PHE Mental Health

PHILIPPINE
GUIDELINES on
PERIODIC HEALTH
EXAMINATION
Screening for Mental
Health and Addiction
PERIODIC HEALTH EXAMINATION TASK FORCE 2021
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DISCLAIMER
This guideline is intended to be used by specialists, general practitioners, allied health
professionals who are primary care providers. Although adherence to this guideline is
encouraged, it should not restrict the healthcare providers in using their sound clinical
judgment in handling individual cases.
Payors and policymakers, including hospital administrators and employers, can also
utilize this CPG, but this document should not be the sole basis for evaluating insurance
claims. Recommendations from this guideline should not also be treated as strict rules on
which to base legal action.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DISCLAIMER ................................................................................................................................ 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. 3
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS....................................................................................... 5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 8
SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................... 9
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 12
2. SCOPE & PURPOSE ............................................................................................................ 14
3. GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY............................................................. 15
3.1 Organization of the Process 15
3.2 Creation of the Evidence Summaries 15
3.3 Composition of the CPG Panel 16
3.4 Formulation of the Recommendations 17
3.5 Managing Conflicts of Interest 17
3.6 External Review Process 18
3.7 Planning for Dissemination and Implementation 18
4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PANEL DISCUSSION ....................................................... 19
4.1 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Dementia ................................................... 19
4.2 Standardized Drug Tests in Screening for Substance Use Disorders ........................ 29
4.3 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Substance Use Disorders....................... 37
4.4 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Depression among High-Risk Groups .. 45
4.5 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Anxiety ....................................................... 55
4.6 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Depression among Children and
Adolescents ................................................................................................................................. 62
4.7 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Anxiety among Adolescents................... 72
4.8 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Stress ......................................................... 79
4.9 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Sleep Disturbances/Problems ............... 88
5. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS............................................................................................... 95
6. DISSEMINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................... 96
7. APPLICABILITY ISSUES ..................................................................................................... 96
8. UPDATING OF THE GUIDELINES .................................................................................... 96
9. APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ 97
1. Standardized Instruments in Screening for Dementia 98
2. Standardized Drug Tests in Screening for Substance Use Disorders 118
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3. Standardized Instruments in Screening for Substance Use Disorders 123
4. Standardized Instruments in Screening for Depression among High-Risk
Groups 138
5. Standardized Instruments in Screening for Anxiety 145
6. Standardized Instruments in Screening for Depression among Children and
Adolescents 154
7. Standardized Instruments in Screening for Anxiety among Adolescents 168
8. Standardized Instruments in Screening for Stress 180
9. Standardized Instruments in Screening for Sleep Disturbances/Problems 188
PERIODIC HEALTH EXAMINATION TASK FORCE ON MENTAL HEALTH AND
ADDICTION 2021..................................................................................................................... 198
PERIODIC HEALTH EXAMINATION PHASE 2 TASK FORCE 2021 ............................. 200
CONFLICT OF INTEREST DECLARATION ....................................................................... 201
EXTERNAL REVIEW............................................................................................................... 202
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AACAP American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
AAFP American Academy of Family Physicians
AAP American Academy of Pediatrics
ACOG American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology
ADRD Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias
AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AIS Athens Insomnia Scale
AD8 Eight-item informant interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia
APCM American College of Preventive Medicine
BPI brief psychological intervention
CBT cognitive behavioral therapy
CDT Clock Drawing Test
CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
CI confidence interval
CIDI Composite International Diagnostic Interview
CIS-R Clinical Interview Schedule Revised
CoE certainty of evidence
CP consensus panel
CPG clinical practice guidelines
CTFPHC Canadian Task Force for Preventive Health Care
DALY disability-adjusted life year
DASS-21 Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale
DISC-IV Child Diagnostic Interview Schedule
DOH Department of Health
DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
ERE evidence review experts
EtD evidence to decision
FDA Food and Drug Administration
GAD generalized anxiety disorder
GDS Geriatric Depression Scale
GRADE Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation
HAD-S Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale – Anxiety
HCP healthcare provider
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
HMO health maintenance organization
ICD International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
ICSD International Classification of Sleep Disorders
ICSI Institute of Clinical Systems Improvement
IPT interpersonal therapy
ISI Insomnia Severity Index
MD mean difference
MDD major depressive disorder
MET motivational enhancement therapy
MCI mild cognitive impairment
MHSE Mental Health Status Exam
MINI Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview
MIS Memory Impairment Scale
MMSE Mini-Mental State Exam
MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment
MQICG Michigan Quality Improvement Consortium Guideline
NCD non-communicable disease
NCMH National Center for Mental Health
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NCR National Capital Region
NDST non-directive supportive therapy
NGO non-government organization
NICE National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
NIH-ICE National Institutes of Health-Institute of Clinical Epidemiology
NNT number needed to treat
NPV negative predictive value
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OIS optimal information size
OPD outpatient department
OR odds ratio
PGH Philippine General Hospital
Php Philippine peso
PICO population, intervention, comparator, and outcome
PHEX periodic health examination
PHIC Philippine Health Insurance Corporation
PHQ-A Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents
PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9
PPA Philippine Psychiatric Association
PPV positive predictive value
PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
PSS-10 Perceived Stress Scale
QALY quality-adjusted life year
QOL quality of life
RACGP Royal Australian College of General Practitioners
RCT randomized controlled trial
RR risk ratio/relative risk
SAMHSA Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
SBIRT screening, brief interventions, and referral to treatment
SC steering committee
SCARED Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders
SCAS Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale
SCID Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders
SMD standardized mean difference
Sn sensitivity
Sp specificity
SR systematic review
STPP short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy
SUD substance use disorder
SWS Social Weather Station
USPSTF United States Preventive Services Task Force
WHO World Health Organization
WSQ Work Stress Questionnaire
YLD years lived with disability
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This CPG on PHEX 2021 was prepared by the National Institutes of Health - Institute of
Clinical Epidemiology (NIH-ICE).
This project would not have been possible without the initiative and financial support from
the Department of Health (DOH). The DOH neither imposed any condition nor exerted
any influence on the operations and the final output formulation.
The NIH-ICE undertook extensive technical work in 1) searching and synthesizing the
evidence while ensuring objectivity in each stage of the process, 2) presenting the
evidence in the panel discussion, and 3) documenting and writing the final report. They
were also indispensable in carrying out the legwork, coordinating among various
individuals, groups, and committees, and facilitating the en banc meeting. The CPG
Central Steering Committee and the Task Forces Steering Committee were responsible
for overall organization and management and are accountable for the quality of the CPG.
Lastly, this guideline is invaluable because of the contribution and participation of

panelists from different sectors of healthcare who committed their time and effort to share
their knowledge, experience, and expertise in analyzing the scientific evidence and their
values and preferences in formulating the recommendations with consideration of
patients and the current healthcare system in the country.
The content of this CPG is an intellectual property of the Department of Health (DOH).
Kindly provide the proper citations when using any part of this document in lectures,
research papers, and any other format presented to the public. The electronic version of
this material can be accessed online on the DOH website.
Queries, suggestions, and other concerns regarding this CPG may be directed to the
DOH National Practice Guidelines Program office by email ([email protected]) or to
DOH-HPDPB and UP-NIH.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Clinical Practice Guideline for the Periodic Health Examination on screening for
Mental Health and Addiction is an output from the joint undertaking of the Department of
Health and National Institutes of Health- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology.
This clinical practice guideline is a systematic synthesis of evidence to address screening

for mental health and addiction disorders among children, adolescents, and adults. The
CPG provides ten (10) recommendations on prioritized questions in the screening for
certain conditions on mental health and addiction.
Recommendations are based on the appraisal of the best available evidence on each of
the nine (9) identified clinical questions. The CPG is intended to be used by general
practitioners and specialists in the primary care setting, policy makers, employers and
administrators, allied health practitioners, and even patients. The guideline development
process followed the widely accepted Grading of Recommendations, Assessment,
Development, and Evaluation or the GRADE approach including GRADE Adolopment1 ,
a systematic process of adapting evidence summaries and the GRADE Evidence to
Decision (EtD)2 framework. It included 1) identification of critical questions and critical
outcomes, 2) retrieval of current evidence, 3) assessment and synthesis of the evidence
base for these critical questions, 4) formulation of draft recommendations, 5) convening
of a multi-sectoral stakeholder panel to discuss values and preferences and assess the
strength of the recommendations, and 6) planning for dissemination, implementation,
impact evaluation and updating.
The recommendations in this CPG shall hold and will be updated after 3 years or when
new evidence arises.
1 Schunemann H, Wiercioch W, Brozek J, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, Mustafa R, Manja V. GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks for
adoption, adaptation, and de novo development of trustworthy recommendations: GRADE-ADOLOPMENT. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017;81:101-
10.
2 Schunemann HJ, Mustafa R, Brozek J, Santesso N, Alonso-Coello P, Guyatt G, et al. GRADE Guidelines: 16. GRADE evidence to
decision frameworks for tests in clinical practice and public health. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;76:89-98.
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SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS
Strength of Panel
Recommendation Certainty of Evidence
Recommendation
Question 1: Should screening for dementia among older adults be done using standardized instruments?
1.1 Among asymptomatic healthy adults aged 60 years and Very Low Weak
above, we suggest against screening for dementia.
Question 2: Should screening for substance use disorders among the general population be done using
standardized drug tests?
2.1 Among the general population, we recommend against Low Strong

screening for substance use disorders using standardized drug
tests.
Question 3: Should screening for substance use disorders among the general population be done using
standardized instruments?
3.1. Among asymptomatic healthy adults, we recommend Moderate Strong

screening for substance use disorder using standardized tools at
least once a year.
3.2. Among asymptomatic apparently healthy adolescents, we Low Weak

suggest screening for substance use disorder using
standardized tools once a year
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Question 4: Should screening for depression be done among high-risk groups using standardized
instruments?
4.1. Among high-risk healthy asymptomatic adults, we Low Strong

recommend screening for depression* using:
● PHQ-9 for medical students, and healthcare workers
● CES-D among caregivers and ill adults
● GDS-15 among older person
*No consensus reached on frequency
Question 5: Should screening for anxiety and symptoms of anxiety disorder among the general population
be done using standardized instruments?
5.1 Among healthy asymptomatic adults, we recommend Moderate Strong

screening for anxiety and anxiety disorders using a standardized
instrument at least once a year.
Question 6: Should screening for depression among children and adolescents be done using standardized
instruments?
6.1 Among healthy asymptomatic children and adolescents (10- Low Strong
18 years old), we recommend screening for depression using
PHQ-9 twice a year.
Question 7: Should screening for symptoms of anxiety disorder among children and adolescents be done
using standardized instruments?
7.1 Among healthy asymptomatic adolescents (10-19 years old), Moderate Weak
we suggest screening for anxiety disorder using standardized
instruments twice a year.
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Question 8: Should screening for stress among the general population be done using standardized
instruments?
8.1. Among healthy asymptomatic adults, we suggest screening Low Strong

for stress using standardized stress scales once a year.
Question 9: Should screening for sleep disturbance/problems among the general population be done
using standardized instruments?
9.1. Among asymptomatic apparently healthy adults, we suggest Low Strong

screening for sleep disturbance/problems at least once a year.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Philippine Guidelines on Periodic Health Examination (PHEX) was first published in
2004.(1) It was a comprehensive appraisal and synthesis of evidence on screening
interventions committed to providing early prevention services among apparently healthy
Filipinos. It was a long-awaited publication and the first to offer evidence-based
recommendations for screening tests made possible through the concerted effort of
various medical and paramedical organizations composed of more than a hundred
experts, researchers, and stakeholders.(1) It was inspired by the Canadian and the US
Preventive Services Task Forces, but it was tailored to the Philippine setting.
Due to the evolving technology, scientific evidence, and health policies, there is a
pressing need to update this guideline. This 2021 Philippine Guidelines will support the
objectives stated in the Universal Health Care Act (2) that all Filipinos are given access
to quality and affordable medical services, including primary care benefits.
In the guideline development, evidence-based recommendations for the prioritized health

screening were formulated using the GRADE Evidence-to-Decision (EtD) framework.(4,
5) The EtD framework aims to facilitate the adaptation of recommendations and decisions
of experts and stakeholders based on specific contexts, essential health outcomes,
benefits, and harms while looking through the equity, applicability, and feasibility lenses.
The evidence collated to answer the research questions on screening tests are used in
formulating the recommendations. They can be classified into two: 1) screening for a risk
factor and 2) screening for early disease. Screening for the former is directed towards
determining the effective management of the condition as a risk factor, and screening for
the latter is focused on the performance of the tests that will be used to detect and
subsequently treat that early disease and prevent it from progressing.
Health screening also carries potential harm, for example, mislabeling the person as
being ill. It can pose a threat to the psychological, social, or physical well-being and even
to the individual's financial stability. Because of these probable adverse effects of
screening, criteria are set to determine if screening for a particular condition can be
beneficial and pragmatic. The voting panel members used these criteria (5) aligned with
the EtD framework: 1) burden of illness must be high, 2) screening tests must be accurate
enough, 3) early treatment must be more effective than late treatment, 4) confirmatory
tests and early management must be safe and available, and 5) costs of screening must
be proportional with the potential benefit.
Aside from the regulatory agencies and policymakers in the national government, the
target users of this guideline on screening strategies include primary care providers,
general physicians, specialists, training institutions, payors, patients, the general public,
and industry partners.
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References
1. Dans A, Morales D. Philippine Guidelines on Periodic Health Examination (PHEX): Effective
Screening for Diseases among Apparently Healthy Filipinos. Manila: The Publications Program;
2004.
2. Duque F, Villaverde M, Morales R. Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Universal Health
Care Act (Republic Act No. 11223). In: Health Do, editor.: PhilHealth.
3. PhilHealth. Circular No. 2020-0022: Implementing Guidelines for the PhilHealth Konsultasyong Sulit
at Tama (PhilHealth Konsulta) Package. In: Corporation PHI, editor. Pasig City: PhilHealth; 2020.
4. Alonso-Coello P, Schünemann H, Moberg J, Brignardello-Petersen R, Davoli M, Treweek S, et al.
GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: a systematic and transparent approach to making
well informed healthcare choices. 1: Introduction. BMJ. 2016;353:i2016.
5. Schunemann H, Wiercioch W, Brozek J, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, Mustafa R, Manja V. GRADE
Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks for adoption, adaptation, and de novo development of
trustworthy recommendations: GRADE-ADOLOPMENT. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017;81:101-10.
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2. SCOPE & PURPOSE
Screening for mental health and addiction disorders is a priority due to the rising
prevalence of these conditions. Screening for dementia in older adults (60 and above),
screening for depression in high-risk groups, screening for anxiety in adults, and
screening for substance use disorders in adults and adolescents are included in this CPG.
In addition, screening for depression and anxiety among children and adolescents are
also included. Screening for stress and sleep disturbances/problems as risk factors for
possible mental health or addiction disorders is also included.
General outcomes that were considered for the identified clinical questions included:
health-related quality of life, symptoms of the specific conditions, prevalence of the
specific conditions, hospital admissions, and remission rates
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3. GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY
3.1 Organization of the Process
Following the international standards, the DOH (1) outlined the guideline development
process into four phases: 1) preparation and prioritization, 2) CPG generation, 3) CPG
appraisal, and 4) implementation in the Manual for CPG Development.(1)
In the preparation and prioritization phase, the Steering Committee set the CPG
objectives, scope, target audience, and clinical questions. They consulted different
stakeholders in prioritizing and developing the guideline questions. They identified and
formed the working groups involved in creating the evidence base and finalizing the
recommendations for each clinical question included.
The evidence review experts (ERE) or the technical working group were tasked to review
existing CPGs, appraise and summarize the evidence, and draft the initial
recommendations. The evidence summaries were then presented to the consensus panel
members to finalize the recommendations.
The consensus panel comprised of multisectoral representatives tasked to review the

evidence summaries and develop recommendations during the en banc meeting. In the
meeting, they prioritized critical and important outcomes; discussed necessary
considerations revolving around the recommendations and voted on each
recommendation and its strength. They participated in a modified Delphi activity to decide
on recommendations that were not resolved during the en banc meeting.
3.2 Creation of the Evidence Summaries

The clinical questions were developed using the PICO (population, intervention,
comparator and outcome) format. The ERE searched and appraised international practice
guidelines related to periodic health screening, including but not limited to those of the
Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force,
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. If the CPG were of good quality and
done within 5 years (2016-2021), the evidence summaries of the CPG were adopted.
The results of the appraisal of existing CPGs and their evidence summaries determined
the need for a systematic search in electronic databases (MEDLINE via PubMed,
CENTRAL, Google Scholar) for the need to do de-novo systematic reviews and meta-
analysis for each question. All searches were done from May to Nov. of 2021. Details on
the time periods were discussed under the specific questions. Please see evidence
summaries in Appendices. Relevant local databases and websites of medical societies
were also utilized in the search. Keywords were based on PICO (MeSH and free text) set
for each question. The ERE also contacted authors of related articles to verify details and
identify other research studies for appraisal, if needed. Students from the Pamantasan
ng Lunsod ng Maynila (PLM) also assisted the evidence reviewers in the literature search
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(background research on prevalence, cost of tests and local programs) and review of
articles.
At least two reviewers worked on each PICO question. The search strategy and inclusion
criteria were based on the PICO question and are included in their respective evidence
summaries. Evidence reviewers appraised the directness, methodological validity,
results, and applicability of each relevant article included. RevMan, STATA, and
GRADEPro were used for the quantitative synthesis of important clinical outcomes for
each question. The ERE generated evidence summaries for each of the nine (9)
questions. Each evidence summary included evidence on the burden of the problem, and
diagnostic performance, benefits, harm, and social and economic impact of the screening
test/intervention. Evidence/information that will facilitate the decision (i.e. cost of
screening test, cost-effectiveness studies, qualitative studies) were also included in the
evidence summaries. The Quality of Evidence was assessed using the GRADE
approach.(2) See table 1.
Table 1. Basis for Assessing the Quality of the Evidence using GRADE Approach
Certainty of Evidence Interpretation
High We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect
Moderate We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to
the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different
Low Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially
different from the estimate of the effect
Very Low We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be
substantially different from the estimate of effect
Factors that lower quality of the evidence are:

● Risk of bias
● Important inconsistency of results
● Some uncertainty about directness
● High probability of reporting bias
● Sparse data/Imprecision
● Publication bias
Additional factors that may increase quality are:

● All plausible residual confounding, if present, would reduce the observed effect
● Evidence of a dose-response gradient
● Large effect
3.3 Composition of the CPG Panel

The Steering Committee convened the Consensus Panel (CP), considering possible
conflicts of interests of each panel member. To ensure fairness and transparency, the
composition was guided by the DOH manual.(1) Content experts and other key
stakeholders were invited to join the CP. The key stakeholders included policymakers,
patient advocates, allied medical practitioners, and physicians experts in the field of
mental health and addiction or substance abuse disorders. In the choice of CP, the task
force made sure that all stakeholders were part of the target population for the CPGs (See
PERIODIC HEALTH EXAMINATION TASK FORCE ON MENTAL HEALTH &
SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISORDERS 2021)
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3.4 Formulation of the Recommendations
Draft recommendations were formulated based on the quality of evidence, trade-offs
between benefit and harm, cost-effectiveness, applicability, feasibility, equity, resources
and uncertainty due to research gaps. Prior to the series of online consensus panel
meetings, the consensus panel received the draft recommendations together with
evidence summaries based on the EtD framework shown in Table 2. These
recommendations, together with the evidence summaries, were presented during the en
banc meeting.
Table 2.Detailed considerations based on the EtD framework (3)
1. Is the problem a priority?

2. How accurate is the test?
3. How substantial are the desirable anticipated effects?
4. How substantial are the undesirable anticipated effects?
5. What is the certainty of the evidence?
6. Is there important uncertainty about or variability in how much people value the main outcomes, including adverse
effects and burden of the test and downstream outcomes of clinical management guided by the test results?
7. Does the balance between desirable and undesirable effects favor the test or the comparison?
8. How large are the resource requirements (costs)?
9. What is the certainty of the evidence of resource requirements (costs)?
10. Does the cost-effectiveness of the test favor the test or the comparison?
11. What would be the impact on health equity?
12. Is the test acceptable to key stakeholders?
13. Is the test feasible to implement?
The strength of each recommendation (i.e., strong or weak) was determined by the panel
considering all the factors mentioned above. Strong recommendation means that the
panel is “confident that the desirable effects of adherence to a recommendation outweigh
the undesirable effects” while weak recommendation means that the “desirable effects of
adherence to a recommendation probably outweigh the undesirable effect but is not
confident.”(4)
The recommendation for each question and its strength was determined through voting.
A consensus decision was reached if 75% of all CP members agreed.(2) If consensus
was not reached in the first voting, questions, and discussions were encouraged. Two
further rounds of voting on an issue were conducted. Evidence-based draft
recommendations were also revised based on input arrived at by consensus in the en
banc discussions.
3.5 Managing Conflicts of Interest

The Central Executive Committee convened an Oversight Committee (OC) whose task
was to thoroughly review the declaration of conflict of interest (DCOI) of each of the Task
Force members particularly the Consensus Panelists (CP) and make recommendations
on how to manage the COI. For TF members with potential significant COIs, the member
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of OC conducted additional investigations with due diligence to ensure the integrity of the
CPG process and the final recommendations.
All task force members submitted a DCOI and their curriculum vitae (CV) prior to the
initiation of guideline development process. The disclosure included a 4-year period of
personal potential intellectual and/or financial conflicts of interest (COI).
Management of the COI of the Consensus Panel, Technical Coordinators, and Task
Force Steering Committees were deliberated and decided by the OC, using the pre-
agreed criteria. A full description of the methods can be found in the Final Technical
report.
Those with significant potential COI based on the decision of the Oversight Committee
were not allowed to vote during the en banc meeting but fully participated in the panel
discussions. See Conflict of Interest Declaration.
3.6 External Review Process

The CPGs were reviewed by independent stakeholders, who were not members of the
Task Force. They were also presented to relevant societies for their comments and
suggestions. The external reviewers agreed with all the Task Force’s recommendations
except for the screening for substance use disorders using standardized tools due to
concerns on feasibility of using the screening tool, definition, privacy, and stigma on drug
use. See the detailed methods and results of the External Review at the end of the
document.
3.7 Planning for Dissemination and Implementation

All recommendations and evidence summaries will be posted in a web-based and mobile
app. The SC discussed with relevant stakeholders such as DOH and PhilHealth to
prepare a dissemination plan that will actively promote the adoption of this guideline with
strategies for copyrights. Suggestions ranged from making guidelines available on
websites, press conferences, social media sites, professional society conventions, and
journal publications.
References
1. DOH, PHIC. Manual for Clinical Practice Guideline Development 2018.
2. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y,
Meerpohl J, Norris S, Guyatt GH. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin
Epidemiol. 2011 Apr;64(4):401-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015. Epub 2011 Jan 5. PMID:
21208779.
3. Schunemann H, Wiercioch W, Brozek J, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, Mustafa R, Manja V. GRADE
Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks for adoption, adaptation, and de novo development of
trustworthy recommendations: GRADE-ADOLOPMENT. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017;81:101-10.
4. Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Kunz, R., Falck-Ytter, Y., Vist, G. E., Liberati, A., Schünemann, H. J., &
GRADE Working Group (2008). Going from evidence to recommendations. BMJ (Clinical research
ed.), 336(7652), 1049–1051. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39493.646875.AE
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4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PANEL DISCUSSION
4.1 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Dementia

RECOMMENDATION
Among asymptomatic healthy adults aged 60 years and above, we suggest against
screening for dementia. (Very low certainty of evidence; Weak recommendation)
Considerations
The consensus panel considered the following when formulating this recommendation:
● Main considerations for recommending against screening for dementia was mainly
due to the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of screening.
● The potential harm of a false positive result may cause significant distress on the
patient and their family.
● The benefits placed on the outcomes that were rated as critical are not large
enough.
● Screening may not be beneficial for most Filipinos since most memory clinics are
concentrated in NCR, leaving uncertainty on what to do next for those patients who
test positive residing in rural areas or in areas where treatment may not be
available.
● Although there are screening tools that are already available, validated, and even
translated, the administration of these tools in the primary care setting may not be
feasible.
● Prevention and wellness programs may be more cost effective than mass
screening.
● Some members of the panel believe that screening should be done due the rising
prevalence of dementia and that early detection leads to early intervention, which
may have better outcomes and an improved quality of life for the patient and their
family. Early detection also facilitates preparation for the patient, their family, and
their community. In addition, the potential harms of screening may be mitigated by
referral to the appropriate specialists and facilities.
4.1.1 Burden of Dementia

Dementia was the fifth leading cause of death globally in 2016, with over 359,689
recorded cases in the Philippines and 14,942 dementia-related deaths.(1) In two local
studies, dementia was diagnosed in 9.1-10.6% of the respondents with a quarter (23.2%)
of the sample population in Marikina identified to have mild cognitive impairment or
MCI.(2,3) Risk factors for dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (85.5%), and vascular dementia
(11.7%) include increased age, fewer years of education, history of depression, alcohol
abuse, and dyslipidemia.(4) As of writing, people with dementia were shown to be at 2x
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increased risk for COVID-19 after adjusting for demographics and risk factors with higher
mortality and hospitalization risk.(5) Symptom-mediating medications such as
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine have not proven to reverse or stop the
progression of dementia. The most recently approved drug by the US FDA, aducanumab,
may have a clinical benefit as it targets pathologic amyloid beta plaques in patients with
Alzheimer’s disease (6) however, trials had conflicting outcomes.(7) Hence, public health
approaches are geared towards prevention by managing risk factors and providing
screening tools at the community level.(8)
4.1.2 Benefits and Harms of Screening Tests

Only one single-blinded randomized controlled trial (IU CHOICE) analyzed the risks and
benefits of screening for dementia in an Indiana primary care setting.(9) Asymptomatic
community-dwelling patients aged 65 years and above were randomized to either no
screening (N = 1,997) or Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) screening
(N = 2,008) with the Memory Impairment Screen and/or Mini-Cog (see Appendix 1 for
GRADE Evidence Profile). If positive for either screening tool, patients were referred to a
local memory care program.
Health-related Quality of Life (1 randomized trial, N = 1,969; LOW certainty of

evidence, CRITICAL)
The health-related quality of life after 12 months of those screened and not screened for
dementia both had a mean score of 0.68, with a mean difference of 0.002 (95% CI –0.017
to 0.021; p = 0.81).
All-cause Mortality (1 randomized trial, N = 3,416; MODERATE certainty of

evidence, IMPORTANT)
All-cause mortality was assessed within 12 months. Those screened were less likely to
have mortality, although this was insignificant between the two groups (RR 0.83, 95% CI
0.46-1.47).
Hospital Admissions (1 randomized trial, N = 3,416; LOW certainty of evidence,

IMPORTANT)
For hospital admissions, there was no significant difference between the groups (RR 0.99,
95% CI 0.87-1.13).
Depressive Symptoms (1 randomized trial, N = 2,018; LOW certainty of evidence,

IMPORTANT)
For depressive symptoms after 1 month, mean scores between the screened and
unscreened groups were within the pre-specified equivalence interval (MD −0.23, 95% CI
−0.42 to −0.04). This indicates that effects were not statistically meaningful.
20
Anxiety Symptoms (1 randomized trial, N = 2,019; VERY LOW certainty of evidence,
IMPORTANT)
Likewise, anxiety symptom mean scores were also within the equivalence interval (MD
−0.087, 95% CI −0.246 to 0.072).
Advanced Directives (1 randomized trial, N = 2,000, VERY LOW certainty of

evidence, IMPORTANT)
Advanced directives include advanced care planning, power of attorney for health care
and/or financial affairs, living will, and insurance policies. It was found that those who
were screened were likely to perform advanced directives, but were also not statistically
significant (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.97-1.1).
4.1.3 Diagnostic Performance of Screening Tests

Screening tests discussed below include the tools utilized in the IU CHOICE trial above
(MIS and Mini-cog) as well as common tests used in the local setting (MMSE, MoCA,
AD8, CDT).
Diagnostic Performance of Memory Impairment Screen in diagnosing dementia (5

studies, N = 2,477; VERY LOW certainty of evidence) (10-14)
For MIS, 5 studies with a cut-off ≤4 and <5 had a pooled sensitivity of 0.76 (0.63-0.86)
and a pooled specificity of 0.94 (0.89-0.96). The studies involved populations aged 65
years and above, all of which were from the United States and utilized the DSM III-R and
DSM IV as the reference standard (see Appendix I-B for GRADE Evidence Profile).
Diagnostic Performance of Mini-cog in diagnosing dementia (6 studies, N = 3,490,

VERY LOW certainty of evidence) (15-20)
For Mini-cog, 6 studies with varying cut-offs (≤1, ≤2, ≤3) had a pooled sensitivity of 0.90
(0.72-0.97) and a pooled specificity of 0.83 (0.58-0.94). Cross-sectional studies involved
populations aged 65 years old and older from community and primary care settings with
majority including Caucasian subjects, while 2 studies were comprised of ethnic minorities
residing in the United States.(15,17) Reference tests include DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, and
CDR. The largest study (20) had a skewed specificity (Sp 0.20, 0.14-0.26) due to the
methodology of the research. They initially included only veterans who screened positive
21
on the Mini-cog tool but later on added data from patients who screened negative but
requested further dementia assessment (see Appendix I-B for GRADE Evidence Profile).
Diagnostic Performance of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in diagnosing

dementia (6 studies, N = 4,387, LOW certainty of evidence) (21-26)
For MMSE, 6 studies with a cut-off ≤23 or ≤24 had a pooled sensitivity of 0.87 (0.80-0.92)
and a pooled specificity of 0.87 (0.74-0.94). The studies involved populations aged 50
years and above, mostly from longitudinal community studies and primary care settings.
All the included studies utilized the DSM IV as the reference standard (see Appendix I-B
for GRADE Evidence Profile).
Diagnostic Performance of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in diagnosing

dementia (7 studies, N = 10,097; VERY LOW certainty of evidence) (27-33)
For MoCA, 7 studies with varying cut-offs (≤16, ≤20, ≤22, ≤23.5, ≤25) had a pooled
sensitivity of 0.91 (0.80-0.96) and pooled specificity of 0.77 (0.63-0.87). Cross-sectional
studies involved populations aged 60 years old and above from community and primary
care settings with the majority being Asian subjects. Studies utilized DSM-IV, CERAD,
NINCDS-ADRDA, and CDR as reference tests (see Appendix I-B for GRADE Evidence
Profile).
Diagnostic Performance of the Eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging

and Dementia (AD-8) in diagnosing dementia (5 studies, N = 13,365; LOW certainty
of evidence) (34-38)
For AD-8, 5 studies with varying cut-offs (≥2, ≥3) had a pooled sensitivity of 0.89 (0.86-
0.91) and pooled specificity of 0.79 (0.70-0.86). Cross-sectional studies involved
populations aged 60 years old and above from community and primary care settings with
the majority being Asian subjects. Studies utilized DSM-IV and NIA-AA as reference tests
(see Appendix I-B for GRADE Evidence Profile).
Diagnostic Performance of the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) in diagnosing dementia

