Be=am/is/are

noun + (am/is/are) + going to + verb bare form + comp

noun+(am/is/are)+not+going to+verb bare form+comp

Be=am not / isn't / aren't

(am/is/are)+noun+going to+verb bare form+comp+?

 biology board bookshelf desk
dictionary eraser geography history
learn maths music physics
practise remember study teach
 noun + will + verb bare form + comp

noun + will +not + verb bare form + comp

Be=am not / isn't / aren't

Will + noun + verb bare form + comp +?

1.When we get home, we ___________ (have) dinner.
2.- I know they ___________ (feel) very happy if
they win the match.
3.- They’ve already decided on their next summer
holiday. They ____________ (do) a tour of Norway.
4.- She thinks that the Take That concert __________
(be) really exciting.
5.- “What are your plans for this evening?” I ________
(meet) my friends and then go to a birthday party.
6.- If you revise for the exam , I’m sure you ________
(get) a good result.
7.- The weather forecast is good for the next few
days. It _________(be) very sunny.
8.- I can’t come on the march tomorrow. I ___________
(look after) my cousins.
9.- In the future, I think humans ___________ (wipe
out) many different species.
10.-He is buying some butter and eggs because he
_________ (make) a cake later.
11.- This homework is very easy. I know we
__________ (do) it very quickly.
12.- In five years time, I _____________ (be) at
university.
13.- She wants to get her mum a birthday present. But
she _____________ (not buy) it today.
14.- Their suitcases are packed. They ______________
(go) on holiday.
15.- If we go to Paris, we ____________ (take) lots of
pictures.
16.- My brother thinks it ______________ (snow)
tomorrow.
17.- It’s very late! Hurry up or we ___________ (be)
late for work.
18.- Look at that boy at the top of that tree! He
___________ (fall).
19.- When we go home, we ____________ (watch) TV.
We don’t want to miss our favourite programme.
20.- I’m sure they ___________ (lose) the match.
21.- It’s very hot in here. I ___________ (open) the
window.
22.- It’s a secret! OK I ___________ (not tell) anyone.
23.- My cousin _________ (work) in the UK for a
year.
24.- I ___________ (love) you forever.
25.- I’m thirsty. I ____________ (get) you a glass of
water.
 Modals have only one form and are usually
followed by the bare infinitive of the main verb.

Pronoun + modal + main verb + complement.

Pronoun + modal + not + main verb + complement.

modal + Pronoun + main verb + complement + ?
Yes, + pronoun + modal. Yes, + pronoun + modal.
Modals
 Modals have only one form and are usually
followed by the bare infinitive of the main verb.

Pronoun + modal + main verb + complement.

Pronoun + modal + not + main verb + complement.

