60

KEY POINTS

E3
Physical Quantity Formulae SI Unit

Biot-Savart’s Law = Tesla (T);

ID = 104 Gauss = 1T
U
Magnetic field due to a straight B= T
current carrying conductor
YG

Magnetic field at the centre of B= T

a circular loop B= (For n loops)

D

Magnetic Field at a Point on the B= T

U

Axis of a current carrying loop

ST

When, x = 0, B =

For a << x, B =

For n loops, B =

Ampere’s Circuital Law T–m

Unit III - IV 55
 Magnetic field due to a long B = µ0nI T
straight solenoid
At the end of solenoid,

B= µ0nI

If solenoid is filled with

material having magnetic

60
permeability µr
B = µ0µr nI
Magnetic field due to a toroidal B = µ0 nI T

E3
solenoid
2
qE  x 
Motion of a charged particle y= m
2m  vx 
inside electric field

Megnetic force on a moving

charge
ID =q ( v × B) →
N

Or F = qn B sin θ
U
Lorentz Force (Electric and = ( v × B)→
N
YG

Magnetic)
The Cyclotron

mv
Radius of circular path r=
Bq
D

The period of circular motion T=

U

The cyclotron frequency v=

ST

1 2 B2 q 2 r 2
Maximum energy of the positive =mvmax = qV = qV
ions 2 2m

The radius corresponding to r=

maximum velocity

56 Physics Class - XII)

 The maximum velocity Vmax =

The radius of helical path when

v and are inclined to each

mv sin θ
other by an angle θ r=

60
qB
→ →
Force on a current carrying cond- = I l × B N
uctor placed in a magnetic field  

E3
Force per unit length betwen two f= Nm–1
parallel current carrying
conductors

Magnetic dipole moment

Torque on a rectangular current

ID = Am2 or JT–1

=
U
carrying loop ABCD
= MB sin α
If coil has n turns,
YG

= n B I A sin α
α → angle between
normal drawn on the
plane of loop and
magnetic field
D

Period of oscillation of bar T= S

magnet if external magnetic

U

field
ST

The potential energy associated U=– = – MB cos θ

with magnetic field

Current through a galvanometer I= A

φ→ angle by which the coil G→galvanometer constant

rotates

Unit III - IV 57
 Sensitivity of a galvanometer or

Current sensitivity Is = rad A–1

Voltage sensitivity Vs = rad V–1

60
The current loop as a magnetic B= T

dipole on axis at very large

distance from the centre

E3
Gyromagnetic ratio C Kg–1

→ Angular momentum

Bohr magneton
ID(µe)min = h Am2

= 9.27×10–24
U
Magnetic dipole moment = JT–1 or Am2
YG

µ 0  2Mr 
Magnetic field on axial line Baxial = T
4π  (r 2 − l 2 ) 2 
of a bar magnet
When, l < < r,
D

Beq =
U

Gauss’s Law in magnetism Tm2 or weber

ST

Magnetic inclination (or Dip) tan δ = , δ→ angle of dip

Magnetic intensity (or Magnetic H= = nI Am–1

field strength) n is the no. of terms/length

Intensity of magnetization Im = Am–1

58 Physics Class - XII)

 Magnetic flux φ= Weber or Tm2

Magnetic induction (or Magnetic B = B0 + µ0Im T

flux density or Magnetic field) = µ0 (H + Im)

Magnetic susceptibility χm = —

60
Magnetic permeability µ= TmA–1

(or NA–2)

E3
Relative permeability (µ)

Curie’s Law χm = , C → curie constant

Conversion of a Galvanometer
into Ammeter
ID IgG = (I – Ig)S
Ig(G+S) = SI
U
S
Ig = I
G+S
YG

S → shunt resistance

Conversion of a Galvanometer
into voltmeter
D

G → Galvanometer resistance
U
ST

Unit III - IV 59
 UNIT–III & UNIT–IV

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF
CURRENT AND MAGNETISM
&

60
E.M.I. AND ALTERNATING
CURRENT

E3
QUESTIONS
ID
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 Mark)
1. Must every magnetic field configuration have a north pole and a south
pole? What about the field due to a toroid?
U
Ans. No, pole exists only when the source has some net magnetic moment.
There is no pole in toroid. Magnetic field due to a toroid B = µ0 nl
YG

2. How are the figure of merit and current sensitivity of galvanometer

related with each other ?
Ans. Reciprocal.
3. Show graphically the variation of magnetic field due to a straight
conductor of uniform cross-section or radius ‘a’ and carrying steady
D

currently as a function of distance r (a > r) from the axis of the conductor.

Ans.
U
ST

4. The force per unit length between two parallel long current carrying
conductor is F. If the current in each conductor is tripled, what would
be the value of the force per unit length between them?

60 Physics Class - XII)

 Ans. F =

F= = 9 times

5. How does the angle of dip vary from equator to poles?

Ans. 0º to 90º

60
6. What is the effect on the current measuring range of a galvanometer
when it is shunted?
Ans. Increased.
7. An electric current flows in a horizontal wire from East to West. What

E3
will be the direction of magnetic field due to current at a point (i) North
of wire; (ii) above the wire.
Ans.

ID
(i) Going into the plane of the paper.
(ii) Going out of the plane of paper.
8. Suggest a method to shield a certain region of space from magnetic
U
fields.
Ans. By using a ferromagnetic case. Put an iron ring in the magnetic field
YG

inside the ring field will be zero.

9. Why the core of a moving coil galvanometer is made of soft iron?
Ans. To increase magnetic flux linked and sensitivity.
10. Where on the earth’s surface is the vertical component of earth’s magnetic
field zero?
D

Ans. At equator.
11. If the current is increased by 1% in a moving coil galvanometer. What
U

will be percentage increase in deflection?

Ans. 1%.
12. Write S.I. unit of (i) Pole strength and (ii) Magnetic dipole moment.
ST

Ans. (i) Am
(ii) Am2
13. If the magnetic field is parallel to the positive y-axis and the charged
particle is moving along the positive x-axis, which way would the
Lorentz force be for (a) an electron (negative charge), (b) a proton
(positive charge) ?

Unit III - IV 61
 Ans. When velocity ( ) of positively charged particle is along x-axis and
the magnetic field ( ) is along y-axis, so × is along the z-axis
(Fleming’s left hand rule).
Therefore,
(a) for electron Lorentz force will be along -z axis;

60
(b) for a positive charge (proton) the force is along +z axis.
14. If a toroid uses Bismuth at its core, will the field in the core be lesser
or greater than when it is empty?