(4 studies, N = 1,799; LOW certainty of evidence) (39-42)
For CDT, 4 studies with varied scoring methods (Sunderland, Freedman, and Normal
patterns) had a pooled sensitivity of 0.87 (0.72 to 0.95) and pooled specificity of 0.86
22
(0.79-0.91). Cross-sectional studies involved mostly Caucasians aged 60 years old and
above from community and primary care settings including 1 study with patients from a
geriatric OPD. Studies utilized DSM-III, DSM-IV, NINCDS-ADRDA, and a
neuropsychiatric assessment as reference tests (see Appendix I-B for GRADE Evidence
Profile).
A summary table comparing the different screening tests can be found in Appendix I-E.
After screening, a diagnosis of dementia is confirmed by clinical evaluation, a thorough

medical history, physical examination, and cognitive testing as supported by laboratory
assessment and imaging modalities to rule out reversible causes of cognitive decline.
Once a diagnosis is made based on criteria (DSM, NIA-AA, CDR, etc.), medications such
as memantine (10mg tab costs Php 40-140), donepezil (10mg tab costs Php 70-170),
rivastigmine (4.6mg patch costs Php 110), or ginkgo biloba EGb 761 (120mg tab costs
Php 115) (43) are taken regularly, indefinitely. These medications commonly have side
effects aside from the small benefit they provide.(44) Non-pharmacologic interventions
(cognitive stimulation, rehabilitation, exercise) are usually favored in randomized trials but
the magnitude of effects was inconsistent across studies with wide confidence intervals.
Caregiver and caregiver-patient dyad interventions to curb caregiver burden and
depression are consistently beneficial across studies but effect sizes were small with
unclear long-term significance.(44)
4.1.4 Cost Implication

There are only eight (8) accredited memory clinics in the Philippines (45), with memory
test rates ranging from a discounted rate of Php 14,459.20 to an undiscounted rate of
Php 17,700 (46) listed below in Table 1.
Table 1. Service Rates in a Memory Clinic in the Philippines in Php

Discounted
Service Undiscounted
(Senior citizen card)
Memory Test 16,000 13,000
Neurologist fee 1,700 1,459.20
Total 17,700 14,459.20
PhilHealth also provides coverage for dementia-related conditions, which include case
rate reimbursements (contains diagnostic costs) (47), ranging from Php 7,800 to as much
as Php 22,200 (48) (see Appendix I-F).
Additionally, the IU CHOICE study noted that patients who screened positively and
proceeded to receive collaborative care had significantly decreased hospital admissions
as compared to those who were not screened but had evidence of cognitive impairment
(data was not shown).(9) The same Indiana clinic had previous data that illustrated how
a dementia collaborative care model implemented at their local memory clinic generated
an annual net cost savings of up to $2,856 per patient.(49)
23
4.1.5 Equity, Acceptability, and Feasibility
An Asian study on community dwelling older adults showed that less than half (41%) were
willing to undergo regular dementia screening.(50) The most prominent reasons were
“bothersome to visit clinic” and “do not know which doctors can be consulted.” Another
study showed that most (92.7%) had a positive experience with screening, but those
whose results indicated cognitive deficits on MoCA were less likely to share the results
with their families (48.9% vs. 68.6%; p = 0.007).(51) Only a third (32%) shared screening
results with their healthcare provider (HCP); of this, only 51% reported their HCP seemed
interested but did not follow-up.(50)
From those who were screened, less than half (49%) reported that they did behavioral
changes, including diet, exercise, social engagement, cognitive stimulation, and
advanced care planning.(50) Of those who did not change, their reasons include: no need
for change (37.4%), things got in the way (26.4%), planning to change in the future
(13.2%), and not interested (12.1%).
There was also fear of Alzheimer’s disease and other related dementias among
community dwelling older adults that stems from its impact on memory loss, dreadfulness
and uncertainty, stress to family, and stigma.(52) A study on community stakeholders
found that willingness of a community for cognitive screening depends on the level of trust
they have on the proponents and the level of understanding on the condition.(53) The
people who perform the screening must be either from the community or engaged in the
community for an extended period of time to better understand the condition.
4.1.6 Recommendations from Other Groups

Table 2. Summary of Recommendations from Other Groups
Regulatory Agency Recommendation
US Preventive Services Task Although screening tools can adequately detect cognitive
Force (2020) (44) impairment, there is no empirical evidence that screening for
such improves patient or caregiver outcomes nor causes harm.
None of the treatment trials cited were linked with a screening
program as recruited patients were at least diagnosed with mild
cognitive impairment. Interventions, both pharmacologic and
nonpharmacologic, were seen to have little benefit and uncertain
clinical importance.
Canadian Task Force on

Preventive Health Care (2016)
(54) Do not recommend screening asymptomatic older adults (≥65
years old) for cognitive impairment.
Australian Clinical Practice
Guidelines (2016) (55)
National Institute for Health and Recommends an initial assessment and history from the patient
Care Excellence (2018) (56) and someone who knows the person well if dementia is
24
suspected and should not be dismissed as “a part of ageing.”
The guidelines list validated cognitive instruments that can be
utilized in the primary care setting as well as when to refer to a
specialist (i.e., dementia is still suspected despite addressing
reversible causes and if symptoms are rapidly progressive).
The WHO published a toolkit for community workers in low- and middle-income countries
as part of their Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) to guide community-
based management and care of people with dementia.(8) This document illustrates a
flowchart for the early detection of dementia through basic a screening question (“Have
you noticed a change in memory, behavior, or function in the last year?”), a checklist for
identifying people at risk if the answer is “yes” to the screening question, and the 8-item
informant interview if the person answers “no” (see Appendix I-G).
25
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population-based sample. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Oct;51(10):1451-4.
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21. Brodaty H, Pond D, Kemp NM, Luscombe G, Harding L, Berman K, et al. The GPCOG: A New
Screening Test for Dementia Designed for General Practice. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002 Mar;50(3):530–4.
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Examination for Identifying Dementia in the Oldest-Old: The 90+ Study: SENSITIVITY AND
SPECIFICITY OF MMSE IN THOSE AGED 90 AND OLDER. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 Feb;55(2):284–9.
23.Ramlall S, Chipps J, Bhigjee AI, Pillay BJ. The Sensitivity and Specificity of Subjective Memory
Complaints and the Subjective Memory Rating Scale, Deterioration Cognitive Observee, Mini-Mental
State Examination, Six-Item Screener and Clock Drawing Test in Dementia Screening. Dement Geriatr
Cogn Disord. 2013;36(1–2):119–35.
24. Ranson JM, Kuźma E, Hamilton W, Muniz-Terrera G, Langa KM, Llewellyn DJ. Predictors of dementia
misclassification when using brief cognitive assessments. Neurol Clin Pract. 2019 Apr;9(2):109–17.
25. Stein J, Luppa M, Kaduszkiewicz H, Eisele M, Weyerer S, Werle J, et al. Is the Short Form of the Mini-
Mental State Examination (MMSE) a better screening instrument for dementia in older primary care
patients than the original MMSE? Results of the German study on ageing, cognition, and dementia in
primary care patients (AgeCoDe). Psychological Assessment. 2015 Sep;27(3):895–904.
26. Waite LM, Broe GA, Casey B, Bennett HP, Jorm AF, Creasey H, et al. Screening for Dementia Using
an Informant Interview. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition. 1998 Sep;5(3):194–202.
27. Markwick A, Zamboni G, de Jager CA. Profiles of cognitive subtest impairment in the Montreal
Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in a research cohort with normal Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
scores. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2012 Apr 3;34(7):750-7.
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Neurology. 2011 Dec;24(4):184-90.
29. Lee JY, Lee DW, Cho SJ, Na DL, Jeon HJ, Kim SK, et al. Brief screening for mild cognitive impairment
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30. Chan QL, Xu X, Shaik MA, Chong SS, Hui RJ, Chen, CL, et al. Clinical utility of the informant AD8 as a
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31. Dominguez J, Soriano J, Magpantay C, Orquiza M, Solis W, Reandelar Jr. M, Joson M. Early Detection
of Mild Alzheimer’s Disease in Filipino Elderly: Validation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-
Philippines (MoCA-P). Advances in Alzheimer's Disease. 2014 Dec;3(4):160-7.
32. Kasai M, Nakamura K, Kato Y, Nakai M, Nakatsuka M, Ishikawa H, et al. A community-based study of
the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in Japan: The Kurihara project. In: Conference: Alzheimer's
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20110721. 2011.
33. Hsu JL, Fan YC, Huang YL, Wang J, Chen WH, Chiu HC, et al. Improved predictive ability of the
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34. Correia CC, Lima F, Junqueira F, Campos MS, Bastos O, Petribu K, et al. AD8-Brazil: Cross-cultural
validation of the Ascertaining Dementia Interview in Portuguese. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
2011;27(1):177–85.
35. Chan QL, Xu X, Shaik MA, Chong SS, Hui RJ, Chen, CL, et al. Clinical utility of the informant AD8 as a
dementia case finding instrument in primary healthcare. J Alzheimers Dis Rep. 2016;49(1):121-7.
36. Yang L, Yan J, Jin X, Jin Y, Yu W, Xu S, et al. Screening for dementia in older adults: comparison of
Mini-Mental State Examination, Mini-Cog, Clock Drawing Test and AD8. PLOS One 2016 Dec
22;12(11):e0168949.
37. Meguro K, Kasai M, Nakamura K. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the AD8. Nihon
Ronen Igakkai zasshi [Japanese Journal of Geriatrics]. 2015;52(1):61–70.
38. Mao HF, Chang LH, Tsai AY, Huang WN, Tang LY, Lee HJ, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of Instrumental
Activities of Daily Living for dementia in community-dwelling older adults. Age Ageing. 2018 Jul
1;47(4):551-7.
27
39. Del Ser T, Sanchez-Sanchez F, Garcia de Yebenes MJ, Otero A, Munoz DG. Validation of the seven-
minute screen neurocognitive battery for the diagnosis of dementia in a Spanish population-based
sample. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;22(5-6):454-64.
40. Fuchs A, Wiese B, Altiner A, Wollny A, Pentzek M. Cued Recall and Other Cognitive Tasks to Facilitate
Dementia Recognition in Primary Care. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 Jan;60(1):130-5.
41. Kirby M, Denihan A, Bruce I, Coakley D, Lawlor BA. The clock drawing test in primary care: sensitivity
in dementia detection and specificity against normal and depressed elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry.
2001 Oct;16(10):935-40.
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44. Patnode CD, Perdue LA, Rossom RC, Rushkin MC, Redmond N, Thomas RG, et al. Screening for
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IV. Cost Implication

45. Dementia Society of the Philippines. Accredited Memory Clinics. 2021.
46. St. Luke’s Medical Center Memory Clinic. Memory Assessment Price list with Neurologist Fee. 2021.
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Policy No. 1. Philippine Health Insurance Corporation; 2013.
48. Philippine Health Insurance Corporation. List of Medical Case Rates (Updated February 2017)
[Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://www.philhealth.gov.ph/circulars/2017/annexes/0019/AnnexA-
MedicalCaseRates.pdf
49. French DD, LaMantia MA, Livin LR, Herceg D, Alder CA, Boustani MA. Healthy Aging Brain Center
improved care coordination and produced net savings. Health Aff (Millwood). 2014 Apr;33(4):613-8.
doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1221. PMID: 24711322.
V. Equity, Acceptability, and Feasibility

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4;17(21):8134.
51. Galvin JE, Tolea MI, Chrisphonte S. What older adults do with the results of dementia screening
programs. Ginsberg SD, editor. PLoS ONE. 2020 Jul 1;15(7):e0235534.
52. Gao MX, Gao MX, Guo L, Sun F, Zhang A. Perceived threat of Alzheimer’s disease and related
dementias in Chinese older adults: The role of knowledge and perceived stigma. Int J Geriatr
Psychiatry. 2020 Feb;35(2):223–9.
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Aging & Mental Health. 2019 Dec 2;23(12):1616–28.
VI. Recommendations from Other Groups

54. Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care, Pottie K, Rahal R, Jaramillo A, Birtwhistle R,
Thombs BD, Singh H, Gorber SC, Dunfield L, Shane A, Bacchus M, Bell N, Tonelli M.
Recommendations on screening for cognitive impairment in older adults. CMAJ. 2016 Jan
5;188(1):37-46. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.141165. Epub 2015 Nov 30. PMID: 26622001; PMCID:
PMC4695353.
55. Dyer SM, Laver K, Pond CD, Cumming RG, Whitehead C, Crotty M. Clinical practice guidelines and
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56. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Dementia: Assessment, management and
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Excellence (UK); 2018 Jun. PMID: 30011160.
28
4.2 Standardized Drug Tests in Screening for Substance Use
Disorders
RECOMMENDATION
Among the general adult population, we recommend against screening for substance
use disorders using standardized drug tests. (Low certainty of evidence; Strong
recommendation)
Considerations
● Recommended against the use of standardized drug tests for screening of
substance use disorders due to the poor evidence and questionable accuracy of
these tests.
● Most of the evidence presented were mainly on cannabis use.
● Social impact of drug testing, risk for stigmatization, and possible unemployment
for those that may test positive.
● The harm of screening with these drug tests outweigh the benefits.
● Although the panel recognizes that substance use disorders are a priority and that
early intervention can prevent escalation into a full blown drug disorder,
standardized drug testing (urine or blood) may not be cost-effective and readily
acceptable.
● The benefits of screening may help in promoting the medicalization rather than
criminalization of drug use with the use of alternative methods aside from
standardized drug tests.
4.2.1 Burden of Substance Use Disorders

Worldwide, mental and substance use disorders (SUD) account for 7.4% of all disability
adjusted life years and contributed to 0.5% of the years of life lost to premature
mortality.(1) These disorders accounted for up to 22.9% of all causes for years lived with
disability.(1)
In the Philippines, around 1.67 million Filipinos, aged 10 to 69 years, are current users of
drugs, which equates to a prevalence rate of 2.05%.(2) Cannabis is the most commonly
abused substance (57%), followed by methamphetamine hydrochloride (35%).(2) Not all
persons who use drugs have a SUD. Those who do have a disorder, established after a
more definitive assessment, often get referred to an inpatient rehabilitation program. The
majority of those admitted into facilities are abusers of methamphetamine (93.72%),
followed by marijuana (22.59%), with a small percent of contact cement or Rugby users
(0.73%).(3) Most cases are mono drug users.
Immediate effects may cause physiologic derangement and psychosis. With excessive
intake, abusers may suffer an overdose, and possible death.(4) Persons with substance
29
use problems also have higher rates of risk taking behavior, which leads to driving
accidents, increased rates of sexually transmitted diseases, as well as increased risk
transmitting blood-borne disease due to needle sharing. Other medical problems add to
the burden, with higher risk for heart disease, stroke, and liver problems.(4)
Once misuse or abuse is identified, counselling interventions are done to prevent further
use and screening for SUD may be done. If a disorder is identified, treatment may begin,
usually in the form of a rehabilitation program, which may be done in the outpatient, or
inpatient setting. Treatment consists mainly of psychosocial interventions, with the
inclusion of select pharmacologic interventions, depending on the substance abused.(5)

Benefits and Harm of Screening
Currently, there is no evidence that directly evaluates the impact of screening on health
outcomes for SUDs. In addition, no studies are available that determine the potential harm
of screening interventions.
Benefits and Harm of Treatment

The primary treatment for substance use disorders is psychosocial interventions.
Pharmacologic interventions may play a role in treatment. However, most pharmacologic
interventions are experimental in nature, and the only category of substance abuse with
effective pharmacologic therapies is opioid addiction.(6) Currently, there is no FDA
approved drug specific for the treatment of illicit drug use disorders in the Philippines.
For methamphetamine abusers, there is evidence that psychosocial interventions may

improve outcomes, when added to treatment as usual. A systematic review by Monozzi
et al., (7) showed that psychosocial interventions may increase the longest period of
abstinence, as well as potentially increasing the number of individuals who sustain
abstinence at the end of a treatment period. The inclusion of psychosocial interventions
may also promote adherence to a management plan. However, the evidence also shows
that these benefits may not be sustained for the longest follow-up after the end of
treatment. From the studies included, there were no reports on adverse events resulting
from psychosocial interventions.(7) (See Appendix II-B for Evidence Summary Table)
A review of psychosocial interventions for cannabis use disorders by Gates et al., (8)
showed that the use of a psychosocial intervention, in addition to standard treatment, was
shown to potentially reduce the frequency of use and severity of dependence, in the short
term. Effects were not maintained in the long term upon follow-up months after the end
of treatment. The most supported approach was a combination of motivational
enhancement therapy (MET), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and abstinence-based
incentives.(8) There was no report of any adverse events resulting from the interventions.
(See Appendix II-B for Evidence Summary Table)
30
Currently, there are no studies that determine the accuracy of laboratory drug testing in
diagnosing substance use disorders.
Test performance of laboratory drug tests is usually evaluated in the context of accurately
detecting recent substance use.(9) The most common specimen for testing is urine.(10)
Initially, a screening test is done, with a predetermined threshold for detection of a
substance or metabolite. The initial screen is an immunoassay, with results that are
qualitative in nature (may be positive or negative for the substance of interest). Positive
screens are then sent for confirmatory testing to quantify the amount of substance by
means of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry.(10)

Table 1. Cost of Urine Drug Tests
Test Cost
Urine Drug Test

Php 250-300 (11)
Screening Test: Immunoassay
Urine Drug Test
Confirmatory Test: Gas Php 1,000 (12)

Chromatography-Mass
Spectrometry
Table 2. Cost of Treatment

Treatment Cost
Medical detoxification:
Mandatory Services
Screening Physical examination
Mental status examination
Neurological examination Php 10,000

Urine qualitative or quantitative test for PhilHealth Package (13)
methamphetamine or amphetamine type
stimulants
Alanine aminotransferase(ALT) (baseline)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (baseline)
Complete blood count
Fasting blood sugar or random blood sugar
31
Urine pH
Serum Na, K, Cl
Creatinine
BUN
CPK-MM or (CK total- CK MB)
ECG
Chest x-ray
Medicines
D 5 0.9 NaCI (adult) OR D5 0.3 NaCI (pedia)
As indicated only:
Activated charcoal
Sodium sulfate
Vitamin B complex
Benzodiazepine
Antipsychotic medicines
DS0-50
Acidification therapy vith ascorbic acid
Admission into Residential Rehabilitation Facility Government Institutions -

(Monthly rate) Free
Private Institutions:
Variable: Php 50,000 -
100,000

Attitudes toward drug testing may vary depending on the population examined, the
rationale for testing, and the possible consequences of a positive result. In school
settings, parents generally favor drug testing for students.(14) However, students may
have their reservations toward testing, with some believing it to be an invasion of
privacy.(15) In maternal care settings, most women surveyed would support the
requirement of universal drug testing during pregnancy.(16) Some claimed they would be
offended at being asked about drug use, with others claiming that it could also discourage
prenatal care attendance.(16) In a survey of workers in manufacturing, the most favorable
32
conditions for testing would be tests that are scheduled and done in a setting where a
positive result would warrant a health care referral, rather than termination of
employment.(17) There is no literature that examines attitudes toward drug testing in the
local context.

Regulatory Strength of recommendation and
Recommendation
Agency certainty of Evidence
Adults: USPSTF recommends screening by asking

questions about unhealthy drug use in adults age 18 Adults: Moderate certainty that
years or older. Screening should be implemented when screening by asking questions
services for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, about unhealthy drug use in adults
and appropriate care can be offered or referred has a moderate net benefit.
(screening refers to asking questions about unhealthy
drug use, not testing biological specimens). [GRADE B]
*Unhealthy drug use includes using illegal drugs, such

United States
as heroin, or using a prescription drug in ways that are
Preventive
not recommended by a doctor, such as to “get high” or
Services Task
affect someone’s mood or way of thinking.
Force (18)
Adolescents: Due to the lack of
evidence, the USPSTF concludes
Adolescents: USPSTF concludes that the current that the benefits and harms of
evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of screening for any type of unhealthy
benefits and harms of screening for unhealthy drug use drug use in adolescents are
in adolescents. uncertain and that the balance of
benefits and harms cannot be
determined. [GRADE I]
NICE recommends routinely asking adults and young

people with known or suspected psychosis about their
use of alcohol and/or prescribed and non-prescribed
(including illicit) drugs.
Biological or physical tests for substance use (such as

National Institute
blood and urine tests or hair analysis) may be useful in
for Health and
the assessment, treatment and management of None stated
Care Excellence
substance misuse for adults and young people with
(19)
psychosis. However, this should be agreed with the
person first as a part of their care plan.
Recommends against the use of biological or physical

tests in routine screening for substance misuse in
adults and young people with psychosis.
33
The AAP recommends screening for alcohol and other
drug use at adolescent health supervision visits and
appropriate acute-care visits.
The American
Academy of Testing for evidence of drug use can be particularly None stated
Pediatrics (20) helpful for monitoring compliance with SUD treatment
and in cases of acute intoxication where identification
of specific substances guides acute medical
management. It is not a routine part of substance use
screening and is not necessary to initiate substance
use treatment; a thorough history is most important.
All patients should be routinely asked about their use of

American College
alcohol, nicotine products, and drugs, including
of Obstetrics and None stated
prescription opioids and other medications used for
Gynecology (21)
non-medical reasons.
A positive test result for illicit drugs or nonprescribed

licit medications does not necessarily mean that the
U.S. Department
patient has an SUD; it means that the SUD may exist
Of Health And
and the patient needs further screening to rule out an
Human Services:
SUD or determine whether an SUD assessment is
Substance Abuse
needed. The practitioner can do brief office-based None stated
And Mental Health
screening, using the test result to start a discussion.
Services
The practitioner can also use a screening instrument;
Administration
the simplest and quickest screening instrument is
(10)
CAGE-AID (Exhibit 4-2). CAGE-AID is a tool that has
been tested with primary care patients.
Laboratory analysis of blood and urine samples can

Diagnostic and help determine recent use and the specific substances
Statistical Manual involved. However, a positive laboratory test result
Note: Document is not a guideline,
of Mental does not by itself indicate that the individual has a
but the primary reference for
Disorders, 5th pattern of substance use that meets criteria for a
diagnosing mental health disorders
Edition (DSM-V) substance-induced or substance use disorder, and a
(22) negative test result does not by itself rule out a
diagnosis.
34
References
I. Burden of Substance Use Disorders

1. Whiteford HA, Degenhardt L, Rehm J, Baxter AJ, Ferrari AJ, Erskine HE, Charlson FJ, Norman RE,
Flaxman AD, Johns N, Burstein R, Murray CJL, Vos T. Global burden of disease attributable to
mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The
Lancet. 2013 Nov 9; 382:1575-1586. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61611-6.
2. Dangerous Drugs Board Statistics on Drug use Year 2019, https://www.ddb.gov.ph/newsroom/511-
2019-drug-survey-shows-drug-use-prevalence-rate-falls-to-2-05
3. Dangerous Drugs Board Statistics on Rehabilitation Center Admissions Year 2019,
https://www.ddb.gov.ph/45-research-and-statistics
4. Khalsa JH, Treisman G, McCance-Katz E, Tedaldi E. Medical consequences of drug abuse and co-
occurring infections: research at the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Subst Abus. 2008;29(3):5-16.
doi:10.1080/08897070802218661
5. Herbert D. Kleber, M.D., Chair Roger D. Weiss, M.D., Vice-Chair Raymond F. Anton Jr., M.D.,
Practice guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Substance Use Disorders Second Edition 2006
American Psychiatric Association
6. Douaihy AB, Kelly TM, Sullivan C. Medications for substance use disorders. Soc Work Public Health.
2013;28(3-4):264-278. doi:10.1080/19371918.2013.759031

7. Minozzi S, Saulle R, De Crescenzo F, Amato L. Psychosocial interventions for psychostimulant
misuse. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD011866. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD011866.pub2. Accessed 23 August 2021.
8. Gates PJ, Sabioni P, Copeland J, Le Foll B, Gowing L. Psychosocial interventions for cannabis
use disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD005336. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD005336.pub4. Accessed 23 August 2021.

9. Jarvis M, Williams J, Hurford M, Lindsay D, Lincoln P, Giles L, Luongo P, Safarian T. Appropriate Use
of Drug Testing in Clinical Addiction Medicine. J Addict Med. 2017 May/Jun;11(3):163-173. doi:
10.1097/ADM.0000000000000323. PMID: 28557958.
10. U. S. Department Of Health And Human Services. Clinical drug testing in primary care (tap 32).
[Online Publication]: Lulu Com; 2013.

11. Board Regulation No. 9 Series Of 2007 Amending Board Regulation No. 1, Series Of 2004, Entitled
“Prescribing Drug Test Fee For Government-Owned And Private Drug Testing Laboratories
Accredited By The Department Of Health”
12. Board Regulation No. 3, Series of 2004, Pursuant to Section 81 (b), Art. IX of RA 9165, otherwise
known as the “Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002”
13. Philhealth Circular No. 2017-0018 Accreditation of Medical Detoxification Providers. 2017
https://www.philhealth.gov.ph/circulars/2017/circ2017-0018.pdf

14. Sweeney EN, Glassman T, Dake JA, Telljohann SK, Beekley C. Parent Perceptions regarding High
School Drug Testing. Subst Use Misuse. 2020;55(14):2357-2363. doi:
10.1080/10826084.2020.1817081. Epub 2020 Sep 10. PMID: 32909477.
15. Russell BL, Jennings B, Classey S. Adolescent attitudes toward random drug testing in schools. J
Drug Educ. 2005;35(3):167-84. doi: 10.2190/8GEA-60JH-5PPV-Q9WL. PMID: 16871734.
16. Tucker Edmonds B, Mckenzie F, Austgen MB, Carroll AE, Meslin EM. Women's opinions of legal
requirements for drug testing in prenatal care. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017 Jul;30(14):1693-
1698. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1222369. Epub 2016 Sep 8. PMID: 27609460.
35
17. Stone, D. L., & Kotch, D. A. (1989). Individuals' attitudes toward organizational drug testing policies
and practices. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(3), 518–521. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-
9010.74.3.518

18. US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Cabana M,
Caughey AB, Curry SJ, Donahue K, Doubeni CA, Epling JW Jr, Kubik M, Ogedegbe G, Pbert L,
Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW, Wong JB. Screening for Unhealthy Drug Use: US Preventive
Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2020 Jun 9;323(22):2301-2309. doi:
10.1001/jama.2020.8020. PMID: 32515821.
19. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). Psychosis with Coexisting Substance Misuse:
Assessment and Management in Adults and Young People. Leicester (UK): British Psychological
Society; 2011. (NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 120.) Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK109783/
20. Kirstin A. M. Nackers, Patricia Kokotailo, Sharon J. L. Levy .Substance Abuse, General Principles
Pediatrics in Review Dec 2015, 36 (12) 535-544; DOI: 10.1542/pir.36-12-535
21. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) Committee Opinion No. 762: Prepregnancy
Counseling. Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Jan;133(1):e78-e89. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003013.
PMID: 30575679.
22. Cooper, R. Diagnosing the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Fifth Edition (1st
ed.). (2019). Routledge.
36
4.3 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Substance Use
Disorders
RECOMMENDATIONS
Among asymptomatic healthy adults, we recommend screening for substance

use disorder using standardized tools at least once a year. (Moderate certainty of
evidence; Strong recommendation)
Among asymptomatic apparently healthy adolescents, we suggest screening

for substance use disorder using standardized tools at least once a year. (Low
certainty of evidence; Weak recommendation)
Considerations
● Unanimous with their decision to recommend screening for both asymptomatic
healthy adults and adolescents with the use of standardized screening tools.
● Substance use disorders are a priority and early intervention can prevent
escalation into a full blown drug disorder.
● Standardized tools such as questionnaires are cost-effective, easy to administer,
and more acceptable.
● Screening was recommended by the panel to be done at least once a year to
minimize costs.
● Screening for substance use disorders can be incorporated into annual check-ups
for adults and school check-ups for adolescents.
4.3.1 Burden of Substance Use Disorders

In 2019, the Dangerous Drugs Board estimated that 1.67 million Filipinos (1.54% of the
population) aged 10 to 69 are current users of drugs, with most users belonging to the
age group 18 to 59, while 4.73 million have tried drugs at least once in their life. Amongst
the drugs used, cannabis or marijuana is the most prevalent (57%), followed by
methamphetamine hydrochloride “shabu” at 35%.(1) Mortality rate from drug abuse
disorders is 0.29 (0.22-0.38) deaths per 100,000, Disability-Adjusted Life Years of 100.85
(72.08-133.67) per 100,000, and Years Lived with Disability of 87.11 (58.85-119.34) per
100,000.(2)
Patients with drug use disorder suffer from poor prognosis of associated health disorders,
either caused by their substance abuse, such as liver disease and organic brain disorders
or exacerbated by the neglect of health and lack of preventive health care. In addition,
diseases such as HIV/AIDS, strains of hepatitis, and tuberculosis may be transmitted by
substance abuse.(3) Depending on the type of substance use, pharmacologic and
cognitive behavioral therapy for specific drug abuse disorder is the first-line treatment.
37
Current studies suggest that best practices in addiction treatment should include the
combination of both.(4)

There were no direct studies found on the effects of screening for drug use on drug use
outcomes, risky behaviors (such as alcohol or tobacco use or risky sexual behaviors),
health, social, or legal outcomes. In addition, there were also no trials that addressed the
harms of screening for drug use. Instead, we investigated studies on the effectiveness of
interventions among those with substance abuse disorders.
Psychosocial Interventions
Adolescents (3 Randomized Control Trials, N = 741; Moderate Certainty of

Evidence)
There were few trials on psychosocial interventions that focused on adolescents aged 12
to 17 years. USPSTF evidence synthesis concluded that evidence was limited and results
were inconclusive. In addition, these studies did not report the effect of psychosocial
interventions on drugs other than cannabis.(5)
Adults (19 Randomized Control Trials, N = 8,110; Moderate Certainty of Evidence)
Increased likelihood of abstinence from drug use versus control conditions at 3 to 4

months (15 trials, RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.24-2.13; NNT 11) and at 6 to 12 months (14 trials;
RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.11-1.52; NNT 17) based on trials primarily conducted in treatment-
seeking populations.(5)
Greater decrease versus control conditions in the number of drug use days (19 trials; MD
-0.49 day in the last 7 days, 95% CI -0.85 to -0.13) and a small but statistically significant
greater decrease in drug use severity (16 trials; SMD -0.18, 95% CI -0.32 to -0.05) at 3
to 4 month follow-up.(5)
Small but statistically significant decrease in drug use severity versus controls at 3 to 4
months (17 trials, SMD -0.18, 95% CI -0.32 to -0.05; I2 = 73%) but not at 6 to 12 months
(13 trials, SMD -0.10, 95% CI -0.24 to 0.02; I2 = 65%).(5)
Table 1. Effect of psychological Interventions among adults with substance abuse disorder in adults
Duration of follow
Outcomes No. of Studies RR (95% CI) Level of Certainty
up
3-4 Months 15 1.60 (1.24 to 2.13) Moderate
Abstinence
6-12 Months 14 1.25 (1.11 to 1.52) Moderate
3-4 Months 19 -0.49 (-0.85 to 0.13) Moderate
Drug Use Days
Drug Use -0.18 (-0.32 to -
3-4 Months 17 Moderate
Severity 0.05)
38
Pregnant and Postpartum (5 Randomized Control Trials, N = 946; Low Certainty of

Evidence)
No reported significant effects on drug use or health, social, or legal outcomes of drug
use at 3 to 6 months after the start of the interventions.(5)
Harm (4 Randomized Control Trials, N = 1,198; Low Certainty of Evidence)
Four trials of psychosocial interventions reported no adverse events in either intervention

or control groups. Harms were not reported in trials of psychosocial interventions, with no
serious adverse events noted.(5)
Pharmacotherapy Interventions (16 Randomized Control Trials, N = 2,827;

