COLLEGEOFCOMPUTINGANDINFORMATICS

DEPARTMENTOFINFORMATIONSCIENCE
MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION SCIENCE
Course Name: Semantic web Analytics
Target: Project Proposal
Title: Ontology Based Data Modeling for Medicinal Plants and Efficacy

By
Name: Habtamu Alebel
ID No: pgp/856/14
E-mail: nonefull12@gmail.com

Submitted To: Dr.Abdulgeny.K (PHD)

Haramaya Univesity, Ethiopia

April 28 2023

1
 1. Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as health practices, approaches,
knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies,
manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent
illnesses and maintain well-being(Iarc, 2010). Plants are known to have efficacy, as herbal medicines
have not been used optimally because of the lack of medicinal plant knowledge. Medicinal plant
knowledge tends to be degraded so that, if it is not well documented, it can be lost and eroded as natural
medicine [2]. Knowledge of medicinal is not only limited to their benefits. It must be viewed from a
pharmacology perspective, such as side effects, contraindications, and the content of therapeutic plant
compounds. Information about compound content is needed to determine the biological activity of
medicinal plants because one medicinal plant can have more than one pharmacological effect [3].
Information on side effects and contraindications of medicinal plants is needed to be more careful in the
use of medicinal plants. Medicinal plant data is the form of knowledge descriptions, so it requires data
modeling that can store hierarchical knowledge descriptions and perform knowledge inference. The
inference is making conclusions to generate new knowledge [4]. The data modeling method used is
ontology. “An Ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualization,” The ontology explains the
concept of knowledge of domain such as classes, relations, and objects that humans can understand well
to improve semantic interoperability [5]. Ontology can perform knowledge inference, which is suitable
for managing medicinal plant data [6]. Conceptual ontology explains the meaning of a domain, and
ontology is more concentrated on how semantic concepts are interrelated [7]. Ontology is a link between
users and computers so that users get knowledge of a domain such as medicinal plants. Designing an
ontology model such as medicinal plant ontology allows users to obtain information about medicinal
plants, such as side effects and the correlation between medicinal plants and diseases.

1.3. Statement of the problem

In the earth our plant there are many medicinal plant species, but most of we don’t know which plant is
medicinal important for human disease. The knowledge of medicinal plant species is held by a few people
relative to the population size. Commonly traditional healer has good experience about the medicinal
plants. These traditional physicians are much secured and have no interest to share their knowledge to
others. There are researches done with ontology based knowledge share about the medicinal plants though
they did not give full information. Building ontology from scratch is unnecessary in developing an
understanding of medicinal plants. Previous research has designed an ontology based on medicinal plant
ethno medicine and produced a prototype ontology of medicinal plants with lack of full domain
relationship.so then to overcome those problems this project will deployed. This project will expect the
2
addition of new domains in medicinal plant knowledge. However, it can use existing ontologies to
produce complete and accurate information about the Doman of knowledge.

1.5. Objective of the study

1.5.1. General Objective

General objective of this Project is to design an ontology based data model for medicinal plants
and efficacy.

1.5.2 Specific Objectives

In line with the general objective, the project is aimed at dealing with the following
specific objectives.
 Review different related literatures on medicinal plant ontology data model.

 Collect and prepare a custom data set for experimentation.

 Make ontology to extract the information about plant species.

 Construct ontology data model for medicinal plants species knowledge.

 Evaluate the performance of the ontology model.

1.6 Scope of the study

The main focus of this project is preparing an-ontology data model for commonly well-known
medicinal plants and link to other related make easily accessible. Due to the shortage of time we
will not include the whole medicinal plants description.

1.7. Significance of the Project

The developed ontology data model will help the stakeholders in herbal medicine practice such
as the traditional medicine healer, public health institute, the biodiversity institutes,
pharmaceutical companies, researchers, traditional medicine practitioners, tourism bureaus,
tourists, modern medicines, educational centers as well as the general public to know and
identify their roles in managing the traditional medicine knowledge and ensure proper use of it.
Additionally, it serves as a base for any organization which attempts to design and develop a
knowledge management system for traditional medicine practices. People can easily get
information about medicinal plants and their role in the health.
3
 1.8. Methodology of the study
This project will uses qualitative techniques for data analysis because collected medicinal plant data
describe knowledge and uses ontology model data to describe the medicinal plant domain and
hierarchical structure clearly. This project will follow several stages: the first step is data collection,
the second step is data analysis, the third step is ontology design, the fourth step is ontology
implementation, and the final step is ontology testing seen.