E3
Ans. Bismuth is diamagnetic, hence, the overall magnetic field will be slightly
less.
15. An electron beam projected along + x-axis, experiences a force due to a
magnetic field along the + y-axis. What is the direction of the magnetic
field?
Ans. + Z-axis
ID
16. What do you understand by figure of merit ?
U
Ans. Figure of merit is defined as the current required per division of deflection
derivation
YG

K= , SI unit A/div

in observation for half deflection method

D

ig = Kθ, ig =
U

k =
ST

It enables us to find current required for full scale deflection.

17. What is the direction of magnetic dipole moment ?
Ans. S to N.
18. What is the angle of dip at a place where vertical and horizontal
component of earth’s field are equal ?
Ans. 45°

62 Physics Class - XII)

 19. Does a charge Particle gain K.E. when passed through magnetic field
region? Justify.
Ans. No, as the magnetic force acting on the charge particle is always
perpendicular to the velocity, hence
dω → →
= f . v = f v cos 90° = 0
dt
∴ there is no gain in KE of particle.

60
20. Sketch the magnetic field lines for a current carrying circular loop.
Ans.

E3
ID
21. Why core of a transformer is laminated ?
Ans. To reduce loss due to eddy currents.
22. What is the direction of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 seen
from the top when current I in the wire is increasing steadily ?
U
YG

Ans.
D
U

23. In which of the following cases will the mutual inductance be (i)
minimum (ii) maximum?
ST

Ans. (i) b (ii) c

Unit III - IV 63
 24. In a series L–C–R circuit, voltages across inductor, capacitor, and resistor
are VL, VC and VR respectively. What is the phase difference between
(i) VL and VR (ii) VL and VC?
π
Ans. (i) (ii) π
2
25. Why can’t transformer be used to step up or step down dc voltage?

60
Ans. In steady current no induction phenomenon will take place.
26. In an a.c. circuit, instantaneous voltage and current are V = 200 sin
300 t volt and i = 8 cos 300t ampere respectively. What is the average

E3
power dissipated in the circuit?

π
Ans. As the phase difference between current and voltage is .
2

∴ Pav = IvEv cos
π
2
=0
ID
U
27. Sketch a graph that shows change in reactance with frequency of a
series LCR circuit. (x) (ν)
Ans.
YG
D
U

28. A coil A is connected to an A.C. ammeter and another coil B to A

source of alternaing e.m.f. How will the reading of ammeter change if
ST

a copper plate is introduced between the coils as shown.

Ans. Reading of ammeter will decrease due to eddy currents.

64 Physics Class - XII)

 29. In a circuit instantaneously voltage and current are V = 150 sin 314t
volt and i = 12 cos 314t ampere respectively. Is the nature of circuit is
capacitive or inductive ?

Ans. i = 12 sin

60
i.e. Current is ahead the voltage by a phase difference of . Hence
circuit is a capacitive circuit.
30. In a series L–C–R circuit VL = VC ≠ VR. What is the value of power

E3
factor?
Ans. At Resonance cos φ = 1.
31. In an inductor L, current passed I0 and energy stored in it is U. If the
ID
current is now reduced to I0/2, what will be the new energy stored in
the inductor?
U
Ans. UL ∝ I2 ⇒ U′ =
YG

32. A square loop a, b, c, d of a conducting wire has been changed into a

rectangular loop a′, b′, c′, d′ as shown in figure. What is the direction
of induced current in the loop?
D
U
ST

Ans. Clockwise.
33. Twelve wires of equal lengths are connected in the form of a skeleton of
a cube, which is moving with a velocity in the direction of magnetic
field . Find the emf in each arm of the cube.

Unit III - IV 65
 60
Ans. emf in each branch will be zero since V & B are parallel for all arms.

∴ =q =0

E3
34. Current versus frequency (I – v) graphs for two different series L–C–R
circuits have been shown in adjoining diagram. R1 and R2 are resistances
of the two circuits. Which one is greater–R1 or R2?
ID
U
YG

Ans. R1 > R2 as I is smaller in larger resistance.

35. Why do we prefer carbon brushes than copper in an a.c. generator?
Ans. Corrosion free and small expansion on heating maintains proper
contact.
D

36. What are the values of capacitive and inductive reactance in a dc circuit?

Ans. XC = ∞ for dc υ = 0 XC = =∞
U

XL = 0 & XL = ω L = 2πυL = 0
ST

37. Give the direction of the induced current in a coil mounted on an

insulating stand when a bar magnet is quickly moved along the axis of
the coil from one side to the other as shown in figure.

66 Physics Class - XII)

 Ans. If observer is situated at the side from which bar magnet enters the
loop. The direction of current is clockwise when magnet moves towards
the loop and direction of current is anticlockwise when magnet moves
away from the loop.
38. In figure, the arm PQ is moved from x = 0 to x = 2b with constant
speed V. Consider the magnet field as shown in figure. Write

60
(i) direction of induced current in rod
(ii) polarity induced across rod.

E3
ID
39. A wire moves with some speed perpendicular to a magnetic field. Why
U
is emf induced across the rod?
Ans. Lorentz force acting on the free charge carrier of conducting wire hence
YG

polarity developed across it.

40. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described in the
figure below.
D

Ans. Plate a will be positive with respect to ‘b’. When the observer is looking
from the side of moving bar magnet.
U
ST

41. A circular coil rotates about its vertical diameter in a uniform horizontal
magnetic field. What is the average emf induced in the coil?
Ans. Zero
42. Define RMS Value of Current.

Unit III - IV 67
 Ans. RMS value of ac is defined as that value of direct current which produces
the same heating effect in a given resistor as is produced by the given
alternating current when passed for the same time.

Irms = = 0.707 I0

43. In given figure three curves a, b and c shows variation of resistance, (R)
capacitive reactance (xc) and inductive (xL) reactance with frequency.

60
Identify the respective curves for these.

E3
b
X/R (Ω)

ID f(Hin
Frequency 3) Hz

44. A long straight wire with current i passes (without touching) three square
wire loops with edge lengths 2L, 1.5L and L. The loops are widely
U
spaced (so as do not affect one another). Loops 1 and 3 are symmetric
about the long wire. Rank the loops according to the size of the current
induced in them if current i is (a) constant and (b) increasing.
YG

Ans. (a) No induced current

(b) Current will be induced only in loop 2.
D

45. In an L–C circuit, current is oscillating with frequency 4 × 106 Hz.

What is the frequency with which magnetic energy is oscillating?
U

Ans. υm = 2υ = 8 × 106 Hz.

46. A current carrying wire (straight) passes inside a triangular coil as shown
in figure. The current in the wire is perpendicular to paper inwards.
ST

Find the direction of induced current in the loop if current in the wire
is increasing with time.

68 Physics Class - XII)

 Ans. Magnetic field line are tangential to the triangular plane θ = 90º so
φ=0

60
47. Wire carrying a study current and rod AB are in the same plane the
rod move parallel to wire with velocity v then which end of the rod is

E3
at higher potential.