Moderate Certainty of Evidence)
In treatment-seeking populations with opioid use disorder, naltrexone (12 trials; RR 0.73,
95% CI 0.62-0.85; NNT 5.3) and opioid agonist therapy with methadone or buprenorphine
(4 trials; RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.59-0.82; NNT 2.9) were associated with decreased risk of
drug use relapse compared with placebo or no pharmacotherapy.(5)
Naltrexone and methadone/buprenorphine therapy were also associated with increased

likelihood of retention in substance use treatment (9 trials; RR 1.71, 95% CI 1.13-2.49;
NNT 6.7 and 7 trials; RR 2.58, 95% CI 1.78-4.59; NNT 2.6 respectively).(5)
Table 2. Effect of pharmacological Interventions among adults with substance abuse disorder
Treatment Outcomes No. of Studies RR (95% CI) Level of Certainty
0.73 (0.62 to
Relapse 12 Moderate
0.85)
Naltrexone
Retention in 1.71 (1.13 to
9 Moderate
Treatment 2.49)
0.75 (0.59 to
Relapse 4 Moderate
Opioid 0.82)
Agonist Retention in 2.58 (1.78 to
7 Moderate
Treatment 4.59)
Harm (15 Randomized Control Trials, N = 2,284; Low Certainty of Evidence)
There was no difference between naltrexone versus placebo or versus no naltrexone in

the risk of withdrawal due to adverse events (3 trials; RR 1.54; 95% CI 0.35-8.31; I2 =
0%). There was no difference between buprenorphine versus placebo in the risk of
serious adverse events (2 trials; RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.09 -1.12; I2 = 0%); buprenorphine
was associated with increased risk of constipation (2 trials; RR 2.36, 95% CI 1.16-4.92;
I2 = 0%; ARD 12%, 95% CI -5 to 41). Harms were not reported in the two trials of
methadone.(5)
39
Adolescent (11 studies, N = 13,330; Low Certainty of Evidence)
Most studies focus on the detection of cannabis use. The USPSTF determined the
evidence on the accuracy of screening in adolescents to be inadequate given the limited
number of studies on individual tools and the lack of information on the accuracy of tools
for detecting use of drugs other than cannabis.(6)
Sensitivity for detecting any cannabis use or unhealthy use ranged from 0.68 to 0.98 (95%
CI 0.64-0.99) and specificity ranged from 0.82 to 1.00 (95% CI 0.80-1.00). Sensitivity for
detecting cannabis use disorders ranged from 0.71 to 0.98 (95% CI 0.41-1.00) and
specificity ranged from 0.79 to 0.95 (95% CI 0.77-0.98).(6)
Adults (12 studies, N = 42,062; Moderate Certainty of Evidence)
The sensitivity of direct tools for detecting unhealthy use of “any drug” (including illicit
drugs and nonmedical use of prescription drugs) in the past month or year ranged from
0.71 to 0.94 (95%CI, 0.62-0.97), and specificity ranged from 0.87 to 0.97 (95% CI, 0.83-
0.98). Direct tool sensitivity for detecting abuse or dependence or a use disorder related
to “any drug” ranged from 0.85 to 1.00 (95% CI, 0.75-1.00) and specificity ranged from
0.67 to 0.93 (95% CI, 0.58-0.95).
Screening tools had higher sensitivity for detecting unhealthy drug use and drug use
disorders related to “any drug” (most of which was cannabis), cannabis, heroin, and
stimulants than for detecting unhealthy drug use or drug use disorders related to
nonmedical use of prescription drugs, including opioids or sedatives (range 0.38-0.96,
95% CI 0.29-0.99) but specificity was comparable (range 0.79-1.00, 95% CI 0.71-
1.00).(6)
Pregnant and Postpartum Women (5 studies, N = 946; Low Certainty of Evidence)
The detection of any prenatal use of drugs using direct tools ranged from 0.37 to 0.76
(95% CI 0.24-0.86) and specificity ranged from 0.68 to 0.83 (95% CI 0.55-0.91). The
indirect tool Parents Partner Past Pregnancy reported high sensitivity 0.87 (95% CI 0.71-
0.95) and high specificity 0.76 (95% CI 0.70-0.82) for detecting the combined outcome of
any prenatal use of drugs or alcohol.(6)
Table 3. Diagnostic Performance of screening tests by interview questions for substance abuse.
No. of Level of
Subgroup Outcomes Sensitivity Specificity
Studies Certainty
0.68 to 0.98 0.82 to 1.00
Cannabis use
(0.64-0.99) (0.80-1.00)
Adolescent 11 Low
Cannabis use 0.71 to 0.98 0.79 to 0.95
Disorder (0.41-1.00) (0.77-0.98)
0.71 to 0.94 0.87 to 0.97
Drug Use
(0.62-0.97) (0.83-0.98) Moderate
Adults 12
0.85 to 1.00 0.67 to 0.93
Drug Use Disorder
(0.75-1.00) (0.58-0.95)
40
Prenatal Drug Use 0.37 to 0.76 0.68 to 0.83
Pregnant and (Direct tools) (0.24-0.86) (0.55-0.91)
5 Low
Postpartum Prenatal Drug Use 0.87 0.76
(Indirect Tools) (0.71-0.95) (0.70-0.82)

Several systematic reviews have looked at the cost effectiveness of interventions and
programs that deal with substance abuse.(7-10) Interventions on substance abuse,
whether government mandated programs on offenders (7) or in hospital treatment (8)
were found to be cost-effective. However, there are no cost-effectiveness studies that
estimate the costs or cost-effectiveness of screening by interview questions.
Table 4: Resource Table for Substance Abuse Screening and Confirmatory Tests
Screening intervention Confirmatory Tests
Biologic Drug Test

Parameter Drug
ASSISTa a of Drug use
DAST-10 Dependency
(Amphetamine and
Examination
Marijuana)
Unit cost of
screening
0b - 10, 000c
intervention Free Free 250-450
Philippine Peso
(PHP)
a: AUDIT, DAST-10 test and manuals used by Department of Health Dangerous Drugs Abuse Prevention and
Treatment Program are downloadable and free
b: Free DDE from programs of Bridges of Hope Inc.
c: Range is based on psychologists’ and psychiatrists’ quotation rates

Findings of one study (11) reported on various behaviors of the patient with problem
recognition. Among the participants, internalized stigma (i.e., self-stigma) was common
among their narratives and was closely linked to problem recognition. The study also
suggests that people with substance use disorder may be consciously modifying their
substance use behaviors in order to circumnavigate negative consequences and thus not
being able to acknowledge their alcohol or drug use as problematic. This suggests that
innovative approaches that increase awareness of problematic alcohol and drug use and
connects people to treatment services like Screening, Brief Interventions, and Referral to
Treatment (SBIRT) contributes to an efficacious practice.(12)
One study (13) found that patients, primary care providers, and medical assistants
unanimously agreed that identifying and addressing substance use in primary care was
important due to its negative impact on overall health, co-occurring conditions, and
treatment adherence. For patients, barriers to screening centered around a perceived
lack of rapport with providers, which contributed to concerns about trust, judgment, and
41
privacy. For primary care providers and medical assistants, barriers included lack of
comfort, training, and preparedness to address screening results and offer treatment.(13)
A study on Philippine programs and policies that aims to improve the assessment and
management of drug dependence in the country concluded that there is a need to
develop a bigger pool of health professionals that can manage drug use disorders.(14)
No local studies were found on equity regarding substance abuse screening.

Substance Abuse and Mental Recommends universal screening for substance use
Health Services Administration (including alcohol), brief intervention, and/or referral to
(SAMHSA) (15) treatment (known as SBIRT) as part of routine health care,
including during pregnancy.
USPSTF (16) Recommends screening by asking questions about

unhealthy drug use in adults aged 18 years or older.
Screening should be implemented when services for
accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate care
can be offered or referred (B recommendation). The USPSTF
concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess
the balance of benefits and harms of screening for unhealthy
drug use in adolescents (I statement).
American Academy of Recommends screening adolescents through their early 20s

Pediatrics (17) for substance use (including tobacco and alcohol) at every
annual physical examination as well as screening
adolescents who present to emergency departments or
urgent care centers; report cigarette smoking; have
depression, anxiety, or other mental health conditions
associated with substance abuse; or exhibit school, legal, or
social problems or other behavioral changes.
42
References
I. Burden of Substance Use Disorders

1. Dangerous Drugs Board. 2019 Drug Survey shows drug use prevalence rate falls to 2.05%. Available
from: https://www.ddb.gov.ph/newsroom/511-2019-drug-survey-shows-drug-use-prevalence-rate-falls-
to-2-05 [Accessed 19th August 2021].
2. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Available
from: https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/ [Accessed 19th August 2021]
3. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Comprehensive Case Management for Substance Abuse
Treatment (Revised). Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 27 HHS Publication No.
(SMA) 15-4215. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2015.
4. Ray LA, Meredith LR, Kiluk BD, Walthers J, Carroll KM, Magill M. Combined Pharmacotherapy and
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults With Alcohol or Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic
Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jun 1;3(6):e208279. doi:
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8279.

5. Chou R, Dana T, Blazina I, Grusing S, Fu R, Bougatsos C. Interventions for Drug Use—Supplemental
Report: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Evidence Synthesis No.
187. AHRQ Publication No. 19-05255-EF-2. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and
Quality; 2020.

6. Patnode CD, Perdue LA, Rushkin M, O’Connor EA. Screening for Unhealthy Drug Use in Primary Care
in Adolescents and Adults, Including Pregnant Persons: Updated Systematic Review for the U.S.
Preventive Services Task Force. Evidence Synthesis No. 186. AHRQ Publication No. 19-05255-EF-1.
Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2020.

7. Suijkerbuijk AW, van Gils PF, Greeven PG, de Wit GA. De kosteneffectiviteit van interventies gericht op
verslaving aan alcohol en drugs [Cost-effectiveness of addiction care]. Tijdschr Psychiatr.
2015;57(7):498-507. Dutch. PMID: 26189418.
8. Hayhurst KP, Leitner M, Davies L, Flentje R, Millar T, Jones A, King C, Donmall M, Farrell M, Fazel S,
Harris R, Hickman M, Lennox C, Mayet S, Senior J, Shaw J. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness
of diversion and aftercare programmes for offenders using class A drugs: a systematic review and
economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2015 Jan;19(6):1-168, vii-viii. doi: 10.3310/hta19060.
PMID: 25619533; PMCID: PMC4781234.
9. Peprah K, Severn M. Intranasal and Intramuscular Naloxone for Opioid Overdose in the Pre-Hospital
Setting: A Review of Comparative Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness, and Guidelines [Internet]. Ottawa
(ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2019 Nov 26. PMID: 32181999.
10. Goorden M, Schawo SJ, Bouwmans-Frijters CA, van der Schee E, Hendriks VM, Hakkaart-van Roijen
L. The cost-effectiveness of family/family-based therapy for treatment of externalizing disorders,
substance use disorders and delinquency: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Jul 13;16:237.
doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-0949-8. PMID: 27412612; PMCID: PMC4944475.

11. Rogers SM, Pinedo M, Villatoro AP, Zemore SE. "I Don't Feel Like I Have a Problem Because I Can
Still Go To Work and Function": Problem Recognition Among Persons With Substance Use Disorders.
Subst Use Misuse. 2019;54(13):2108-2116. doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1630441
12. Hargraves, Daniel et al. “Implementing SBIRT (Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to
Treatment) in primary care: lessons learned from a multi-practice evaluation portfolio.” Public health
reviews vol. 38 31. 29 Dec. 2017, doi:10.1186/s40985-017-0077-0
13. Saunders EC, Moore SK, Gardner T, Farkas S, Marsch LA, McLeman B, Meier A, Nesin N, Rotrosen
J, Walsh O, McNeely J. Screening for Substance Use in Rural Primary Care: a Qualitative Study of
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Providers and Patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2019 Dec;34(12):2824-2832. doi: 10.1007/s11606-019-
05232-y. PMID: 31414355; PMCID: PMC6854168.
14. Antonio CT, Guevarra JP, Cavinta LL, Gloriani NG, Peralta JT, Reyes-Sare M. Lessons learned from
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dependence in the Philippines. Acta Medica Philippina, 2018, 52(3), 277-280

15. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. A Guide to Substance Abuse Services
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https://www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/substance_use_screening_implementation.pdf
44
4.4 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Depression
among High-Risk Groups
RECOMMENDATION
Among high-risk healthy asymptomatic adults, we recommend screening for depression
using:
PHQ-9 for medical students, and healthcare workers
CES-D among caregivers and ill adults
GDS-15 among older persons
(Low certainty of evidence; Strong recommendation)
No consensus was reached regarding frequency of screening.
Considerations
● Unanimous with the decision to recommend screening for depression among high-
risk asymptomatic groups.
● Despite the low certainty of evidence, the panel strongly recommended screening
since the harm is little to none and the benefits far outweigh the harm or risks.
● Acceptability of screening seems to vary among patients, especially in relation with
socioeconomic status
● The panel also identified research gaps such as the lack of local data on the
preferences and acceptability of Filipino patients with regards to depression
screening
● Another research gap identified was the inclusion of other high-risk groups such
as those from the LGBTQ+ community.
● The panel was unable to reach a consensus vote on the frequency of screening.
● Some members voted for screening at least once a year as part of annual check-
ups.
● However, other members voted for screening more than once a year since these
are high risk groups that are more vulnerable to developing depression.
● More frequent screening may also aid in early detection and also as a way to
monitor any progression of depressive symptoms.
4.4.1 Burden of Depression

The World Health Organization reports that among all age groups there is an estimate of
264 million individuals who suffer from depressive disorders worldwide.(1) Depressive
disorders can lead to increased medical costs, lower work productivity, economic burden,
impaired social functioning, declined physical health outcomes, decreased quality of life,
and in some cases death. The global burden of disease of depressive disorders has
45
increased by 14.3% in 2017.(2) Globally, mortality due to suicide is over 700,000 with
low- and middle-income countries accounting for 77%.(3) In 2017, WHO cited that the
prevalence of depressive disorders in the Philippine population was 3,298,652 or 3.3%.(4)
The estimated suicide mortality rate in the Philippines is 3.2 per 100,000 population in
2017.(5)
Depressive disorder rates vary across different subgroups, therefore certain populations
are at higher risk for depression. Medical students seem to have increased rates of
depression. Among medical students in a Philippine private medical school, the
prevalence of positive screens for moderate to severe depression was 19.1%.(6)
According to a systematic review among medical students in China, the prevalence of
positive screens for depression was 29% (95% CI 0.15-0.44).(7)
Older persons are at a higher risk of depressive disorders. In 2012, 44% of Filipino older
persons living in an institution had positive screens for moderate to severe depression.(8)
These results are comparable to other systematic reviews (SRs), including one done in
South Asian Countries, which reported a 42% (95% CI 0.38-0.46) prevalence for positive
screens for depression among older persons.(9) According to the SR in Nepal, the
prevalence of positive depression screens varies in the community setting (25.5-60.6%),
care facilities (17.3-89.1%), and hospital settings (53.2-57.1%).(10) In India, there is a
34.4% (95% CI 0.29-0.40) prevalence of positive screens for depression among older
persons.(11) Other studies investigated the prevalence of diagnosed major depressive
disorders (MDD) among older persons. The Philippine FITforFRAIL study cited a 19.8%
prevalence of diagnosed depression among older persons.(12) Among Chinese older
persons, 2.7% (95% CI 0.02-0.03) suffered from MDD.(13) A meta-analysis among
nursing home residents reports an 18.9% (95% CI 0.15-0.24) pooled prevalence rate of
MDD.(14)
Informal caregivers have an increased risk for depression. According to three meta-
analysis, the prevalence of positive screens for depression among informal caregivers of
patients with Alzheimer’s disease was 34% (15), 40.2% (95% CI 0.30-0.51) among
caregivers of stroke survivors (16), and 42.30% (95% CI 0.33-0.51) among caregivers of
cancer patients.(17)
Healthcare professionals experience the burden of depression. A meta-analysis reports

a 24.3% (95% CI: 0.18-0.31) pooled prevalence of positive screens for depression among
frontliners caring for COVID-19 patients.(18) Another meta-analysis reports a 25% (95%
CI 0.19-0.32) prevalence of positive depression screens among healthcare workers and
a 42% (95% CI 0.28-0.57) prevalence among COVID-19 patients.(19)
Individuals with diseases are at a higher risk for depression than the general population.
According to three systematic reviews on patients with bowel diseases, the prevalence of
positive screens for depression was 21.6-25.2% for those suffering from inflammatory
bowel disease (20,21), and 39.1% among those with irritable bowel syndrome.(22)
Among people with osteoarthritis, the pooled prevalence of positive screens for
depression was 19.9% (95% CI 0.16-0.25).(23) A meta-analysis investigated the
46
prevalence of positive depression screens among patients months after a critical illness.
The cited prevalence of depression in their review was 29% (95% CI 0.22-0.36) at 2 to 3
months, 34% (95% CI 0.24-0.43) at 6 months, and 29% (95% CI 0.23-0.34) at 12-14
months.(24)
The prevalence rates of positive screens for depression are comparable to the rates of
diagnosed MDD among diseased individuals. Two meta-analysis report a 17.9% (95% CI
0.13-0.23) (25) and 26.8% (95% CI 0.22-0.32) (26) prevalence of diagnosed depressive
disorders among people with hypertension. Based on a meta-analysis on HIV-infected
adults, the prevalence of diagnosed depression was 15.3% (95% CI 12.5-17.1).(27)
The general management for depressive disorders includes psychological interventions

such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or interpersonal therapy (IPT), pharmacologic
therapy, and electroconvulsive therapy for severe cases.(28)

Screening for depression among adults leads to better health outcomes such as
decreased depression prevalence and higher remission rates. However, the USPSTF
reports an insufficient amount of evidence on the benefits of screening among the older
adult population.(29)
Depression screening has small to no harms in the adult population. The USPSTF reports
finding no evidence on the harms of depression screening.(30)

Diagnostic Performance of Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) in diagnosing
Depressive Disorders
According to a meta-analysis in 2019, at a cut off score of 10, the Patient Health
Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) had a sensitivity of 0.88 (95% CI 0.83-0.92) and a specificity
0.85 (95% CI 0.82-0.88).(31)
Diagnostic Performance of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale

(CES-D) in diagnosing Depressive Disorders
A meta-analysis was done in 2016, to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the Center for
Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) among the general population. They
reported that the CES-D (cut off score of 16) had a sensitivity of 0.87 (95% CI 0.82-0.92)
and a specificity of 0.70 (95% CI 0.65-0.75).(32)
In 2021, a meta-analysis reviewed the diagnostic accuracy of the CES-D among

community-dwelling adults, chronically ill adults, and adult psychiatric patients.[33] Based
on their results, the pooled sensitivity and sensitivity among community-dwelling adults
was 0.84 (95% CI 0.79–0.88) and 0.74 (95% CI 0.68–0.81) respectively with a cut off
score of 16. Among chronically ill adults with a cut off score of 20 to 23, the pooled
47
sensitivity was 0.86 (95% CI 0.81 – 0.90) and the pooled specificity was 0.85 (95% CI
0.78–0.91). The cut off scores for psychiatric patients was 24 or higher and the pooled
sensitivity and specificity was 0.84 (95% CI 0.79–0.88) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.78–0.91)
respectively.(33)
Diagnostic Performance of Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) in diagnosing

Depressive Disorders
In 2020, a meta-analysis assessed the diagnostic performance of the Geriatric

Depression Scales (GDS); specifically, the GDS 4, GDS 10, GDS 15, and GDS 30.[34]
Based on their analysis, the GDS 30 had a sensitivity of 0.82 (95% CI 0.76-0.87) and
specificity of 0.76 (95% CI 0.72-0.80). The sensitivity of GDS 15 was 0.86 (95% CI 0.82-
0.89) and specificity of 0.79 (95% CI 0.73-0.84). The GDS 10 had a sensitivity of 0.87
(95% CI 0.65-0.96) and a specificity of 0.75 (95% CI 0.67-0.81). Lastly, the sensitivity of
GDS 4 was 0.74 (95% CI 0.67-0.80) and a specificity of 0.71 (95% CI 0.66-0.76).(34)

In 2017, a study done in the United States found that screening for depression using the
PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 led to an incremental cost-effectiveness of approximately
$1,726/QALY gained (95% plausible interval: cost-saving, $10,594/QALY gained).(35)
There was no evidence found on local cost effectiveness studies in the Philippines.
Table 1. Estimated annual cost of screening for depression

Screening intervention
Center for
Parameter Patient Health Geriatric
Epidemiologic Studies
Questionnaire 9 Depression Scale
Depression Scale
(PHQ-9) (GDS)
(CES-D)
Unit cost of
screening Free Free Free
intervention
Values based test costs

Attitudes toward depression screening may be impacted by patients’ perception of the
process, as well as the implications of receiving a positive screening result.
A study done among older adults in primary care showed that most patients were willing
to complete screening and most found the process to be valuable for health. Receiving
an informative pamphlet prior to screening made patients more willing to undergo
screening.(36)
48
Another study, with semi-structured in-depth interviews, was carried out among patients
with positive screening results for depression. All patients appreciated the active
approach to screening.[37] Most recognized that they had symptoms, but more than half
did not accept the diagnosis of depression. The reasons for non-acceptance were fear of
stigmatization and skepticism about the usefulness of labelling, belief that depressive
symptoms were a normal, transitory reaction to adversity, and doubts about the necessity
and effectiveness of treatment.(37)
Perspectives in the local context must also be considered. A systematic review of Filipino
attitudes toward mental health and service seeking showed low utilization of mental health
services among Filipinos, with mental health stigma as a primary barrier, while resilience
and self-reliance as coping strategies were cited in qualitative studies.(38) Social support
and severity of symptoms were cited as prominent facilitators for mental health service
seeking.(38) A survey of barangay residents showed that respondents were generally
knowledgeable about mental health illness.(39) There was a general acceptance and less
stigmatizing attitude, and willingness to interact with people with mental illness, but there
were reservations toward working with persons with mental illness.

Strength of
Regulatory
Recommendation Recommendation and
Agency
Certainty of Evidence
Canadian Task CTFPHC does not recommend routine Certainty of evidence: Very
Force on screening for depression in the general Low Quality of Evidence
Preventive Health population or in subgroups with
Strength of recommendation:
Care (40) increased risk.
Weak
National Institute NICE recommends that patients in the

for Health and high-risk group, especially patients with Certainty of evidence: Not
Care Excellence chronic somatic disease, be carefully stated
(28) monitored and screened using a set of 2 Strength of recommendation:
questions. Furthermore, it recommends Not stated
a graded approach to treatment.
Royal Australian RACGP recommends that clinicians

College of General maintain a high level of awareness for Certainty of evidence: Low
Practitioners [41] depressive symptoms in patients at high
risk of depression and make appropriate Strength of recommendation:
clinical assessments wherever the risk is Weak
high.
United States USPSTF recommends a routine Certainty of evidence:

Preventive screening of the adult population. At the Moderate
49
Services Task same time, it indicates the need to Strength of recommendation:
Force (42) provide coordinated treatment. Strong
American AAFP recommends screening the adult

Academy of Family population using the PHQ-2 and/or
Physicians (43) PHQ-9 or Geriatric Depression Scale-15 Certainty of evidence: Not
questionnaires in the elderly population. stated
Screening should be implemented with Strength of recommendation:
adequate systems in place to ensure Not stated
accurate diagnosis, effective treatment,
and appropriate follow-up.
American College ACPM recommends screening for

of Preventive depression in the adult population. In
Medicine (44) addition, all primary care clinicians Certainty of evidence: Not
should have systems in place, either stated
within the primary care setting itself or
through collaborations with mental Strength of recommendation:
health professionals, to ensure the Not stated
accurate diagnosis and treatment of this
condition.
Michigan Quality MQICG recommends screening for Certainty of evidence:

Improvement depression in the adult population using Moderate
Consortium PHQ-2 and/or PHQ-9. In addition,
Guideline (45) screening should be performed at each
Strong
visit among people with risk factors.
Institute of Clinical ICSI recommends routine screening for Certainty of evidence: Low
Systems depression in the adult population using
Improvement (46) PHQ-2 and/or PHQ-9 especially if they
are suspected based on risk factors or Strong
presentation.
50
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https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.130403

40. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP). Guidelines for preventive activities in
general practice. 9th edition, East Melbourne,Vic: RACGP, 2018. Available at:
https://www.racgp.org.au/download/Documents/Guidelines/Redbook9/17048-Red-Book-9th-
Edition.pdf
41. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Depression in Adults: Screening. January 26, 2016.
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/depression-in-adults-
screening. Accessed August 30, 2021.
42. Clinical preventive service recommendation: depression. American Academy of Family Physicians.
https://www.aafp.org/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all/depression.html. Accessed August 30,
2021
43. Nimalasuriya K, Compton MT, Guillory VJ; Prevention Practice Committee of the American College of
Preventive Medicine. Screening adults for depression in primary care: a position statement of the
American College of Preventive Medicine. J Fam Pract. 2009;58(10):535-8.
44. Michigan Quality Improvement Consortium Guideline Primary Care Diagnosis and Management of
Adults with Depression, 2018. Available at: https://pdf4pro.com/amp/view/michigan-quality-
53
improvement-consortium-guideline-primary-4a789e.html. Access: September 2, 2021.
45. Trangle M, Gursky J, Haight R, et al. Depression in primary care: health care guidelines, 17th ed.
Bloomington, MN: Institute of Clinical Systems Improvement, 2016.
54
4.5 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Anxiety
RECOMMENDATION
Among healthy asymptomatic adults, we recommend screening for anxiety and anxiety
disorders using a standardized instrument at least once a year. (Moderate certainty of
Considerations
● Unanimous with their decision to recommend screening for anxiety and anxiety
disorders due to the prevalence of these problems, especially during the
pandemic.
● The benefits outweigh the potential harms such as over diagnosis and
stigmatization.
● The harms can be mitigated with the use of validated and acceptable screening
tools.
● The panel voted on screening at least once a year and may be incorporated into
annual check-ups.
4.5.1 Burden of Anxiety

In the report of Global Health Estimates in 2017 (1), 3.1 million Filipinos have
manifestations of anxiety disorders. Moreover, in 2018, a general health survey was
conducted by Flores et al., (2) where adult participants came from low-income
communities in the Philippines. Data showed that anxiety is prevalent at 39% of the
sample population (N = 1,203). Similarly, a systematic review of the global prevalence in
the same year (3) estimated a rate of 8 to 27% for anxiety symptoms among youth in low-
and middle-income countries. In a 2020 study (4), results showed that 21.0% of the overall
respondents have probable generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 1,041 Filipinos are
included among the 8,806 adults from eight different countries and regions. From this,
almost half are female (49.2%), and 18.8% are essential workers. During the COVID-19
pandemic (5), there has been an increase of the prevalence of anxiety up to 3x the normal
(7.3%). As for health care workers, the prevalence of anxiety is 25.8%.
Screening tools for anxiety have a cut-off score that would warrant further examination,
usually with a physician to diagnose the anxiety disorder at hand. There are several tools
used for diagnosis such as the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI),
Clinical Interview Schedule Revised (CIS-R), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM
Disorders (SCID), or Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Further
management depends on the type of anxiety disorder, ranging from behavioral therapy
to pharmacologic management.
55
No direct studies were found on the benefits and harm of screening for anxiety and anxiety
disorders. A study done in 2020 (6) was not able to find any supporting evidence as to
effectiveness of screening for anxiety, and harms of screening.
Studies done (7-10) on patients diagnosed with an anxiety disorder show that there is an
increased risk for health outcomes as described in Table 1. With regard to the
effectiveness of treatment (11), there was an improved outcome in patients with anxiety
disorders who were treated with cognitive behavioral therapy, as shown in Table 2.
Table 1. Health-related Outcomes of those with Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders
No. of Studies Rate
Outcomes Level of Certainty
(no. of participants) (95% CI)
36 studies included
All-cause Mortality HR 0.99 (0.96–1.02) Moderate
(n = 127,552)
Congestive Heart 28 studies included

RR 1.41 (1.23 to 1.61) Low
Disease (n = 1,355,831)
8 studies included
Stroke OR 1.24 (1.09 to 1.41) High
(n = 950,759)
14 studies included
Diabetes OR 1.47 (1.23 to 1.75) Very Low
(n = 1,760,800)
Table 2. Outcomes of Treatment of Anxiety Disorders using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

No. of Studies
Outcomes Effect Estimate Level of Certainty
(no. of participants)
Clinically important
12 studies included
improvement in anxiety RR 3.75 (2.51 to 5.60) Low
(n = 866)
at post-treatment
Disorder-specific
anxiety symptom 28 studies included 1.06 standard deviations Low
severity at post- (n = 2,147) lower
treatment
General anxiety
28 studies included 0.75 standard deviations
symptom severity at Low
(n = 1,496) lower
post-treatment
Quality of life at post- 23 studies included 0.47 standard deviations

Moderate
treatment (n = 1639) higher
Adverse events at post-

0 studies Not estimable
treatment
56
No. of Studies
Outcomes Effect Estimate Level of Certainty
(no. of participants)
Participant satisfaction 13 studies included Not estimable

Diagnostic performance of General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in diagnosing
anxiety disorders
The GAD-7 is a recently developed, easy to use, 7-item scale based on the Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) criteria, for identifying likely cases
of GAD. It has been found to have great psychometric properties and is short and easy
to administer. This allows the GAD-7 to be used in remote health surveys, epidemiologic
studies, and also in primary care settings.(12) Most studies use a cut-off score of 10 to
warrant further investigation.
Based on a systematic review (13) comprising 9 studies with moderate quality studies,
with the cut-off score of 8 (N = 4,479), sensitivity was 0.83 (95% CI 0.71-0.91) and
specificity was 0.84 (95% CI 0.70-0.92). With a cut-off score of 10 (N = 4642), the
sensitivity was 0.74 (95% CI 0.61-0.84) and specificity was 0.83 (95% CI 0.66-0.95). The
study used SICI, MINI, and CIS as the gold standard for the tool. No subgroups by age,
sex, race, or ethnicity were reported.
Table 3. Sensitivity and Specificity of GAD-7 with cut-off scores of 8> and 10>
GAD-7 Sensitivity (95% CI) Specificity (95% CI)
Cut-off Score 8> 0.83 (0.78 to 0.87) 0.84 (0.83 to 0.85)
Cut-off Score 10> 0.74 (0.69 to 0.79) 0.83 (0.82 to 0.84)
Diagnostic performance of General Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) in diagnosing

anxiety disorders
The GAD-2 is an ultra-quick version of the 7-item scale that incorporates the first two
questions of the GAD-7, which represents the core anxiety symptoms. A score of 3 or
more warrants further investigation for anxiety disorders.
A systematic review in 2017 (14) with 11 moderate to high quality studies (N = 3,176), the
sensitivity and specificity were at 0.80 (95% CI 0.67-0.89) and 0.82 (95% CI 0.72-0.90)
respectively. The study included adults in the general population along with subjects from
primary care. No subgroups by age, sex, race, or ethnicity were reported. However, when
removing 2 studies with outliers, the sensitivity and specificity changes to 0.78 (95% CI
0.61-0.89) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.71-0.91) but reducing the heterogeneity significantly, from
I2 = 62.8 to I2 = 37.0 (see Appendix V-B for the GRADE Evidence Profile).
Table 4. Sensitivity and Specificity of GAD-2 (11 studies) vs. with outliers removed (9 studies)
GAD-2 Sensitivity (95% CI) Specificity (95% CI) Heterogeneity (I2)
Complete (11 studies) 0.80 (0.74 to 0.85) 0.82 (0.81 to 0.83) 62.8
57
Removed Outliers (9 37.0
0.78 (0.71 to 0.84) 0.83 (0.82 to 0.84)
studies)
Diagnostic performance of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale – Anxiety

(HADS-A) in diagnosing anxiety disorders
The HADS-A is widely used as a brief self-rating instrument for both dimensional and
categorical aspects of anxiety and depression in both epidemiology and specialist care.
Although used mainly in the hospital setting, there are few studies that have used it in the
general population.
Based on one systematic review done in 2016 (15) consisting of 8 studies (N = 1,383),
with low quality studies, the sensitivity was 0.90 (95% CI 0.85-0.94) while specificity was
0.85 (95% CI 0.83-87). These studies used varying tools as gold standards ranging from
the PSE, CIS-R, DSM, and MINI. No subgroups by age, sex, race, or ethnicity were
reported (see Appendix V-B for GRADE Evidence Profile)
Table 5. Sensitivity and Specificity of HADS-A and HADS-P
Sensitivity (95% CI) Specificity (95% CI)
HADS-A (cut-off score ≥7) 0.90 (0.85 to 0.94) 0.85 (0.83 to 0.94)

No cost-effectiveness studies were found in the Philippines for anxiety screening. The
GAD-2 and GAD-7 are available on the internet to use. However, the HADS tool can only
be used after a licensing agreement with the developer of the tool. The HADS tool also
has language variations for the Filipino language (Tagalog, Ilocano, and Cebuano). Cost
of diagnosis varies on the institution and can range from free to Php 2,000 and more,
depending on the case. Treatment varies from institutions and the physician’s fees, as
well as the cost of medications. In certain facilities such as the National Center for Mental
Health (NCMH), diagnosis and treatment are given for free. Alternatively, as compiled by
Sevilla in 2017 [16], private clinics’ and professionals’ rates for mental health services
range from Php 150 to 5000. According to Alvarez, in 2021 (17), the standard rate for
public hospitals is Php 1,000 or less, while psychiatrists’ rates are Php 2000 to 3000 per
hour. Lastly, Prescription Psychiatrists rates range from Php 2000 to 2500 for their online
services.(18)

No direct studies were found showing patient’s values on anxiety screening. With regards
to treatment (19), many patients with an anxiety or depressive disorder view their family
practitioner as a focal point for help, but find it difficult to disclose their distress. These
patients would like more proactive information and ‘permission’ to disclose mental health
problems, which means there is much to be gained in the general practice setting.
Patients with an anxiety disorder (of whom almost half had a co-morbid depressive or
other anxiety disorder) generally perceived psychological forms of treatment for anxiety
(CBT, psychotherapy) as more positive, acceptable and efficacious than pharmacologic
treatment.
58
In the United Kingdom, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
Common Mental Health Problems: Identification and Pathways to Care Guidelines last
updated on February 2021 (20) recommends screening for those who may have anxiety
using the 2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-2) Scale. Having a significant score
warrants further assessment by a physician. They recommend this for people with a
history of anxiety disorder and possible somatic symptoms or those who answer yes to
the question “Do you find yourself avoiding places or activities and does this cause you
problems?”
59
References
I. Burden of Anxiety
1. World Health Organization. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health
Estimates [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2017. Available from:
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/depression-global-health-estimates
2. Flores JL, Hernandez MA, Leyva EW, Cacciata M, Tuazon J, Evangelista L. Prevalence and
correlates of depression, anxiety, and distress among Filipinos from low-income communities in the
Philippines. Philipp J Nurs. 2018;88(2):8–13.
3. Yatham S, Sivathasan S, Yoon R, da Silva TL, Ravindran AV. Depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic
stress disorder among youth in low and middle income countries: A review of prevalence and
treatment interventions. Asian J Psychiatr. 2018;38:78–91.
4. Généreux M, Schluter PJ, Hung KK, Wong CS, Pui Yin Mok C, O’Sullivan T, et al. One virus, four
continents, eight countries: An interdisciplinary and international study on the psychosocial impacts of
the COVID-19 pandemic among adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(22):8390.
5. Santabárbara J, Lasheras I, Lipnicki DM, Bueno-Notivol J, Pérez-Moreno M, López-Antón R, et al.
Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: An updated meta-analysis of community-based
studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2021;109(110207):110207.
II. Benfits and Harm of Screening

6. Gregory KD, Chelmow D, Nelson HD, Van Niel MS, Conry JA, Garcia F, et al. Screening for anxiety in
adolescent and adult women: A recommendation from the Women’s Preventive Services Initiative.
Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(1):48–56.
7. Miloyan B, Bulley A, Bandeen-Roche K, Eaton WW, Gonçalves-Bradley DC. Anxiety disorders and all-
cause mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol.
2016;51(11):1467–75.
8. Emdin CA, Odutayo A, Wong CX, Tran J, Hsiao AJ, Hunn BHM. Meta-analysis of anxiety as a risk
factor for cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2016;118(4):511–9.
9. Pérez-Piñar M, Ayerbe L, González E, Mathur R, Foguet-Boreu Q, Ayis S. Anxiety disorders and risk
of stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry. 2017;41:102–108
10. Smith KJ, Deschênes SS, Schmitz N. Investigating the longitudinal association between diabetes and
anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2018;35(6):677–93.
11. Olthuis JV, Watt MC, Bailey K, Hayden JA, Stewart SH. Therapist-supported Internet cognitive
behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2015;(3):CD011565.

