Lesson 02 – Familiarization with Apparatus and Equipment

APPARATUSES AND EQUIPMENT FOR TESTING STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL • The relationship between the stress and strain
Civil engineering testing equipment is used in the of a particular material displays is known as the
quality control processes associated with the: material’s stress-strain curve.
• Analysis of soils concrete
• Asphalt
• Bitumen
• Cement and mortar
• Steel
• Aggregates
DETERMINATION OF TENSILE PROPERTIES
• Other materials.
• YIELD POINT –The load at which there is a halt
Civil engineering projects largely depend on the quality
of their materials; Therefore, testing equipment capable or hesitation of the load indicating pointer is
of providing consumers with accurate and repeatable noted and termed the “yield point”.
results is imperative. • TENSILE STRENGTH – It is the maximum

While the mechanism in which the equipment performs strength that a steel bar can attain to resist
analysis procedures varies depending upon the tension.
material to be analyzed, these testing instruments are • ELONGATION – The elongation is the increase
capable of analyzing the
in length of the gage length, expressed as a
• Hardness
percentage of the original gage length.
• Moisture content
• BEND TEST –The bend test is one method for
• Permeability
evaluating ductility, but it cannot be considered
• Other mechanical properties
as a quantitative means of predicting service
LIST OF TESTING EQUIPMENT AND
performance in bending operations. The
APPARATUSES
severity of the bend test is primarily a function
of the angle of bend and inside diameter to
UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (UTM)
which the specimen is bent, and of the cross-
• Used to evaluate the tensile, bend, and shear
section of the specimen. These conditions are
properties of materials including and metallic
varied according to location and orientation of
materials.
the test specimen and the chemical
• To have a quality test, 10000 kg of steel is
composition, tensile properties, hardness, type,
required
and quality of the steel specified.
Lesson 02 – Familiarization with Apparatus and Equipment

GILLMORE NEEDLE APPARATUS • Used for concrete slump test. Where: The
• The initial setting time of concrete is when the concrete slump test is an empirical test that
paste starts to harden which takes 1 hour. The measures the workability of fresh concrete More
initial needle weighs ¼ lb and is used to specifically, it measures the consistency of the
determine the initial setting time of cement, then concrete in that specific batch. This test is
the final needle weighs 1 lb and is used to performed to check the consistency of freshly
determine the final setting time of cement. made concrete. Consistency is a term very
closely related to workability. It is a term which
VICAT APPARATUS describes the state of fresh concrete. It refers to
• Is used to find out the consistency, initial setting the ease with which the concrete flows. It is
time and final setting time of the cement. In the used to indicate the degree of wetness.
normal consistency test, we have to find out the Workability of concrete is mainly affected by
amount of water to be added to the cement to consistency i.e. wetter mixes will be more
form a cement paste of normal consistency workable than drier mixes, but concrete of the
same consistency may vary in workability.
SLUMP CONE VARIOUS MOLDS
Cube Molds
o Size of Cube Molds:
o Cube Mold: 150 mm x 150 mm x150
mm
o Cube Mold: 100 mm x 100 mm x 100
mm
o Cube Mold: 70.6 mm x 70.6 mm x 70.6
mm
Cylinder Molds

• A metal mold in the form of a truncated cone o Size of Cylinder Molds:

o 6 x 12 in. (15.2 x 30.5 cm)
with a top diameter of 4"(102mm), a bottom o 4 x 8 in (10 x 20 cm)
diameter of 8"(203mm), and a height of Beam Molds

12"(305mm), used to fabricate the specimen for o Size of Beam Molds:

o 100x100x400
a slump test. A 2 ft (610 mm) long bullet nosed o 100x100x500
metal rod, 5’’ (16 mm) in diameter. o 150x150x600

HYDROMETER
• A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure
the specific gravity (or relative density) of
liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the
liquid to the density of water. A hydrometer is
usually made of glass and consists of a
cylindrical stem and a bulb weighted with
Lesson 02 – Familiarization with Apparatus and Equipment

mercury or lead shot to make it float upright. TAMPING ROD AND VIBRATOR
The liquid to be tested is poured into a tall • Tamping rod with hemispherical tip - 5/8-inch
container, often a graduated cylinder, and the (15-mm) diameter for 6×12-inch cylinders or
hydrometer is gently lowered into the liquid until 3/8- inch(10-mm) diameter for4×8-inch
it floats freely. The point at which the surface of cylinders, or a vibrator
the liquid touches the stem of the hydrometer is RUBBER OR RAWHIDE MALLET
noted. Hydrometers usually contain a scale • Rubber or rawhide mallet, 1.25 ±0.50 lb. (0.6
inside the stem, so that the specific gravity can ±0.2 kg)
be read directly. A variety of scales exist, and SHOVEL, WOODEN FLOAT
are used depending on the context. • Shovel, hand-held wooden float, and scoop
VIBRATOR WHEELBARROW
• A vibrator is a mechanical device to generate • Wheelbarrow or other appropriate sample
vibrations. container
• The vibration is often generated by an electric CURING BOX
motor with an unbalanced mass on its • Water tank or curing box with provisions to
driveshaft. Since concrete contains particles of maintain required.
varying sizes, the most satisfactory compaction EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
would perhaps be obtained by using vibrators • Digital Balance
with different speeds of vibration. • Sieve Shaker
• Poly frequency vibrators used for compacting
concrete of stiff consistency are being
developed.
• The vibrators for compacting concrete are
manufactured with frequencies of vibration from
2800 to 15000 rpm.
IMMERSION OF NEEDLE VIBRATORS
• The most commonly used vibrator. It essentially
consists of a steel tube (with one end closed
and rounded) having an eccentric vibrating
element inside it. This steel tube called poker is
connected to an electric motor or a diesel
engine through a flexible tube. They are
available in size varying from 40 to 100 m