ID
U
Ans. End A will be at higher potential.
48. The current i in an induction coil varies with time t according to the
YG

graph
D

Draw the graph of induced e.m.f. with time.

U

Ans.
ST

49. Can a capacitor of suitable capacitance replace an inductor in an AC

circuit?
Ans. Yes, because average power consumed in both is least while controlling
an AC.

Unit III - IV 69
 50. In the given figure,

60
a cylinderical bar magnet is rotated about its axis. A wire is connected
from the axis and is made to touch the cylinderical surface through a

E3
contact. Then, current in the Ammeter is.....
Ans. When cylinderical bar magnet is rotated about its axis, no change in
magnetic flux linked with the circuit take place hence no e.m.f. is
induced hence no current flows through the ammeter (A)
ID
SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
1. Write the four measures that can be taken to increase the sensitivity of
galvanometer.
U
2. A galvanometer of resistance 120Ω gives full scale deflection for a
current of 5mA. How can it be converted into an ammeter of range 0
to 5A? Also determine the net resistance of the ammeter.
YG

3. A current loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field in the following

orientations (1) and (2). Calculate the magnetic moment in each case.
D
U

4. A current of 10A flows through a semicircular wire of radius 2 cm as

ST

shown in figure (a). What is direction and magnitude of the magnetic

field at the centre of semicircle? Would your answer change if the wire
were bent as shown in figure (b) ?

70 Physics Class - XII)

 5. A proton and an alpha particle of the same enter, in turn, a region of
uniform magnetic field acting perpendicular to their direction of motion.
Deduce the ratio of the radii of the circular paths described by the proton
and alpha particle.
6. Why does the susceptibility of dimagnetic substance independent of
temperature ?
Ans. As there is no permanent dipoles in dimagnetic substance, so, there is

60
no meaning of randomness of dipoles on increasing temp.
7. Mention two properties of soft iron due to which it is preferred for
making electromagnet.

E3
Ans. Low retentivity, low coercivity
8. A magnetic dipole of magnetic moment M is kept in a magnetic field
B. What is the minimum and maximum potential energy? Also give the
most stable position and most unstable position of magnetic dipole.
ID
9. What will be (i) Pole strength, (ii) Magnetic moment of each of new
piece of bar magnet if the magnet is cut into two equal pieces :
(a) normal to its length?
(b) along its length?
U
10. A steady current I flows along an infinitely long straight wire with circular
cross-section of radius R. What will be the magnetic field outside and
YG

inside the wire at a point r distance far from the axis of wire?
11. A circular coil of n turns and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound
and rewound to make another square coil of side ‘a’ keeping number
of turns and current same. Calculate the ratio of magnetic moment of
D

the new coil and the original coil.

12. A coil of N turns and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound and
rewound to make another coil of radius R/2, current remaining the same.
U

Calculate the ratio of the magnetic moment of the new coil and original
coil.
ST

13. At a place horizontal component of the earths magnetic field is B

and angle of dip at the place is 60°. What is the value of horizontal
component of the earths magnetic field.
(i) at Equator; (ii) at a place where dip angle is 30°
14. A galvanometer coil has a resistance G. 1% of the total current goes
through the coil and rest through the shunt. What is the resistance of
the shunt in terms of G?

Unit III - IV 71
 15. Prove that magnetic moment of a hydrogen atom in its ground state is
eh/4πm. Symbols have their usual meaning.
16. Each of conductors shown in figure carries 2A of current into or out
of page. Two paths are indicated for the line integral . What is
the value of the integral for the path (a) and (b).

60
17. What is the radius of the path of an electron (mass 9 × 10–31 kg and

E3
charge 1.6 × 10–19 C) moving at a speed of 3 × 107 m/s in a magnetic
field of 6 × 10–4 T perpendicular to it? What is its frequency? Calculate
its energy in keV. (1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J).
Ans. Radius, r = mv/(qB) ID
= 9.1 × 10–31 kg × 3 × 107 ms–1/(1.6 × 10–19 C × 6 × 10–4 T) = 20 cm
v = v/(2πr) = 1.7 ×107 Hz
U
E = (1/2)mv2 = (1/2) 9 × 10–31 kg × 9 × 1014 m2/s2
= 40.5 × 10–17 J = 4 × 10–16 J = 2.5 keV.
18. Why is it necessary for voltmeter to have a higher resistance?
YG

Ans. Since voltmeter is to be connected across two points in parallel, if it

has low resistance, a part of current will pass through it which will
decrease actual potential difference to be measured.
19. Can d.c. ammeter use for measurement of alternating current?
D

Ans. No, it is based on the principle of torque. When ac is passing through

it (of freq. 50 Hz). It will not respond to frequent change in direction
U

due to inertia hence would show zero deflection.

20. Define the term magnetic dipole moment of a current loop. Write the
ST

expression for the magnetic moment when an electron revolves at a

speed ‘v’, around an orbit of radius ‘r’ in hydrogen atom.
Ans. The product of the current in the loop to the area of the loop is the
magnetic dipole moment of a current loop.
The magnetic moment of electron

72 Physics Class - XII)

 21. An ac source of rms voltage V is put across a series combination of
an inductor L, capacitor C and a resistor R. If VL, VC and VR are the
rms voltage across L, C and R respectively then why is V ≠ VL + VC
+ VR? Write correct relation among VL, VC and VR.
Ans. Hint :
VL, VC and VR are not in the same phase
VL + VC + VR > V

60
22. A bar magnet is falling with some acceleration ‘a’ along the vertical axis
of a coil as shown in fig. What will be the acceleration of the magnet
(whether a > g or a < g or a = g) if (a) coil ends are not connected to

E3
each other? (b) coil ends are connected to each other?

ID
23. The series L–C–R circuit shown in fig. is in resonance state. What is
U
the voltage across the inductor?
YG

Ans. [Hint VL = I XL where I = ]

D

24. The division marked on the scale of an a.c. ammeter are not equally
U

spaced. Why?
25. Circuit shown here uses an air filled parallel plate capacitor. A mica
sheet is now introduced between the plates of capacitor. Explain with
ST

reason the effect on brightness of the bulb B.

Unit III - IV 73
 26. In the figure shown, coils P and Q are identical and moving apart with
same velocity V. Induced currents in the coils are I1 and I2. Find I1/I2.
× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × l × ×
V b V
× × × × × ×

60
l
× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×
b

E3
27. An electron moving through magnetic field does not experience mgnetic
force, under what conditions is this possible ?
Ans. when electron moving parallel to magnetic field.
28. A 1.5 µF capacitor is charged to 57V. The charging battery is then
ID
disconnected, and a 12 mH coil is connected in series with the capacitor
so that LC Oscillations occur. What is the maximum current in the coil?
Assume that the circuit has no resistance.
U
29. The self inductance of the motor of an electric fan is 10H. What should
be the capacitance of the capacitor to which it should be connected in
YG

order to impart maximum power at 50Hz?