12. García-Campayo J, Zamorano E, Ruiz MA, Pérez-Páramo M, López-Gómez V, Rejas J. The
assessment of generalized anxiety disorder: psychometric validation of the Spanish version of the self-
administered GAD-2 scale in daily medical practice. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2012;10(1):114.
13. Plummer F, Manea L, Trepel D, McMillan D. Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and
GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016;39:24–31.
14. Luo Z, Li Y, Hou Y, Zhang H, Liu X, Qian X, et al. Adaptation of the two-item generalized anxiety
disorder scale (GAD-2) to Chinese rural population: A validation study and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp
Psychiatry. 2019;60:50–6.
15. Ali G-C, Ryan G, De Silva MJ. Validated screening tools for common mental disorders in low and
middle income countries: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156939. Konnopka A, König
H. Economic burden of anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Pharmacoeconomics. 2020;38(1):25–37.

16. Sevilla I. For those seeking professional help (mental health) [Internet]. Google Sheets. Google; 2017
[cited 2021 Aug 19]. Available from:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1t9cCNOtSuIpo84OECOUPSUwjVKqdsD8aBhdnSrfVs1c/edit
#gid=0
60
17. Psychological Association of the Philippines. Free consultations from the Philippine Psychiatric
Association (PPA). They provide services even for non-frontliners. Please call 0918 942 4864 or email
them at [email protected]. Thank you PPA! [Internet]. 2020 May 2 [cited 2021 Aug 19];
Available from:
https://www.facebook.com/148851815387/photos/a.10150469570850388/10156646495015388/?type
=3&theaterhttp%3A%2F%2F.
18. Prescription Psychiatrists. Psychologist and Psychiatrist Services in Metro Manila [Internet]. Metro
Manila, Philippines: Prescription Psychiatrists; 2021 [cited 2021 Aug 19]. Available from:
https://prescriptionpsychiatrists.com.ph/.

19. Kadam UT, Croft P, McLeod J, Hutchinson M. A qualitative study of patients’ views on anxiety and
depression. Br J Gen Pract. 2001;51(466):375–80.

20. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Common mental health problems: identification
and pathways to care [Internet]. 2012. Available from:
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg123/evidence/full-guideline-pdf-181771741.
61
4.6 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Depression
among Children and Adolescents
RECOMMENDATION
Among healthy asymptomatic children and adolescents (10 to 18 years old), we

recommend screening for depression using PHQ-9 twice a year. (Low certainty of
Considerations
● Unanimous with their decision to recommend screening for depression among
children and adolescents due to the high prevalence of depression and the high
suicide rate among this age group.
● Despite the low level of evidence, this was a strong recommendation from the
panel due to the high prevalence of depression and the potential benefits.
● Potential harms such as the stigmatization and cultural acceptability of mental
health problems, especially among adolescents can be mitigated with proper
mental health education and awareness.
● Especially during the pandemic, there has been a rise in mental health awareness
programs and several government facilities and organizations already have
subsidies for putting mental health programs into place.
● Other issues raised were the potential costs for confirmatory testing or assessment
and treatment and the limited human resources or service providers available to
administer the screening, especially at the primary care level.
● The acceptability of screening both from the children, adolescents and their
parents may have issues, especially in terms of disclosure.
● The screening tools presented are mostly self-report questionnaires, which may
be favorable for the adolescent group.
● The timing of screening is also important, screening may be done in the middle of
the school year or semester, wherein students may be subjected to high stress,
which may make them vulnerable to developing mental health problems.
4.6.1 Burden of Depression

Depression is the fourth leading cause of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) in
adolescents (mean = 3.7%).(1) In the Philippines, it makes up 1.51% of the total Years
Lived with Disability (YLD) and 0.72% of total DALYs in 5 to 14-year-olds.(2) 67.4% of the
National Center for Mental Health’s (NCMH) total outpatient consultations (n = 334) were
15 to 19-year-olds. A cross-sectional study (n = 365) in a secondary public high school
found mild and moderate to severe depression in students (42.5% and 31.8%
respectively), with no significant difference between genders.(3) A nationwide probability
survey in 2013 found an 8.9% prevalence rate of moderate to severe depressive
symptoms in 15 to 19-year-olds (n = 11,374).(4) During the COVID-19 pandemic, tertiary
62
students (n = 311) showed a depression rate of 12.5%. Both studies reported higher rates
in females.(5)
Examples of negative prognosticating factors are: (a) lower baseline function, (b) stressful
life events, (c) childhood maltreatment, (d) psychiatric or physical comorbidities, and (e)
treatment resistance; while a shorter duration of untreated disease and early response to
treatment are linked to better long-term outcomes. This suggests that early recognition
and treatment are crucial.[6] Richardson et al., (7) also concluded that depression
symptom severity and continued symptoms on repeat screening after 6 weeks are the
strongest predictors of depression persistence. The worst outcome of depression is
suicide, which is the second leading cause of death in 15 to 29-year-olds.(8)
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Guideline uses a stepped-
care model that recommends different management based on depression severity.
Watchful waiting, digital/group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), group interpersonal
psychotherapy (IPT), or group non-directive supportive therapy (NDST) can be given for
those with mild depression. 5 to 11-year-olds with moderate to severe depression can be
given family-based IPT, individual CBT, or fluoxetine with the latter two also given to 12
to 18-year-olds presenting with the same depression severity.(9) Available psychotherapy
services in the National Center for Mental Health (NCMH) are CBT, IPT, and supportive
counseling.(10)

No studies were found directly comparing screening versus no screening among
asymptomatic apparently healthy children and adolescents with outcomes on the
incidence of depression managed and quality of life.(11,12) Studies looking for
identification of depression, referral rate, and service uptake were found.
Two moderate-quality studies (13,14) reported increased identification of depression after

screening (RR 2.41). There was also an increased referral rate (RR 2.15) when using
screening as reported on three studies with very low quality.(13,15,16) One low-quality
study found that increased medical service uptake post-screening (RR 1.14).(17)
Table 1. Summary of Outcomes

No. of Studies Relative Risk (RR) Certainty of
Outcomes
(no. of participants) (95% CI) Evidence
Identification of 2 RCTs 2.41
Moderate
depression (n = 791) (1.25 to 4.66)
3 RCTs 2.15
Referral Very Low
(n = 749) (0.49 to 9.41)
1 RCT 1.14
Service uptake Low
(n = 3,961) (1.08 to 1.21)
63
For the main outcomes, studies on the effectiveness of treatment among those with
depression were found.
Incidence of depression managed (11 Randomized Controlled Trials, N = 894; Low

Certainty of Evidence)
Eleven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on two systematic reviews (11,18) evaluated
the effect of psychotherapy (i.e., CBT and IPT) on remission. Most of the trials included
adolescents aged 12 to 18 years old, with one study reporting on children aged 5 to 11
years old. Individual CBT has no difference in remission compared to placebo (RR 0.97,
95% CI 0.63-1.49) or non-directive supportive therapy (NDST) (RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.01-
1.30) at post-treatment and no difference at a longer follow-up (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.69-
1.31). Between two studies, group CBT may increase remission rate compared to waitlist
control (RR 1.76, 95% CI 1.11-2.79) with one study greatly favoring the CBT group. The
only study in 5 to 11-year-olds showed no difference in remission between family
psychoeducation with CBT and placebo (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.63-1.91).
Among three IPT studies, family-based IPT (RR 2.08, 95% CI 0.87-4.95) and IPT for
Adolescents (IPT-A) (RR 1.50, 95% CI 1.04-2.17) have higher remission rates; while one
study found no significant difference in remission between IPT and group IPT.
Table 2. Incidence of Depression managed

No. of Studies Relative Risk (RR) Certainty of
Outcomes
Remission (Individual CBT vs. 2 RCTs 0.97
Low
placebo) (n = 259) (0.63 to 1.49)
4 RCTs 1.14
Moderate
Remission (Individual CBT vs. (n = 403) (1.01 to 1.30)
Non-Directive Supportive
Therapy) 1 RCT 0.95
Low
(n = 56) (0.69 to 1.31)
● At > 6 to ≤ 18 months follow-
up 3 RCTs 1.15
Moderate
(n = 186) (0.96 to 1.38)
● Without comorbidity
● With comorbidity (IBS) 1 RCT 1.07
Moderate
(n = 217) (0.88 to 1.31)
2 RCTs 1.76
Remission (Group CBT) Low
(n = 102) (1.11 to 2.79)
Remission (CBT and family 1 RCT 1.10

Low
psychoeducation) (n = 37) (0.63 to 1.91)
1 RCT 2.08
Remission (Family-based IPT) Low
(n = 42) (0.87 to 4.95)
Remission (IPT-A) 1 RCT 1.50 Low
64
(n = 48) (1.04 to 2.17)
Remission (IPT, Group IPT) 1 RCT 0.82

Low
(n = 39) (0.60 to 1.11)
● At > 6 to ≤ 18 months follow-
up 1 RCT 0.92
Low
(n = 39) (0.65 to 1.30)
Overall Quality of Life (QOL) (1 Randomized Controlled Trial, N = 223; Moderate

Certainty of Evidence)
One study from a systematic review [11] did not find any difference between CBT and
placebo in improving the quality of life (SMD -0.08, 95% CI -0.34 to 0.19).
Table 3. Quality of Life

No. of Studies Certainty of
Outcomes SMD (95% CI)
(no. of participants) Evidence
1 RCT -0.08
Quality of life Low
(n = 223) (-0.34 to 0.19)
A fair-quality study (19) on Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) using a cutoff score
≥ 11, with the Child Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DISC-IV) as a reference standard,
reported a sensitivity of 89.5% (95% CI 69-97), specificity of 77.5% (95% CI 73-81),
positive predictive value (PPV) of 15% (95% CI 10-23), and negative predictive value
(NPV) of 99% (95% CI, 98-100). One study (20) with a cutoff score of ≥ 5, against ICD-
10 diagnostic criteria as reference, reported a sensitivity of 87.1% (95% CI 82.2-90.8),
specificity of 79.7% (95% CI 74.2-84.5), PPV of 39.7% (95% CI 29-52), and NPV of
97.58% (95% CI 94-99). A cutoff score of ≥ 5.5 has a sensitivity of 78.4% (95% CI 69-85)
and specificity of 73.8% (95% CI 65-81).(21)
A study (22) on the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) reported a sensitivity of

73.7% (95% CI 51-88) and specificity of 75.2% (95% CI 71-79) against DISC-IV; and a
sensitivity of 96.2% and specificity of 82.3% against PHQ-9.
Based on a systematic review (11), the Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents
(PHQ-A) was reported to have a high sensitivity and specificity in detecting Major
Depressive Disorder (sensitivity 73%; specificity 94%).
65
Table 4. Summary of Diagnostic Performance of the Screening Tests
Positive Negative Certainty
Screening Sample Sensitivity Specificity
Predictive Value Predictive Value of
tool size (n) (95%CI) (95% CI)
(95% CI) (95% CI) Evidence
PHQ-9
89.5% 77.5% 15% 99%

≥ 11 442 Fair
(69-97) (73-81) (10-23) (98-100)
78.4% 73.8%
≥ 5.5 121 N/A N/A Poor
(69-85) (65-81)
79.7%
87.1% 39.7% 97.58%
≥5 233 (74.2- Good
(82.2-90.8) (29-52) (94-99)
84.5)
PHQ-2 73.7% 75.2% 11.8% 98%

Fair
≥3 (51-88) (71-79) (7-19) (96-99)
444
PHQ-2
96.2% 82.3% 42% -- Fair
(PHQ-9)
73% 94%
PHQ-A 403 56% 97% Fair
(68-77) (91-96)

No studies were found on the local cost-of-illness for depression in children and
adolescents. Data on costs of available local screening and treatment and relevant
foreign cost studies were found.
A proposed Php 29.2 billion for Priority 2 of the 2021 DOH health budget (23) covers
prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCD) among others. Php 370
million is allotted for mental health conditions. This amounts to 0.005% of the total health
budget proposed. WHO reported a 2.65% expenditure for mental health in 2020.(10)
No data was found on costs of specific screening instruments, but NCMH offers projective
tests for Php 2,500.[24] Initial consultation fees in different institutions range from free to
Php 2,500 in NCR, while individual practitioner fees can range from free to Php 5,000.(25)
Standard rates of private psychiatrists are Php 2,000 to 3,000 per hour with mid-range
fees at Php 1,500.(26) The Philippine General Hospital (PGH) has free psychiatric
consultation and counseling services, while NCMH offers free basic counseling and
referral.(27) There are also various non-government organizations, associations,
foundations, and facilities offering free online counseling.(26) Psychotherapy, such as
66
CBT is available in both urban and rural mental hospitals.(10) In school settings, a
guidance counselor can help in detecting and dealing with mental health problems but
there is a lack of them in public compared to private settings.(28)
Societal and treatment costs of clinically depressed adolescents are likely to be higher
than other adolescents, even those with psychological disorders.(29,30) Cost-effective
prevention and intervention programs may be warranted.(29) Out-patient costs also play
a major part in the total expenditures.(30) A systematic review (18) also found that CBT
was the most cost-effective when compared with a brief psychological intervention (BPI)
or short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy (STPP).

According to Tuliao (31), different factors that may affect the help-seeking behaviors of
Filipinos especially when it comes to mental health, are public stigma, which can result in
private stigma, as well as “loss of face,” and the Filipino concept of “hiya.” In terms of
intervention, especially counseling, a concept that may influence treatment acceptability
is the “Ibang Tao-Hindi Ibang Tao” dichotomy, which can affect social interaction with the
health care provider.
One factor that may affect service equity is the unequal distribution of mental health
workers in the country. WHO stated that there are an estimated 548 psychiatrists, 133
psychologists, 516 psychiatric nurses, and 1,241 mental health social workers (0.5, 0.1,
0.5, and 1.2 / per 100,000 population, respectively).(10) There are only 60 child
psychiatrists, practicing mostly in urban areas like the National Capital Region.(28) The
migration of trained health workers also contributes to the lack of professionals in the
country.(10) Lack of time and confidence in their professional training, as well as
insufficient mental health experts to refer to in cases of positive screens are also possible
barriers.(32) In a simulation by Gardner (33), they reported that there are many points in
which a mental health care delivery can break, thus limiting the population effect of
screening.
Based on the 2017 Member Profile from the WHO (34), there are 11 out-patient and 11
in-patient facilities specifically for children and adolescents, which contrasts the
situational assessment (10) that there are no in-patient or out-patient child and adolescent
facilities available. Another possible factor for service equity is that most mental health
services are from private providers (10), which are paid mostly or entirely out-of-pocket
by patients.(28) With limited human and medical resources, health providers can use
predictors of depression persistence as guidance to determine the appropriate treatment
(35) or follow a similar quality improvement project by Mansour (36), which resulted in an
increased screening rate. Forging connections with the community, as well as providing
access to services in primary care and/or school, may aid in decreasing racial disparities
and help in tailor-fitting both screening and treatment to the target population.(37)
67
US Preventive Services Task Recommends screening in 12 to 18 years old when

Force (11) adequate systems are present (Grade of evidence: B).
Recommends routinely screening youth ages 11 years

and older referred to CAMHS using a self-report
questionnaire (Grade of evidence: B). This is part of a
NICE Guidelines (9)
depression stepped-care model which guides in
identifying and accessing effective interventions based
on the different needs of children and adolescents.
Recommends in their Guidelines for Adolescent

Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC) that annual
American Academy of Pediatrics depression screening using a formal self-report tool
(38) (paper or electronic) should be given to adolescents ages
12 years and above (Grade of evidence: 2; Very strong
recommendation).
Currently developing a guideline to be published in 2022.

Canadian Task Force on
CTFPHC says that there is insufficient evidence to
Preventive Health Care (39)
recommend for or against depression screening.
68
References
I. Burden of Depression
1. GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204
countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
2019. The Lancet. 2020;396(10258): 1204-1222. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-
6736(20)30925-9.
2. Institute for Health Metrics Evaluation. GBD Compare Viz Hub. Available from:
https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/ [Accessed 19th August 2021].
3. Ngis-iban PL. The Prevalence of Depressive Features Among Students in a Secondary Public
School. Available from:
https://www.herdin.ph/index.php/component/herdin/?view=research&cid=72170#studyDetails
[Accessed 19th August 2021].
4. Puyat JH, Gastardo-Conaco MC, Natividad J, Banal MA. Depressive symptoms among young adults
in the Philippines: Results from a nationwide cross-sectional survey. Journal of Affective Disorders
Reports. 2021;3(100073): 1-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100073.
5. Acob, J. R. U., Arifin, H., & Dewi, Y. S. (2021). Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Students
amidst COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Philippines. Jurnal Keperawatan
Padjadjaran, 9(2), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.24198/jkp.v9i2.1673
6. Kraus C, Kadriu B, Lanzenberger R, Zarate Jr. CA, Kasper S. Prognosis and improved outcomes in
major depression: a review. Translational Psychiatry. 2019;9(127): 1-17. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0460-3.
7. Richardson LP, McCauley E, McCarty CA, Grossman DC, Myaing M, Zhou C, et al. Predictors of
Persistence After a Positive Depression Screen Among Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2012;130(6):
e1541-e1548. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-0450.
8. World Health Organization. Depression. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-
sheets/detail/depression [Accessed 19th August 2021].
9. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Depression in children and young people:
identification and management: NICE guideline [NG134]. 2019. Available from:
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng134 [Accessed 20th August 2021].

10. World Health Organization. Philippines WHO Special Initiative for Mental Health Situational
Assessment. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/philippines---who-special-
initiative-for-mental-health [Accessed 9th September 2021]
11. Forman-Hoffman VL, McClure E, McKeeman J, Wood CT, Middleton JC, Skinner AC, et al.
Screening for Major Depressive Disorder Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review for
the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Evidence Synthesis No. 116. Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality. 2016;13-05192-EF-1: 1-199. Available from:
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-
review145/depression-in-children-and-adolescents-screening. [Accessed 20th August 2021].
12. Roseman M, Saadat N, Riehm KE, Kloda LA, Boruff J, Ickowicz A, et al. Depression Screening and
Health Outcomes in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. The Canadian Journal of
Psychiatry. 2017;62(12): 813-817. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743717727243.
13. Husky MM, Miller K, McGuire L, Flynn L, Olfson M. Mental Health Screening of Adolescents in
Pediatric Practice. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2011;38(2): 159-169.
Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-009-9207-x.
14. Leslie KR, Chike-Harris K. Patient-Administered Screening Tool May Improve Detection and
Diagnosis of Depression Among Adolescents. Clinical Pediatrics. 2018;57(4): 457-460. Available
from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922817730343.
15. Bhatta S, Champion JD, Young C, Loika E. Outcomes of Depression Screening Among Adolescents
Accessing School-based Pediatric Primary Care Clinic Services. Journal of Pediatric Nursing.
2017;38: 8-14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2017.10.001.
16. Gadomski AM, Fothergill KE, Larson S, Wissow LS, Winegrad H, Nagykaldi ZJ, et al. Integrating
mental health into adolescent annual visits: Impact of Pre-Visit Comprehensive Screening on within-
69
visit processes. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2015;56(3): 267-273. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.11.011.
17. Chisolm DJ, Klima J, Gardner W, Kelleher KJ. Adolescent Behavioral Risk Screening and Use of
Health Services. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research.
2009; 36: 374-380. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-009-0245-8.
18. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in children and young people, 2019
evidence review. NICE guideline. 2019;NG134: 1-583. Available from:
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng134/evidence/a-psychological-interventions-for-the-treatment-of-
depression-pdf-6834544094.
III. Diagnostic Performance of the Screening Test

19. Richardson LP, McCauley E, Grossman DC, McCarty CA, Richards J, Russo JE, et al. Evaluation of
the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for Detecting Major Depression among Adolescents.
Pediatrics. 2010;126(6): 1117-1123. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0852.
20. Ganguly S, Samanta M, Roy P, Chatterjee S, Kaplan DW, Basu B. Patient Health Questionnaire-9
as an Effective Tool for Screening of Depression Among Indian Adolescents. Journal of Adolescent
Health. 2013;52(5): 546-551. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.012.
21. Chenneville T, Gabbidon K, Drake H, Rodriguez C. Comparison of the utility of the PHQ and CES-D
for depression screening among youth with HIV in an integrated care setting. Journal of Affective
Disorders. 2019;250: 140-144. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.023.
22. Richardson LP, Rockhill C, Russo JE, Grossman DC, Richards J, McCarty C, et al. Evaluation of the
PHQ-2 as a Brief Screen for Detecting Major Depression among Adolescents. Pediatrics.
2010;125(5): e1097-e1103. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2712.

23. Department of Health. Budget Briefer 2021. Available from:
https://doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/publications/2021-Budget-Briefer.pdf [Accessed 25th August
2021].
24. National Center for Mental Health. Hospital Rates. Available from:
http://www.ncmh.gov.ph/index.php/rates#psychological-services [Accessed 24th August 2021].
25. Sevilla I. For those seeking professional help. Available from:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1t9cCNOtSuIpo84OECOUPSUwjVKqdsD8aBhdnSrfVs1c/e
dit#gid=0 [Accessed 24th August 2021].
26. Alvarez K. Master List of Hotlines and Mental Health Resources in the Philippines. Available from:
https://katewashere.com/mentalhealthph/ [Accessed 24th August 2021].
27. Viernes F. 5 free counseling and psychiatric consultation services that are just a call away. Available
from: https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/healthandwellness/780655/5-free-counseling-and-
psychiatric-consultation-services-that-are-just-a-call-away/story/ [Accessed 24th August 2021].
28. Estrada CA, Usami M, Satake N, Gregorio Jr. E, Leynes C, Balderrama N, et al. Current situation
and challenges for mental health focused on treatment and care in Japan and the Philippines -
highlights of the training program by the National Center for Global Health and Medicine. BMC
Proceedings. 2020;14(Suppl 11): 1-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12919-020-00194-0.
29. Bodden DHM, Stikkelbroek Y, Dirksen CD. Societal burden of adolescent depression, an overview
and cost-of-illness study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2018;241: 256-262. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.06.015.
30. Wright DR, Katon WJ, Ludman E, McCauley E, Oliver M, Lindenbaum J, et al. Association of
Adolescent Depressive Symptoms With Health Care Utilization and Payer-Incurred Expenditures.
Maternal and Adolescent Mental Health. 2016;16(1): 82-89. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2015.08.013.

31. Tuliao AP. Mental health help seeking among Filipinos: a review of the literature. Asia Pacific Journal
of Counseling and Psychotherapy. 2014;5(2): 1-14. Available from:
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1792&context=psychfacpub.
32. Weitzman C, Wegner L, Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Committee on
Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, Council on Early Childhood, Society for
70
Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. Promoting Optimal Development: Screening for
Behavioral and Emotional Problems. Pediatrics. 2015;135(2): 384-395. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3716.
33. Gardner W, Bevans K, Kelleher KJ. The Potential for Improving the Population Health Effectiveness
of Screening: A Simulation Study. Pediatrics. 2021;148(Supplement 1): s3-s10. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-050693C.
34. World Health Organization. Mental Health Atlas 2017 Country Profile: Philippines. Available from:
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/mental-health-atlas-2017-country-profile-philippines
35. Richardson LP, McCauley E, McCarty CA, Grossman DC, Myaing M, Zhou C, et al. Predictors of
Persistence After a Positive Depression Screen Among Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2012;130(6):
e1541-e1548. Available from: doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0450.
36. Mansour M, Krishnaprasadh D, Lichtenberger J, Teitelbaum J. Implementing the Patient Health
Questionnaire Modified for Adolescents to improve screening for depression among adolescents in a
Federally Qualified Health Centre. BMJ Open Quality. 2020;9: e000751. Available from: doi:
10.1136/bmjoq-2019-000751.
37. Costello LH, Suh C, Burnett B, Kelsay K, Bunik M, Talmi A. Addressing Adolescent Depression in
Primary Care: Building Capacity Through Psychologist and Pediatrician Partnership. Journal of
Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings. 2021;28: 53-66. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-019-09680-w.

38. Zuckerbrot RA, Cheung A, Jensen PS, Stein REK, Laraque D, GLAD-PC Steering Group. Guidelines
for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): Part I. Practice Preparation, Identification,
Assessment, and Initial Management. Pediatrics. 2018;141(3): e20174081. Available from:
39. Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Depression in Children and Adolescents. Available
from: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/guidelines/upcoming-guidelines/depression-in-children-and-
adolescents/. [Accessed 24th August 2021].
71
4.7 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Anxiety among
Adolescents
RECOMMENDATION
Among healthy asymptomatic adolescents (10-19 years old), we suggest screening for
anxiety disorder using standardized instruments twice a year. (Moderate certainty of
evidence; Weak recommendation)
Considerations
● Unanimous with their decision to recommend screening for anxiety disorders
among adolescents due to the rising prevalence of anxiety, especially during the
pandemic.
● The panel also decided to recommend the screening for the adolescent (10-19
years old) age group since the population of the evidence reviewed were done
mostly on this age group.
● Potential benefits outweigh the potential harms such as overdiagnosis,
abnormalized behavior, and exaggeration of experiences or emotions.
● The strength of recommendation was weak due to limited instrumentation and
insufficient data, the screening tools presented are also not widely used in the
Philippines.
● There is a need for more studies on screening tools, especially for this population.
● Screening tools on anxiety disorders used on adults may be used on adolescents,
but this still needs more evidence and validation.
● The timing of screening is also important, screening may be done in the middle of
the school year or semester, wherein students may be subjected to high stress,
which may make them vulnerable to developing mental health problems.
Screening may also be done during general pediatric check-ups.
4.7.1 Burden of Anxiety

Anxiety is the sixth leading cause of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) in
adolescents (mean = 3.3%).(1) In the Philippines, it makes up 5.73% of the total Years
Lived with Disability (YLD) and 2.75% of total DALYs in 5 to 14 year-olds.(2) Generalized
Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is the most common type of anxiety disorder reported in the out-
patient department of the National Center for Mental Health (NCMH). Out of the 241
cases, 84.6% (n = 204) were in 15 to 19 year-olds. 68.5% (n = 165) were females and
31.5% (n = 76) were males. A cross-sectional study in China during the COVID-19
pandemic showed that anxiety is more prevalent in 13 to 15-year-olds and in females.(3)
Anxiety disorders were the most prevalent mental disorder in Taiwanese children, with
specific phobia disorder as the most common type.(4)
72
According to Mellick (5), experiential avoidance (EA) might be an important predictor of
GAD symptomatology persistence. Essau (6) reported that adolescent anxiety predicted
more adverse outcomes such as unemployment, maladjustment poor coping skills, poor
family relationships, less life satisfaction, more chronic stress, and other
psychopathologies like major depressive disorder (MDD), substance use disorder (SUD),
and alcohol abuse/dependence (AUD) at age 30. In a prospective study, Letcher (7) found
that despite a similar increase in the level of anxiety symptoms for both genders from
aged 11 to 15, girls reported higher anxiety scores.
The American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) recommends

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for 6 to 18-year-olds with social anxiety, generalized
anxiety, separation anxiety, specific phobia, and panic disorder.(8) Available
psychotherapy services in the National Center for Mental Health (NCMH) are CBT and
supportive counseling.(9)

No studies were found directly comparing screening versus no screening among
asymptomatic apparently healthy children and adolescents with outcomes on the
incidence of anxiety disorder managed, anxiety attacks, hospitalization, adverse events
of screening and management, and other relevant outcomes.(10) Studies on the
effectiveness of treatment among those with anxiety disorder were reviewed.
Incidence of anxiety disorder managed (56 Randomized Controlled Trials, N = 3519;

Low Certainty of Evidence)
In a systematic review with 39 studies (11) reported that CBT had increased remission of
primary anxiety diagnosis compared to waitlist control at post-treatment (OR 5.48, 95%
CI 3.91-7.68). In terms of delivery format, child-focused CBT had greater remission
compared to parent-focused or combined format (OR 10.61, 95% CI 5.86-19.21; I² =
52%). Individual or group CBT may increase remission compared to a waitlist control
(individual OR 4.60, 95% CI 2.55-8.28; group therapy OR 6.27, 4.44-8.85) but the review
did not find any differences between the two subgroups (Chi² = 0.80; df = 1 [p = 0.37]; I²
= 0%).
Against attention control, there is low-quality evidence on remission for post-treatment of

CBT (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.33-3.90). Child-focused CBT has more benefit than a combined
child- and parent-focused delivery (OR 3.58 vs. 1.12) while no differences are found
between individual and group CBT (Chi² = 0.49; df = 1 [p = 0.48]; I² = 0%).
Table 1. Incidence of anxiety disorder managed

No. of Studies Odds Ratio (OR) Certainty of
Outcomes
Remission post-treatment (vs. waitlist/no treatment)
39 RCTs 5.48
Primary anxiety diagnosis Moderate
(n = 2,697) (3.91 to 7.68)
73
17 RCTs 4.60
Individual CBT Moderate
(n = 1,165) (2.55 to 8.28)
22 RCTs 6.27
Group CBT High
(n = 1,532) (4.44 to 8.85)
All anxiety diagnoses post- 28 RCTs 4.45

Moderate
treatment (n = 2,075) (2.89 to 6.84)
Remission post-treatment (vs. attention control)
10 RCTs 2.28
Primary anxiety diagnosis Low
(n = 822) (1.33 to 3.90)
5 RCTs 2.04
Individual CBT Moderate
(n = 469) (1.06 to 3.91)
5 RCTs 3.14
Group CBT Low
(n = 353) (1.13 to 8.71)
All anxiety diagnoses post- 5 RCTs 2.77

Low
treatment (n = 378) (1.22 to 6.28)
No studies were found on the effectiveness of treatment on the following outcomes:

anxiety attacks, hospitalization, and adverse events of screening and management.

