x-10 b. g(x) = -2x2-9x+21 c. h(x) = √ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 15 𝑥 2+1
d. p(x) = 𝑥−4
f (-4) = -4-10 g (-4) = -2(-4)2-9(-4)+21 3
h (-4) = √ (−4)2 − 4 + 15 (−4)2 +1
f (-4) = -14 g (-4) = 25 3 p (-4) = −4−4
h (-4) = √ 27 17
h (-4) = 3 p (-4) = − 8

EXAMPLE 9.
a. Given 𝑝(𝑡) = −8𝑡 − 5, evaluate the function 𝑝(3𝑡 − 1). (t = 3t – 1)
Solution:
𝑝(𝑡) = −8𝑡 − 5,
𝑝(3𝑡 − 1) = − 8(3𝑡 − 1) − 5
𝑝(3𝑡 − 1) = − 24𝑡 + 8 − 5
𝑝(3𝑡 − 1) = − 24𝑡 + 3
b. Given 𝑓 (𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3, evaluate the function 𝑓(2𝑥 − 2). (x = 2x – 2)
Solution:
𝑓 (𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3
𝑓 (2𝑥 − 2) = −(2𝑥 − 2)2 + (2𝑥 − 2) − 3
𝑓 (2𝑥 − 2) = −(4𝑥 2 − 8x + 4) + (2x − 2) − 3
𝑓 (2𝑥 − 2) = −4𝑥 2 + 8x − 4 + 2x − 2 − 3
𝑓 (2𝑥 − 2) = −4𝑥 2 + 10x − 9
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

Definition:
Let f and g be functions.

1. Their sum, denoted by f + g, is the function defined by (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

2. Their difference, denoted by f − g, is the function defined by (f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x)
3. Their product, denoted by f  g, is the function defined by (f  g)(x) = f(x)  g(x)
4. Their quotient, denoted by f/ g, is the function defined by (f /g)(x) = f(x) / g(x), excluding the values of x where
g(x) = 0
5. The composite function, denoted by (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔), is defined by (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)). It means applying one
function to the results of another.
6. The result of g(x) is sent through f(x). It is written: (f º g)(x). Which means: f(g(x))- (vice-versa)
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EXAMPLE 10.
Given 𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2, and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3.
𝑓
Find a.(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥), b. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥), c.(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) , d.(𝑔) (𝑥), and e. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(−2)

a. (f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) b. (f-g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)

= (3x-2) +(x 2 + 2x − 3) = (3x-2) - (x 2 + 2x − 3)
= 3x-2+x 2 + 2x-3 = 3x-2-x 2 − 2x +3
= x 2 + 3x + 2x -3 -2 = -x 2 + 3x − 2x +3-2
(f+g)(x) = x 2 + 5x − 5 (f-g)(x) = -x 2 + 𝑥 +1

c. (f∙g)(x) = f(x) ∙g(x) 𝐟 𝐟(𝐱)

d.(𝐠) (𝐱) = 𝐠(𝐱)
= (3x-2) ∙(x 2 + 2x − 3)
𝟑𝐱−𝟐
= 3x 3 +6x 2 -9x-2x 2 -4x+6 =
(𝐱+𝟑)(𝐱−𝟏)
= 3x 3 +6x 2 -2x 2 -4x-9x+6
(f∙g)(x) =3x 3 +4x 2 -13x+6

e. (f+g)(-2) = f(-2) + g(-2)

= [3(-2)-2 ] + [ (−2)2 + 2(−2) − 3 ]
= (-6-2)+(4-4-3)
=-8-3
(f+g)(-2) = -11

EXAMPLE 11.
Given 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3, and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1.
Find a.(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥), b. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥), and c. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(3)

a.(f∘g)(x)= f(g(x)) b.(g∘f)(x)= g(f(x))

= f(3x-1) = g(x 2 -4x+3)
= (3x − 1)2 -4(3x-1) +3 = 3(x 2 -4x+3)-1
= 9 x 2 -6x-12x+4+3+1 = 3x 2 -12x+9-1
= (9 x 2 -6x+1)-12x+4+3 (g∘f)(x ) = 3x 2 -12x+8
(f∘g)(x) = 9 x 2 -18x + 8

c.(g∘f)(3) = g(f(3))
= g(0)
= 3(0)-1
(g∘f)(3) = -1
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Seatwork:

1. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 10 and𝑔(𝑥) = 7𝑥 + 11. Find(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥), (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥), (𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥), (𝑓/𝑔)(𝑥), and (g ∘
f)(x).
2. Randy wants to determine the relationship of internet usage in the café and the hourly surfing rate. He has
the following information:
• The cost of one-hour internet surfing is PHP 15.00
• He wants to determine the number of hours of internet surfing he could use with PHP 30.00 in his
pocket.
• He wants to completely utilize 4 hours of internet surfing.
• He ascertains to pay PHP 90.00.
3. A hotel has a special promo for their non-air conditioned room (good for two people). It charges Php 1500
for a maximum stay of two nights and Php 500 for each additional night’s stay. The total cost T is a function of
the number of nights x that a guest stays.
Write a piecewise function.
Find T(2), T(3), and T(5).