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Steady Load Failure Theories

Here are the steps to solve this problem: (a) Use beam bending and shear formulas to find stresses (b) Find principal stresses and maximum shear stress (c) Compare stresses to yield point and calculate factors of safety Please show your work and calculations for each part. Let me know if you need any clarification or have additional questions!

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693 views17 pages

Steady Load Failure Theories

Here are the steps to solve this problem: (a) Use beam bending and shear formulas to find stresses (b) Find principal stresses and maximum shear stress (c) Compare stresses to yield point and calculate factors of safety Please show your work and calculations for each part. Let me know if you need any clarification or have additional questions!

Uploaded by

api-3710585
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Steady Load Failure

Theories
Lecture 5

Engineering 473
Machine Design
Steady Load Failure Theories

Ductile • Maximum-Normal-Stress Brittle


Materials • Maximum-Normal-Strain Materials
• Maximum-Shear-Stress
• Distortion-Energy
• Shear-Energy
Uniaxial • Von Mises-Hencky Multiaxial
Stress/Strain • Octahedral-Shear-Stress Stress/Strain
Field • Internal-Friction Field
• Fracture Mechanics

Many theories have been put forth – some agree


reasonably well with test data, some do not.
The Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory

Postulate: Failure occurs when one of the three


principal stresses equals the strength.

σ1, σ 2, and σ 3 are


σ1 > σ 2 > σ 3
principal stresses

Failure occurs when either


σ1 = St Tension St ≡ Strength in Tension
Sc ≡ Strength in Compression
σ 3 = −Sc Compression
Maximum-Normal-Stress Failure
Surface
(Biaxial Condition)

locus of failure states


σ2
St
According to the
Maximum-Normal-Stress
σ1
Theory, as long as stress
- Sc St state falls within the box,
the material will not fail.

- Sc
Maximum-Normal-Stress Failure
Surface
(Three-dimensional Case)

σ2

~ St According to the
Maximum-Normal-Stress
σ1 Theory, as long as stress
state falls within the box,
~
~ the material will not fail.

σ3
- Sc
The Maximum-Normal-Strain
Theory
(Saint-Venant’s Theory)

Postulate: Yielding occurs when the largest of the


three principal strains becomes equal to the
strain corresponding to the yield strength.

Eε1 = σ1 − ν(σ 2 + σ 3 ) = ±S y
E ≡ Young' s Modulus
Eε 2 = σ 2 − ν(σ1 + σ 3 ) = ±S y
ν ≡ Poisson' s Ratio
Eε 3 = σ 3 − ν (σ1 + σ 2 ) = ±S y
Maximum-Normal-Strain Theory
(Biaxial Condition)

locus of failure states


σ2
σ1 − νσ 2 = ±S y
Sy
σ 2 − νσ1 = ±S y
- Sy Sy σ
1

As long as the stress


state falls within the
polygon, the material
- Sy will not yield.
Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
(Tresca Criterion)
Postulate: Yielding begins whenever the maximum shear
stress in a part becomes equal to the maximum
shear stress in a tension test specimen that
begins to yield.

τ σ1 > σ 2 > σ 3 τ
τ1/3 = τ max τy
τ1/2
τ 2/3 σ1 = S y
σ3 σ2 σ1 σ σ 2 , σ3 σ

Stress State in Part Tensile Test Specimen


Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
(Continued)
Tensile Test Specimen

τ
τ max = Ss
Ss = 0.5Sy
σ1 = S y

The shear yield strength σ 2 , σ3 σ


is equal to one-half of the
tension yield strength.
Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
(Continued)

Stress State in Part


τ
τ1/3 = τ max σ1 − σ 2
τ1/2 τ1/2 =
2
τ 2/3
σ 2 − σ3
σ3 σ2 σ1 σ
τ 2/3 =
2
σ1 − σ 3
τ1/3 = τ max =
2
σ1 > σ 2 > σ 3
Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
(Continued)

Sy From Mohr’s circle for a


Ss = tensile test specimen
2
σ1 − σ 3 From Mohr’s circle for a three-
τ1/3 = τ max = dimensional stress state.
2

Sy = σ1 − σ 3
Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
(Hydrostatic Effect)
Principal stresses will always σ1d − σ d2
have a hydrostatic component τ1/2 =
(equal pressure) 2
σ1 = σ d1 + σ h σ d2 − σ3d
τ 2/3 =
2
σ 2 = σ d2 + σ h
σ1 − σ3
d d

σ 3 = σ d3 + σ h τ1/3 =
2
The maximum shear
σ h = 1 I1 = 1 (σ1 + σ 2 + σ 3 ) stresses are independent of
3 3 the hydrostatic stress.
d => deviatoric component
h => hydrostatic
Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
(Hydrostatic Effect – Continued)

Hydrostatic Stress State

If σ1d = σ d2 = σ 3d
The Maximum-Shear-Stress
Then τ max = 0, and there Theory postulates that
yielding is independent of a
is no yielding regardless hydrostatic stress.
of the magintude of the
hydrostati c stress.
Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
(Biaxial Representation of the Yield Surface)

Yielding will occur if For biaxial case


any of the following (plane stress)
criteria are met. σ3 = 0

± S y = σ1 − σ 2 ± Sy = σ1 − σ 2
± Sy = σ 2 − σ 3 ± Sy = σ 2
± S y = σ1 − σ 3 ± Sy = σ1

In general, all three conditions must be checked.


Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
(Biaxial Representation of the Yield Surface)

σ2 locus of
For biaxial case failure states
(plane stress) Sy
σ3 = 0 II
I
- Sy
± Sy = σ1 − σ 2
Sy σ1
± Sy = σ 2 III
IV
± Sy = σ1 - Sy

Note that in the I and III quadrants the Maximum-Shear-


Stress Theory and Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory are
the same for the biaxial case.
Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
(Three-dimensional Representation of the Yield Surface)

failure surface

Hamrock, Fig. 6.9


Assignment
Failure Theories, Read Section 5-9.

(a) Find the bending and transverse shear stress at points A


and B in the figure. (b) Find the maximum normal stress
and maximum shear stress at both points. (c) For a yield
point of 50,000 psi, find the factor of safety based on the
maximum normal stress theory and the maximum shear
stress theory.

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