Based on a systematic review (12), the 5-item Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional
Disorders (SCARED) administered to adolescents had the highest sensitivity and
specificity among the four versions of the instrument (sensitivity 74% and specificity 73%),
with comparable accuracy to both child and parent forms of the 41-item SCARED. One
fair-quality study (13) reported that the 41-item SCARED administered to children had a
sensitivity of 36.36% and a specificity of 76.17%.
Table 2. Summary of Diagnostic Performance of the Screening Tests

Positive Negative
Certainty
Screening Sample Sensitivity Specificity Predictive Predictive
of
tool size (n) (95%CI) (95%CI) Value (PPV) Value (NPV)
Evidence
(95%CI) (95%CI)
5-item 74% 73%

190 -- -- Fair
SCARED (67-80) (66-79)
38-item
341 72% 64% -- -- Fair
SCARED
41-item 71% 67%

190 -- -- Fair
SCARED (64-77) (60-73)
74
41-item 331
36.36% 76.17% 14.46% 91.53% Fair
SCARED (children)

No local cost-of-illness studies for anxiety in children and adolescents were found.
Instead, data on the costs of available local screening and treatment and relevant foreign
cost studies were looked at.
A proposed Php 29.2 billion for Priority 2 of the 2021 DOH health budget (14) covers
prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCD) among others. Php 370
million are allotted for mental health conditions. This amounts to 0.005% of the total health
budget proposed. WHO reported a 2.65% expenditure for mental health in 2020.(9)
No data was found on costs of specific screening instruments, but NCMH offers projective
tests for Php 2,500.(15) Initial consultation fees in different institutions range from free to
Php 2,500 in NCR, while individual practitioner fees can range from free to Php 5,000.(16)
Standard rates of private psychiatrists are Php 2,000 to 3,000 per hour with mid-range
fees at Php 1,500.(17) The Philippine General Hospital (PGH) has free psychiatric
consultation and counseling services, while NCMH offers free basic counseling and
referral.(18) There are also various non-government organizations, associations,
foundations, and facilities offering free online counseling.(17) Psychotherapy, such as
CBT is available in both urban and rural mental hospitals.(9) In school settings, a
guidance counselor can help in detecting and dealing with mental health problems but
there is a lack of them in public compared to private settings.(19)

According to Tuliao (20), different factors that may affect the help-seeking behaviors of
Filipinos especially when it comes to mental health, are public stigma, which can result in
private stigma, as well as “loss of face,” and the Filipino concept of “hiya.” In terms of
intervention, especially counseling, a concept that may influence treatment acceptability
is the “Ibang Tao-Hindi Ibang Tao” dichotomy, which can affect social interaction with the
health care provider. In terms of treatment, especially CBT, James (11) reported that
there is no significant difference in the acceptability of the intervention.
One factor that may affect service equity is the unequal distribution of mental health
workers in the country. WHO stated that there are an estimated 548 psychiatrists, 133
psychologists, 516 psychiatric nurses, and 1,241 mental health social workers (0.5, 0.1,
0.5, and 1.2 / per 100,000 population, respectively).(9) There are only 60 child
psychiatrists, practicing mostly in urban areas like the National Capital Region.(19) The
migration of trained health workers also contributes to the lack of professionals in the
country.(9) Some of the possible barriers in screening as reported by primary care
practitioners are (a) lack of adequate professional training, (b) lack of time, (c) long waiting
time of patients, (d) insufficient mental health experts to refer to in case there’s a positive
screen, (e) concerns with reimbursement of health visits, and (f) time commitment from
the patients as well as the health care providers. (21). In a simulation by Gardner (22),
75
they reported that there are many points in which a mental health care delivery can break,
and thus limit the population effect of screening.
Based on the 2017 Member Profile from the WHO (23), there are 11 out-patient and 11
in-patient facilities specifically for children and adolescents, which contrasts the
situational assessment (9) that there are no in-patient or out-patient child and adolescent
facilities available. Another possible factor for service equity is that most mental health
services are from private providers (9), which are paid mostly or entirely out-of-pocket by
patients.(19) With limited resources, an early gathering of data on anxiety symptoms from
self-, parent-, and teacher reports might be best to identify youth who need
intervention.(7) Forging connections with the community, as well as providing access to
services in primary care and/or school, may aid in decreasing racial disparities and help
in tailor-fitting both screening and treatment to the target population.(24)

The American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) stated that there are
available social-emotional screening instruments such as the Pediatric Symptom
Checklist and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire that can be used to standardize the
identification of anxiety concerns. They also mentioned symptom rating scales (e.g.,
SCARED, Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale [SCAS], and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7
[GAD-7]), which can be useful to support a diagnosis, characterize symptoms, and serve
as a baseline for treatment.(8)
76
References
I. Burden of Anxiety
1. GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204
countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
2019. The Lancet. 2020;396(10258): 1204-1222. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-
6736(20)30925-9.
2. Institute for Health Metrics Evaluation. GBD Compare Viz Hub. Available from:
https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/ [Accessed 19th August 2021].
3. Chen F, Zheng D, Liu J, Gong Y, Guan Z, Lou D. Depression and anxiety among adolescents during
COVID-19: A cross-sectional study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2020;8: 36-38. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.061.
4. Chen YL, Chen WJ, Lin KC, Shen LJ, Gau SSF. Prevalence of DSM-5 mental disorders in a
nationally representative sample of children in Taiwan: methodology and main findings.
Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 2020;29(e15): 1-9. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796018000793.
5. Mellick WH, Mills JA, Kroska EB, Calarge CA, Sharp C, Dindo LN. Experiential avoidance predicts
persistence of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder in late adolescence. The
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2019;80(6): 1-17. Available from: doi:10.4088/JCP.18m12265.
6. Essau CA, Lewinsohn PM, Olaya B, Seeley JR. Anxiety disorders in adolescents and psychosocial
outcomes at age 30. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2014;163: 125-132. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.033.
7. Letcher P, Sanson A, Smart D, Toumbourou JW. Precursors and Correlates of Anxiety Trajectories
From Late Childhood to Late Adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology.
2012;41(4): 417-432. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.680189.
8. Walter HJ, Bukstein OG, Abright AR, Keable H, Ramtekkar U, Ripperger-Suhler J, et al. Clinical
Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Anxiety
Disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2020;59(10): 1107-
1124. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.005.
9. World Health Organization. Philippines WHO Special Initiative for Mental Health Situational
Assessment. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/philippines---who-special-
initiative-for-mental-health [Accessed 9th September 2021]

10. Gregory KD, Chelmow D, Nelson HD, Van Niel MS, Conry JA, Garcia F, et al. Screening for Anxiety
in Adolescent and Adult Women: A Recommendation From the Women’s Preventive Services
Initiative. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2020;173(1): 48-56. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-0580.
11. James AC, Reardon T, Soler A, James G, Creswell C. Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety
disorders in children and adolescents (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
2020;(11). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013162.pub2.

12. Nelson HD, Cantor A, Pappas M, Weeks C. Screening for Anxiety in Adolescent and Adult Women A
Systematic Review for the Women’s Preventive Services Initiative. Annals of Internal Medicine.
2020;173(1): 29-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-0579.
13. Rappaport BI, Pagliaccio D, Pine DS, Klein DN, Jarcho JM. Discriminant validity, diagnostic utility,
and parent-child agreement on the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED)
in treatment- and non-treatment-seeking youth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2017;51:22-31.
Available from: doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.08.006.

14. Department of Health. Budget Briefer 2021. Available from:
https://doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/publications/2021-Budget-Briefer.pdf [Accessed 25th August
2021].
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15. National Center for Mental Health. Hospital Rates. Available from:
http://www.ncmh.gov.ph/index.php/rates#psychological-services [Accessed 24th August 2021].
16. Sevilla I. For those seeking professional help. Available from:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1t9cCNOtSuIpo84OECOUPSUwjVKqdsD8aBhdnSrfVs1c/e
dit#gid=0 [Accessed 24th August 2021].
17. Alvarez K. Master List of Hotlines and Mental Health Resources in the Philippines. Available from:
https://katewashere.com/mentalhealthph/ [Accessed 24th August 2021].
18. Viernes F. 5 free counseling and psychiatric consultation services that are just a call away. Available
from: https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/healthandwellness/780655/5-free-counseling-and-
psychiatric-consultation-services-that-are-just-a-call-away/story/ [Accessed 24th August 2021].
19. Estrada CA, Usami M, Satake N, Gregorio Jr. E, Leynes C, Balderrama N, et al. Current situation
and challenges for mental health focused on treatment and care in Japan and the Philippines -
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Proceedings. 2020;14(Suppl 11): 1-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12919-020-00194-0.

20. Tuliao AP. Mental health help seeking among Filipinos: a review of the literature. Asia Pacific Journal
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-019-09680-w.
78
4.8 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Stress
RECOMMENDATION
Among healthy asymptomatic adults, we recommend screening for stress using

standardized stress scales once a year. (Low certainty of evidence; Strong
recommendation)
Considerations
● Unanimous with their decision to screen for stress as a potential risk factor for
mental health problems.
● An issue raised was the challenge for different environments such as the
workplace and academic settings to deal with those who will have positive screens.
However, this may serve as a good opportunity to come up with and emphasize
preventive strategies.
● The decision on the strength of the recommendation took three rounds due to the
split decision of the panel.
● The recommendation was weak for some panel members due to the lack of a
validated tool and the low level of evidence presented in the review.
● Other panel members believed that this should be a strong recommendation due
to the high prevalence and the opportunity for prevention and possible early
intervention.
● One of the panelists also mentioned the DASS-21 (Depression, Anxiety, and
Stress Scale), which was widely used during the pandemic nationwide. This may
be a potential screening tool that can be used once more studies are done.
● Another panelist also mentioned that the DASS-21 tool has already been
translated but not yet validated.
● After three rounds of voting, the panel was unanimous with their decision to
strongly recommend screening for stress as a risk factor.
● The panel voted on screening at least once a year in order to minimize the cost
and it may be incorporated into annual check-ups.
4.8.1 Burden of Stress

According to the Social Weather Stations (SWS) Survey in September 2020, the COVID-
19 crisis caused stress on 86% of Filipinos.(1) Prior to the pandemic, one out of four or
27% adult Filipinos frequently experienced stress in their daily lives. Among subgroups,
stress was more frequent in urban areas than in rural, women than men, among those
aged 35 to 44 years old, and socio-economic classes E and D than A, B, and C.(2) The
overall prevalence of distress in low-income communities of Filipinos is at 82%.(3)
The relations of mental and physical well-being may be explained by the allostatic load
theory. Allostatic load is defined as cumulative perturbations on the physiologic processes
brought about by stress. Over time, this could result in the “wear and tear” of the body
79
and the development of diseases.(4) Perceived stress is associated with increased risk
for cardiovascular diseases (5,6) (work stress OR 3.2, marital stress OR 2.28, economic
stress OR 1.30) (6), stroke (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.94-1.26) (7), persistence of allergic rhinitis
(8), mental disorders (9), and other health outcomes (cognitive function, Body Mass
Index, blood pressure, and obesity).(10)
The multidimensionality of stress makes it challenging to measure.(11) Crosswell and

Lockwood (2020) suggested that the best practices for measuring stress include defining
the type of stress, time-scale, type of stress responses, and validated scales that best
applies to the population of interest.(12) Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) is the most
widely used self-administered tool for measuring subjective stress in research and clinics.
It is “a measure of the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as
stressful”.(13,14) Another scale that is mentioned in this evidence review is the Work
Stress Questionnaire (WSQ), which was developed for early identification of individuals
at risk of being sick-listed due to work-related stress.(15)
The World Health Organization (WHO) has suggested assessment and management
strategies for reducing stress. Stress reduction therapies include mindfulness-based
techniques, meditation, diaphragmatic breathing, and cognitive-behavioral
techniques.(16)

There were no direct studies found comparing screening versus not screening for stress
in asymptomatic, apparently healthy adults. The indirect evidence is from randomized
controlled trials using stress reduction as prevention intervention for diseases.
Effects of early intervention on work-related stress on self-reported sick leave,

polypharmacy and healthcare use and treatment (3 Randomized Controlled Trials,
N = 271; Low to moderate certainty of evidence) (17-19)
Three separate studies set in 7 primary healthcare centers in western Sweden aimed to
evaluate the use of the Work Stress Questionnaire (WSQ) in the primary care setting in
preventing sickness absence.(17-19) The studies included the same sample of 271
employed, non-sick listed participants, aged 18 to 64 years who were randomized to the
intervention group (N = 132) and usual care control group (N = 139). In the intervention,
the participants received feedback about their WSQ and measures for prevention of work
stress. The control group received the usual care and accomplished the WSQ without
feedback. The results of the studies are summarized in Table 1.
It is worth noting that a sick leave is a complex outcome measure as it may be an indicator
of ill health or a tool for the treatment of health.(17) In addition, the most prevalent types
of medication in the second RCT were anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products (N
= 92), antidepressants (N = 91) and drugs for treatment of peptic ulcer disease (N =
58).(18)
80
Meditation and cardiovascular risk reduction (1 RCT, N = 85; Moderate certainty of
evidence)
A scientific statement from the American Heart Association in 2017 suggested that
meditation possibly reduces cardiovascular risk. However, most of the studies were
outdated, and the overall quality and quantity of study data were modest.(20) An RCT in
2019 tested stress reduction using transcendental meditation versus health education
among African Americans in reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.(21) The study
reported left ventricular mass index (LVMI), an independent risk factor for CVD, was
significantly lower among participants who received transcendental meditation (TM) than
those who received health education (HE) after 6 months. Other health outcomes were
significantly reduced within groups, but were not significantly different between the two
groups (Table 1). The GRADE Evidence profile may be found in Appendix VIII-B.
Table 1. Effects of early identification and early intervention on stress

No. of Studies Level of
Outcomes Impact/ Effect Size
(no. of participants) Certainty
No statistically significant differences in reporting
no sick leave, self-reported net and gross sick
leaves between the two groups.
1 RCT
(N = 271) Intervention vs. Control group reporting no sick
Sick leave Moderate
leave
Hulten, et al., 2021 6-month follow-up: 59/105 (56%) versus 61/115
(53%)
12-month follow-up: 61/119 (51%) versus 57/122
(47%)
The number of different medications used per
individual did not differ significantly between the
control group (median 4.0) and the intervention
group (median 4.0, p = 0.076).
1 RCT The control group had a higher proportion of

Polyphar (N = 271) individuals who collected more than 10 different
Moderate
macy medications and proportion of individuals filling
Bjerkel, et al., 2020 prescriptions issued from more than three different
clinics than in the intervention group
Intervention versus Control group

(4.5% versus 15.8%, p = 0.002)
(4.5% versus 17.3%, p = 0.007)
During the 12 months follow-up, the intervention
1 RCT
group had higher numbers in the following outcome
Healthcar (N = 271)
measures compared to the control group:
e use and Low
treatment Sandheimer, et al.,
Intervention versus Control group:
2020
Visits to psychologists/psychiatrists: (20% vs 7%)
81
(p < 0.05)
Collaborative care measures: (23% vs 11%) (p <
0.05).
The TM group had significantly lower LVMI
compared with the HE group (-7.55gm/m2, 95% CI
1 RCT -14.78 to -.34 gm/m2; p = 0.040).
Left
(N = 85)
ventricular
Both interventions showed significant reductions in Moderate
hypertrop
Schneider, et al., blood pressure, (SBP/ DBP changes for TM: -5/ -3
hy
2019 mmHg, and for HE: -7/-6 mmHg; p = 0.028 to
<.001), but no significant difference between
groups.
TM - transcendental meditation, HE - health education, SBP - systolic blood pressure, DBP - diastolic blood
pressure

There are no studies that directly answer the accuracy of PSS against a gold standard.
Instead, a systematic review on its psychometric properties among Latinos (22) and its
relation to mortality (23) in a Danish population is presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Performance of PSS-10

Level of
Performance Basis Impact
certainty
Good construct validity, reliability, and adequate
3 cross- internal consistency
Psychometric sectional Content validity was not reported
Very low
properties (22) studies Investigators suggested that this scale would be
(N = 6,202) useful for screening or intervention in clinical or
research settings.
Mean follow-up time: 3.8 years
Identified 4, 229 deaths
Association to
mortality and 1
PSS quintile cut-off score: ≥18 reflected high
rate among prospective-
people with cohort levels of stress and had a threefold higher Low
multi- (N = 118,
mortality rate than those in the lowest quintile
morbidities 410)
(23) (age and sex-adjusted HR 2.95, 95% CI 2.68-
3.25).

Stress has high economic costs. The International Labor Organization’s (ILO) reported
that in Europe (2016), 272 billion euros was lost in productivity and 242 billion euros in
healthcare due to stress.(24)
A local personal finance website collated the costs of consultation, therapy, and
medications for mental health in the Philippines. A session of therapy or consultation may
cost from Php 100 to 4,500.(26) Non-government organizations such as the Center for
82
Family Ministries Foundation of Ateneo de Manila and Don Bosco only ask to be paid
according to the patient’s capacity. PSS may be downloaded for free.
Table 3. Costs of consultation associated with stress related disorder

Procedure Cost (Php)
Consultation with a specialist (Private) 100 – 4,500 per session
Consultation with a specialist (NCMH
300 per session
Outpatient Department Infirmary)
Non-profit organizations “Pay what you can”
Perceived Stress Scale Free

A systematic review reported that the rates of formal help-seeking behaviors for mental
health problems among Filipinos range from 2.2 to 17.5% (N = 5,906). The barriers and
facilitators were also identified under three categories, namely: a) systemic, structural,
and economic, b) sociocultural, and c) psychosocial. Table 4 shows the most cited factors
in each category. Filipinos seek professional help in combination with preferred sources
of help such as family and friends and when their condition is already severe. In the
qualitative studies included, resilience and self-reliance were cited as coping
strategies.(27)
Table 4. Barriers and Facilitators in help-seeking behaviors of Filipinos

Category Barriers Facilitators
Systemic, structural, and
Financial constraint (80%) Financial capacity (33%)
economical
Socio-cultural Social stigma (67%) Language proficiency (27%)
Psycho-social Self-stigma (73%) Perception of distress (47%)
Other available studies discussed acceptability to intervention. A subgroup of workers in

the medical field showed acceptability towards stress reduction techniques through high
attendance and low attrition rate.(28,29) A pilot randomized controlled trial on surgery
interns in a tertiary academic center showed that it was feasible to integrate a formal
mindfulness-based reduction technique in surgical training. The participants found it
satisfying, practical, and useful in improving their performance at work, relationships with
colleagues, and patient care.(29)

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published the “Workplace
Health: Management Practices” in June 2015. One recommendation pertained to mental
well-being at work.(30)
83
Table 5. Summary of Recommendations from NICE Guidelines
Group Recommendation Certainty of Evidence
Create a supportive environment that enables Moderate certainty of evidence,
employees to be proactive when and if unspecified level of
possible, to protect and enhance their own recommendation
health and wellbeing.
Develop policies to support the workplace
culture such as respect for work – life balance.
For example, in relation to stress,
organizations could refer to the principles of
the Health and Safety Executive's
Management standards for work related
stress. These cover the following 6 aspects of
work and the process for assessing and
managing these:
1. Demands (workload, work patterns
NICE (2015) and work environment)
2. Control (how much say the employee Moderate certainty of evidence,
has in the way they do their work) unspecified level of
recommendation
3. Support (from the organization, line
manager, and colleagues)
4. Relationships (promoting positive
working to avoid conflict and dealing
with unacceptable behavior)
5. Roles (if employees understand their
role within the organization and
whether the organization ensures that
they do not have conflicting roles)
6. Change (how change is managed and
communicated in the organization)
Recognizing that the COVID-19 pandemic has made workers more vulnerable to stress
or job stress, the Philippine College of Occupational Medicine suggested using the Mental
Health Status Exam (MHSE) to identify who needs additional support. They advised
seeking a comprehensive evaluation of mental health with psychologists, psychiatrists,
and psychometricians. No available evidence was provided in the released material.(31)
84
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87
4.9 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Sleep
Disturbances/Problems
RECOMMENDATION
Among asymptomatic apparently healthy adults, we recommend screening for sleep

disturbance/problems at least once a year. (Low certainty of evidence; Strong
recommendation)
Considerations
● Unanimous with their recommendation to screen for sleep disturbances/problems
due to the prevalence of these problems, which are potential risk factors for
developing mental health disorders.
● Sleep problems are identified to be one of the first behavioral problems people
may experience and screening serves as an opportunity for prevention and
possible early intervention.
● Despite the low level of evidence, the panel still strongly recommended screening
due to its prevalence and potential benefits.
● However, there are no specific screening tools yet and this serves as a research
gap.
● Further studies on the effectiveness , acceptability, and feasibility of these
screening tools must be done.
● The panel voted on screening at least once a year in order to minimize the cost
and it may be incorporated into annual check-ups.
4.9.1 Burden of Sleep Disturbances/Problems

Sleep disorders such as insomnia, sleep disturbances, and sleep wake disorders are
highly prevalent health complaints, with a prevalence rate of 23.87% among 42,169
individuals (95% CI 15.74-34.48) across 14 studies.(1) The prevalence of sleep disorders
among Filipinos has not been formally surveyed but results from a nationwide survey
among 19,017 Filipinos found that 35.20% experienced restless sleep.(2)
Sleep disorders are associated with increased productivity loss (3,4), risk of depression
(5,6), traffic accidents (7), and healthcare utilization.(8) Studies have also found sleep
disorders to be linked to a number of medical conditions such as musculoskeletal pain
(9), cancers, and cardiovascular diseases.(10) Insomnia remains an underdiagnosed
health problem (11) despite its high prevalence and substantial negative consequences.
An estimated $680-billion of economic output every year is lost each year across five
OECD Countries.(12) Direct cost analysis demonstrates significantly higher utilization of
emergency and office health care visits as well as greater cost for prescription drugs.(13)
Likewise, indirect costs in the form of work absenteeism, loss of productivity, and sleep
88
disorder-related accidents contribute significantly to the economic burden of the
disorder.(12-14)

No studies were found comparing screening to no screening for sleep disorders among
apparently healthy and/or asymptomatic adults on health outcomes, quality of life,
productivity, and other relevant outcomes. Instead, the effectiveness of cognitive
behavioral interventions (CBTs), group and internet, amongst adults and adolescents was
reviewed.
The evidence synthesis for cognitive behavioral intervention had 6 studies for group CBTs
and 5 for internet CBTs. The selected studies were randomized controlled trials. The
methods for the search, selection, and quality assessments of the included studies are
presented in Appendix 1.
Group and Internet Cognitive Behavioral interventions are indicated to improve sleep in
adults and adolescents. The effect of ISI score was observed for group CBTs (mean = -
4.65; p = 0.0001) and internet CBTs (mean = -6.48; p = 0.00001) to favor the intervention.
However, because treatment protocols were heterogeneous and risk of bias was high,
results should be interpreted with caution. Large and rigorous trials are needed.
Table 1. Effectiveness of selected interventions for sleep disorders at 3 or more months.

Absolute
Intervention No. of studies Certainty Importance
(95% CI)
Group CBT MD -4.65

6 Low Not Important
(15-20) (-5.72 to -0.71)
Internet
MD -6.48
CBT 5 Very Low Not Important
(-6.63 to -6.33)
(16,21-24)
A study on the cost-effectiveness on internet CBTs found that intervention costs of €200
(Php 13,918.13) results in a net benefit of €418 (95% CI -593.03 to 1,488.70) (Php
29,104.21) per participant and a return on investment of 208% (95% -296.52 to
744.35).(25) The reduction in costs was mainly driven by the effects of the intervention
on presenteeism and to a lesser degree by reduced absenteeism. These results were
similar to that of another study, which concluded that group- and Internet-delivered CBTs
are equally effective in improving adolescent sleep, but costs are lower in Internet-
CBTs.(26)
4.9.3 Diagnostic Performance of Screening Test
A diagnosis of sleep disorders relies on standard diagnostic criteria such as the

International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD) and Related Health Problems,
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), and the International
89
Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD). Two commonly used brief self-reported
questionnaires that use these standards as a basis are the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)
and the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality is another widely used
instrument that was recommended by an expert panel of sleep researchers.(26)
A total of 21 studies were found, with 8 studies using the ISI (27-35), 7 studies using the
AIS (36-41), and 8 studies using PSQI.(28,42-48) Seven studies used a case-control
study design. The ICSD-II and the DSM-IV were the most commonly used reference tests
for a sleep disorder diagnosis. The cut-off scores for the ISI ranged from 9 to 15.5; the
AIS was 6 to 6.5; and the PSQI was 5 to 8. For pre-test prevalence, we used a global
sleep disorder prevalence of 25.2% (1), a Philippines restless sleep prevalence of 35.2%
(2), and a sleep disorder prevalence of 22.1% as typically found in this study.
In terms of ISI, it had a pooled sensitivity of 0.87 (95% CI 0.79-0.92), a pooled specificity
of 83% (95% CI 0.72-0.90), a positive likelihood ratio of 4.25, a negative likelihood ratio
of 0.16, and a pooled diagnostic odds ratio of 20/31.75 (95% CI 13.40-75.20). See
Appendix IX-B for the GRADE Evidence Table and Appendix IX-C for the forest plots.
In terms of AIS, it had a pooled sensitivity of 0.87 (95% CI 0.79 -0.92), a pooled specificity
of 83% (95% CI 0.72-0.90), a positive likelihood ratio of 4.25, a negative likelihood ratio
of 0.16, and a pooled diagnostic odds ratio of 31.75 (95% CI 13.40-75.20). See Appendix
IX-B for the GRADE Evidence Table and Appendix IX-C for the forest plots.
With regard to the PSQI, it had a pooled sensitivity of 0.94 (95% CI 0.86-0.98), a pooled
specificity of 76% (95% CI 0.65-0.85), a positive likelihood ratio of 3.56, a negative
likelihood ratio of 0.08, and a pooled diagnostic odds ratio of 37.98 (95% CI 12.51-
115.31). See Appendix IX-B for the GRADE Evidence Table and Appendix IX-C for the
forest plots.
Test reliability values higher than 0.75 are considered strong, values from 0.40 to 0.75
are moderate, and values less than 0.40 are considered poor.(49) With all studies
reporting scores above the range defined as ‘poor’ at the least, the aforementioned
screening instruments were found to be reliable tools for screening for sleep disorders.

The ISI is a 7-item self-report questionnaire assessing the nature, severity, and impact of
insomnia. The ISI uses a 0-4 Likert scale, providing a global score as well as guidelines
and recommendations on completion. It will take three to five minutes to complete.
The AIS is an 8-item questionnaire typically used to assess insomnia symptoms in

patients with sleep disorders. The AIS uses a 0-3 Likert scale. It will take three to five
minutes to complete.
The PSQI is a 19-item questionnaire evaluating sleep quality and disturbances over the
past month. The PSQI uses a 0-3 Likert scale, which requires the completion of 7
90
components and will yield a global score. It will take five to ten minutes to complete. It is
now available in 56 languages.
Table 3. Costing data on sleep disorder screening using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the
Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
Screening Intervention Confirmatory Test
Parameter
ISI AIS PSQI Sleep devices and Sleep studies
The Actiwatch-2 (Philips Respironics, Bend, OR,

USA) is a widely used wrist-worn sleep-
monitoring device, validated against PSG, and
used to monitor sleep patterns and individual
sleep quality.[50] The market price is $1,950 or
Unit cost of Php 97,277.
Free with
screening Freea Freea
permissionb
intervention The price of sleep studies to diagnose and
monitor disorders related to REM disorder,
insomnia, sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome,
and narcolepsy range from Php 8,000 to 20,000
among the sleep centers, labs, and hospitals that
offer sleep studies.
a
The AIS and the ISI questionnaire is downloadable for free
b
The PSQI is downloadable from the University of Pittsburgh upon permission. It is only eligible for
academic research and individual clinical practice.

Access to sleep disorder screening tools will likely be equally distributed. The screening
tools typically take form in a questionnaire, which can be distributed online or offline.
Individuals can answer the questionnaire at any time without any timing considerations.
An individual may have potential roadblocks with access to the internet or access to a
primary care setting where the questionnaire can be submitted. Disparities caused by
different ethnicities, education, urbanization, and income will still be prevalent and will
take effect in an individual’s access to health information, health awareness, the internet,
or healthcare settings.
In the Philippines, there are sleep centers and sleep labs mostly in NCR: Manila Doctors
Hospital, Capitol Medical Center, Lung Center of the Philippines, St. Luke’s Hospital and
Medical Center, and Cebu City: Chong Hua Hospital. The Philippines also has dedicated
organizations to promote awareness on the importance of sleep health such as the
Philippine Society of Sleep Medicine.