30. A galvanometer needs 50mV for full scale deflection of 50 Divisions.
Find it voltage sensitivity. What must be its resistance if its current
sensitivity is 1 Div/A.
D

θ 50Div
Ans. Vs = = = 103 div/ v Is → Current sensitivity
V 50mv
U

Rg = = 10–3W VS → Voltage sensitivity

ST

31. How does an inductor behave in an AC circuit at very high frequency?

Justify.
32. An electric bulb is connected in series with an inductor and an AC
source. When switch is closed. After sometime an iron rod is inserted
into the interior of inductor. How will the brightness of bulb be affected?
Justify your answer.

74 Physics Class - XII)

 Ans. Decreases, due to increase in inductive reactance.
33. Show that in the free oscillation of an LC circuit, the sum of energies
stored in the capacitor and the inductor is constant with time.

Ans. Hint : U = LI2 +

34. Show that the potential difference across the LC combination is zero at
the resonating frequency in series LCR circuit

60
Ans. Hint : P.d. across L is = IXL
P.D. across C is = IXC
⇒ V = IXL – IXC
at resonance XL = XC

E3
⇒ V = O.
34. When a large amount of current is passing through solenoid, it contract,
explain why ?
Ans. Current in two consecutive turns being in same direction make them to
ID
form unlike poles together hence, they attract each other.
35. for circuits used for transmitting electric power, a low power factor
implies large power loss in transmission. Explain.
U
∴ P = VI cos θ

I=
YG

If cos φ is low I will be high ⇒ Large power loss.

36. An applied voltage signal consists of a superposition of DC Voltage and
an AC Voltage of high frequency. The circuit consists of an inductor
and a capacitor in series. Show that the DC signal will appear across
D

C where as AC signal will appear across L.

37. A bar magnet M is dropped so that is falls vertically through the coil
U

C. The graph obtained for voltage produced across the coil Vs time is
shown in figure.
ST

Unit III - IV 75
 (i) Explain the shape of the graph.
(ii) Why is the negative peak longer than the positive peak ?
Ans. (i) When the bar magnet moves towards the coil magnetic flux passing
through the coil increases as velocity of magnet increases in downward
direction, e.m.f. induced also increases, due to formation of similar
pole repulsive force decreases the rate of increase of flux.
(ii) once the magnet has passed through the coil, flux decreases in

60
downward direction but increases as self induced e.m.f. in the

coil maintains its flux in the same direction. Thus due to the addition

E3
of self induced e.m.f. in same direction according to Lenz’s law.
38. What is the significance of Q-factor in a series LCR resonant circuit ?
39. How does mutual inductance of a pair of coils kept coaxially at a
ID
distance in air change when
(i) the distance between the coils is increased?
(ii) an iron rod is kept between them?
U
40. Two circular conductors are perpendicular to each other as shown in
figure. If the current is changed in conductor B, will a current be induced
in the conductor A,
YG
D
U

41. What is a radial magnetic field? Why is it required in a galvanometer ?

ST

Ans. Using concave shaped pole of magnet and placing soft iron cylinderical
core, A magnetic field, having field lines along radii is called as radial
magnetic field.
To make Torque independent of ‘θ’ (constant) radial magnetic field is
required τ = NIAB sin θ
for radial Magnetic Field θ = 90°
τ = NIAB. (independent of θ)

76 Physics Class - XII)

 42. The hysterisis loop of material depends not only on the nature of material
but also on the history of its magnetization cycles. Suggest a use of this
property of material.
Ans. The value of magnetization is record/memory of its cycles of
magnetisation. If information bits can be made correspond to these
cycles, the system displaying such hysterisis loop can act as a device
for storing information’s.

60
43. A wire in the form of a tightly wound Solenoid is connected to a DC
source, and carries a current. If the coil is stretched so that there are
gaps between successive elements of the spiral coil, will the current
increase or decrease ? Explain ?

E3
Ans. When the coil is stretched so that there are gaps between successive
elements of the spiral coil i.e. the wires are pulled apart which lead
to the flux leak through the gaps. According to Lenz’s law, the e.m.f.
produced must oppose this decrease, which can be done by an increase
ID
in current. So, the current will increase.
44. Show that the induced charge does not depend upon rate of change of
flux.
U
Ans. |E|=N
YG

i=

=
D

∴ dq =
U

45. Consider a magnet surrounded by a wire with an on/off switch S (figure).

If the switch is thrown from the ‘off’ position (open circuit) to the ‘on’
position (Closed circuit) will a current flow in the circuit ? Explain.
ST

Ans. φ = BA cos θ so flux linked will change only when either B or A or

the angle between B and A change.
Unit III - IV 77
 When switch is thrown from off position to the on position, then
neither B nor A nor the angle between A and B change. Thus there is
no change in magnetic flux linked with the coil, hence no electromotive
force (e.m.f.) is produced and consequently no current will flow in the
circuit.
Short answers Questions (3 marks)
1. Derive the expression for force between two infinitely long parallel

60
straight wires carrying current in the same direction. Hence define
‘ampere’ on the basis of above derivation.
2. Define (i) Hysterisis (ii) Retentivity (iii) Coercivity
3. Distinguish between diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic

E3
substances in terms of susceptibility and relative permeability.
4. Name all the three elements of earth magnetic field and define them
with the help of relevant diagram.
5. Describe the path of a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic
ID
field with initial velocity
(i) parallel to (or along) the field.
(ii) perpendicular to the field.
(iii) at an arbitrary angle θ (0º < θ < 90º).
U
6. Obtain an expression for the magnetic moment of an electron moving
with a speed ‘v’ in a circular orbit of radius ‘r’. How does the magnetic
YG

moment change when :

(i) the frequency of revolution is doubled?
(ii) the orbital radius is halved?
7. State Ampere, circuital law. Use the law to obtain an expression for the
magnetic field due to a toroid.
8. Obtain an expression for magnetic field due to a long solenoid at a
D

point inside the solenoid and on the axis of solenoid.

9. Derive an expression for the torque on a magnetic dipole placed in a
U

magnetic field and hence define magnetic moment.

10. Derive an expression for magnetic field intensity due to a bar magnet
(magnetic dipole) at any point (i) Along its axis (ii) Perpendicular to
ST

the axis.
11. Derive an expression for the torque acting on a loop of N turns of area
A of each turn carrying current I, when held in a uniform magnetic
field B.
12. How can a moving coil galvanometer be converted into a voltmeter
of a given range. Write the necessary mathematical steps to obtain the
value of resistance required for this purpose.