modal + Pronoun + main verb + complement + ?
Yes, + pronoun + modal. Yes, + pronoun + modal.
Ability
We use the modal CAN to talk about
ability in the present.
1. I can speak English
2. You can drink my tea and read my
book then.
3. I can meet you tomorrow.
4. She is old. She can’t play tennis.
5. Can I ask a question?
As can and could cannot be used to talk
ability in all tenses, we use be able to
in other tenses.
1. They are not able to write correctly.
2. Will they be able to find the key?
3. Will she be able to cope with the
work?
4. The child is not yet able to write.
 CAN
Can is one of the most commonly used modal
verbs in English. It can be used to express
ability or opportunity, to request or offer
permission, and to show possibility or
impossibility
1.I can ride a
horse. (Ability). 3.She cannot 4.We can stay 5.Any child can
with my sister, grow up to be
2.Can you hand
stay out after president.
11 P.M. in Paris.
me the stapler? (possibility)
(request). (permission) (Opportunity)
Iliana
Castillo
 We use the modal verb COULD to talk
about ability in the past.
1. When I was 6, I could ride a bike.
2. We couldn’t go out.
3. What could they draw? They could
draw a horse.
4. He could speak seven languages in
thirties.
 COULD
“Could” is used to express
possibility or past ability
as well as to make
suggestions and request.
Iliana
“Could” is also commonly
Castillo
used in conditional
sentences form of CAN
 COULD
1. Extreme rain could cause the river to flood
the city.
2. Nancy could ski like a pro by the age of 11.
(Past ability).
3. You could see a movie or go out to dinner
(suggestion).
4. Could I use your computer to email my boss?
(request).
5. We could go on the trip if I didn’t have to Iliana
work this weekend. (conditional) Castillo
Necessity
Need (verb) (without to) is used in
negative and interrogative
sentences. Also, we can use don`t
have to / doesn`t have to / didn`t
have to(past), must for the same
purpose. In the affirmative, we use
need to to express necessity.
1. He mustn’t be late for the meeting.
2. I must be careful not to upset her.
3. They must leave immediately.
4. You don’t have to give me money but I can
if you want.
5. You need to do the exercises, they are
obligatory.
6. You had to try hard for the match.
7. I must study next week.
Obligation
We use have to and must to
express obligation. There is a
slight difference between the
way we use them.
 The main verbs of obligation are;
1.MUST
2.HAVE TO
3.SHOULD.
The past of have to / has to is
had. Must is for personal obligations.
Have to is for general obligations.
 Example Sentences;
1. You must stop here.
2. You have to wear a seatbelt when you
drive.
3. You must answer at least one question.
4. You should call Mary. I know she misses
you a lot.
5. She looks sick. She should go home.
 Obligation- have to
Have to shows us that the obligation
comes from outside the speaker.
We have to wear a uniform when we're
working in reception.
(Student to teacher) When do we have to
hand in our homework?
Al has to work tomorrow so he can't come.
We sometimes call this 'external obligation'.
 Obligation- must
Must expresses a strong obligation or necessity.
It often shows us that the obligation comes from the
speaker (or the authority that wrote the
sentence).
1. I must phone my dad. It's his birthday today.
2. (Teacher to student) You must hand in your
homework on Tuesday or you will lose ten per cent of
your mark.
3. (Sign on a plane) Seat belts must be worn by all
passengers.
 MUST
Jenny, you must not play in the
street! = Jenny, you mustn’t play in
the street! (prohibition).

This must be You must take some

Students must pass an
the right medicine for that
entrance examination to study
address! cough. (strong
at this school. (Necessity).
(Certainty). recommendation).

Iliana Castillo
MUST vs HAVE TO
MUST:
-the speaker thinks it is necessary.
-personal opinion.
-written rules/ instructions
HAVE TO:
-Another person thinks it is necessary.
-external opinions
-Facts, NOT opinions
 MUST vs HAVE TO
The teacher is giving the students an OBLIGATION / INSTRUCTIONS

teacher:
yOU MUST complete the essay by Friday
student:
We HAVE TO complete the essay by Friday

The teacher has given us the OBLIGATION / INSTRUCTIONS

 MUST vs HAVE TO
We use HAD TO instead of MUST in the past tense.

I had to pay my speeding ticket yesterday

When do you HAVE to finish the report?

HAVE TO is more common than MUST in questions
 SHOULD
“Should” is most commonly used to
make recommendations or give advice.
It can also be used to express
obligation as well as expectation

When you go to By now, they

Berlin, you You should  I really
should visit the focus more on should be in should already
palaces in your family the office by be in Dubai.
Potsdam. and less on 7:00 A.M.
(recommendation) (obligation) (expectation)
work. (Advice).
Iliana
Castillo
Possibility
We use MAY, MIGHT and COULD
to talk about present or
future possibility. We can
substitute may, might and
could for maybe, perharps or
probably (which aren`t modal
verbs)
 Might
is most commonly used to express
possibility. It is also often used in
conditional sentences.

Your purse You might visit

might be in If I didn’t have to work, I the botanical
the living might go with you. gardens during
room. (Conditional). your visit
(Possibility). (suggestion).