No clinical practice guidelines were found on the use of standardized instruments to
screen for sleep disorders among asymptomatic individuals among health research or
sleep study agencies, institutions, or societies. Most recommendations focused on the
treatment, management, and pharmacological recommendations of sleep disorders.
91
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94
5. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS
Many research questions from the identified clinical questions in this CPG were
unanswered in terms of benefits and harms of screening, equity, applicability, and
feasibility. Direct evidence is still lacking to aid in providing definite recommendations for
screening certain conditions using the tests. Screening for substance use disorders using
standardized drug tests and screening instruments, screening for anxiety among adults
and adolescents using standardized screening instruments, screening for stress using
standardized screening instruments, and screening for sleep disturbances/problems
using standardized screening instruments are screening strategies that lack direct
evidence to ascertain their benefits among the general population.
Generating direct evidence (screening vs. no screening) may be difficult. Because of this
challenge, in some instances, establishing the diagnostic performance of tests as indirect
evidence can be adequate. However, specific tests’ accuracy in detecting early diseases
and preventing them from developing into a chronic or more severe state is still not
investigated. The screening instruments available are not always available in the local
setting, with only a few instruments being validated and translated.
There have been cost-effectiveness studies available for screening the conditions
included in this CPG, but most of them are conducted in Western countries. For conditions
with a burden that has been recently increasing, such as depression, anxiety, and
substance abuse disorders, cost-effectiveness research is still not adequately
investigated in the local setting.
Examining needs and monitoring implementation of screening programs were also found
to be not well-established even if, in some conditions, guidelines and programs are
already in place. Perspectives and experiences of clinical practitioners and other
stakeholders directly involved in screening programs are rarely reported in studies.
Many research questions emerged from collating the evidence for this CPG and can be
explored further. Filling in these gaps can provide a clearer picture of the impact of
screening programs using previously mentioned tests and may influence the
recommendations for updating this guideline.
95
6. DISSEMINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
A full copy of this document will be sent to the Department of Health for transmittal and
publication. The Disease Prevention and Control Bureau will transmit copies of this CPG
to the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PHIC) and health maintenance
organizations (HMOs) and NGOs involved in a periodic health examination. The
recommendations and the evidence summaries will be posted in the PHEX web based
application.
All strong recommendations in this guideline can be used for monitoring and auditing
practices in institutions. This can be converted to key performance indicators and it can
also be used in creating clinical pathways.
The DOH planned to develop a simplified version of this CPG and made it available in the
format that will be ready for reproduction and dissemination to the patients in different
health care settings. It will also be available for interested parties who might visit the DOH
website.
7. APPLICABILITY ISSUES
The PHEX Task Force accentuates some caveats of this CPG using equity and
applicability lenses. Comprehensive history taking, physical examination, and monitoring
are essential parts of evaluating risk factors and the probability of developing diseases.
This CPG does not necessarily supersede the consumers’ (i.e., health professionals,
hospital administrators, employers, payors, patients) values, settings, and circumstances.
Although this CPG intends to influence the direction of health policies for the general
population, it should not be the sole basis for recreating or abolishing practices that aim
to improve the health conditions of many Filipinos, particularly those part of the workforce.
8. UPDATING OF THE GUIDELINES

The recommendations herein shall hold until such time that new evidence on screening,
diagnosing or managing various risk factors and diseases emerges and contingencies
dictate updating this Philippine Guidelines on Periodic Health Examination. The CPGs
will be updated every 3-5 years or earlier if new significant evidence becomes available.
96
9. APPENDICES
Search Strategy, Characteristics of Included Studies, Forest Plots, GRADE Evidence,
and Cost-effectiveness Studies for the Research Questions
97
1. Standardized Instruments in Screening for Dementia
APPENDIX A: Search Strategy

Database Search Strategy/Search Terms Date of Search Yield
(((((((Dementia[MeSH Major Topic]) OR (Cogniti*[MeSH
Terms])) OR (Alzheimer[MeSH Major Topic])) OR
(Vascular[MeSH Major Topic])) OR (Lewy[Text Word])) ) OR 1,316,474
(Mixed[Text Word])) Filters: in the last 5 years, Aged: 65+
years
Screen*[Text Word]
Pubmed 08/03/2021 922,657
#1 AND #2
37,035
Filters: Clinical trial, Meta-analysis, Randomized controlled
trial, 5 years, Aged: 65+ years 6
Dementia (Filters: Published, Mental health conditions and

USPSTF substance abuse, Adult, Senior, Screening) 8/4/21 34
Cognitive (Published guidelines)

CTFPHC 8/4/21 1
Dementia (Filters: 2016-2021, English)
GIN 8/4/21 5
Dementia (Filters: 2016-2021)
Herdin 8/4/21 7
Clinical Practice Guidelines: Neurology (Filter: Alzheimer's
Belmont 8/4/2021 8
Disease/Dementia)
(dementia):ti,ab,kw OR (Alzheimer*):ti,ab,kw 20862
(cogniti*):ti,ab,kw 85086
#1 OR #2 95332
(screen*):ti,ab,kw OR ("assessment"):ti,ab,kw OR
Cochrane ("questionnaire"):ti,ab,kw 8/23/21 313576
(older adult):ti,ab,kw 19,504
#3 AND #4 AND #5 (Limits: 2016-2021, Cochrane reviews
870
and trials; word variations have been searched)
Limits: Cochrane reviews 31
NICE: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

USPSTF: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
CTFPHC: Canadian Task Force for Preventive Health Care
GIN: Guidelines International Network Link
ti: title
ab: abstract
kw: keyword
98
APPENDIX B: GRADE Profiles
Benefits and Harms of Screening GRADE Evidence Table
Certainty Assessment № of patients Effect
Certainty Importance
№ of Study Risk of Other Non- Relative Absolute
Inconsistency Indirectness Imprecision Screening
studies design bias considerations screening (95% CI) (95% CI)
Health-related Quality of Life (follow up: median 12 months; assessed with: Health Utility Index; Scale from: 0 (worst) to 1 (best))
MD 0.002 higher
1
Randomised
serious a not serious b not serious serious c none 993 976 - (0.017 lower to ⨁⨁◯◯ CRITICAL
trials LOW
0.021 higher)
Depressive Symptoms (follow up: median 1 month; assessed with: PHQ-9; Scale from: 0 (best) to 27 (worst))
MD 0.23 lower
1
Randomised
serious a not serious b not serious serious d none 996 1022 - (0.421 lower to ⨁⨁◯◯ IMPORTANT
trials
0.039 lower) LOW
Anxiety Symptoms (follow up: median 1 month; assessed with: GAD-7; Scale from: 0 (best) to 21 (worst))
MD 0.087 lower
1
Randomised
serious a not serious b not serious
very serious
e none 997 1022 - (0.246 lower to ⨁◯◯◯ IMPORTANT
trials
0.072 higher) VERY LOW
Emergency Department Visits (follow up: median 12 months; assessed with: Indiana Network for Patient Care)
RR 0.9788 6 fewer per 1,000

1
Randomised
serious a not serious b not serious serious f none
510/1723 512/1693
(0.8833 to (from 35 fewer to 26 ⨁⨁◯◯ NOT IMPORTANT
trials (29.6%) (30.2%)
1.0846) more) LOW
Hospital Admissions (follow up: median 12 months; assessed with: Indiana Network for Patient Care)
RR 0.9914 2 fewer per 1,000

1
Randomised
serious a not serious b not serious serious f none
336/1723 333/1693
(0.8655 to (from 26 fewer to 27 ⨁⨁◯◯ IMPORTANT
trials (19.5%) (19.7%)
1.1358) more) LOW
All-Cause Mortality (follow up: median 12 months)
RR 0.8254 3 fewer per 1,000

1
Randomised not
not serious b not serious serious f none
21/1723 25/1693
(0.4638 to (from 8 fewer to 7 ⨁⨁⨁◯ IMPORTANT
trials serious g (1.2%) (1.5%)
1.4687) more) MODERATE
Advanced directives (advanced care planning, power of attorney for health care and/or financial affairs, living will, insurance policies) (follow up: 12 months)
RR 1.0303 19 more per 1,000

1
Randomised
serious a not serious b not serious
very serious
h none
653/992 644/1008
(0.9659 to (from 22 fewer to 63 ⨁◯◯◯ IMPORTANT
trials (65.8%) (63.9%)
1.0990) more) VERY LOW
CI: Confidence interval; MD: Mean difference; RR: Risk ratio
99
Explanations
a. Half of the participants were loss to follow up, or excluded due to the errors made by one staff member. Likewise, there was no mention if they will perform intention-to-treat analysis. However,
there was blinding, sequence generation and allocation concealment.
b. Only one study was included; there are no significant differences in the baseline characteristics of participants and they obtained similar screening and method of data collection.
c. A sample size of 3,951 was needed to achieve 80% power and only 1,969 were analyzed.
d. A sample size of 3,951 was needed to achieve 80% power and only 2,018 were analyzed; wide confidence intervals (–0.421 to –0.039)
e. A sample of 3,951 was needed to achieve 80% power and only 2,019 were analyzed; wide confidence interval that included the null (–0.246, 0.072)
f. A sample size of 3,951 was needed to achieve 80% power and 3,416 were analyzed. However, the CI crossed the null.
g. More participants were included and count was closer to the target sample (>85%); performed blinding, sequence generation and allocation concealment, but still no intention-to-treat analysis
h. A sample size of 3,951 was needed to achieve 80% power and only 2,000 were analyzed. Also, the CI crossed the null.
100
MIS Diagnostic Accuracy GRADE Evidence Table
Question: Should MIS be used to diagnose dementia in the general population?
Sensitivity 0.76 (95% CI: 0.63 to 0.85)

Prevalences 13.9% 10.6% 0.712%
Specificity 0.94 (95% CI: 0.89 to 0.96)
Factors that may decrease certainty of evidence Effect per 100,000 patients tested
№ of
studies Study Test accuracy
Outcome Pre-test Pre-test Pre-test
(№ of design Risk of Publication CoE
Indirectness Inconsistency Imprecision probability probability probability of
patients) bias bias
of 13.9% of 10.6% 0.712%
True positives 10564 8056

541
(patients with (8757 to (6678 to
(449 to 609)
dementia) 11885) 9063)
Cross-
False 5 studies sectional
very ⨁◯◯◯
negatives (417 (cohort type seriousa not serious very seriousb none
seriousc VERY LOW
(patients patients) accuracy 3336 2544
171
incorrectly study) (2015 to (1537 to
(103 to 263)
classified as not 5143) 3922)
having
dementia)
True negatives
80504 83589
(patients 92834
(76371 to (79298 to
without (88068 to 95614)
82914) 86092)
dementia)
Cross-
5 studies sectional
False very ⨁◯◯◯
(2,060 (cohort type seriousa not serious very seriousb none
positives seriousc VERY LOW
patients) accuracy
(patients 5596 5811
study) 6454
incorrectly (3186 to (3308 to
(3674 to 11220)
classified as 9729) 10102)
having
dementia)
Explanations
a. Most of the studies have unclear risk of bias in terms of the index test, reference standard and flow and timing
b. Pooled estimates have high heterogeneity (100%)
c. Some of the included studies have wide confidence intervals for sensitivity (4 studies) and specificity (1 study)
Prevalence rates are [a] the average rate from the included studies, [b] the local crude prevalence rate (4), and [c] from gl obal estimates (1)
101
Mini-Cog Diagnostic Accuracy GRADE Evidence Table
Question: Should Mini-Cog be used to diagnose dementia in the general population?

Prevalences 30.6% 10.6% 0.712%
№ of
Indirectness Inconsistency Imprecision probability of probability probability
patients) bias bias
30.6% of 10.6% of 0.712%

641
(513 to 690)
dementia) 29651) 10271)
Cross-
⨁⨁◯◯
negatives (921 (cohort type seriousa not serious seriousb not serious none
(patients 1060 LOW
patients) accuracy 3060 71
incorrectly study) (329 to
(949 to 8537) (22 to 199)
classified as 2957)
not having
dementia)
True
negatives 57602 74202 82409
(patients (40599 to (52299 to (58083 to
without 65583) 84483) 93827)
dementia) Cross-
6 studies sectional
⨁◯◯◯
False (2,569 (cohort type seriousa not serious seriousb seriousc none
positives VERY LOW
patients) accuracy
(patients study) 11798 15198 16879
incorrectly (3817 to (4917 to (5461 to
classified as 28801) 37101) 41205)
having
dementia)
Explanations
a. Unclear and high risk of bias in multiple studies pertaining to patient selection, index test, reference standard, and flow of timing
b. The studies varied significantly in terms of heterogeneity (cannot be pooled due to different covariates such as cut-offs, demographics, educational background, primary care vs community-
dwelling adults, etc)
c. The point estimates and confidence intervals of the studies' specificities are varied due to the largest study by McCarten et al (2012)
102
MMSE Diagnostic Accuracy GRADE Evidence Table
Question: Should MMSE be used to diagnose dementia in the general population?

Prevalences 22.98% 10.6% 0.712%
№ of
Indirectness Inconsistency Imprecision probability probability probability
patients) bias bias
of 22.98% of 10.6% of 0.712%

619
(570 to 652)
dementia) 21050) 9710)
Cross-
⨁⨁◯◯
negatives (619 (cohort type seriousa not serious seriousb not seriousc none
(patients 3010 LOW
patients) accuracy 1389 93
incorrectly study) (1930 to
(890 to 2109) (60 to 142)
classified as 4573)
not having
dementia)
True negatives
67084 77867 86480
(patients
(56918 to (66067 to (73374 to
without
72476) 84125) 93430)
dementia)
Cross-
6 studies sectional
False ⨁⨁◯◯
(3,768 (cohort type seriousa not serious seriousb not seriousc none
positives LOW
patients) accuracy
(patients 9936 11533 12808
study)
classified as 20102) 23333) 25914)
having
dementia)
Explanations
a. Several studies had unclear risk of bias in terms of how the index and reference standards were conducted, and the flow and timing.
b. The studies varied significantly in terms of heterogeneity (i.e., cannot be pooled)
c. One study has a sensitivity that has a lower range <0.50
Prevalence rates are [a] the average rate from the included studies, [b] the local crude prevalence rate (4), and [c] from global estimates (1)
103
MoCA Diagnostic Accuracy GRADE Evidence Table
Question: Should MoCA be used to diagnose dementia in the general population?

Prevalences 13% 10.6% 0.712%
№ of
studies (№ Study Test accuracy
of design Risk of Publication CoE
Indirectness Inconsistency Imprecision probability of probability probability of
patients) bias bias
13% of 10.6% 0.712%

648
Cross- (570 to 685)
dementia) 12506) 10197)
sectional
7 studies
(cohort ⨁◯◯◯
False negatives (2,499 seriousa not serious seriousb seriousc none
type VERY LOW
(patients patients)
accuracy 1170 954 64
incorrectly
study) (494 to 2600) (403 to 2120) (27 to 142)
classified as not
having dementia)
True negatives 66903 68749 76352

(patients without (54549 to (56054 to (62254 to
Cross-
dementia) 75516) 77599) 86182)
sectional
7 studies
(cohort ⨁◯◯◯
False positives (7,598 seriousa not serious seriousb seriousc none
type VERY LOW
(patients patients) 20097 20651 22936
accuracy
study)
classified as 32451) 33346) 37034)
having dementia)
Explanations
a. Some of the studies had unclear or high risk of bias in terms of patient selection, how the index tests were conducted, an d the flow and timing
b. The studies varied significantly in terms of heterogeneity (cannot be pooled due to different covariates such as cut-off scores, demographics, educational background, etc)
c. Many studies (4/7) had less than 300 total patients analyzed
Prevalence rates are [a] the average rate from the included studies, [b] the local crude prevalence rate (4), and [c] from global estimates (1)
104
AD8 Diagnostic Accuracy GRADE Evidence Table
Question: Should AD8 be used to diagnose dementia in the general population?

Prevalences 14.18% 10.6% 0.712%
№ of
Outcome Pre-test Pre-test pre-test
patients) bias bias
of14.18% of10.6% of0.712%
True positives 9434

12620 634
(patients with (9169 to
(12266 to 12918) (616 to 649)
dementia) Cross- 9657)
sectional
5 studies
False negatives (cohort ⨁⨁◯◯
(1,489 seriousa not serious seriousb not seriousc none
(patients type LOW
patients)
incorrectly accuracy 1560 1166 78
classified as not study) (1262 to 1914) (943 to 1431) (63 to 96)
having
dementia)
True negatives 70984 78835

68141
(patients without (62580 to (69502 to
(60074 to 74148)
dementia) Cross- 77242) 85785)
sectional
5 studies
False positives (cohort ⨁⨁◯◯
(11,876 seriousa not serious seriousb not serious none
(patients type LOW
patients) 18416 20453
incorrectly accuracy 17679
(12158 to (13503 to
classified as study) (11672 to 25746)
26820) 29786)
having
dementia)
Explanations
a. Some of the studies had unclear risk of bias in terms of patient selection, how the index tests and reference standards were conducted, as well as the flow and timing.
b. The studies varied significantly in terms of heterogeneity (cannot be pooled due to different covariates such as cut-off scores, demographics, educational background, etc)
c. Two large community-based studies with overlapping sensitivities (Yang et al, 2016 & Mao et al, 2018)
105
CDT Diagnostic Accuracy GRADE Evidence Table
Question: Should CDT be used to diagnose dementia in the general population?

Prevalences 15.4% 10.6% 0.712%
№ of
patients) bias bias
of 15.4% of 10.6% of 0.712%

622
Cross- (513 to 675)
dementia) 14599) 10049)
sectional
4 studies
(cohort ⨁⨁◯◯
False negatives (231 seriousa not serious seriousb not serious none
type LOW
(patients patients)
accuracy 1956 1346 90
incorrectly
study) (801 to 4312) (551 to 2968) (37 to 199)
classified as not
having dementia)
True negatives 72502 76616 85090

(patients without (66411 to (70179 to (77941 to
Cross-
dementia) 76732) 81086) 90054)
sectional
4 studies
(cohort ⨁⨁◯◯
False positives (1,568 seriousa not serious seriousb not serious none
type LOW
(patients patients) 12098 12784 14198
accuracy
study)
classified as 18189) 19221) 21347)
having dementia)
Explanations
a. Some of the studies had unclear or high risk of bias in terms of patient selection, how the index tests were conducted, an d the flow and timing
b. The studies varied significantly in terms of heterogeneity (cannot be pooled due to different covariates such as scoring systems, demographics, educational background, primary care vs geriatric
OPD, etc)
106
APPENDIX D: Risk of Bias Summary Tables
Figure 1. MIS Risk of bias and applicability concerns graph: Review authors' judgements about each domain presented as percentages across
included studies
Figure 2. MIS Risk of bias and applicability concerns summary: Review authors' judgements about each domain for each included study
107
Figure 3. Mini-Cog Risk of bias and applicability concerns graph: Review authors' judgements about each domain presented as percentages
across included studies
Figure 4. Mini-Cog Risk of bias and applicability concerns summary: Review authors' judgements about each domain for each included study
108
Figure 5. MMSE Risk of bias and applicability concerns graph: Review authors' judgements about each domain presented as percentages across
included studies
Figure 6. MMSE Risk of bias and applicability concerns summary: Review authors' judgements about each domain for each included study
109
Figure 7. MoCA Risk of bias and applicability concerns graph: Review authors' judgements about each domain presented as percentages across
included studies
Figure 8. MoCA Risk of bias and applicability concerns summary: Review authors' judgements about each domain for each included study
110
Figure 9. AD8 Risk of bias and applicability concerns graph: Review authors' judgements about each domain presented as percentages across
included studies
Figure 10. AD8 Risk of bias and applicability concerns summary: Review authors' judgements about each domain for each included study
111
Figure 11. CDT Risk of bias and applicability concerns graph: Review authors' judgements about each domain presented as percentages across
included studies
Figure 12. CDT Risk of bias and applicability concerns summary: Review authors' judgements about each domain for each included study
112
APPENDIX C: Forest Plots
Figure 1. MIS Forest plot of studies' sensitivity and specificity assessing MIS to determine dementia in the community
Figure 2. Mini-Cog Forest plot of studies' sensitivity and specificity assessing Mini-Cog to determine dementia in the community
Figure 3. MMSE Forest plot of studies' sensitivity and specificity assessing MMSE to determine dementia in the community
113
Figure 4. MoCA Forest plot of studies' sensitivity and specificity assessing MoCA to determine dementia in the community
Figure 5. CDT Forest plot of studies' sensitivity and specificity assessing AD8 to determine dementia in the community
Figure 6. AD8 Forest plot of studies' sensitivity and specificity assessing AD8 to determine dementia in the community
114
APPENDIX E: Summary of the 6 Screening Tests for Dementia
MIS Mini-Cog MMSE MoCA AD8 CDT

Eight-item informant
Memory Impairment Mini-mental state Montreal Cognitive
Test Name Mini-Cog interview to differentiate Clock Drawing Test
Screen examination Assessment
aging and dementia
Informant asked about
patient’s judgment,
Patient is tested with
interest in hobbies, if
Patient is tested for Tests trails B, copy
Patient is asked to he/she repeats things,
Patient is asked to orientation, recall, figure, clock, naming, Patient is asked to draw
recall 4 words and has trouble using tools,
Description recall 3 words after naming, draw figure, verbal fluency, 5- a clock; variety of
their categories (freely forgets month or year,
a clock drawing test repetition, attention, word recall, scoring methods
and using cues) has trouble with
reading, writing similarities,
finances, remembering
orientation, attention
appointments or daily
things
Memory, Executive
Memory, Executive
Memory (Controlled Memory, Aphasia, Functioning, Memory, Orientation, Executive Functioning,
Domain Functioning,
learning, cued recall) Apraxia, Agnosia Aphasia, Apraxia, Judgement, Function Apraxia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Time required Very brief (<5 min) Very brief (<5 min) Brief (6-10 min) Brief (6-10 min) Very brief (<5 min) Very brief (<5 min)
Tagalog and
Translated? N/A Tagalog Yes, many dialects Tagalog N/A
Hiligaynon
$99 for 50 tests

$114 for clinical $125 for training &
Cost Free Free guide w/ pocket certification every 2 Free Free
norms card years
$93 for e-Manual
115
MIS Mini-Cog MMSE MoCA AD8 CDT
Simple and easy to
administer even to
Simple and easy to
Easy to administer, hearing impaired Can be administered
Most widely used in administer even to
simple, does not need and less educated More sensitive for over the phone; does
literature searches; hearing impaired and
Advantages ability to write, does individuals, no MCI and more not require patient to be
translated into many less educated
not require extensive training required, educated individuals present; requires
dialects individuals, no training
training to administer Better than CDT to minimal training
required
detect milder forms
of dementia
Inability to detect
subtle memory Does not assess
Inapplicable for people
losses; Age, memory; multiple
who cannot read
education, and scoring systems; less
(visual impairment or inapplicable for Takes time to
cultural background Requires competent sensitive in detecting
Disadvantages illiteracy), does not those with severe administer; requires
affect scores informant early-stage dementia,
evaluate executive sensory impairment some training; cost
inapplicable for those
functioning and
Takes time to with severe sensory
visuospatial ability
administer; requires impairment
some training; cost
Sensitivity 76.0 90.0 86.9 91.0 89.0 87.3
(%) (63 to 85.5) (72.1 to 96.9) (80.1 to 91.6) (80.0 to 96.2) (86.5 to 91.1) (72.0 to 94.8)
Specificity 93.5 83.2 87.1 76.9 79.4 85.7

(%) (88.7 to 96.3) (58.5 to 94.5) (73.9 to 94.1) (62.7 to 86.8) (70.0 to 86.4) (78.5 to 90.7)
False Positive* 5.8 15.2 11.5 20.7 18.4 12.8

(%) (3.3-10.1) (4.9-37.1) (5.3-23.3) (11.8-33.3) (12.2-26.8) (8.3-19.2)
False Negative* 2.5 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.3

(%) (1.5-3.9) (0.3-3.0) (0.9-2.1) (0.4-2.1) (0.9-1.4) (0.6-3.0)
* False positive and false negative rates are based on the local prevalence rate of 10.6% (4
116
APPENDIX F: PhilHealth Reimbursement for dementia-related cases in Php
ICD 10 Code Description Case Rate Professional Fee
B22.0 HIV dementia 22,200 6,660

F01.0 Vascular dementia of Acute Onset 8,200 2,460
F01.1 Multi-infarct dementia; predominantly cortical dementia 7,800 2,340
F01.8 Other vascular dementia 7,800 2,340

F01.9 Vascular dementia, unspecified 7,800 2,340
Unspecified dementia; presenile dementia NOS; senile
F03 7,800 2,340
dementia NOS
G30.0 Alzheimer’s Disease with early onset 10,000 3,000
G30.1 Alzheimer’s Disease with late onset 10,000 3,000
G30.8 Other Alzheimer’s Disease 10,000 3,000
G30.9+F00.9 Dementia in Alzheimer’s Disease, Unspecified 10,000 3,000
G31.8 Lewy body dementia 10,000 3,000
APPENDIX G: Screening flowchart to assess how people at risk for dementia can be screened and
detected in the community (Dementia toolkit for community workers in low-and middle-income countries:
guide for community- based management and care of people with dementia. Manila, Philippines. World
Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. 2018)
117
2. Standardized Drug Tests in Screening for Substance Use Disorders
Pubmed (August 14, 2021, 9:00 am)

Step Query Results
1 "Mass Screening"[Mesh] 13,632
2 "Substance Abuse Detection"[Mesh] 982
3 "Substance-Related Disorders"[Mesh] 29,388
4 ("Mass Screening"[MeSH Terms] AND "Substance Abuse Detection"[MeSH
2,602
Terms]) AND (2015:2021[pdat])
1,027
Terms] AND "Substance-Related Disorders"[MeSH Terms]) AND (2015:2021[pdat])
6 ("Substance-Related Disorders"[MeSH Terms] AND "Substance Abuse
Detection"[MeSH Terms] AND 2015/01/01:2021/12/31[Date - Publication] AND
292
"Diagnosis"[MeSH Terms]) AND ((journalarticle[Filter] OR observationalstudy[Filter]
OR validationstudy[Filter]) AND (humans[Filter]) AND (english[Filter]))
Terms] AND "Substance-Related Disorders"[MeSH Terms]) AND 51
((observationalstudy[Filter]) AND (2015:2021[pdat]))
33
Terms]) AND ((observationalstudy[Filter]) AND (2015:2021[pdat]))
9 "Substance Abuse Detection"[Mesh] (additional filters: 2015-2021, Randomizeded
72
Controlled Trials, Clinical Trials)
10 drug test (additional filter: 2015-2021) 125,509
11 drug test (additional filter: 2015-2021; Humans; English; Validation Study) 1,190
Search Strategy / Date and Time Results
Database Remarks
Search Terms of Search Yield Eligible
1 article on screening recommendations for
unhealthy drug use in adults and
adolescents, 1 article on screening
United States
recommendations for unhealthy alcohol
Preventive Substance use August 3,
15 2 use in adults and adolescents. Both
Services Task disorders 2021, 9:00 am
articles recommend the use of screening
Force
questionnaires. There was no
statements/recommendations for the use of
laboratory drug tests
children and youth (5-18 years) who do not
currently smoke tobacco, whether they
have never smoked or are former smokers,
Canadian
August 3, we recommend an intervention asking
Task Force on all published
2021, 10:00 21 1 children and youth or their parents about
Preventive guidelines
am tobacco use and offering brief* information
Health
and advice at appropriate primary care
visits ** to prevent tobacco smoking. No
mention of laboratory drug testing
1 guideline on the management of
coexisting severe mental health disorders
(psychosis) and substance misuse:
routinely ask adults and young people with
known or suspected psychosis about their
use of alcohol and/or prescribed and non-
prescribed (including illicit) drugs.
National
Regarding Laboratory Testing: Biological or
Institute for
Substance use August 7, physical tests for substance use (such as
Health and 40 1
disorders 2021, 9:00 am blood and urine tests or hair analysis) may
Care
be useful in the assessment, treatment and
Excellence
management of substance misuse for
However, this should be agreed with the
person first as part of their care plan. Do
not use biological or physical tests in
routine screening for substance misuse in
(guideline
[Publication Type]
OR practice
guideline Jarvis, Margaret MD, DFASAM; Williams,
[Publication Type] Jessica MPH; Hurford, Matthew MD;
or Lindsay, Dawn PhD; Lincoln, Piper MS;
recommendation*[ Giles, Leila BS; Luongo, Peter PhD;
Title] OR Safarian, Taleen BA Appropriate Use of
standard* [Title] August 7, Drug Testing in Clinical Addiction Medicine,
Pubmed OR standard* 2021, 10:00 17 1 Journal of Addiction Medicine: May/June
[Title] OR am 2017 - Volume 11 - Issue 3 - p 163-173
guideline* [Title]) doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000323
AND clinical [Disclaimer: Document is not a clinical
"Substance Abuse practice guideline, but a document for
Detection"[Mesh directing assessment and management of
and free text]) patients at risk or with addiction]
<Additional filters
used: 2015-2021,
Guideline>
Cochrane all topics under
August 9, On title review, no articles were on the use
(Systematic "diagnosis" 147 0
2021, 9:00 am of drug testing
Reviews) category
119
all topics under
August 9, all articles, on title review, were on
"Tobacco, drugs & 183 0
2021, 1:00 pm interventions
alcohol" category
APA recommends (1C) that the initial
psychiatric evaluation of a patient include
assessment of the patient’s use of tobacco,
alcohol, and other substances (e.g.,
marijuana, cocaine, heroin, hallucinogens)
and any misuse of prescribed or over-the-
counter medications or supplements.
(Asking questions can be supplemented
with use of scales) Regarding lab testing:
In some circumstances, information from
American
substance use August 10, laboratory testing may be available that
Journal of 15 1
disorder 2021, 9:00 am provides clues to substance use. When a
Psychiatry
patient has evidence of tobacco, alcohol,
or other substance use in response to
screening measures, interview questions,
or laboratory testing, additional follow-up
questions will generally be needed. The
American Psychiatric Association Practice
Guidelines For The Psychiatric Evaluation
Of Adults, Third Edition
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.978089
0426760
1) screening and treatment of substance
use disorders among adolescents
recommendation is screening with
U.S. standardized tool. No mention of laboratory
Department of drug testing (2) clinical drug testing in
Health & pramary care : Disclaimer, document was
Human all publications published in 2012, SUD criteria used at the
Services: under category of August 10, time was DSM-IV. Document outlines the
20 2
Substance "substance abuse 2021, 9:30 am role of drug testing in primary care (its
Abuse and screening" distinctions and similarities to workplace
Mental Health drug testing, which has developed
Services standards for drug testing). Document
Administration provided insight on the nature of
standardized drug tests, its uses,
limitations, and role in the primary care
setting
Philippine August 10,
Psychiatric all publications 2021, 10:00 20 0 no articles on drug testing
Association am
No articles on drug testing / screening as
Substance Abuse August 14, intervention (Most articles were therapeutic
Central 68 0
Detection (Mesh) 2021, 9:00 am interventions for populations with high risk
substance use, or established SUD)
Substance use August 14, No evidence available on drug testing or
Herdin 27 0
disorder 2021, 1:00 pm screening
120
Appendix B: GRADE Profiles
Summary of findings for the main comparison
Any psychosocial treatment compared to no intervention for psychostimulant misuse
Patient or population: Adults (18 years and older) with a diagnosis of psychostimulant misuse
Settings: Outpatients
Intervention: Any psychosocial treatment
Comparison: No intervention
Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI) Quality of the