78 Physics Class - XII)

 13. A long wire is first bent into a circular coil of one turn and then into a
circular coil of smaller radius having n turns. If the same current passes
in both the cases, find the ratio of the magnetic fields produced at the
centres in the two cases.
Ans. When there is only one turn, the magnetic field at the centre,

B =

60
2πa′ × n = 2πa ⇒ a′ = a/n

The magnetic field at its centre, B1 = = n2B

E3
The ratio is, B1/B = n2
14. Obtain an expression for the self inductance of a straight solenoid of
length l and radius r (l > > r).

impedance.
ID
15. Distinguish between : (i) resistance and reactance (ii) reactance and

16. In a series L–C–R circuit XL, XC and R are the inductive reactance,
U
capacitive reactance and resistance respectively at a certain frequency f.
If the frequency of a.c. is doubled, what will be the values of reactances
YG

and resistance of the circuit?

Ans. [Hint : XL = ωL, XC = , R independent]

17. What are eddy currents? Write their any four applications.
D

18. In a series L–R circuit, XL = R and power factor of the circuit is P1.
When capacitor with capacitance C such that XL = XC is put in series,
U

the power factor becomes P2. Find P1/P2.

Ans. [Hint P = cos θ = ]
ST

19. Instantaneous value of a.c. voltage through an inductor of inductance L

is e = e0 cos ωt. Obtain an expression for instantaneous current through
the inductor. Also draw the phasor diagram.
20. In an inductor of inductance L, current passing is I0. Derive an expression
for energy stored in it. In what forms is this energy stored?

Unit III - IV 79
 21. Which of the following curves may represent the reactance of a series
LC combination.

60
22. A sinusoidal e.m.f. device operates at amplitude E0 and frequency

E3
across a purely (1) resistive (2) capacitive (3) inductive circuit. If the
frequency of driving source is increased. How would (a) amplitude E0
and (b) amplitude I0 increase, decrease or remain same in each case?
23. A conducting rod held horizontally along East-West direction is dropped
ID
from rest at certain height near Earth’s surface. Why should there be
an induced e.m.f. across the ends of the rod? Draw a graph showing
the variation of e.m.f. as a function of time from the instant it begins
to fall.
U
Ans. Hint : e = BlV and V = gt
YG
D

24. In an LC circuit, resistance of the circuit is negligible. If time period

of oscillation is T then :
U

(i) at what time is the energy stored completely electrical

(ii) at what time is the energy stored completely magnetic
ST

(iii) at what time is the total energy shared equally between the inductor
and capacitor.
Ans. (i) t = 0, T/2, 3T/2,........
(ii) t = T/4, 3T/4, 5T/4...........

(iii) t =

80 Physics Class - XII)

 25. An alternating voltage of frequency f is applied across a series LCR
circuit. Let fr be the resonance frequency for the circuit. Will the current
in the circuit lag, lead or remain in phase with the applied voltage when
(i) f > fr (ii) f < fr (iii) f = fr? Explain your answer in each case.
Ans. (i) Current will lag because.
VL < VC Hence VL – VC > O

60
(ii) Current will lead, because.
VL < VC Hence VL – VC < O
(iii) In phase

E3
26. Figure (a), (b), (c) show three alternating circuits with equal currents.
If the frequency of alternating emf be increased, what will be the effect
on current in the three cases? Explain.

ID
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Ans. (i) No effect, R is not affected by frequency.
YG

(ii) Current will decrease as XL increase.

(iii) Current will increase as XC decrease.
27. Study the circuit (a) and (b) shown in the figure and answer the following
questions.
D
U
ST

(a) Under which condition the rms current in the two circuits to be the
same?
(b) Can the r.m.s. current in circuit (b) larger than that of in (a) ?

Ans. Irms(a) = Irms(b) =

Unit III - IV 81
 (a)
Irms(a) = Irms(b)

when XL = Xc (resonance condition)

I rms(a) Z
= = 1
I rms(b) R
(b) As z R
Irms(a) Irms(b)

60
No, the rms current in circuit (b), cannot be larger than that in (a).
28. Can the instantaneous power output of an AC source ever be negative ?
Can average power output be negative ? Justify your answer.

E3
Ans. Yes, Instantaneous power output of an AC source can be negative.

Instantaneous power output P = EI = [cos φ – cos (2ωt + φ)]

No, Pavc = Vrms Irms cos f

Pavc > 0
ID
U
cos φ = >0
29. A device ‘X’ is connected to an AC source. The variation of voltage,
YG

current and power in one complete cycle is shown in fig.

D
U

(a) Which curves shows power consumption over a full cycle?

ST

(b) What is the average power consumption over a cycle?

(c) Identify the device X if curve B shows voltage.
Ans. (a) A (a curve of power have a max. Amplitude of V and I)
(b) Zero.
(c) as average power is zero the device is a capacitor.

82 Physics Class - XII)

 LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
1. How will a diamagnetic, paramagnetic and a ferromagnetic material
behave when kept in a non-uniform external magnetic field? Give two
examples of each of these materials. Name two main characteristics of
a ferromagnetic material which help us to decide suitability for making.
(i) Permanent magnet (ii) Electromagnet.

60
2. State Biot-Savart law. Use it to obtain the magnetic field at an axial
point, distance d from the centre of a circular coil of radius ‘a’ and
carrying current I. Also compare the magnitudes of the magnetic field

E3
of this coil at its centre and at an axial point for which the value of d
is .
3. Write an expression for the force experienced by a charged particle
moving in a uniform magnetic field B. With the help of diagram, explain
ID
the principle and working of a cyclotron. Show that cyclotron frequency
does not depend on the speed of the particle.
U
*4. Write the principle, working of a moving coil galvanometer with the
help of neat labelled diagram. What is the importance of radial field and
YG

phosphor bronze used in the construction of moving coil galvanometer?

5. Draw a labelled diagram to explain the principle and working of an a.c.
generator. Deduce the expression for emf generated. Why cannot the
current produced by an a.c. generator be measured with a moving coil
ammeter?
D

6. Explain, with the help of a neat and labelled diagram, the principle,
construction and working of a transformer.
U

7. An L–C circuit contains inductor of inductance L and capacitor of

capacitance C with an initial charge q0. The resistance of the circuit is
ST

negligible. Let the instant the circuit is closed be t = 0.

(i) What is the total energy stored initially?
(ii) What is the maximum current through inductor?
(iii) What is the frequency at which charge on the capacitor will oscillate?
(iv) If a resistor is inserted in the circuit, how much energy is eventually
dissipated as heat?
Unit III - IV 83
 8. An a.c. i = i0 sin ωt is passed through a series combination of an inductor
(L), a capacitor (C) and a resistor (R). Use the phasor diagram to obtain
expressions for the (a) impedance of the circuit and phase angle between
voltage across the combination and current passed in it. Hence show
that the current

60
(i) leads the voltage when ω <

(ii) is in phase with voltage when ω = .

