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Bio Lecture

The document summarizes the cell cycle and cell division. It describes that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and mitosis, where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It notes the four main phases of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - and explains key events that occur during each phase, such as chromosome condensation in prophase and separation of sister chromatids in anaphase. The document also mentions checkpoints that ensure the cell is ready to divide before progressing through the cell cycle.

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Abegail Taar
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25 views4 pages

Bio Lecture

The document summarizes the cell cycle and cell division. It describes that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and mitosis, where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It notes the four main phases of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - and explains key events that occur during each phase, such as chromosome condensation in prophase and separation of sister chromatids in anaphase. The document also mentions checkpoints that ensure the cell is ready to divide before progressing through the cell cycle.

Uploaded by

Abegail Taar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

CELL CYCLE -If a cell receives a ‘go-ahead’ signal at


-Is the time of growth and division of a the G1 checkpoint, it will usually continue
cell. A cell’s life cycle is divided into two with the Cell Cycle.
periods. There is a period of growth called -If the cell does not receive the ‘go-ahead’
INTERPHASE. There is also a period of signal, it will exit the Cell Cycle and
nuclear division called MITOSIS. switch to a non-dividing state called G0.
-The cell cycle was discovered by Prevost -Most cells in the human body are in the
and Dumas (1824) while studying the G0 phase.
cleavage of the zygote of Frog. It is a
series of stages a cell passes through, to G2 CHECKPOINT
divide and produce new cells. -ensures that DNA replication in S phase
has been successfully completed.

THE CELL CYCLE - the control system is METAPHASE CHECKPOINT


driven by a built-in clock that can be -ensures that all of the chromosomes are
adjusted by external stimuli. attached to the mitotic spindle by a
kinetochore
EXTERNAL STIMULI - are factors
outside of the body that is taken in by KINASE - a protein that activates or
receptors and will lead to a response. deactivates another protein by
Examples of external stimuli include phosphorylating them. Kinases give the
temperature changes, vision, hearing, ‘go-ahead’ signals at the G1 and G2
tasting, smelling, and even sunlight for checkpoints.
plants.

CELL DIVISION
CHECKPOINT - a critical control point -involves the distribution of identical
in the Cell Cycle where ‘stop’ and ‘go- genetic material or DNA to two daughter
ahead’ signals can regulate the cell cycle. cells.
-Animal cells have built-in ‘stop’ signals
that halt the cell cycles and checkpoints
until overridden by ‘go-ahead’ signals. FUNCTIONS OF CELL DIVISION
Reproduction
Growth
3 MAJOR CHECKPOINTS Repair

G1 CHECKPOINT (Restriction Point)


-The G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell is
large enough to divide and that enough CELL DIVISION
nutrients are available to support the
resulting daughter cells.
CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

INTERPHASE
-Also known as the resting phase of the
cell cycle; interphase which the cell
prepares for division by undergoing both
cell growth and DNA replication.
-During interphase, a cell grows in size,
INTERPHASE (happens before carries on metabolism, duplicates
MITOSIS) - cell does normal cell chromosomes, and prepares for division.
activities; making proteins Interphase is the busiest phase of the cell
cycle.
-It occupies around 95% time of the
overall cycle. The interphase is divided
into three phases:
-S Phase (Synthesis) -G2 Phase
-G1 Phase

THINGS TO REMEMBER IN
INTERPHASE
-DNA Replicates during interphase.
-Chromatin is made of DNA.
-Genes are found on DNA.

CHROMATIN – uncoiled stringy DNA


in nucleus (each cell has 46 pieces of
chromatin)

MITOSIS – important part of the cell div,


w/c allows you to make more cell
CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION
*chromatin gets packaged up so it’s easier
to move.

*MITOSIS results in formation of 2


genetically identical daughter cells

M PHASE - This is the mitotic phase or *each half of chromosome is called


the phase of the equational division as the SISTER CHROMATID and these are
cell undergoes a complete reorganization identical.
to give birth to a progeny that has the
same number of chromosomes as the
parent cell.

4 PHASES OF MITOSIS
PROPHASE METAPHASE
ANAPHASE TELOPHASE

*chromosomes move to opposite ends of


the cell.

PROPHASE – important event is that


chromosomes condense and become
visible.
*nucleus disintegrates during prophase.
CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION
THINGS TO REMEMBER IN
TELOPHASE
-Each newly forming cell gets a nucleus.
-chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin.
-Genes are found on DNA.

METAPHASE – chromosome line up


single file down the middle of the cell.

CYTOKINESIS – also occurs at the same


time of telophase.

ANAPHASE – sister chromatid split up.

*the result is you have finished mitosis


and cytokinesis
*you have made 2 diploid cell that are
TELOPHASE – 2 diploid daughter cells genetically identical.
are being formed.
*newly forming cell makes a nucleus in
telophase.

*chromosomes uncoil to make chromatin


again.

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