Relative effect No of participants
Outcomes Assumed risk Corresponding risk evidence
(95% CI) (studies)
No intervention Any treatment (GRADE)
Dropout
317 per 1000 RR 0.83 3,393 ⊕⊕⊕
Follow-up: mean 9 382 per 1000
months (290 to 348) (0.76 to 0.91) (24 studies) MODERATEa
Continuous abstinence
end 232 per 1000
RR 2.14 1,241 ⊕⊕
of treatment 108 per 1000 (138 to 389)
Follow-up: mean 11 (1.27 to 3.59) (8 studies) LOWb,c
months
Continuous abstinence
longest follow-up 660 per 1000 RR 2.12 224 ⊕⊕
311 per 1000
Follow-up: mean 12 (240 to 1000) (0.77 to 5.86) (4 studies) LOWd,e
months
The mean longest period of
Longest period of abstinence in the intervention
SMD 0.48
abstinence groups was 0.48 standard 1,354 ⊕⊕⊕⊕
Follow-up: mean 8 - (0.34 to 0.63)
deviations higher (10 studies) HIGH
months (0.34 to 0.63 higher)
* The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison
group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95%CI).
CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio; SMD: standardised mean difference.
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to chan ge the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.
a. High risk of selection bias in one study, unclear risk in the majority of the others.
b. Downgraded one level due to serious risk of bias (high risk for attrition bias for three studies).
c. Downgraded one level due to serious inconsistency (I 2 = 70%, p=0.001. Confidence intervals not overlapping).
d. Downgraded one level due to serious risk of bias (unclear risk of selection bias in all but one study, which is at high ri sk; high risk of attrition bias in one study; high risk of detection bias in one study).
e. Downgraded one level due to serious imprecision (optimal information size (OIS) not met, wide confidence interval).
Summary of findings for the main comparison
Psychosocial intervention compared with inactive control for cannabis use disorder
Patient or population: Adults with cannabis use disorder or frequent cannabis use
Settings: Out-patient treatment
Intervention: Psychosocial intervention
Comparison: Inactive control
Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI) Number of Quality of the

Relative effect
Outcomes Assumed risk Corresponding risk participants evidence
(95% CI)
Inactive control Psychosocial intervention (studies) (GRADE)
Mean number of cannabis using
Mean number of cannabis using days
Cannabis use frequency days in the past 30 days MD 5.67 1,144 ⊕⊕⊕⊝
among intervention groups was 5.67
at short-term follow-up ranged across control (3.08 to 8.26) (6 studies) MODERATEa,b,c
lower
groups from 13.7 to 24.9 days
Proportion of participants
Point-prevalence achieving abstinence ranged Average relative risk for achieving
RR 2.55 1,166 ⊕⊕⊕⊝
abstinence rates at from 2.70% to 44.21%, with abstinence following intervention
short-term follow-up (1.34 to 4.83) (6 studies) LOWa,d,e
an average of 23.02% across compared with control was 2.55
treatments
Cannabis use quantity Mean number of joints smoked Mean number of joints smoked per
SMD 3.55 1,600 ⊕⊝⊝⊝
per day per day ranged across control day among intervention groups was
at short-term follow-up (2.51 to 4.59) (8 studies) VERY LOW,b,e,f
groups from 1.2 to 3.6 3.55 lower
Symptoms of Mean number of symptoms of Mean number of symptoms of
SMD 4.15 889 ⊕⊕⊕⊝
dependence dependence ranged across dependence among intervention
at short-term follow-up (1.67 to 6.63) (4 studies) LOWa,d,g
control groups from 2.4 to 5.1 groups was 4.15 lower
Cannabis-related Mean number of cannabis- Mean number of cannabis-related
problems SMD 3.34 2,202 ⊕⊕⊝⊝
related problems ranged across problems among intervention groups
at short-term follow- (1.26 to 5.42) (6 studies) LOWa,b,c,e
up control groups from 5.01 to 8.92 was 3.34 lower
Proportion of participants
completing treatment ranged On average, 7 out of 10 participants
ES 0.71 1,424 ⊕⊕⊕⊕
Retention in treatment from 50.0% to 88.7%, with completed treatment as it was
(0.63 to 0.78) (11 studies) MODERATEa,e
an average of 71.8% across intended
treatments
a. At least 1 study at high risk of other bias
b. Data conversions were required because of heterogeneity in assessments
c. Follow-up assessment periods varied (range, 7 weeks to 4 months)
d. Follow-up assessment periods varied substantially (range, 3 months to 237 days)
e. Heterogeneity in outcome measures
f. Follow-up assessment periods varied substantially (range, 7 weeks to 237 days)
g. Small number of studies (4 studies
3. Standardized Instruments in Screening for Substance Use Disorders
1. NICE (July 17, 2021)

Step Query Results
1 Substance AND abuse AND screen 16
2. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) (July 17, 2021)

Step Query Results
3. Canadian Task Force for Preventive Health Care (CTFPHC)

Step Query Results
4. Cochrane (July 30, 2021)

Step Query Results
1 Substance AND abuse 64
2 #1 AND Screening 17
3 Drug AND abuse 680
4 #3 AND Screening 532
5. PubMed (August 01, 2021)

Step Query Results
1 Drug AND abuse 186,584
2 #1 AND Screening AND Harm 634
3 #1 AND #2 AND Benefit 80
6. MEDLINE (August 03, 2021)

Step Query Results
1 Substance AND abuse 15,831
2 #1 AND Screening AND Harm 287

Step Query Results
1 "Drug abuse screening"[All Fields] AND Filters: 2020-2021 35
2 "Substance screening"[All Fields] AND Filters: 2020-2021 4
3 "Substance abuse screening"[All Fields] AND Filters: 2020-2021 5
8. American Psychiatry Journal of Psychiatry (August 13, 2021)

Step Query Results
1 "Substance abuse screening"[All Fields] AND Filters: 2020-2021 143
9. HERDIN (August 13, 2021)

Step Query Results
1 Drug OR Screening[All Fields] AND Filters: 2020-2021 0

Step Query Results
1 cost effectiveness AND "drug abuse" 227
2 "substance abuse" AND qualitative AND screening AND patient 209
11. HERDIN (September 9, 2021)

Step Query Results
1 Drug AND screening 77
2 Substance AND screening 12
123
Date and Results
Search Strategy/
Database Time of Remarks
Search Terms Yield Eligible
Search
NICE Substance AND abuse July 17,
16 0
AND screen 2021
U.S. Preventive Substance AND abuse July 17, Directly answers the research
Services Task AND screen 2021 question. Will use thispre-
8 1
Force (USPSTF) appraised guideline for evidence
review.
Canadian Task Substance AND abuse July 17,
Force for AND screen 2021
0 0
Preventive Health
Care (CTFPHC)
Cochrane Substance AND abuse July 30, Most articles that are possibly
64 0
2021 related to substance abuse
Cochrane Substance AND Abuse July 30, screening by interview does not
17 0
AND screening 2021 tackle benefit and harm
Cochrane Drug AND Abuse July 30,
680 too wide
2021
Cochrane Drug AND Abuse AND July 30,
532 0
Screening 2021
Pubmed Drug AND abuse August 01,
186,584 too wide
2021
Pubmed Drug AND abuse AND August 01,
634 0
screening AND harm 2021
Pubmed Drug AND abuse AND August 01,
screening AND harm 2021 80 0
AND benefit
MEDLINE Substance AND abuse August 03,
15,831 too wide
2021
MEDLINE Substance AND abuse August 03,
AND Screening AND 2021 287 0
harm
Pubmed ("drug abuse August 13, Additional literature search update
screening"[All Fields]) 2021 for years not covered by the
35 0
AND guideline (2020-2021)
(2020:2021[pdat])
Pubmed ("Substance August 13,
screening"[All Fields]) 2021
4 0
AND
(2020:2021[pdat])
Pubmed ("Substance abuse August 13,
screening"[All Fields]) 2021
5 1
AND
(2020:2021[pdat])
American ("Substance abuse August 13,
Psychiatry Journal screening"[All Fields]) 2021
143 0
of Psychiatry AND
(2020:2021[pdat])
HERDIN (Drug OR August 13,
Screening[All Fields]) 2021
0 0
AND
(2020:2021[pdat])
Dangerous Drug August 19, Local Prevalence rate for Drug
Board Website 2021 Abuse Disorder
124
United Nations August 19, Local Community Based guidelines
Office on Drug and 2021 on Drug Dependence Management
Crime
Institute of Health August 19,
Metrics and 2021
Evaluation
Substance Abuse August 20, Treatment/Management, Prognosis
and Mental Health 2021 Resource for different drug abuse
Services disorders.
Administration
(SAMHSA) -
Evidence Based
Practices Resource
Center
PubMed cost effectiveness August 25,
227 4
AND "drug abuse" 2021
PubMed "substance abuse" August 25,
AND qualitative AND 2021 209 3
screening AND patient
HERDIN Drug AND screening September
77 1
9, 2021
HERDIN Substance AND September
12 1
screening 9, 2021
125
Benefits GRADE Table – Psychosocial Interventions
Certainty Assessment Summary of Findings
Study event rates (%) Anticipated absolute effects

Participants Relative
Publication Overall certainty
(studies) Risk of bias Inconsistency Indirectness Imprecision effect
bias of evidence With Risk difference with
Follow up (95% CI) Risk with
With [comparison] Psychosocial Psychosocial
[comparison]
Interventions Interventions
Abstinence (follow up: range 3 months to 4 months)
87 more per 1,000

3636 ⨁⨁⨁◯ RR 1.60
not serious a serious b,c not serious not serious none 218/1502 (14.5%) 419/2134 (19.6%) 145 per 1,000 (from 35 more to 164
(15 RCTs) MODERATE (1.24 to 2.13)
more)
Abstinence (follow up: range 6 months to 12 months)
4291 ⨁⨁⨁◯ RR 1.25 47 more per 1,000

not serious a serious b,c not serious not serious none 352/1871 (18.8%) 535/2420 (22.1%) 188 per 1,000
(14 RCTs) MODERATE (1.11 to 1.52) (from 21 more to 98 more)
Drug Use Days (follow up: range 3 months to 4 months; assessed with: SD Days)
5068 ⨁⨁⨁◯ mean 0.49 days lower

not serious a serious c,d,e not serious not serious none 2288 2780 -
(19 RCTs) MODERATE (0.85 lower to 0.13 lower)
Drug Use Days (follow up: range 6 months to 12 months; assessed with: SD Days)
5096 ⨁⨁⨁◯ mean 0.08 days lower

not serious a serious c,d,e not serious not serious none 2293 2803 -
(15 RCTs) MODERATE (0.3 lower to 0.11 higher)
Drug Use Severity (follow up: range 3 months to 4 months; assessed with: SMD)
4437 ⨁⨁⨁◯ mean 0.18 SMD lower

not serious a serious c,d not serious not serious none 2020 2417 -
(17 RCTs) MODERATE (0.32 lower to 0.05 lower)
Drug Use Severity (follow up: range 6 months to 12 months; assessed with: SMD)
3798 ⨁⨁⨁◯ mean 0.1 SMD lower

not serious a serious c,d not serious not serious none 1727 2071 -
(13 RCTs) MODERATE (0.24 lower to 0.02 higher)
CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio
Explanations
a. Moderate to high attrition rate on some of the studies included.
b. Effects are generally stronger in trials that evaluated cannabis use than any other type of drug use.
c. Effects are generally stronger in trials with intensive intervention than brief interventions.
d. Effects present in trials of treatment-seeking but not screen-detected populations.
e. High statistical heterogeneity.
126
Benefits GRADE Table – Pharmacological Interventions

Participants Overall Relative
Risk of Publication
(studies) Inconsistency Indirectness Imprecision certainty of With effect Risk difference with
bias bias With Risk with
Follow up evidence Pharmacologic (95% CI) Pharmacologic
[comparison] [comparison]
Naltrexone - Relapse
RR 0.73 128 fewer per 1,000

1701 ⨁⨁⨁◯
not serious serious a not serious not serious none 392/828 (47.3%) 837/873 (95.9%) (0.62 to 473 per 1,000 (from 180 fewer to 71
(12 RCTs) MODERATE 0.85) fewer)
Naltrexone - Retention in Treatment
RR 1.71 257 more per 1,000

1506 ⨁⨁⨁◯
not serious serious a not serious not serious none 278/769 (36.2%) 136/737 (18.5%) (1.13 to 362 per 1,000 (from 47 more to 539
(9 RCTs) MODERATE 2.49) more)
Opioid Agonist - Relapse
RR 0.75 155 fewer per 1,000

567 ⨁⨁⨁◯
not serious serious a not serious not serious none 219/353 (62.0%) 187/214 (87.4%) (0.59 to 620 per 1,000 (from 254 fewer to 112
(4 RCTs) MODERATE 0.82) fewer)
Opioid Agonist - Retention in Treatment
RR 2.58 986 more per 1,000

1109 ⨁⨁⨁◯
not serious serious a not serious not serious none 456/731 (62.4%) 77/378 (20.4%) (1.78 to 624 per 1,000 (from 487 more to
(7 RCTs) MODERATE 4.59) 1,000 more)
Explanations
a. Statistically high heterogeneity.
127
Harm GRADE Table – Naltrexone

Participants Overall
Risk of Relative effect
(studies) Inconsistency Indirectness Imprecision Publication bias certainty of
bias With (95% CI) Risk with Risk difference
Follow up evidence With control
Naltrexone control with Naltrexone
Withdrawal Due to Adverse Events
3 more per 1,000

734 ⨁⨁⨁◯ RR 1.54
not serious not serious not serious serious a none 2/366 (0.5%) 5/368 (1.4%) (from 4 fewer to 40
(3 RCTs) MODERATE (0.31 to 8.31)
more)
Serious Adverse Events
5 more per 1,000

536 ⨁⨁◯◯ RR 1.24
serious b,c not serious not serious serious a none 5/265 (1.9%) 6/271 (2.2%) (from 17 fewer to
(3 RCTs) LOW (0.11 to 10.21)
174 more)
Constipation
6 fewer per 1,000

120 ⨁⨁◯◯ RR 0.97
serious b,d not serious not serious serious a none 10/50 (20.0%) 12/70 (17.1%) 200 per 1,000 (from 126 fewer to
(2 RCTs) LOW (0.37 to 2.39)
278 more)
Diarrhea
157 more per

81 ⨁⨁◯◯ RR 1.94 1,000
serious b,c,d not serious not serious serious a none 5/30 (16.7%) 21/51 (41.2%) 167 per 1,000
(2 RCTs) LOW (0.70 to 6.53) (from 50 fewer to
922 more)
Explanations
a. Too wide confidence interval
b. Unclear allocation concealment.
c. Unclear Randomization
d. Unclear blinding
128
Harm GRADE Table – Opioid Agonists

(studies) Inconsistency Indirectness Imprecision Publication bias certainty of Risk difference
bias With Opioid (95% CI) Risk with
Follow up evidence With Control with Opioid
Agonist Control
Agonist
Serious Adverse Events
43 fewer per 1,000

396 ⨁⨁◯◯ RR 0.32
serious a,b not serious not serious serious c none 11/174 (6.3%) 8/222 (3.6%) 63 per 1,000 (from 6 fewer to 8
(2 RCTs) LOW (0.09 to 1.12)
more)
Withdrawal Due to Adverse Events
3 fewer per 1,000

83 ⨁⨁◯◯ RR 0.89
serious d not serious not serious serious c none 1/39 (2.6%) 1/44 (2.3%) 26 per 1,000 (from 24 fewer to
(1 RCT) LOW (0.06 to 13.70)
326 more)
Constipation
164 more per

242 serious ⨁⨁◯◯ RR 2.36 1,000
a,b,d not serious not serious serious c none 11/91 (12.1%) 37/151 (24.5%) 121 per 1,000
(2 RCTs) LOW (1.16 to 4.92) (from 19 more to
474 more)
Nausea
14 more per 1,000

502 ⨁⨁◯◯ RR 1.13
serious a not serious not serious serious c none 24/225 (10.7%) 31/277 (11.2%) 107 per 1,000 (from 63 fewer to
(2 RCTs) LOW (0.41 to 6.07)
541 more)
Diaphoresis
16 more per 1,000

418 ⨁⨁◯◯ RR 1.15
serious a,d not serious not serious serious c none 22/206 (10.7%) 30/212 (14.2%) 107 per 1,000 (from 48 fewer to
(3 RCTs) LOW (0.55 to 2.73)
185 more)
Explanations
a. Unclear randomization generation method.
b. Unclear allocation concealment
c. Wide confidence interval.
d. Missing data that may influence results
129
Harm GRADE Table – Psychosocial interventions

(studies) Inconsistency Indirectness Imprecision Publication bias certainty of With Risk difference
bias With (95% CI) Risk with
Follow up evidence Psychosocial with Psychosocial
[comparison] [comparison]
No Adverse Outcome Reported
1198 ⨁⨁⨁◯
serious a,b not serious not serious not serious none 0/595 (0.0%) 0/603 (0.0%) not estimable 0 per 1,000
(4 RCTs) MODERATE
Explanations
a. Most of the studies have large drop off rate (17-34%)
b. Some studies have lower intervention adherence.
130
Diagnosis GRADE Table – Single Item Question: Drug Use
Sensitivity 0.73 to 0.93

Prevalences 1.57% 0% 0%
Specificity 0.86 to 0.96
№ of studies Test
Outcome (№ of Study design Pre-test Pre-test Pre-test accuracy
Risk of Publication
patients) Indirectness Inconsistency Imprecision probability of probability of probability of CoE
bias bias
1.57% 0% 0%
True positives
(patients with Drug 11 to 15 0 to 0 0 to 0
Use)
Cross-sectional
2 studies
(cohort type
not
not serious not serious not serious none ⨁⨁⨁⨁
False negatives (745 patients) serious HIGH
accuracy study)
(patients incorrectly
1 to 5 0 to 0 0 to 0
classified as not
having Drug Use)
True negatives
(patients without 846 to 945 860 to 960 860 to 960
Drug Use) Cross-sectional
2 studies
(cohort type
not
False positives (745 patients) serious HIGH
accuracy study)
39 to 138 40 to 140 40 to 140
classified as having
Drug Use)
131
Diagnosis GRADE Table – Single Item Question: Drug Use Disorder

Prevalence 1.57%
Effect per 1,000

Factors that may decrease certainty of evidence
patients tested
Test
№ of studies
Outcome Study design accuracy
(№ of patients) Pre-test
Risk of Publication CoE
Indirectness Inconsistency Imprecision probability of
bias bias
1.57%
True positives
13 to 16
(patients with Drug Use Disorder)
Cross-sectional
2 studies
(cohort type accuracy
not
study)
(patients incorrectly classified as 0 to 3
not having Drug Use Disorder)
True negatives
(patients without Drug Use 728 to 876
Disorder) Cross-sectional
2 studies
not
(745 patients) serious HIGH
False positives study)
having Drug Use Disorder)
132
Diagnosis GRADE Table – ASSIST: Drug Use

Prevalence 1.57%
Effect per 1,000

patients tested Test
№ of studies
(№ of patients)
Risk of Publication pre-test probability CoE
Indirectness Inconsistency Imprecision
bias bias of1.57%
True positives
15 to 15
(patients with Drug Use)
False negatives 2 studies Cross-sectional (cohort not

(924 patients) type accuracy study) serious HIGH
1 to 1
classified as not having
Drug Use)
True negatives
807 to 896
(patients without Drug Use)
False positives
2 studies Cross-sectional (cohort not
(924 patients) type accuracy study) serious HIGH
88 to 177
classified as having Drug
Use)
133
Diagnosis GRADE Table – ASSIST: Drug Use Disorder

Prevalence 1.57%
Effect per 1,000

patients tested
Test
№ of studies (№ of
patients) Pre-test
Indirectness Inconsistency Imprecision probability of
bias bias
1.57%
True positives
13 to 15
(patients with Drug Use Disorder)
Cross-sectional
2 studies
not
study)
True negatives
(patients without Drug Use 817 to 856
Disorder) Cross-sectional
2 studies
not
(924 patients) serious HIGH
False positives study)
134
Diagnosis GRADE Table – DAST-10 : Drug Use

№ of studies
Test accuracy
Outcome (№ of Study design Pre-test Pre-test Pre-test
patients) Indirectness Inconsistency Imprecision probability of probability of probability of
bias bias
1.57% 0% 0%
True positives
(patients with Drug 13 to 14 0 to 0 0 to 0
Use)
Cross-sectional
2 studies
(cohort type
not
accuracy study)
2 to 3 0 to 0 0 to 0
classified as not
having Drug Use)
True negatives
(patients without 925 to 945 940 to 960 940 to 960
Drug Use) Cross-sectional
2 studies
(cohort type
not
False positives (997 patients) serious HIGH
accuracy study)
39 to 59 40 to 60 40 to 60
classified as having
Drug Use)
135
Diagnosis GRADE Table – DAST-10 : Drug Use Disorder

Prevalence 1.57%
Effect per 1,000

№ of Factors that may decrease certainty of evidence
patients tested
studies Test
Outcome Study design
(№ of accuracy CoE
Risk of Publication Pre-test probability
patients) Indirectness Inconsistency Imprecision
bias bias of 1.57%
True positives 16
(patients with Drug Use Disorder) (14 to 16)
1 study
(286
Cross-sectional (cohort not
False negatives type accuracy study) serious HIGH
patients) 0
(patients incorrectly classified as
(0 to 2)
True negatives
758
(patients without Drug Use
(699 to 807)
Disorder) 1 study
(286
Cross-sectional (cohort not
type accuracy study) serious HIGH
False positives patients) 226
(patients incorrectly classified as
(177 to 285)
136
Appendix C: Screening Tools Used
Adolescent:
Tools asked about general substance use including drugs and alcohol with or without
tobacco:
• ASSIST,
• BSTAD,
• CRAFFT,
• PESQ-PS,
• POSIT,
• POSIT-revised
Tools asked about cannabis use only
• ASSIST-LITE for cannabis,
• CAST,
• CPQ-A-S,
• single-item cannabis-frequency question,
• SDS
Indirect screening tool:
• AUDIT,
• AUDIT-C,
• NIAAA Youth Screen
Adults:
Direct Screening tool, Single-item drug frequency:
• SUBS [Substance Use Brief Screen]
• TAPS-1
• single-item drug frequency
Direct Screening tool, Frequency of drug use and risks associated with drug use:
• ASSIST
• ASSIST-Drug
• CAST [Cannabis Abuse Screening Test]
• 2-, 10-, and 28-DAST [Drug-Abuse Screening Test]
• PDUQp [Prescription Drug Use Questionnaire-Patient Version]
• PSQ [Parent Screening Questionnaire]
• SoDU [Screen of Drug Use]
• TAPS
• TICS [Two-Item Conjoint Screen]
• single-item heavy episode drinking frequency
Pregnant and Postpartum Women

Direct Screening tool
• ASSIST-2
• DAST-10
• PRO
• WIDUS
• 4P’s
137
4. Standardized Instruments in Screening for Depression among High-Risk Groups
1. PUBMED (August 4, 2021, 1 pm)

Step Query Results
1 "Systematic Reviews as Topic"[Mesh] 6,977
2 "Systematic Review" [Publication Type] 175,158
3 "Practice Guidelines as Topic"[Mesh] 125,977
4 "Practice Guideline" [Publication Type] 29,212
5 "Depression"[Mesh] 134,486
6 "Depressive Disorder"[Mesh] 115,347
7 "Mass Screening"[Mesh] 136,937
8 "Adult"[Mesh] 7,641,504
9 "Middle Aged"[Mesh] 4,604,967
10 "Aged"[Mesh] 3,328,275
11 #1 or #2 181,847
12 #3 or #4 154,337
13 #5 or #6 236,043
14 #8 or #9 or #10 7,641,504
15 #7 and #11 and #12 and #13 and #14 5
16 #7 and #12 and #13 and #14 Filters: from 2015-2021 25
2. PUBMED (August 27, 2021, 4 pm)

Step Query Results
3 "Depression"[Mesh] 134,486
4 "Depressive Disorder"[Mesh] 115,347
5 "Adult"[Mesh] 7,641,504
6 "Middle Aged"[Mesh] 4,604,967
7 "Aged"[Mesh] 3,328,275
8 "Prevalence"[Mesh] 319,968
9 #1 or #2 181,847
10 #3 or #4 236,043
11 #5 or #6 or #7 7,641,504
12 #8 and #9 and #10 and #11 Filters: 2015-2021 99
3. PUBMED (September 10, 2021, 2 pm)

Step Query Results
3 "Psychiatric Status Rating Scales"[Mesh] 86,149
4 "Reproducibility of Results"[Mesh] 434,060
5 #1 or #2 181,847
6 #3 and #4 and #5 54
138
4. Free Text Search
Search Strategy/Search Results
Database Remarks
terms Date of search Yield Eligible
National Institute
for Health and Care depression screening 08/03/2021 79 0 Outdated evidence
Excellence (NICE)
U.S. Preventive
Updated CPG that meets the
Services Task depression screening 08/03/2021 7 pages 1
eligibility criteria
Force (USPSTF)
Canadian Task
Force for
depression screening 08/03/2021 6 pages 0 Outdated evidence
Preventive Health
Care (CTFPHC)
Guidelines
CPG focuses on older adults
International depression screening 08/04/2021 6 1
specifically
Network (GIN)
Original Pubmed MeSH search did
not catch enough so needed broader
search terms. Retrieved CPGs
clinical practice guideline however, the AAFP and ICSI were
Pubmed 08/04/2021 321 4
depression screening based on the USPSTF CPG. Other
recommendations focused on
comparing existing and was not
based on their own data.
No local data on screening
Herdin depression screening 08/09/2021 43 0
guidelines
depression screening
Cochrane 08/09/2021 105 0 No CPGs obtained
filter: 2015-2021
TITLE-ABS-KEY (
depression AND screening
AND systematic AND
review ) AND ( LIMIT-TO (
PUBYEAR , 2021 ) OR
LIMIT-TO ( PUBYEAR ,
2020 ) OR LIMIT-TO (
Scopus 08/09/2021 1,113 3 No CPGs obtained
PUBYEAR , 2019 ) OR
PUBYEAR , 2017 ) OR
PUBYEAR , 2015 ) )
depression AND screening Ebsco’s system was glitching on
Ebsco AND primary care AND 08/10/2021 411 0 more than 5 occasions. Could not
systematic reviews review evidence
Few cross sectionals, some are
Herdin depression prevalence 08/26/2021 76 3
outdated.
psychometric property of
Searched specific screening tools for
Pubmed zung self-rating 09/13/2021 2 0
better yields.
depression scale
cost effectiveness Center
Limited cost effectiveness studies
Pubmed for Epidemiologic Studies 09/13/2021 18 0
using other screening tools
Depression Scale (CES-D)
Cochrane depression prevalence 09/15/2021 93 0 Evidence was unrelated
139
APPENDIX B: GRADE Profiles
PHQ-9
Question: Should PHQ-9 be used to screen for depressive disorders in the adult population?
Patient or Population: General adult population33
Setting: Community-based primary care practice, outpatient specialty, inpatient specialty care, non-medical care 33
New test: PHQ-9 | Cut-off value: 10 (range of score: 0 – 27)33
Pooled sensitivity: 0.88 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.92) | Pooled specificity: 0.85 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.88) 33
Sensitivity 0.88 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.92)
Specificity 0.85 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.88)
№ of
studies Test accuracy
Outcome Study design Pre-test Pre-test Pre-test
(№ of Risk of Publication CoE
bias bias
3.44% 14% 25%
True positives
30 123 220
(patients with depressive 58
disorders) Cross-sectional Publication (29 to 32) (116 to 129) (208 to 230)
studies not ⨁⨁◯◯
(cohort type not serious serious a not serious bias strongly
(17,357 serious LOW
False negatives accuracy study) suspected b 4 17 30
(patients incorrectly classified as patients)
not having depressive disorders) (2 to 5) (11 to 24) (20 to 42)
True negatives
821 731 638
(patients without depressive 58
disorders) Cross-sectional Publication (792 to 850) (705 to 757) (615 to 660)
studies not ⨁⨁◯◯
(cohort type not serious serious a not serious bias strongly
(17,357 serious LOW
False positives accuracy study) suspected b 145 129 112
(patients incorrectly classified as patients)
having depressive disorders) (116 to 174) (103 to 155) (90 to 135)
Explanations
a. Analysis revealed moderate heterogeneity across included studies.
b. Did not investigate publication bias. Did not declare conflicts of interest. Funding came from multiple sources.
Prevalence 14%
Test results Typically seen in
this study
True Positives 12.3%
False Negatives 1.7%
True Negatives 73.1%
False Positives 12.9%
140
CES-D 1
Question: Should CES-D be used to screen for depressive disorders in adult population?
Patient or population: general adult population 31
Setting: community-based primary care practice, general population, residential, schools 31
New test: CES-D | Cut-off value: 16 (range of score: 0 – 60)31
31
Pooled sensitivity: 0.87 (95% CI: 0.82 to 0.92) | Pooled specificity: 0.70 (95% CI: 0.65 to 0.75)
Prevalence 3.44% 8.8% 25%
№ of studies
Test accuracy
Risk of CoE
patients) Indirectness Inconsistency Imprecision Publication bias probability of probability of probability of
bias
3.44% 8.8% 25%
True positives
30 77 218
(patients with
(28 to 32) (72 to 81) (205 to 230)
depressive disorders) 28 studies Cross-sectional Publication bias
(10,617 (cohort type
not
not serious serious a not serious strongly ⨁⨁◯◯
False negatives serious LOW
patients) accuracy study) suspected b
(patients incorrectly 4 11 32
classified as not having (2 to 6) (7 to 16) (20 to 45)
depressive disorders)
True negatives
676 638 525
(patients without
(628 to 724) (593 to 684) (488 to 563)
depressive disorders) 28 studies Cross-sectional Publication bias
not
not serious serious a not serious strongly ⨁⨁◯◯
False positives serious LOW
patients) accuracy study) suspected b
(patients incorrectly 290 274 225
classified as having (242 to 338) (228 to 319) (187 to 262)
Explanations
a. The authors mentioned an assessment of possible sources of heterogeneity however found none to be statistically significant. The Source of heterogeneity was not resolved.
b. Each author was supported and funded by different sources. Additionally, they did not disclose any conflict of interest or discuss any declaration of no conflict of interest. They did not investigate publication bias.
Prevalence 8.8%
this study
True Positives 7.7%
141
CES-D 2a
Question: Should CES-D be used to screen for depressive disorders in adult population?
Setting: community-based primary care practice, general population32
New test: CES-D | Cut-off value: 16 (range of score: 0 – 60)32
32
Prevalence 3.44% 11% 25%
№ of studies
Outcome (№ of Study design Pre-test Pre-test Pre-test Test accuracy CoE
Risk of Publication
bias bias
3.44% 11% 25%
True positives
29 92 210
(patients with depressive
disorders) (27 to 30) (87 to 97) (198 to 220)
8 studies Cross-sectional
(2,743 (cohort type
not
not serious serious a not serious none ⨁⨁⨁◯
False negatives serious MODERATE
(patients incorrectly patients) accuracy study) 5 18 40
True negatives
715 659 555
(patients without depressive
(2,743 (cohort type
not
False positives serious MODERATE
Explanations
a. Heterogeneity across studies for community-dwelling adults
Prevalence 11%
this study
True Positives 9.2%
142
CES-D 2b
Question: Should CES-D be used to screen for depressive disorders in chronically ill adults?
Setting: chronically ill, out patient32
New test: CES-D | Cut-off value: 20-23 (range of score: 0 – 60)32
32
Test
№ of studies
Outcome Study design Pre-test Pre-test Pre-test accuracy
(№ of patients) Risk of Publication
Indirectness Inconsistency Imprecision probability of probability of probability of CoE
bias bias
3.44% 21% 25%
True positives
30 181 215
(1,868 (cohort type
not
False negatives serious HIGH
True negatives
821 672 638
(patients without
depressive disorders) (753 to 879) (616 to 719) (585 to 683)
(1,868 (cohort type
not
False positives serious HIGH
Prevalence 21%
this study
143
GDS-15
Question: Should GDS-15 be used to screen for depressive disorders in older adult population?
Patient or population: older adult population 30
Setting: community-based, clinical setting30
New test: GDS-15 | Cut-off value: 5 (range of score: 0 – 15)30
30
№ of studies
Test accuracy
bias bias
3.44% 42% 25%
True positives
30 361 215
not
False negatives serious MODERATE
True negatives
763 458 593
(patients without
depressive disorders) (705 to 811) (423 to 487) (548 to 630)
not
False positives serious MODERATE
Explanations
a. Heterogeneity in results
Prevalence 42%
this study
False
5.9%
Negatives
144
5. Standardized Instruments in Screening for Anxiety
PubMed (August 10, 2021 10:00pm)