E3
9. Write two differences in each of resistance, reactance and impedance
for an ac circuit. Derive an expression for power dissipated in series
LCR circuit.

ID
NUMERICALS
1. An electron travels on a circular path of radius 10 m in a magnetic field
of 2 × 10–3 T. Calculate the speed of electron. What is the potential
U
difference through which it must be accelerated to acquire this speed?
[Ans. Speed = 3.56 × 109 m/s; V = 3.56 × 107 volts]
YG

2. A charge particle of mass m and charge q entered into magnetic field B

normally after accelerating by potential difference V. Calculate radius

of its circular path. [Ans. r = ]

D

3. Calculate the magnetic field due to a circular coil of 500 turns and of
mean diameter 0.1m, carrying a current of 14A (i) at a point on the
axis distance 0.12 m from the centre of the coil (ii) at the centre of the
U

coil.
[Ans. (i) 5.0 × 10–3 Tesla; (ii) 8.8 × 10–2 Tesla]
ST

4. An electron of kinetic energy 10 keV moves perpendicular to the direction

of a uniform magnetic field of 0.8 milli tesla. Calculate the time period
of rotation of the electron in the magnetic field.
[Ans. 4.467 × 10–8 s.]
5. If the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is increased by
20% and its resistance also increased by 50% then how will the voltage
sensitivity of the galvanometer be affected? [Ans. 25% decrease]

84 Physics Class - XII)

 6. A uniform wire is bent into one turn circular loop and same wire is
again bent in two circular loop. For the same current passed in both
the cases compare the magnetic field induction at their centres.
[Ans. Increased 4 times]
7. A horizontal electrical power line carries a current of 90A from east to
west direction. What is the magnitude and direction of magnetic field
produced by the power line at a point 1.5 m below it?
[Ans. 1.2 × 10–5 T South ward]

60
8. A galvanometer with a coil of resistance shows full scale deflection
for a potential difference 25mV. What should be the value of resistance
to convert the galvanometer into a voltmeter of range 0V to 5V. How
should it be converted? [Ans. 1910 Ω in series]

E3
9. Two identical circular loops P and Q carrying equal currents are placed
such that their geometrical axis are perpendicular to each other as
shown in figure. And the direction of current appear’s anticlockwise
as seen from point O which is equidistant from loop P and Q. Find
ID
the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field produced at the
point O.
U
x
YG

x
D

tan θ = = 1, θ = π/4. [Ans. ]

U

10. A cyclotron’s oscillator frequency is 10 MHz. What should be the

operating magnetic field for accelerating protons, if the radius of its dees
ST

is 60 cm ? What is the kinetic energy of the proton beam produced by

the accelerator? Given e = 1.6 × 10–19 C, m = 1.67 × 10–27 kg. Express
your answer in units of MeV [1MeV = 1.6 × 10–13 J].
[Ans. B = 0.656T, Emax = 7.421 MeV]
11. The coil of a galvanometer is 0.02 × 0.08 m2. It consists of 200 turns
of fine wire and is in a magnetic field of 0.2 tesla. The restoring torque
Unit III - IV 85
 constant of the suspension fibre is 10–6 Nm per degree. Assuming the
magnetic field to be radial.
(i) What is the maximum current that can be measured by the
galvanometer, if the scale can accommodate 30° deflection?
(ii) What is the smallest, current that can be detected if the minimum
observable deflection is 0.1°?

60
[Ans. (i) 4.69 × 10–4 A; (ii) 1.56 × 10–6 A]
12. A voltmeter reads 5V at full scale deflection and is graded according
to its resistance per volt at full scale deflection as 5000ΩV–1. How will
you convert it into a voltmeter that reads 20V at full scale deflection?

E3
Will it still be graded as 5000 ΩV–1? Will you prefer this voltmeter to
one that is graded as 2000 ΩV–1? [Ans. 7.5 × 104 Ω]
13. A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 30° with an external field
ID
1000G experiences a torque of 0.02 Nm. (i) What is the magnetic
moment of the magnet. (ii) What is the work done in turning it from
its most stable equilibrium to most unstable equilibrium position?
U
[Ans. (i) 0.4 Am2; (ii) 0.08 J]
14. What is the magnitude of the equatorial and axial fields due to a bar
YG

magnet of length 4 cm at a distance of 40 cm from its mid point? The

magnetic moment of the bar magnet is a 0.5Am2.
[Ans. BE = 7.8125 × 10–7 T; BA = 15.625 × 10–7 T]
15. What is the magnitude of magnetic force per unit length on a wire
D

carrying a current of 8A and making an angle of 30° with the direction

of a uniform magnetic field of 0.15T?
U

16. Two moving coil galvanometers, M1 and M2 have the following

specifications.
ST

R1 = 10Ω, N1 = 30, A1 = 3.6 × 10–3m2, B1 = 0.25T

R2 = 14Ω, N2 = 42, A2 = 1.8 × 10–3m2, B2 = 0.50T
Given that the spring constants are the same for the two galvanometers,
determine the ratio of (a) current sensitivity (b) voltage sensitivity of
M1 & M2. [Ans. (a) 5/7 (b) 1:1]
17. In the given diagram, a small magnetised needle is placed at a point O.
The arrow shows the direction of its magnetic moment. The other arrows
86 Physics Class - XII)
 shown different positions and orientations of the magnetic moment of
another identical magnetic needs B.

60
E3
(a) In which configuration is the systems not in equilibrium?
(b) In which configuration is the system.
(i) stable and (ii) unstable equilibrium?
(c) ID
Which configuration corresponds to the lowest potential energy
among all the configurations shown?
18. In the circuit, the current is to be measured. What is the value of the
U
current if the ammeter shown :
YG

(a) is a galvanometer with a resistance RG = 60 Ω,

(b) is a galvanometer described in (i) but converted to an ammeter by
D

a shunt resistance rs = 0.02Ω

(c) is an ideal ammeter with zero resistance?
U

19. An element ∆I = ∆x· is placed at the origin and carries a large current
I = 10A. What is the magnetic field on the y-axis at a distance of 0.5
ST

m. ∆x = 1 cm.
Y

0.5

X
|∆x|

Unit III - IV 87
 20. A straight wire of mass 200 g and length 1.5 m carries a current of
2A. It is suspended in mid-air by a uniform horizontal magnetic field
B. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field?
21. A rectangular loop of sides 25 cm and 10 cm carrying current of 15A
is placed with its longer side parallel to a long straight conductor
2.0 cm apart carrying a current of 25A. What is the new force on the
loop ? [Ans. 7.82 × 10–4 N towards the conductor]
Hint :

60
F1 = = 9·38 × 10–4 N attractive

E3
F2 = = 1.56 × 10–4 N repulsive

Net F = F1 – F2 = 7.82 × 10–4 N

ID
U
YG

22. In a chamber of a uniform magnetic field 6.5G is maintained. An electron

is shot into the field with a speed of 4.8 × 106 ms–1 normal to the field.
Explain why the path of electron is a circle.
D

(a) Determine the radius of the circular orbit (e = 1.6 × 10–19 C, me =

9.1 × 10–31 kg)
(b) Obtain the frequency of resolution of the electron in its circular
U

orbit.
ST

Hint : (a) r =
= 4.2 cm

(b) frequency v = = 18 MHz

23. The horizontal and vertical components of earth’s magnetic field at a

place are 0.22G and 0.38G respectively. Calculate the angle of dip and
resultant intensity of earth’s field.

