PMI COLLEGES INC.

AREOLA, JOEMAR T.

MEJ1-B1

ENGINEERING MARERIALS

1.) What are the chemical components that used to make nuclear?

Nuclear bombs use fissile materials, such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239, as the primary

explosive. These materials are used because they can undergo a chain reaction of nuclear fission,

releasing a large amount of energy. Additionally, conventional explosives, such as TNT or RDX, are

used as a secondary explosive to initiate the nuclear fission reaction. It is important to note that the

development, production, and use of nuclear weapons are heavily regulated and restricted by

international law. It is also not recommended to build or use nuclear weapons as it can cause a lot of

harm and damage to people and the environment. Nuclear bombs, also known as atomic bombs or

nuclear weapons, are incredibly powerful and destructive devices. They utilize principles of nuclear

physics to release an enormous amount of energy in the form of an explosion. Here are some

additional details about the elements and processes involved in making nuclear bombs:

1. Fissile Materials: The two primary fissile materials used in nuclear bombs are uranium-235

(U-235) and plutonium-239 (Pu-239). These isotopes can undergo a self-sustaining chain

reaction of nuclear fission when bombarded by neutrons. In a nuclear bomb, a critical mass of

fissile material is required to achieve a sustained chain reaction.

2. Uranium-235 (U-235): U-235 is a naturally occurring isotope of uranium, comprising only

about 0.7% of natural uranium. It is highly sought after for nuclear weapons due to its
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fissioning properties. The process of enriching natural uranium to increase the concentration

of U-235 is a complex and technologically challenging task. Enriched uranium is typically

used in the form of uranium hexafluoride (UF6) gas or uranium dioxide (UO2) powder.

3. Plutonium-239 (Pu-239): Pu-239 is a man-made isotope derived from irradiated uranium-238

in a nuclear reactor. It can be produced by bombarding uranium-238 with neutrons, which

transmutes it into Pu-239. Plutonium-239 is a potent fissile material, and it can be extracted

from spent nuclear fuel or produced in dedicated breeder reactors.

4. Triggering the Chain Reaction: To initiate the chain reaction, conventional high explosives

are used to create a precisely timed implosion or compression of the fissile material. The

implosion compresses the fissile material into a supercritical state, where the neutron

multiplication factor exceeds one, allowing the chain reaction to rapidly propagate.

5. Critical Mass: The critical mass is the minimum amount of fissile material required for a

sustained chain reaction. For U-235, this is typically around 50 kilograms (110 pounds),

while for Pu-239, it is around 10 kilograms (22 pounds). Achieving the critical mass is

crucial for a successful nuclear explosion.

6. Detonation: Once the fissile material reaches a supercritical state, the chain reaction rapidly

progresses, releasing an enormous amount of energy in the form of an explosion. The energy

released comes primarily from the conversion of a small fraction of the mass of the fissile

material into energy, as described by Einstein's famous equation, E=mc².

It is crucial to emphasize that the proliferation and use of nuclear weapons are highly regulated and

restricted under international agreements such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear

Weapons (NPT). The use of nuclear weapons has severe humanitarian and environmental

consequences, and their development and deployment are a matter of significant global concern.
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2.) What are the chemical components that used to make ship propeller?

The chemical composition of ship propellers can vary depending on the specific requirements and

materials used. However, the most common material used for ship propellers is a type of bronze

known as "manganese bronze" or "nickel-aluminum bronze." This alloy offers excellent corrosion

resistance, high strength, and good casting properties. It typically consists of the following

components:

1. Copper (Cu): The primary component of the alloy, providing excellent thermal and electrical

conductivity.

2. Zinc (Zn): Added to improve the castability and reduce the melting point of the alloy.

3. Aluminum (Al): Enhances the strength and corrosion resistance of the alloy.

4. Manganese (Mn): Improves the mechanical properties and wear resistance of the alloy.
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5. Nickel (Ni): Often added to increase the strength, corrosion resistance, and toughness of the

propeller.

6. Iron (Fe): Sometimes present in small quantities as an impurity.

3.) What are the chemical components that used to make welding rods?

Welding rods, also known as welding electrodes, are used in various welding processes to join metal

pieces together. The specific chemical components of welding rods can vary depending on the type

of welding and the materials being welded. However, I can provide you with some common types of

welding rods and their general chemical compositions:

1. Carbon Steel Electrodes: These electrodes are used for welding carbon and low-alloy steels.

They typically contain the following components:

 Core Wire: Iron (Fe)

 Coating: Various combinations of mineral and metallic compounds such as iron

powder, rutile, cellulose, and limestone.

2. Stainless Steel Electrodes: These electrodes are designed for welding stainless steel and

contain the following components:

 Coating: Mixtures of compounds like rutile, iron powder, chromium oxide, and other

alloys.

3. Cast Iron Electrodes: These electrodes are used for welding cast iron and generally consist of:

 Core Wire: Iron (Fe) with high carbon (C) and silicon (Si) content.

 Coating: Ferroalloys, iron powder, graphite, and other compounds to provide

necessary carbon and silicon levels.

4. Aluminum Electrodes: These electrodes are specifically designed for welding aluminum and

typically contain:

 Core Wire: Aluminum (Al) with alloying elements such as silicon (Si), magnesium

(Mg), and manganese (Mn).

 Coating: Mixtures of compounds like sodium and potassium compounds, cellulose,

and other flux materials.

It's important to note that the chemical components and proportions may vary among different

manufacturers and specific product lines. Additionally, specialized welding rods exist for specific

applications such as for welding copper, brass, or other non-ferrous metals.

4.) What is the meaning of engineering materials?

Engineering materials refer to the substances or combinations of substances that are

specifically designed and used for engineering applications. These materials possess certain

mechanical, thermal, electrical, or chemical properties that make them suitable for various

engineering purposes, such as construction, manufacturing, and product development.

The primary purpose of engineering materials is to fulfill the functional requirements of a

particular engineering application while considering factors such as strength, durability,

stability, and cost-effectiveness. Engineers carefully select materials based on their properties

and characteristics to ensure that they can withstand the intended loads, environmental

conditions, and operational demands.

Engineering materials can include metals, polymers, ceramics, composites, and

semiconductors. Each material type has its own unique properties and advantages, making it

suitable for specific engineering applications. For example, metals like steel are often chosen
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for their high strength, whereas polymers may be preferred for their lightweight and

corrosion-resistant properties.

The selection of engineering materials involves considering factors such as mechanical

properties (strength, stiffness, hardness), thermal properties (melting point, thermal

conductivity), electrical properties (conductivity, resistivity), chemical properties (reactivity,

corrosion resistance), and physical properties (density, toughness).

Engineering materials are substances that are purposefully chosen and utilized in engineering

to meet specific requirements and achieve desired performance characteristics in various

applications.

NOLI BACONAWA AREOLA, JOEMAR T.