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Lab 2

This document describes three tasks from a lab session on quantization effects. Task 1 quantizes two signals with different frequencies and compares their quantization noise ratios. Task 2 quantizes a sampled signal and plots the continuous and discrete time versions. Task 3 quantizes an audio signal read from a file with different bit depths, plays the original and quantized versions, and notes the bit depth where sound quality no longer improves.

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Kinza Mallick
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9 views

Lab 2

This document describes three tasks from a lab session on quantization effects. Task 1 quantizes two signals with different frequencies and compares their quantization noise ratios. Task 2 quantizes a sampled signal and plots the continuous and discrete time versions. Task 3 quantizes an audio signal read from a file with different bit depths, plays the original and quantized versions, and notes the bit depth where sound quality no longer improves.

Uploaded by

Kinza Mallick
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KINZA PERVEZ

EE-20141
LAB SESSION 2

To observe the quantization effects on sampled signals and to understand how quantization leads to
quantization error. In this lab, we will investigate the influence of the number of quantization levels on
the quality of the digitized signal. The method of selection of ADC is also a part of this lab session.
clear all; close all; clc;

fd=1/50;
N=500; n=[0:N-1];
q=input('No. of digits after decimal points to be retained (0-9): ');

x=cos(2*pi*fd*n); Px=sum(abs(x).^2)/N;

a=input('Select the method of quantization, Press 1 for Round-off, 2 for


Floor and 3 for Ceil: ')

if a==1
xq = round(x*10^q)/10^q;
elseif a==2
xq = floor(x*10^q)/10^q;
elseif a==3
xq = ceil(x*10^q)/10^q;
end

xe=xq-x; Pe=sum(abs(xe).^2)/N;

SQNR=10*log10(Px/Pe);
disp(['The signal to Quantization Noise Ratio is: ' num2str(SQNR) ' dB.' ]);

figure,
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,x,'filled'); hold;
stem(n,xq,'r','filled'); grid;
xlabel('indices'); ylabel('Amp');
xlim([0 49]); ylim([-2.1 2.1]);
legend('DTCV','DTDV');

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(n,xe, 'k','Linewidth',2); grid;
xlabel('indices'); ylabel('Error');
xlim([0 49]);
KINZA PERVEZ
EE-20141
LAB SESSION 2

clear all; close all;clc;

fd = 1/50; n = [0:499];
q = [0:10]; %No. of Digits after decimal points to be retained

x = cos(2*pi*fd*n);
Px = sum(abs(x).^2)/length(x);

for num = 1:length(q)

x1q = round(x*10^q(num))/10^q(num);
x1e = x-x1q;
Pe1 = sum(abs(x1e).^2)/length(x1e);
SQNR1(num) = 10*log10(Px/Pe1);

x2q = floor(x*10^q(num))/10^q(num);
x2e = x-x2q;
Pe2 = sum(abs(x2e).^2)/length(x2e);
SQNR2(num) = 10*log10(Px/Pe2);

x3q = ceil(x*10^q(num))/10^q(num);
x3e = x-x3q;
Pe3 = sum(abs(x3e).^2)/length(x3e);
SQNR3(num) = 10*log10(Px/Pe3);
end

figure,
plot(q,SQNR1,q,SQNR2,q,SQNR3,'--','Linewidth', 2);
legend('Round-off','Floor','Ceil'); grid;
xlabel('Significant Digits'); ylabel('SQNR (dB)');
xlim([q(1) q(end)]);
title ('Relation between SQNR and Significant digits')
KINZA PERVEZ
EE-20141
LAB SESSION 2

TASK#1:
clear all; close all; clc;

fd1 = 1/25; fd2 = 1/50;


N = 250; n = [0:N-1];

q1=input('No. of digits after decimals to be retained in 1st signal (0-9):