88 Physics Class - XII)

 Hint : tan δ =
= 1.73 = 60º, B = = 0.44 G

24. Figure shows the path of an electron that passes through two regions
containing uniform magnetic fields of magnitude B1 and B2. Its path in
each region is a half circle. (a) which field is stronger? (b) What are
the directions of two fields? (c) Is the time spend by the electron in

60
the , region greater than, less than, or the same as the time spent in

region?
[Ans. (a) B1 > B2; (b) B1 inward; B2 outward (c) Time spent in

E3
B1 < Time spent in B2]

ID
U
25. In a series C–R circuit, applied voltage is V = 110 sin 314t volt. What
is the (i) The peak voltage (ii) Average voltage over half cycle ?
YG

26. Magnetic flux linked with each turn of a 25 turns coil is 6 milliweber.
The flux is reduced to 1 mWb in 0.5s. Find induced emf in the coil.
27. The current through an inductive circuit of inductance 4mH is i = 12
cos 300t ampere. Calculate :
D

(i) Reactance of the circuit.

(ii) Peak voltage across the inductor.
U

28. A power transmission line feeds input power at 2400 V to a step down
ideal transformer having 4000 turns in its primary. What should be
ST

number of turns in its secondary to get power output at 240V?

29. The magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit of resistance 8Ω varies
with time according to the expression φ = (5t2 – 4t + 2) where φ is
in milliweber and t in second. Calculate the value of induce current at
t = 15 s.

Unit III - IV 89
 30. A capacitor, a resistor and 4 henry inductor are connected in series
to an a.c. source of 50 Hz. Calculate capacitance of capacitor if the
current is in phase with voltage.
31. A series C–R circuit consists of a capacitance 16 mF and resistance 8Ω.
If the input a.c. voltage is (200 V, 50 Hz), Calculate (i) voltage across
capacitor and resistor. (ii) Phase by which voltage lags/leads current.
32. A rectangular conducting loop of length l and breadth b enters a uniform
magnetic field B as shown below.

60
E3
The loop is moving at constant speed v and at t = 0 it just enters the
field B. Sketch the following graphs for the time interval t = 0 to

t= .
ID
U
(i) Magnetic flux versus time
(ii) Induced emf versus times
(iii) Power versus time
YG

Resistance of the loop is R.

33. A charged 8mF capacitor having charge 5mC is connected to a 5mH
inductor. What is :
(i) the frequency of current oscillations?
(ii) the frequency of electrical energy oscillations in the capacitor?
D

(iii) the maximum current in the inductor?

(iv) the magnetic energy in the inductor at the instant when charge on
U

capacitor is 4mC?
34. A 31.4Ω resistor and 0.1H inductor are connected in series to a 200V,
ST

50Hz ac source. Calculate

(i) the current in the circuit
(ii) the voltage (rms) across the inductor and the resistor.
(iii) is the algebraic sum of voltages across inductor and resistor more
than the source voltage ? If yes, resolve the paradox.

90 Physics Class - XII)

 35. A square loop of side 12 cm with its sides parallel to X and Y-axis is
moved with a velocity of 8 cm/s in positive x-direction. Magnetic field
exists in z-directions.
(i) Determine the direction and magnitude of induced emf if the field
changes with 10–3 Tesla/cm along negative z-direction.
(ii) Determine the direction and magnitude of induced emf if field
changes with 10–3 Tesla/s along +z direction.

60
Ans. (i) Rate of change of flux = induced emf
2 –3
= (0.12) × 10 × 8
= 11.52 × 10–5 Wb/s in +z direction.

E3
(ii) Rate of change of flux = induced emf
= (0.12)2 × 10–3 × 8
= 11.52 × 10–5 Wb/s in –z direction.
36. Figure shows a wire ab of length l which can slide on a U-shaped rail
ID
of negligible resistance. The resistance of the wire is R. The wire is
pulled to the right with a constant speed v. Draw an equivalent circuit
diagram representing the induced emf by a battery. Find the current in
U
the wire.
YG
D

37. A loop, made of straight edges has six corners at A(0, 0, 0), B(1, 0,
0), C(1, 1, 0), D(0, 1, 0), E(0, 1, 1) and F(0, 0, 1) a magnetic field
U

B = B0 (iˆ + kˆ) T is present in the region. Find the flux passing through
the loop ABCDEFA?
ST

Unit III - IV 91
 Ans. Loop ABCDA lie in x-y plane whose area vector A1 = where
ADEFA lie in y-z plane where are vector A2 =

φ = B.A, A = A1 + A2 = ( + )

B = B0 = 2 B0L2 Wb.

60
38. A coil of 0.01 H inductance and 1Ω resistance is connected to 200V, 50
Hz AC supply. Find the impendence and time lag between maximum
alternating voltage and current.

E3
Ans. Z= = = 3.3Ω

tan φ = = = 3.14

φ 72º
ID
Phase diff. φ = rad.
U
ω= , time lag ∆t =
YG

= s
39. An electrical device draws 2 KW power from AC mains (Voltage = 223V,
D

Vrms = ). The current differ (lags) in phase by φ

as compared to voltage. Find
U

(a) R
(b) XC – XL
(c) Im
ST

Ans. P = 2KW = 2000W ; tan φ = ; Im = I0 ? R = ? XC – XL = ?