4
 Data collection

Data analysis

Ontology
Design

Define ontology Define class and Define Build

domain subclass property Individual
ontology i

Ontology
Implementation

Ontology
Testing and evaluating

Deploying /Apply

Figure 1: project work flow

5
1.8.2. Data Acquisition and preparation

1.8.3. Implementation Tools

1.8.4. Evaluation methods

1.9. Architecture of the Proposed Model

2. Literature Review and Related Works

6
7. References

Abera, B. (2014). Medicinal plants used in traditional medicine by Oromo people, Ghimbi
District, Southwest Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 10(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-40
Agri-food, T. (2015). 木耳 / 黑木耳 薤白 川贝 百合 莴苣 阿胶 牡蛎. November, 1–16.
Al-Akkam, R. M. J., & Altaei, M. S. M. (2022). Plants Leaf Diseases Detection Using Deep
Learning. Iraqi Journal of Science, 63(2), 801–816.
https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2022.63.2.34
Alzubaidi, L., Zhang, J., Humaidi, A. J., Al-Dujaili, A., Duan, Y., Al-Shamma, O., Santamaría,
J., Fadhel, M. A., Al-Amidie, M., & Farhan, L. (2021). Review of deep learning: concepts,
CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions. In Journal of Big Data (Vol.
8, Issue 1). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00444-8
Amara, J., Bouaziz, B., Algergawy, A., Patil, B., Engineering, S., Ayane, D. T., Garcia, J.,
Barbedo, A., Reyalat, M., Braik, M., Alrahamneh, Z., Gebreeyesus, M., Sonobe, T., Moges,
F., Chouksey, R., Swami, P. D., Sanga, S. L., Machuve, D., Jomanga, K., … Editors, M. K.
(2018). Automatic Plant Species Identification Using Image Processing Techniques.
17(May 2014), 79–88. http://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/18707
Asaye Asfaw, Lulekal, E., Bekele, T., Debella, A., Debebe, E., & Ssisay, B. (n.d.).
Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used To Treat Livestock Ailments In Ensaro
District , North Shewa Zone ,. Journal of Research Square, 1–24.
Azadnia, R., Al-Amidi, M. M., Mohammadi, H., Cifci, M. A., Daryab, A., & Cavallo, E. (2022).
An AI Based Approach for Medicinal Plant Identification Using Deep CNN Based on
Global Average Pooling. Agronomy, 12(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112723
Babatunde, O. H., Armstrong, L., Leng, J., & Diepeveen, D. (2015a). A computer-based vision
systems for automatic identification of plant species using kNN and genetic PCA. Journal
of Agricultural Informatics, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.17700/jai.2015.6.2.164
7
Babatunde, O. H., Armstrong, L., Leng, J., & Diepeveen, D. (2015b). A computer-based vision
systems for automatic identification of plant species using kNN and genetic PCA. Journal
of Agricultural Informatics, 6(2), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.17700/jai.2015.6.2.164
Bishaw, M. (1991). Promoting traditional medicine in Ethiopia: A brief historical review of
government policy. Social Science and Medicine, 33(2), 193–200.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90180-K
Borraz-Martínez, S., Simó, J., Gras, A., Mestre, M., Boqué, R., & Tarrés, F. (2022). Combining
computer vision and deep learning to classify varieties of Prunus dulcis for the nursery plant
industry. Journal of Chemometrics, 36(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/cem.3388
Chithra, K., & Santhanam, T. (2018). A novel denoising technique for mixed noise removal from
grayscale and color images. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology,
96(3), 626–642.
Damot, D. (1971). An Ethiopian Medical Text- B. 9(1), 95–180.
Endashaw Bekele. (2007). Study on Actual Situation of Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia. Japan
Association for International Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry, 1–5.
http://www.endashaw.com
Franceschelli, G., & Musolesi, M. (2022). DeepCreativity: measuring creativity with deep
learning techniques. Intelligenza Artificiale, 16(2), 151–163. https://doi.org/10.3233/IA-
220136
Gavhale, N. G., & Thakare, A. P. (2020). Identification of Medicinal Plant Using Machine
Learning Approach. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, July.
www.irjet.net
Geerthana, R., Nandhini, P., & Suriyakala, R. (2021). Medicinal Plant Identification Using Deep
Learning. 03(05), 48–53.
Giday, M., Teklehaymanot, T., Animut, A., & Mekonnen, Y. (2007). Medicinal plants of the
Shinasha, Agew-awi and Amhara peoples in northwest Ethiopia. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 110(3), 516–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.011
Gomez Gonzalez, C. A., Wertz, O., Absil, O., Christiaens, V., Defrère, D., Mawet, D., Milli, J.,
Absil, P.-A., Van Droogenbroeck, M., Cantalloube, F., Hinz, P. M., Skemer, A. J.,
Karlsson, M., & Surdej, J. (2017). VIP : Vortex Image Processing Package for High-
contrast Direct Imaging . The Astronomical Journal, 154(1), 7.