Iliana Castillo
1. They could be there by now.
2. Price can be high in Texas.
3. She could finish her project tonight.
4. I might join you if I finish my work
early.
5. They could still be waiting for us.
6. Winters in Alaska can be really cold.
7.I might study math.
8.I may pass chemistry’s exam.
9.I may eat dinner at 8:00 pm.
10.Where is my wallet? It could be
in the my room.
11.We could go to the party this
afternoon.
12.He could be lost.
Advice
Common modals of advice
in English are
should
ought to
had better.
 Using the modal of advice should is
the most common way to suggest
something to someone in English.
The pattern is:
should + base verb.
The negative form,
should not + base verb.
often gets contracted to shouldn’t.
1.You should tell your boss about
the report.
2.They should start getting
ready to go because the bus
leaves at 4:00.
3.She shouldn’t smoke outside
because people are eating on
the patio nearby.
 As a general overview, let's
mention that in spoken English, ought
to is usually shortened to /aw-da/,
and that the negative expression
ought not to is even less common
and best avoided altogether.
 Ought to
is used to advice or make
recommendations.

“Ought to” also expresses

assumption or expectation asIliana
well as strong probability,Castillo
 Ought to
often with the idea that
something is deserved.
“ought not” (without TO)
is used to advise against Iliana

doing something Castillo

 Iliana
Castillo Ought to
1. You ought to stop smoking. (Recommendation).
2. Jim ought to get the promotion. (It is expected
because he deserves it).
3. This stick ought to increase in value.
(Probability).
4. Mark ought not drink so much. (Advice against
something-notice there is no “TO”)
 had better
Use had better + base verb to make a
stronger suggestion than should.
This modal of advice is used when
someone thinks the other person really
should follow the suggestion, implying
that there will be more serious
consequences if the advice isn’t taken.
Had better is a modal
expression that is often
contracted to ’d better.

The negative form, had

better not, is also often
contracted to ’d better not.
1. We had better let someone
know about the problem.
2. He’d better study for the
test because he’s failing the
class.
3. I’d better not eat another
cookie because I’m on a diet.
Permission
 Permission-can
We often use can to ask
for and give permission.
1. Can I sit here?
2. You can use my car if you
like.
3. Can I make a suggestion?
 Permission-could
We also use could to ask for
permission (but not to give it). Could is
more formal and polite than can.
1. Could I ask you something?
2. Could I interrupt?
3. Could I borrow your pen for a
moment, please?
 Permission-may
May is the most formal way to ask
for and give permission.
1. May I see your passport, please?
2. Customers may request a refund
within a period of 30 days.
3. These pages may be photocopied
for classroom use.
 Polite
Requests
 Would you, Could you,
Will you, Can you
These four questions are made with
modal verbs:
Would you... ?
Could you... ?
Will you... ?
1. Can you... ?
 Would you, Could you,
Will you, Can you

example:
Could you help me for a minute, please?

This shows that the speaker is asking for

help politely.
 Would you, Could you,
Will you, Can you
To ask questions in a very polite way, use:
Would you/ Could you (please) + simple verb + ...?

For example:
Would you please email that document to me? I
need it ASAP*.
Could you explain that again, please? I didn’t
understand.
*ASAP =as soon as possible
 Would you, Could you,
Will you, Can you
polite but more casual way, say:
Will you/ Can you (please) + simple verb + ...?
For example:
Will you please answer the phone? I’m
working.
Can you hold my books for me? My hands
are full.
Prohibition
We use can't and mustn't to
show that something is
prohibited – it is not allowed.
 Prohibition-can't
We use can't to talk about something
that is against the rules, particularly
when we didn't make the rules.
1. What does this sign say? Oh, we can't
park here.
2. You can't take photos in the museum.
They're really strict about it.
3. Sorry, we can't sell knives to under-18s.
 Prohibition-must not/mustn't
We use must not to talk about what is
not permitted. It is common on public signs
and notices informing people of rules and
laws.
1. Visitors must not park in the staff car
park.
2. Baggage must not be left unattended.
3. Guests must not make noise after 10 p.m.
 Prohibition-must not/mustn't

We use mustn't particularly when the

prohibition comes from the speaker.
1. (Parent to child) You mustn't say
things like that to your sister.
2. (Teacher to student) You mustn't be
late to class.
3. I mustn't let that happen again.
 Prohibition-must not/mustn't

We use mustn't particularly when the

prohibition comes from the speaker.
1. (Parent to child) You mustn't say
things like that to your sister.
2. (Teacher to student) You mustn't be
late to class.
3. I mustn't let that happen again.