Vrms = V = 223V

Z= = 25Ω

92 Physics Class - XII)

 Z=
625 = R2 + (XL – XC)2

Again
tan φ =

XL – XC =

60
using this R = 20Ω; XL – XC = 15Ω, I = = = 8·92 A,

E3
Im = I = 12.6A
40. In a LCR circuit, the plot of Imax versus ω is shown in figure. Find the
bandwith ?
ID
U
YG

Ans. Irms = = 0.7 At

D

from diagram w1 = 0.8 rad/s

U

w2 = 1.2 rad/s

∆w = 1.2 – 0.8 = 0.4 rad/s
ST

41. An inductor of unknown value, a capacitor of 100µF and a resistor of

10Ω are connected in series to a 200V, 50Hz ac source. It is found that
the power factor of the circuit is unity. Calculate the inductance of the
inductor and the current amplitude.
Ans. L = 0.10 H, I0 = 28.3A

Unit III - IV 93
 42. A 100 turn coil of area 0.1 m2 rotates at half a revolution per second.
It is placed in a magnetic field of 0.01 T perpendicular to the axis of
rotation of the coil. Calculate max. e.m.f. generated in the coil.
Ans. ε0 = 0.314 Volt.
43. The magnetic flux linked with a large circular coil of radius R is 0.5
× 10–3 Wb, when current of 0.5A flows through a small neighbouring
coil of radius r. Calculate the coefficient of mutual inductance for the

60
given pair of coils.
If the current through the small coil suddenly falls to zero, what would
be the effect in the larger coil.
Ans. M = 1mH.

E3
If the current through small coil suddenly falls to zero, [as, e2 = – M

] so initially large current is induced in larger coil, which soon

becomes zero. ID
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
U
2. S = × 120 = 0.12Ω.
YG

3. (i) – mB (ii) zero

4. (i) B = = 5π ×10–5 T (inwards).

D

(ii) B = 5p × 10–5 T (inwards).

U

5. rp = and rα = = 2rα ⇒ .
ST

7. Low Retentivity and high permeability.

8. Minimum potential = – MB when θ = 0 (most stable position)
Maximum potential = MB when θ = 180º (most unstable position).
9. (a) Pole strength same; magnetic moment half.
(b) Pole strength half; magnetic moment half.

94 Physics Class - XII)

 10. B (2πr) = µ0

60
B= (R r)

E3
= µ 0I

∴ B= (r R)

11.
ID
M1 = NIπR2; M2 = NIa2
M1 R
2
∴ M2 = a 2
U
2πrN = 4aN ⇒ a =

= π/4
YG

12. = (As N2 = 2N1)

D

13. 2B, .
U

16. (a) = µ0I = 2µ0 Tm

(b) zero
ST

22. (i) a = g because the induced emf set up in the coil does not produce
any current and hence no opposition to the falling bar magnet.
(ii) a < g because of the opposite effect caused by induced current.

23. Current at resonance I = .

Unit III - IV 95

∴ Voltage across inductor VL = I.XL = IωL = (2πv) L.

24. A.C. ammeter works on the principle of heating effect H α I2.

25. Brightness of bulb depends on current. P α I2 and

I= where Z = and

60
XC =

E3
X C α , when mica sheet is introduced capacitance C increases

,
ID
XC decreases, current increases and therefore brightness increases.
26. Current I = ε/R
U
In coil P, I1 = E1/R =

Bvl b
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In coil Q, I2 = E2/R = I2/I2 = .

R l
27. Electro magnetic energy is conserved.
µE(max) = µB(max)
D

1/2 = LI2
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I = 637 mA
–6
28. 10 F.
40. No current is induced in coil A since angle is 90.
ST

ANSWER FOR NUMERICALS

15. Force experienced by current carrying conductor in magnetic field.

F= = IBL sin θ

96 Physics Class - XII)

 Hence, force permit length, f = IB sin 30º

= 8 × 0.15 × 1/2 = 0.6 Nm–1

16. (a) Current sensitivity,

60
Ratio of current Sensitivity =

= = 5/7

E3
(b) Voltage sensitivity,

Ratio of voltage sensitivity =

ID
= =1
U
17. (a) For equilibrium, the dipole moment should be parallel or auto parallel
YG

to B. Hence, AB1 and AB2 are not in equilibrium.

(b) (i) for stable equilibrium, the dipole moments should be parallel,
examples : AB5 and AB6 (ii) for unstable equilibrium, the dipole
moment should be anti parallel examples : AB3 and AB4.
D

(c) Potential energy is minimum when angle between M and B is 0º,

i.e, U = – MB Example : AB6.
U

18. (a) Total resistance, RG + 3 = 63Ω.

ST

Hence, I = = 0.048A
(b) Resistance of the galvanometer as ammeter is

= 0.02Ω

Total resistance R = 0.02Ω + 3Ω = 3.02Ω

Unit III - IV 97
 Hence, I = = 0.99A.
(c) For the ideal ammeter, resistance is zero, the current,
I = 3/3 = 1.00A.

19. From Biot-Savart’s Law, = Id sin θ /r2

60

dI = ∆x = 1 cm = 10–2 m, I = 10A, r = y = 0.5 m
µ0/4π = 10–7 Tm/A, θ = 90º so sin θ = 1

= 4 × 10–8 T along + z axis

E3
20. Force experienced by wire Fm = BIl (due to map field)
The force due to gravity, Fg = mg

mg = BIl ⇒ B = mg/Il = ID = 0.657 T

[Earth’s mag. field 4 × 10–5 T is negligible]

25. (i) V0 = 110 volt
U
(ii) Vav1/2 = = = 70 volt.
YG

26. Induced emf ε = – N = –25 = 0.25 volt.

27. (i) Reactance XL = ωL = 300 × 4 × 10–3 = 1.2 Ω.

D

(ii) Peak Voltage V0 = i0XL = 12 × 1.2 = 14.4 volt.

28. In ideal transformer Pin = P0
U

VPIP = VSIS
ST

NS = × 4000 = 400

29. Induced current I = ε/R

where ε = = – 10t + 4
ε = – 10(15) + 4 = – 146 mV

98 Physics Class - XII)

 where φ = 5t2 – 4t + 2 and R = 8Ω

∴ I=– A = – .018A
30. When V and I in phase

XL = XC, v =

60
C =

E3
= 2.5 × 10–5 = 25 µF.

31. Current in the circuit I =

When Z= ID XC =

Then total voltage across capacitor and resistor.

U
VC = iXC’ VR = IR.

(ii) tan φ = [V lags current]

YG

32.
(i) φ = Blb

(ii) ε0 = Bvb
D

(iii) P0 =
U

=
ST

33. (i) Frequency of current oscillations

v=

Unit III - IV 99
 (ii) Frequency of electrical energy oscillation vc = 2v
q0
(iii) Maximum current in the circuit I0 =
LC
(iv) Magnetic energy in the inductor when charge on capacitor is 4mC.

UL = U – U C =

60
Here q0 = 5mC; q = 4mC
34. Current in the circuit :

(i) I = , where Z =

E3
(ii) RMS voltage across L and R
VL = I . XL; VR = IR
(iii) (VL + VR) > V because VL and VR are not in same phase.
ID 
U
YG
D
U
ST

100 Physics Class - XII)