8
 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa73d7
Hong, E. H. S., & Roald, P. B. (2010). When the West meets the East: Traditional Chinese
Medicine from the perspective of Western Medicine: A literature review and personal
observational pilot study. Faculty of Medicine, 32.
https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/29611/Traditional-Chinese-Medicine.pdf?
sequence=1
IARC. (2000). A . INTRODUCTION 1 . History of Use of Traditional Herbal Medicines. IARC
Monograph, 82, 43–68.
Islamia, J. M. (2016). Research design Research design. Research in Social Science:
Interdisciplinary Perspectives, September, 68–84. file:///E:/Documents/dosen/buku
Metodologi/[John_W._Creswell]_Research_Design_Qualitative,_Q(Bookos.org).pdf
Kassaye, K., Amberbir, A., Getachew, B., & Mussema, Y. (2007). A historical overview of
traditional medicine practices and policy in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health
Development, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhd.v20i2.10023
Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. E. (2017). ImageNet classification with deep
convolutional neural networks. Communications of the ACM, 60(6), 84–90.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3065386
Lakshmi Devi, P., & Subash, N. (2019). Digital Image Processing (R15a0426). 2.
Liu, S., Matsuo, T., Matsuo, C., & Abe, T. (2022). Traditional Chinese Medicines and
Prescriptions Brought from China to Japan by a Monk (Jianzhen, Japanese: Ganjin): A
Historical Review. Compounds, 2(4), 267–284. https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds2040022
Malik, O. A., Ismail, N., Hussein, B. R., & Yahya, U. (2022). Automated Real-Time
Identification of Medicinal Plants Species in Natural Environment Using Deep Learning
Models—A Case Study from Borneo Region. Plants, 11(15).
https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11151952
Mengistu, A. D., Mengistu, S. G., & Melesew, D. (2018). An automatic coffee plant diseases
identification using hybrid approaches of image processing and decision tree. Indonesian
Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 9(3), 806–811.
https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v9.i3.pp806-811
Moges, A., & Moges, Y. (2020). Ethiopian Common Medicinal Plants: Their Parts and Uses in
Traditional Medicine - Ecology and Quality Control. Plant Science - Structure, Anatomy

9
 and Physiology in Plants Cultured in Vivo and in Vitro, August.
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86202
MULU, A. (2018). June, 2018 Addis Ababa ,Ethiopia. Heran, 145, 1–145.
Nagy, H. (2018). Disease Management in Wheat. Sozialversicherung.At, 50–58.
https://www.sozialversicherung.at/cdscontent/?contentid=10007.844540&portal=svportal
Oppong, S. O., Twum, F., & Hayfron-acquah, J. Ben. (2022). A Novel Computer Vision Model
for Medicinal Plant Identification Using Log-Gabor Filters and Deep Learning Algorithms.
2022.
Oshagbemi, T. (2017). Chapter 4. Research Design and Methodology. Leadership and
Management in Universities, 2003, 67–95. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110853681-006
Pandey, M. M., Rastogi, S., & Rawat, A. K. S. (2013). Indian traditional ayurvedic system of
medicine and nutritional supplementation. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative
Medicine, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/376327
Puri, D., Kumar, A., Virmani, J., & Kriti. (2022). Classification of leaves of medicinal plants
using laws’ texture features. International Journal of Information Technology (Singapore),
14(2), 931–942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-019-00353-3
Putri, Y. A., Djamal, E. C., & Ilyas, R. (2021). Identification of Medicinal Plant Leaves Using
Convolutional Neural Network. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1845(1).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1845/1/012026
Schulz, H., & Behnke, S. (2012). Deep Learning: Layer-Wise Learning of Feature Hierarchies.
KI - Kunstliche Intelligenz, 26(4), 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-012-0198-z
Science, C. (2021). RECOGNITION OF ETHIOPIAN HERBACEOUS PLANTS USING A.
Seyoum, G., & Zerihun, G. (2014). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Debre
Libanos Wereda, Central Ethiopia. African Journal of Plant Science, 8(7), 366–379.
https://doi.org/10.5897/ajps2013.1041
Suwais, K., Alheeti, K., & Al_Dosary, D. (2022). A Review on Classification Methods for Plants
Leaves Recognition. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and
Applications, 13(2), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2022.0130211
Tiwari, D., Ashish, M., Gangwar, N., Sharma, A., Patel, S., & Bhardwaj, S. (2020). Potato Leaf
Diseases Detection Using Deep Learning. Proceedings of the International Conference on
Intelligent Computing and Control Systems, ICICCS 2020, May, 461–466.

10
 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICCS48265.2020.9121067
Vyas, A., Yu, S., & Paik, J. (2018). Fundamentals of digital image processing. In Signals and
Communication Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7272-7_1
Wang, L., Li, J., Li, T., Liu, H., & Wang, Y. (2021). Method Superior to Traditional Spectral
Identification: FT-NIR Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy Combined with Deep
Learning to Identify the Shelf Life of Fresh Phlebopus portentosus. ACS Omega, 6(30),
19665–19674. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c02317
World Health Organization. (1999). Folium Ginkgo. WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal
Plants, 1, 154–167.
World Health Organization. (2010). Traditional Herbal Remedies for Primary Health Care. In
World Health Organisation.
Wu, J. (2017). Introduction to Convolutional Neural Networks. Introduction to Convolutional
Neural Networks, 1–31.
https://web.archive.org/web/20180928011532/https://cs.nju.edu.cn/wujx/teaching/
15_CNN.pdf
Yimenu, D. F. (2021). Image Based Sorghum Leaf Disease Classification Using Deep Learning
Approach. Debre Berhan University Repository, 1–138.
Yulita, I. N., Amri, N. A., & Hidayat, A. (2023). Mobile Application for Tomato Plant Leaf
Disease Detection Using a Dense Convolutional Network Architecture. Computation, 11(2),
1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/computation11020020

11