General

Chemistry 2 12
General Chemistry 2 – Grade 12
Module 8: Stoichiometric Calculations for Reactions in Solution First Edition,
2020

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 General
Chemistry 2
12

Self-Learning Module 8
oichiometric Calculations for Reactions in
Solution
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 2 Self-Learning Module 08 on

Stoichiometric Calculations for Reactions in Solution

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 2 Self-Learning Module 08 on

Stoichiometric Calculations for Reactions in Solution

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
This module is developed for Senior Highs School STEM students. After going
through with this self-learning module you are expected to:
1. balance equations that describe reactions in solution, and
2. solve quantitative problems involving the stoichiometry of reactions in solution.

PRETEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer:
1. Balance the given equation using the smallest whole number coefficients. What
is the sum of the coefficients in the balanced equation?
Pt Cl4 + XeF2 → PtF6 + ClF + Xe
A. 16 B. 22 C. 24 D. 26
2. Which of the following statements is FALSE for the chemical equation in which
nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to form ammonia gas assuming the reaction
goes to completion?
N2 + 3H2 → 2 NH3
A. The reaction of one mole of H 2 will produce 2/3 moles of NH3
B. One mole of N2 will produce two moles of NH3
C. One molecule of nitrogen requires three molecules of hydrogen for
complete reaction.
D. The reaction of three moles of hydrogen gas will produce 17 g of ammonia.

3. Calcium carbide, CaC2, is an important preliminary chemical for industries

producing synthetic fabrics and plastics. CaC2 may be produced by heating
calcium oxide with coke:

What is the amount of CaC2 which can be produced from the reaction of excess
calcium oxide and 10.2 g of carbon? (Assume 100% efficiency of reaction for
purposes of this problem.)
A. 18.1 g B. 28.4 g C. 20.8 g D.19.8 g
4. The formation of ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) by the fermentation of glucose
(C6H12O6) may be represented by:
 If a particular glucose fermentation process is 87.0% efficient, how many grams of
glucose would be required to produce 51.0 g of ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH)?
A. 68.3 g B. 75.1 g C. 115 g D. 229 g
5. How many moles of KBrO3 are required to prepare 0.0700 moles of Br2
according to the reaction:

A. 0.210 moles B. 0.0732 moles C. 0.220 moles D. 0.0233 moles

RECAP
Identify the terms that correspond to the definitions which are given on the
second column. Use the word list as guide.

Solute Molarity Molality Solvent

% by Mass Concentration of Solution % by Volume

TERM DEFINITION
1. __________________ Moles of solute per liter of solution.
2. __________________ Component of solution usually in greater amount.
3. __________________ Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
4. __________________ Mass of solute divided by mass of solution multiplied by
100
5. __________________ Refers to the amount of solute present in a given solvent.
6. __________________ Component of solution being dissolve and usually in
smaller amount.
7. __________________ Volume of solute divided by volume of solution x 100

LESSON

Anyone who has made instant coffee or lemonade knows that too much
powder gives a strong flavoured, highly concentrated drink. Whereas too little results
in a dilute solution that may be hard to distinguish from water.
 In chemistry, the concentration of a solution is the quantity of a solute that
is contained in a particular quantity of solvent or solution. Knowing the concentration
of solutes is important in controlling the stoichiometry of reactants for solution
reactions. Chemists use many different methods to define concentrations, some of
which will be discussed in this module.

To study solution stoichiometry, you must know how much of the reactants
are present in a sample solution and you should also know how to control the amounts
of reactants needed to bring about a reaction in a certain aqueous solution.

As you learned about on your previous discussions about types of chemical

reactions, double replacement reactions involve the reaction between ionic compounds
in solution and, in the course of the reaction, the ions in the two reacting compounds
are “switched” meaning they replace each other. Because these reactions occur in
aqueous solution, we can use the concept of molarity to directly calculate the number
of moles of reactants or products. We can use volumes of solutions of known
concentration to determine the number of moles of reactants.

Whether we are dealing with volumes of solutions of reactants or masses of

reactants, the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation tell us the number of
moles of each reactant needed and the number of moles of each product that can be
produced.

An expanded version of the flowchart for stoichiometric calculations is

illustrated in Figure 1. An Expanded Flowchart for Stoichiometric Calculations.

Mole ratio= ratio of coefficients in

a balanced chemical equation

Figure 1 Expanded Flowchart for Stoichiometric Calculations

You can use the balanced chemical equation for the reaction and either the
masses of solid reactants and products or the volumes of solutions of reactants and
products to determine the amounts of other species.
Calculating Volume from Concentration of Solution

Sample Problem 1. What volume (in L) of 0.500 M sodium sulfate will react with 275
mL of 0.250 M Barium chloride to completely precipitate all Ba2+ in the solution?

Steps for Problem Solving:

1. Identify the given information and what is being asked in the problem.

2. Set-up and balance the chemical equation.

3. List other known quantities Prepare a concept map and use the proper conversion
factor.

4. Prepare a concept map and use the proper conversion factor.

5. Cancel units and calculate.

= 0.138 L Na2SO4

6. Check your answer and computations.

The amount of sodium sulfate should be less than the amount of barium chloride since
it is more concentrated. Also, the unit is correct.
Calculating Mass from Volume

Sample problem 2: Gold is extracted from its ores by treatment with an

aqueous cyanide solution, which causes a reaction that forms the soluble [Au(CN) 2 ]-
ion. Gold is then recovered by reduction with metallic zinc according to the following
equation:

What mass of gold would you expect to recover from 400.0 L of a 3.30 × 10 -4
M solution of [Au(CN)2 ]-?

Given: chemical equation, molarity and volume of the reactant

Find: mass of product

Strategy:

A. Check the chemical equation to make sure it is balanced as written, balance if

necessary.