');
q2=input('No. of digits after decimals to be retained in 2nd signal (0-9):
');

x1=cos(2*pi*fd1*n); Px1=sum(abs(x1).^2)/N;
x2=cos(2*pi*fd2*n); Px2=sum(abs(x2).^2)/N;

a1=input('Method of quantization for 1st signal, Press 1 for Round-off, 2 for


Floor and 3 for Ceil: ')
a2=input('Method of quantization for 1st signal, Press 1 for Round-off, 2 for
Floor and 3 for Ceil: ')

if a1==1
xq1 = round(x1*10^q1)/10^q1;
elseif a==2
xq1 = floor(x1*10^q1)/10^q1;
elseif a==3
xq1 = ceil(x1*10^q1)/10^q1;
end

if a2==1
xq2 = round(x2*10^q2)/10^q2;
elseif a==2
xq2 = floor(x2*10^q2)/10^q2;
elseif a==3
xq2 = ceil(x2*10^q2)/10^q2;
end

xe1=xq1-x1; Pe1=sum(abs(xe1).^2)/N;
xe2=xq2-x2; Pe2=sum(abs(xe2).^2)/N;

SQNR1=10*log10(Px1/Pe1);
disp(['The signal to Quantization Noise Ratio is: ' num2str(SQNR1) ' dB.' ]);
SQNR2=10*log10(Px2/Pe2);
disp(['The signal to Quantization Noise Ratio is: ' num2str(SQNR2) ' dB.' ]);

figure,
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(n,x1,'filled'); hold;
stem(n,xq1,'r','filled'); grid;
xlabel('indices for fd1=1/25'); ylabel('Amp');
xlim([0 49]); ylim([-2.1 2.1]);
legend('DTCV','DTDV');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(n,xe1, 'k','Linewidth',2); grid;
xlabel('indices for fd1=1/25'); ylabel('Error');
KINZA PERVEZ
EE-20141
LAB SESSION 2

xlim([0 49]);
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n,x2,'filled'); hold;
stem(n,xq2,'r','filled'); grid;
xlabel('indices for fd2=1/50'); ylabel('Amp');
xlim([0 49]); ylim([-2.1 2.1]);
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(n,xe2, 'k','Linewidth',2); grid;
xlabel('indices fd2=1/50'); ylabel('Error');
xlim([0 49]);

OBSERVATION:

TASK#2:
F = 100; Fs = 10000;
Ts = 1/Fs; fd = F/Fs;
N = 499; n = [0:N-1];
t = [0:0.000005:N*Ts-Ts];
xt = cos(2*pi*F*t);
xn = cos(2*pi*fd*n);
bits = input('Enter no. of bits from 1-8: ');
max=2^(bits-1)-1;
xn=max*xn;

a=input('Select the method of quantization, Press 1 for Round-off, 2 for


Floor and 3 for Ceil: ')
if a==1
xq = round(xn);
elseif a==2
KINZA PERVEZ
EE-20141
LAB SESSION 2

xq = floor(xn);
elseif a==3
xq = ceil(xn);
end
xn=xn/max; xq=xq/max;

figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,xn,'m');xlim([0 100]),grid on;hold on;
stem(n,xq,'g');xlim([0 100]);hold on;
plot(n,xq,'k','linewidth',1.5); xlim([0 100]);
legend('DTCV','DTDV','LEVELS');
xlabel('Indices'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title(['Quantization With ',num2str(bits), ' bit ADC']);

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,xt,'m','linewidth',1.5);
xlim([(0*Ts) (100*Ts)]);
xlabel('Continuous Time(sec)'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title(['CTCV Signal']);
KINZA PERVEZ
EE-20141
LAB SESSION 2
KINZA PERVEZ
EE-20141
LAB SESSION 2

TASK#3:
clc; clear all; close all;
[xn Fs] = audioread('ee141original.wav');
Ts = 1/Fs;
t=[0:Ts:5-Ts];
bits=input('Enter no. of bits from 1-4 for ADC: ');
max=2^(bits-1)-1;
xn=max*xn;

a=input('Select the method of quantization, Press 1 for Round-off, 2 for


Floor and 3 for Ceil: ')
if a==1
xq = round(xn);
elseif a==2
xq = floor(xn);
elseif a==3
xq = ceil(xn);
end

xn=xn/max;
xq=xq/max;
sound(xn,Fs);
pause(6);
sound(xq,Fs);

Bit Depth (bit/sample) Notes

1 No sound was generated


2 Still no sound after quantization.
3 Poor quality.
4 Low quality.

No. of bits when the audio stopped improving was found to be: 12 bits.

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