B. Then calculate the number of moles of [Au(CN)2]− present by multiplying the

volume of the solution by its concentration.

C. From the balanced chemical equation, use a mole ratio to calculate the number
of moles of gold that can be obtained from the reaction.

D. To calculate the mass of gold recovered, multiply the number of moles of gold by
its molar mass.

Solution:

A. The equation is balanced as written, so we can proceed to the stoichiometric

calculation. You can adapt Figure 1 the Expanded Flowchart for Stoichiometric
Calculations for this problem.

B. Following the steps, you start by calculating the number of moles of [Au(CN) 2]−
present in the solution from the volume and concentration of the [Au(CN) 2]−
solution. Because the coefficients of gold and the [Au(CN)2 ]− ion are the same in
the balanced chemical equation, if we assume that Zn(s) is present in excess, the
number of moles of gold produced is the same as the number of moles of
[Au(CN)2]− we started with (i.e., 0.132 mol of Au). The problem asks for the mass
of gold that can be obtained, so we need to convert the number of moles of gold to
the corresponding mass using the molar mass of gold.
 196.97 g Au
0.132mol Au = = 260. grams Au
1 mol Au

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1. Answer the following briefly:

1. What do you mean by concentration of a solution?

2. Why is it important for an equation to be balanced?

Activity 2. Write a balanced molecular equation describing each of the following

chemical reactions.

A. Solid calcium carbonate is heated and decomposes to solid calcium oxide and
carbon dioxide gas.
B. Gaseous butane, C4H10, reacts with diatomic oxygen gas to yield gaseous carbon
dioxide and water vapor.
C. Aqueous solutions of magnesium chloride and sodium hydroxide react to produce
solid magnesium hydroxide and aqueous sodium chloride.
D. Water vapor reacts with sodium metal to produce solid sodium hydroxide and
hydrogen gas.

Activity 3. Solve the following:

1. What mass of solid Lanthanum (III) oxalate nonahydrate { La2 ( C2O4 )3 ∙ 9 H2O } can
be obtained from 650 mL of 0.0170 M aqueous solution of LaCl3 by adding a
stoichiometric amount of sodium oxalate ?

2. Calculate the mass of hydrogen formed when 25 grams of aluminum reacts with
excess hydrochloric acid.
2Al + 6HCl → Al2Cl6 + 3H2
3. What mass of ZnCl2 can be prepared from the reaction of 3.27 grams of zinc with
3.30 grams of HCl?
Zn +2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
4. How many milliliters of 0.200 M NH2OH are needed to react with 12.0 mL of 0.550
M FeCl3?
FeCl3 + 3NH4OH Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
 W R A P-UP
Direction: Fill in the blank to complete the sentences: Choose the answer from the
word pool:

Solute concentration solvent reactants molarity

In chemistry, the (1) ______________ of a solution is the quantity of a (2)

__________ that is contained in a particular quantity of (3.) _________ or solution.
Knowing the concentration of solutes is important in controlling the stoichiometry of
4. _________ for solution reactions. Chemists use many different methods to define
concentrations like (5.) _____________.

VALUING

In this lesson, you learned balancing chemical equations, as well as analyzing

relationships of mole, mass, and volume of reactants to the products. During the
time of enhanced community quarantine, how do you spent your time to maintain
balance in your daily life ?
Suggest ways on how to balance your daily activities to make you physically,
emotionally and psychologically fit.

POSTTEST
Choose the letter of the best answer:

1. Balance the equation below. What is the stoichiometric coefficient for oxygen
gas O2?
NH3 + O2 → NO2 + H2 O

A. 1 B. 4 C. 3 D. 7

2. When iron pyrite (FeS2) is heated in air, the process known as "roasting" forms
sulfur dioxide and iron (III) oxide. When the equation for this process is completed
and balanced, using the smallest whole number coefficients, what is the coefficient
for O2?
 A. 2 B. 4 C. 7 D. 11
3. Silicon carbide, an abrasive, is made by the reaction of silicon dioxide with
graphite.

If 100 g of SiO 2 and 100 g of C are reacted as far as possible, which one of the
following statements will be correct?

A. 111 g of SiO2 will be left over.

B. 44 g of SiO2 will be left over.
C. 40 g of C will be left over.
D. Both reactants will be consumed completely.

4. What is the molarity of phosphoric acid in a solution labeled 20.0% phosphoric

acid (H3PO4) by weight with a density = 1.12 g/mL?

A. 0.98 M B. 2.3 M C. 2.7 M D. 3.0 M

5. How many grams of Ag2CO3 are required to react with 28.5 mL of 1.00 M NaOH
solution?

A. 7.87 g B. 3.93 g C. 15.7 g D. 10.8 g

References
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stoichiometry-of-reactions-in-.html. Accessed September 2020.

n.d.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemist
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Accessed September 2020.

n.d. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-
_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/04._Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.5%3A_Concen
tration_of_Solutions. Accessed September 2020.

n.d.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_British_Columbia/CHEM_100%3A_Found
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September 2020.

n.d. https://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/mcquest/ch3.html. Accessed September 2020.

Ilao, Luciana V., Betty M. Lontoc, Edwehna Elinore S. Paderna-Gayon, and Josefina G. Belen. 2016.
General Chemistry 1. Manila: Rex Book Store.

Maderal, Chona, Ma. Cristina C. Domingo, and Roberto V. Anir. 2005. CHEMISTRY Skills Builder and
Exercises. Quezon City: Great Minds Book Sales, Inc.

Nudo, Leogarda P., Zaidy B. Mindo, Nenita T. Villamarin, and Jocelyn A. Prado. 2009. SKILL-
BOOSTER.COM SkillBook in Chemistry. Quezon City: Bookman, Inc.