Steps Query Results
1 Anxiety [Mesh] 276,235
2 #1 and 2011 to 2021 [Filter] 146,820
3 Meta-Analysis [Publication Type] 2,784
4 Systematic Review [Publication Type] 5,309
5 #2 and #3 and #4 6,294
6 (Anxiety) and (Screening) [Mesh] 72,176
7 #6 and 2011 to 2021 [Filter] 37,156
8 #7 and #3 756
9 #7 and #4 1,546
10 #7 and #3 and #4 1,789
11 #7 and #3 and #4 and harm 44
12 #7 and #3 and #4 and benefit 225
13 #7 and #3 and #4 and GAD 25
14 #7 and #3 and #4 and HADS 35
15 #7 and #3 and #4 and cost 13
Date and Results

Search Strategy /
Database Time of Remarks
Search Terms Yield Eligible
Search
United States July 20, Guideline not yet updated for the
Preventive Services Anxiety 2021, 131 0 last 5 years
Task Force 09:00am
National Institute for July 20, 2021 1 guideline found, Common
Health and Care 09:30am mental health problems:
Anxiety Screening 88 1
Excellence identification and pathways to
care
Canadian Task Force July 20, 2021 No guidelines found regarding
Anxiety 21 0
on Preventive Health 09:45am anxiety
Cochrane (Systematic September No specific guidelines found
Reviews) Anxiety Screening 14, 2021 123 0 regarding anxiety screening
07:00pm
Cochrane (Systematic September 1 systematic review found,
Reviews) 14, 2021 “therapist-supported Internet
Anxiety Treatment 179 1
08:00pm cognitive behavioral therapy for
anxiety disorders in adults”
American Journal of August 10, 1 journal found Women’s
Psychiatry 2021, 9:00 Preventive Services Initiative
Anxiety Screening 191 1
am (WPSI) recommendation on
screening for women
Herdin August 14, No evidence available on anxiety
Anxiety Screening 2021, 1:00 23 0 screening
pm
145
GRADE Evidence Table: Health-related outcomes for adults with anxiety disorders compared to adults without anxiety disorders
Patient or population: Patients with diagnosed anxiety disorders
Settings: Admitted patients, outpatient care
Comparison: Adults with no anxiety disorders
Certainty assessment Effect

№ of studies Risk of № of № of Rate Certainty Importance
Study design Inconsistency Indirectness Imprecision Other considerations
bias events individuals (95% CI)
All-cause Mortality
Observational Subgroup of community HR 0.99 ⊕⊕⊕⊝

15 Not serious Not serious Not serious Serious IMPORTANT
studies studies only (0.96 to 1.02) MODERATE 1
Congestive Heart Disease
RR 1.41 ⊕⊕⊝⊝
28 Cohort studies Not serious Not serious Not serious Serious None IMPORTANT
(1.13 to 1.73) LOW 2
Stroke
OR 1.47 ⊕⊕⊕⊕
8 Prospective studies Not serious Not serious Not serious Not serious None IMPORTANT
(1.23 to 1.75) HIGH
Diabetes
OR 1.47 ⊕⊝⊝⊝
14 Prospective studies Serious Serious Not serious Serious None IMPORTANT
(1.23 to 1.75) VERY LOW 3
1 Downgraded for publication bias (-1) because results of Egger’s test (p<0.01) suggested a publication bias favoring small studies with large, positive associations.
2 Downgraded for inconsistency (-1) because the heterogeneity amongst the included studies was quite high. Downgraded for indirectness (-1) because of differences in the tool used to measure outcomes
3 Downgraded for risk of bias (-1) primarily because many of the studies included have self-reported anxiety symptoms as well as some studies not being generalizable. Downgraded for inconsistency (-1) due to the high heterogeneity of
the studies. Downgraded for publication bias (-1) because of the Egger’s test (P= 0.05) signifying high probability of publication bias.
146
GRADE Evidence Table: Anxiety Disorder Screening Tool Validation
Patient or population: Asymptomatic adults
Settings: General population, outpatient care
Intervention: Screening tool for anxiety
Comparison: “Reference standard”
Certainty assessment Effect

№ of
Risk of № of № of Rate Certainty Importance
studies Study design Inconsistency Indirectness Imprecision Other considerations
bias events individuals (95% CI)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
Diagnostic test Subgroup of community Sen: 0.74 (0.61 to 0.84) ⊕⊕⊝⊝

9 Serious Serious Serious Not serious CRITICAL
accuracy studies studies only Spec: 0.83 (0.68 to 0.92) LOW 1
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2)
Diagnostic test Sen: 0.80 (0.67 to 0.89) ⊕⊕⊝⊝

11 Not serious Serious Not serious Not serious None CRITICAL
accuracy studies Spec: 0.82 (0.72 to 0.90) LOW 2
Diagnostic test With 2 outlier studies Sen: 0.78 (0.71 to 0.84) ⊕⊕⊕⊕
9 Not serious Not serious Not serious Not serious CRITICAL
accuracy studies removed Spec: 0.83 (0.82 to 0.84) HIGH
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A)
Diagnostic test Sen: 0.90 (0.85 to 0.94) ⊕⊝⊝⊝

8 Not serious Serious Serious Serious None CRITICAL
accuracy studies Spec: (0.83 to 0.87) VERY LOW 3
1 Downgraded for risk of bias (-1) because half of the studies had use of case-control designs and nonrandom/control designs and nonrandom/consecutive sampling. Downgraded for inconsistency (-1) because of the high heterogeneity
amongst the included studies. Downgraded for indirectness (-1) because some studies had sample populations amongst admitted patients. Not downgraded for publication bias (0), because of the lack of included studies (n≤10).
2 Downgraded for inconsistency (-1) because the heterogeneity amongst the included studies was quite high.
3 Downgraded for inconsistency (-1) due to the lack of confidence intervals amongst almost all the studies included. Downgraded for indirectness (-1) because of the sample population including admitted patients with anxiety. Downgraded
for publication bias (-1) because due to the tendency to over-report positive findings.
147
GRADE Evidence Table: Therapist-Supported ICBT compared to waiting list, attention, information, or online discussion group only control for anxiety
disorders in adults
Patient or population: Patients with anxiety disorders
Settings: Outpatient care via Internet with e-mail or telephone support, or both
Intervention: Therapist-supported ICBT
Comparison: Waiting list, attention, information, or online discussion group only control
Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Assumed risk Corresponding risk
Waiting list, Relative effect Number of participants Quality of the evidence
Outcomes Comments
attention, information, or (95% CI) (studies) (GRADE)
Therapist-supported ICBT
online discussion group
only control
Study population
Clinically important
improvement in anxiety 53 per 100
at post-treatment 14 per 100
(35 to 79) RR 3.75 866 ⊕⊕⊝⊝
Indexed by a standardized
(2.51 to 5.60) (12 studies) LOW 2
interview or clinically
Moderate
accepted measure cut-off-
score1 39 per 100
10 per 100
(26 to 58)
Disorder-specific anxiety
The mean anxiety symptom
symptom severity at A standard deviation of
severity at post-treatment in
post-treatment ⊕⊕⊝⊝ 0.80 or greater represents
the intervention groups was 2147 (28 studies)
Indexed by a range of LOW 3, 4 a large difference
1.06 standard deviations
disorder-specific self- between groups5
lower (1.29 to 0.82 lower)
report measures
General anxiety The mean general anxiety
symptom severity at symptom severity at post- A standard deviation of
post-treatment treatment in the intervention 1496 ⊕⊕⊝⊝ 0.80 or greater represents
Indexed by a range of groups was 0.75 standard (19 studies) LOW 5, 6 a large difference
measures of anxiety deviations lower between groups5
symptoms in general (0.98 to 0.52 lower)
Quality of life at post-
The mean quality of life at
treatment A standard deviation of
post-treatment in the
Indexed by self-report 1639 ⊕⊕⊕⊝ 0.50 represents a
intervention groups was
measures of (23 studies) MODERATE 6 moderate difference
0.47 standard deviations
quality of life or functional between groups 5
higher (0.38 to 0.57 higher)
disability
Study population Because adverse events
were so rarely reported,
Adverse events at post- See comment See comment they could not be
treatment Not estimable 0 (0) See comment meaningfully reported
Moderate
Not reported by comparison and are
instead described in the
review text
148
Study population
Participant satisfaction See comment See comment Studies reported high
Indexed by a mix of
overall treatment
qualitative and Not estimable 0 (13) See comment
Moderate satisfaction for therapist-
quantitative self-report
supported ICBT
measures
*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assum ed risk in the comparison group and the relative
effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate
1 For clinically important improvement in anxiety, an event is indicative of a participant achieving clinically important improvement.
2 Downgraded for risk of bias (-1) primarily because four of the included studies did not blind their outcome assessors to participants' group assignment and due to lack of blinding of participants and study therapists. Downgraded
for publication bias (-1) because only 12 studies reported this outcome. Not downgraded for inconsistency (0) because heterogeneity was reduced followi ng subgroup analysis by anxiety disorder.
3 Downgraded for risk of bias (-1) primarily due to minor concerns with selective outcome reporting, incomplete outcome data, baseline imbalances in a few studies, and lack of blinding of participants and study ther apists.
4 Downgraded for inconsistency (-1) because the heterogeneity amongst the included studies was quite high. This may be explained by the variety of anxiety disorders investigated and differences in the treatment details;
however, the number of studies that could be included in subgroup analyses was not sufficient to provide useful reasons for this heterogeneity.
5 According to Cohen's (1969) interpretation of effect sizes.
6 Downgraded for risk of bias (-1) primarily because two studies included baseline imbalances in participant severity across study groups and due to lack of blinding of participants and study therapists.
149
Appendix C: Screening Tools
Figure 1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Questionnaire
Figure 2. Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) Questionnaire
150
Figure 3. Hospitalized Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) Questionnaire
151
Appendix D: Diagnostic Tables
Table 1. 2x2 of GAD-7 vs. Gold Standard, cut-off score of 10

Anxiety Present Anxiety Absent Total
Test Positive 232 736 968
Test Negative 81 3593 3674
Total 313 4329 4642
Table 2. Diagnostic Accuracy of GAD-7 vs. Gold Standard, cut-off score of 10

Statistic Value 95% CI
Sensitivity 74.12% 68.90% to 78.88%
Specificity 83.00% 81.85% to 84.11%
Positive Likelihood Ratio 4.36 3.97 to 4.78
Negative Likelihood Ratio 0.31 0.26 to 0.38
Disease prevalence (*) 5.00%
Positive Predictive Value (*) 18.66% 17.29% to 20.11%
Negative Predictive Value (*) 98.39% 98.06% to 98.66%
Accuracy (*) 82.55% 81.43% to 83.64
Heterogeneity i2 82.8%
Studies Included 9

Total 270 4199 4469

Sensitivity 82.96% 77.94% to 87.25%
Specificity 83.99% 82.84% to 85.08%
Accuracy (*) 83.94% 82.83% to 85.00%
Heterogeneity i2 61.3%
Studies Included 9

Total 199 2977 3176

Sensitivity 79.90% 73.65% to 85.23%
Specificity 82.00% 80.57% to 83.36%
Accuracy (*) 81.89% 80.51% to 83.22%
Heterogeneity i2 62.8
Table 7. 2x2 of GAD-2 (excluding 2 outlier studies) vs. Gold Standard, cut-off score of 3
Total 183 2678 2861
152
Table 8. Diagnostic Accuracy of GAD-2 (excluding 2 outlier studies) vs. Gold Standard, cut-off score of 3
Sensitivity 78.14% 71.45% to 83.90%
Specificity 83.01% 81.53% to 84.41%
Accuracy (*) 82.77% 81.33% to 84.13%
Studies Included 9
Table 9. 2x2 of GAD-2 (excluding 2 outlier studies) vs. Gold Standard, cut-off score of 3
Total 183 2678 2861
Table 10. Diagnostic Accuracy of GAD-2 (excluding 2 outlier studies) vs. Gold Standard, cut-off score of 3
Sensitivity 78.14% 71.45% to 83.90%
Specificity 83.01% 81.53% to 84.41%
Accuracy (*) 82.77% 81.33% to 84.13%
Studies Included 9
Table 11. 2x2 of HADS-A vs. Gold Standard

Total 194 1189 1383
Table 12. Diagnostic Accuracy of HADS-A vs. Gold Standard

Sensitivity 90.21% 85.13% to 94.00%
Specificity 85.20% 83.05% to 87.17%
Disease prevalence (*) 14.03% 12.24% to 15.97%
Sensitivity 90.21% 85.13% to 94.00%
Studies Included 8
153
6. Standardized Instruments in Screening for Depression among Children and
Adolescents

A. Guidelines
Database Query Results
United States Preventive Services

12
Taskforce (USPSTF) 1. mental health screening AND
children AND adolescents
National Institute for Health and 2. screening AND children AND
41
Care Excellence (NICE) adolescents
3. screening OR diagnosis AND
Canadian Task Force on Preventive child AND adolescent
1
Health Care (CTFPHC)
1. PubMed (August 4, 2021, 8:00 am)

Step Query Results
1 "screening"[Title] AND "depression"[Title] AND "children"[Title] 36
2 ((((guideline[Publication Type]) AND (depression[MeSH Terms])) AND

(depressive disorder[MeSH Terms])) AND (child[MeSH Terms])) AND 18
(adolescent[MeSH Terms])
3 ((("Adolescent"[Mesh]) AND ("Depression"[Mesh] OR "Depressive

Disorder"[Mesh])) AND ("Mass Screening"[Mesh])) AND ("Systematic 14
Review" [Publication Type] OR "Systematic Reviews as Topic"[Mesh])
4 (guideline [Publication Type] OR practice guideline [Publication Type] or

recommendation*[Title] OR standard* [Title] OR standard* [Title] OR
29
guideline* [Title]) AND depression [MeSH] AND screening [MeSH] AND
(children [MeSH] OR adolescent [MeSH])
5 (guideline [Publication Type] OR practice guideline [Publication Type] or

recommendation*[Title] OR standard* [Title] OR standard* [Title] OR
guideline* [Title]) AND ("Depression"[Mesh] OR "Depressive
29
Disorder"[Mesh] OR "Depressive symptoms"[MeSH]) AND ("screening"
[MeSH] OR "mass screening" [MeSH]) AND (children [MeSH] OR
adolescent [MeSH])
6 (((depression[MeSH Terms]) OR (depressive disorder[MeSH Terms]))

AND ((screening[MeSH Terms]) OR (mass screening[MeSH Terms]))) 299
AND (children[MeSH Terms])
7 ((("depression") OR ("depressive disorder")) OR ("major depressive

161,679
disorder")) OR ("depressive symptom*")
8 screening AND depression AND children AND adolescent 12,711
9 clinical practice guidelines AND depression AND philippines 1
10 clinical practice guideline [Title] AND depression [Title] 16
11 ((((screening[Title]) AND (depression[MeSH Terms])) OR (depressive

disorder[MeSH Terms])) AND (child[MeSH Terms])) AND (systematic 174
review[Publication Type])
12 (((benefit[Title/Abstract]) AND (screening[Title/Abstract])) AND

26
(depression[MeSH Terms])) AND (child[MeSH Terms])
12 (((((accuracy[Title/Abstract]) AND (screening[Title/Abstract])) AND 18
154
(depression[MeSH Terms])) AND (depressive disorder[MeSH Terms]))
AND (children[MeSH Terms])) AND (adolescents[MeSH Terms])
2. Cochrane (August 10, 2021, 8:00 am)

Step Query Results
1 (child*):ti,ab,kw OR (adolescent*):ti,ab,kw 258,414
2 (depression):ti,ab,kw OR (depressive disorder):ti,ab,kw 54,856
3 (screening):ti,ab,kw OR (“mass screening):ti,ab,kw 79,064
4 (“benefit cost ratio”):ti,ab,kw 4,360
5 (benefit): ti,ab,kw 139,420
6 (harm):ti,ab,kw 13,139
7 #1 AND #2 AND #3 960
8 #4 AND #5 AND #6 307
9 #7 AND #8 1
10 #7 AND #4 0
11 #7 AND #5 150
12 #7 AND #6 54
Step Query Results
2 (depression):ti,ab,kw OR (depressive disorder):ti,ab,kw 54,856
3 (screen*):ti,ab,kw OR (instrument*):ti,ab,kw OR (tool*):ti,ab,kw OR

573,009
(test*):ti,ab,kw OR (questionnaire*):ti,ab,kw
4 (assess*):ti,ab,kw OR (evaluat*):ti,ab,kw 869,183
5 (sensitivit*):ti,ab,kw OR (specificit*):ti,ab,kw 60,788
6 (“predictive value*”):ti,ab,kw 26,084
7 (accuracy):ti,ab,kw 23,677
8 #1 to #4 5,134
9 #5 to #7 2,548
10 #8 AND #9 5
11 #8 AND #5 279
12 #8 AND #6 109
13 #8 AND #7 80
14 (patient health questionnaire 9):ti,ab,kw OR (phq-9):ti,ab,kw OR (phq-

11,481
9a):ti,ab,kw) OR (phq-a):ti,ab,kw) OR (phq modified):ti,ab,kw
15 #14 AND #9 13
16 #14 AND #5 364
155
17 #14 AND #6 46
18 #14 AND #7 116
3. Other databases
Results
Data and Time of
Database Search Terms Remarks
Search
Yield Eligible
Guidelines
August 26, 2021, 8:00 No studies on the
International depression 38 0
am relevant population
Network (GIN)
Philippine
Psychiatric August 26, 2021, 8:00 No studies on the
depression 14 0
Association am relevant population
(PPA)
depression AND August 26, 2021, 8:00 No studies relevant to

HERDIN PLUS 10 0
screening am the question
American
Journal of 130 0
Psychiatry (AJP)
depression AND
August 26, 2021, 8:00
Scopus screening AND 262 6
am
children
depression
August 26, 2021, 8:00 No studies relevant to
LILACS screening AND 40 0
am the question
children

JSTOR 36 0
depression AND
August 26, 2021, 8:00
TRIP database (child OR 47 19
am
adolescent)
156
APPENDIX B: GRADE Evidence Tables
Depression screening versus no screening
Certainty assessment Summary of Findings

Participant Relative
Risk of Inconsisten Indirectne Imprecisi Publicatio Overall certainty
s (studies) With effect (95%
bias cy ss on n bias of evidence With no Risk with no Risk difference with
Follow-up depression CI)
screening screening depression screening
screening
Identification of depression
66 more per 1,000

791 ⨁⨁⨁◯ 23/493 28/298 RR 2.41
seriousa not serious not serious not serious none 47 per 1,000 (from 12 more to 171
(2 RCTs) MODERATE (4.7%) (9.4%) (1.25 to 4.66)
more)
Referral
70 more per 1,000

749 ⨁◯◯◯ 22/360 57/389 RR 2.15
seriousa seriousb not serious seriousc none 61 per 1,000 (from 31 fewer to 514
(3 RCTs) VERY LOW (6.1%) (14.7%) (0.49 to 9.41)
more)
Service uptake
81 more per 1,000

3,961 ⨁⨁◯◯ 1710/2965 656/996 RR 1.14
seriousa not serious seriousd not serious none 577 per 1,000 (from 46 more to 121
(1 RCT) LOW (57.7%) (65.9%) (1.08 to 1.21)
more)
CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio
Explanations
a. > 33% of the items have unclear bias
b. High I2 and low p-value with little overlap in their confidence intervals
c. Wide confidence interval
d. Comparator group is actually delayed feedback on screening but data on no screening was given
157
Remission: CBT versus placebo/NDST/waitlist

Participant Overall
Publication With no Relative effect Risk with no
s (studies) Risk of bias Inconsistency Indirectness Imprecision certainty of With
bias treatment/place (95% CI) treatment/place Risk difference with
Follow-up evidence behavioral
bo/waitlist bo/waitlist behavioral counseling
counseling
control control
Remission (Individual CBT versus placebo)
7 fewer per 1,000

259 ⨁⨁◯◯ 29/130 28/129 RR 0.97
seriousa not serious not serious seriousb none 223 per 1,000 (from 83 fewer to 109
(2 RCTs) LOW (22.3%) (21.7%) (0.63 to 1.49)
more)
Remission (Group CBT)
231 more per 1,000

102 ⨁⨁◯◯ 14/46 32/56 RR 1.76
seriousa seriousc not serious not serious none 304 per 1,000 (from 33 more to 545
(2 RCTs) LOW (30.4%) (57.1%) (1.11 to 2.79)
more)
Remission subgroup (Individual CBT versus NDST)
86 more per 1,000

403 ⨁⨁⨁◯ 122/198 147/205 RR 1.14
seriousa not serious not serious not serious none 616 per 1,000 (from 6 more to 185
(4 RCTs) MODERATE (61.6%) (71.7%) (1.01 to 1.30)
more)
Remission subgroup (Individual CBT versus NDST) - Without comorbidity
127 more per 1,000

186 ⨁⨁⨁◯ 55/91 73/95 RR 1.21
seriousa not serious not serious not serious none 604 per 1,000 (from 0 fewer to 284
(3 RCTs) MODERATE (60.4%) (76.8%) (1.00 to 1.47)
more)
Remission subgroup (Individual CBT versus NDST) - With comorbidity
44 more per 1,000

217 ⨁⨁⨁◯ 67/107 74/110 RR 1.07
seriousa not serious not serious not serious none 626 per 1,000 (from 75 fewer to 194
(1 RCT) MODERATE (62.6%) (67.3%) (0.88 to 1.31)
more)
Explanations
a. > 33.3% of weighted data from studies at moderate or high risk of bias
b. Small sample size and confidence interval crossing the line of null effect
c. High I2 value
158
Remission: IPT versus NDST/waitlist/group IPT

Participant Overall Relative
Risk of Inconsisten Indirectne Imprecisi Publicatio With no Risk with no
s (studies) certainty of effect (95%
bias cy ss on n bias treatment/place treatment/place Risk difference with
Follow-up evidence With IPT CI)
bo/waitlist bo/waitlist IPT
control control
Remission (IPT versus NDST)
332 more per 1,000

38 ⨁⨁◯◯ 4/13 16/25 RR 2.08
(1 RCT) LOW (30.8%) (64.0% (0.87 to 4.95)
more)
Remission (IPT versus WL)
293 more per 1,000

48 ⨁⨁◯◯ 11/24 18/24 RR 1.64
(1 RCT) LOW (45.8%) (75.0%) (1.00 to 2.68)
more
Remission (IPT versus Group IPT)
162 fewer per 1,000

39 ⨁⨁◯◯ 18/20 14/19 RR 0.82
seriousa not serious not serious seriousc none 900 per 1,000 (from 360 fewer to 99
(1 RCT) LOW (90.0%) (73.7%) (0.60 to 1.11)
more)
Explanations
a. > 33% of the items have unclear or high risk of bias
b. Small sample size, wide confidence interval
c. Small sample size, no appreciable benefits/s or harm
159
Quality of life: CBT versus placebo

Participan Overall
Relative
ts Risk of Inconsisten Indirectne Imprecisi Publicatio certainty With no Risk with no
With effect
(studies) bias cy ss on n bias of treatment/place treatment/place Risk difference with
behavioral (95% CI)
Follow-up evidence bo/waitlist bo/waitlist behavioral counseling
counseling
control control
Quality of life (follow up: 12 weeks; assessed with PQ-LES-Q; Scale from 15 to 75)
SMD 0.08
223 ⨁⨁◯◯
seriousa not serious not serious seriousb none 112 111 - - SD lower
(1 RCT) LOW (0.34 lower to 0.19 higher)
Explanations
a. > 33.3% of weighted data from studies at moderate risk of bias
b. No appreciable benefit/s or harm
160
APPENDIX C: Forest Plots
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 1. Identification of depression: screening versus no screening
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 2. Referral rate: screening versus no screening
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
161
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 3. Service uptake: screening versus no screening
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 4. Remission: Individual CBT versus placebo
Subgroup: CBT versus Family-based CBT
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
162
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 5. Remission: Individual CBT versus non-directive supportive therapy (NDST)
Subgroup: Without comorbidity versus with comorbidity
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
163
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 6. Remission: Group CBT versus waitlist control
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 7. Remission: Family-based IPT versus NDST
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
164
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 8. Remission: IPT-A versus waitlist control
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 9. Remission: Individual IPT versus Group IPT
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
165
Appendix D: Quality Rating of Studies on Diagnostic Accuracy of Screening Instruments
166
APPENDIX E: Screening for Depression Analytic Framework
APPENDIX F: 2020 Outpatient Consultations in NCMH
1-4 5-9 10-14 15-19

ICD 10 CODE DIAGNOSIS TOTAL
M F M F M F M F
F32 - Depressive Episode 1 0 8 2 29 69 56 169 334
F33 - Recurrent Depressive Episode 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 7 14
Total 1 0 8 2 29 70 62 176 348
Age Group Total 1 10 99 238
167
7. Standardized Instruments in Screening for Anxiety among Adolescents

Guidelines
Database Query Results
United States Preventive Services

0
Taskforce (USPSTF)
1. mental health screening AND children AND
adolescents
National Institute for Health and Care
2. screening AND children AND adolescents 117
Excellence (NICE)
3. screening OR diagnosis AND child AND
adolescent
Canadian Task Force on Preventive
0
Health Care (CTFPHC)
1. PubMed (August 4, 2021, 8:00 am)
Step Query Results
(("Guideline" [Publication Type]) AND ("Child"[Mesh]) AND ("Adolescent" [Mesh]) AND

1 7
("Anxiety"[Mesh]) OR "Anxiety Disorder"[Mesh])
((("Adolescent"[Mesh]) AND ("Anxiety"[Mesh] OR "Anxiety Disorder"[Mesh])) AND ("Mass

2 Screening"[Mesh])) AND ("Systematic Review" [Publication Type] OR "Systematic 3
Reviews as Topic"[Mesh])
3 "screening"[Title] AND "anxiety"[Title] AND ("children"[Title] OR "adolescent"[Title]) 27
4 ((anxiety[Title]) AND (screening[Title])) AND (children[MeSH Terms]) 32
5 ((anxiety[MeSH Terms]) AND (screening[Title])) AND (children[MeSH Terms]) 63
((guideline[Publication Type]) AND (anxiety[MeSH Terms] OR "anxiety disorder") AND

6 21
(child[MeSH Terms] OR adolescent[MeSH Terms]))
((guideline[Publication Type] OR systematic review[Publication Type] OR

review[Publication Type]) AND (anxiety[MeSH Terms]) AND (child[MeSH Terms] OR
7 adolescent[MeSH Terms]) AND ("screening"[MeSH Terms] OR "mass screening"[MeSH 90
Terms] OR "diagnosis"[MeSH Terms] OR "screen*"[MeSH Terms]))
Filter: 2015-present)
2. Cochrane (August 10, 2021, 8:00 am)

Step Query Results
(anxiety):ti,ab,kw OR (anxiety disorder):ti,ab,kw OR (“generalized anxiety

2 56,170
disorder”):ti,ab,kw
3 (screening):ti,ab,kw OR (“mass screening):ti,ab,kw 79,064
4 (“benefit cost ratio”):ti,ab,kw 4,360
5 (benefit): ti,ab,kw 139,420
6 (harm):ti,ab,kw 13,139
7 #1 AND #2 AND #3 940
8 #4 AND #5 AND #6 307
168
9 #7 AND #8 1
10 #7 AND #4 9
11 #7 AND #5 136
12 #7 AND #6 41
Step Query Results
2 (anxiety):ti,ab,kw OR (anxiety disorder):ti,ab,kw OR (“generalized anxiety

56,170
disorder”):ti,ab,kw
3 (screen*):ti,ab,kw OR (instrument*):ti,ab,kw OR (tool*):ti,ab,kw OR (test*):ti,ab,kw OR

573,009
(questionnaire*):ti,ab,kw
4 (assess*):ti,ab,kw OR (evaluat*):ti,ab,kw 869,183
5 (sensitivit*):ti,ab,kw OR (specificit*):ti,ab,kw 60,788
6 (“predictive value*”):ti,ab,kw 26,084
7 (accuracy):ti,ab,kw 23,677
8 #1 to #4 4,420
9 #5 to #7 2,514
10 #8 AND #9 11
11 #8 AND #5 228
12 #8 AND #6 77
13 #8 AND #7 68
14 (screen for child anxiety related disorders):ti,ab,kw OR (scared near item):ti,ab,kw 205
15 #14 AND #9 3
16 #14 AND #5 29
17 #14 AND #6 9
18 #14 AND #7 9
169
3. Other databases
Results
Data and Time of
Database Search Terms Remarks
Search
Yield Eligible
Guidelines
August 26, 2021, 10:00 Studies are for adult
International anxiety 20 0
am populations
Network (GIN)
Philippine
August 26, 2021, 10:00 None found among
Psychiatric anxiety 0 0
am research titles listed
Association (PPA)
August 26, 2021, 10:00 No studies on the relevant

HERDIN PLUS anxiety 9 0
am population
American Journal of August 26, 2021, 10:00 No studies on anxiety

anxiety AND child 55 0
Psychiatry (AJP) am screening
August 26, 2021, 10:00 No studies on anxiety

LILACS anxiety 23 0
am screening
August 26, 2021, 10:00 No studies on anxiety

JSTOR anxiety AND child 9 0
am screening
anxiety screening 1 guideline, 1 screening

August 26, 2021, 10:00
TRIP database AND (child OR 31 3 study, 1 diagnostic
am
adolescent) accuracy were eligible
170
Appendix B: GRADE Evidence Tables
Remission: CBT versus waitlist

Inconsistenc Imprecisio Publicatio With no Relative effect Risk with no
(studies) Risk of bias Indirectness certainty of With Risk difference with
y n n bias treatment/plac (95% CI) treatment/plac
Follow-up evidence behavioral behavioral
ebo/waitlist ebo/waitlist
counseling counseling
control control
Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post-treatment (ITT)
365 more per 1,000

2,697 ⨁⨁⨁◯ 191/1074 802/1623 OR 5.48
not serious seriousa not serious not serious none 178 per 1,000 (from 280 more to
(39 RCTs) MODERATE (17.8%) (49.4%) (3.91 to 7.68)
446 more)
Remission of all anxiety diagnoses post-treatment (ITT)
322 more per 1,000

2,075 ⨁⨁⨁◯ 165/862 568/1213 OR 4.45
(28 RCTs) MODERATE (19.1%) (46.8%) (2.89 to 6.84)
427 more)
Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post-treatment (ITT) (Individual) - Individual focused
329 more per 1,000

1,165 ⨁⨁⨁◯ 84/441 340/724 OR 4.60
(17 RCTs) MODERATE (19.0%) (47.0%) (2.55 to 8.28)
470 more)
Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post-treatment (ITT) (Individual) - Group focused
391 more per 1,000

1,532 ⨁⨁⨁⨁ 107/633 462/899 OR 6.27
not serious not seriousa not serious not serious none 169 per 1,000 (from 306 more to
(25 RCTs) HIGH (16.9%) (51.4%) (4.44 to 8.85)
474 more)
CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio
Explanations
e. Downgraded one level due to moderate heterogeneity (inconsistency)
171
Remission: CBT versus attention control

Participants Overall Relative
Risk of Inconsiste Publicatio With no Risk with no
(studies) Indirectness Imprecision certainty of With effect (95% Risk difference with
bias ncy n bias treatment/place treatment/place
Follow-up evidence behavioral CI) behavioral
bo/waitlist bo/waitlist
counseling counseling
control control
Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post-treatment (ITT)
193 more per 1,000

822 ⨁⨁◯◯ 99/338 234/484 OR 2.28
not serious seriousb not serious seriousc none 293 per 1,000 (from 62 more to 325
(10 RCTs) LOW (29.3%) (48.3%) (1.33 to 3.90)
more)
Remission of all anxiety diagnoses post-treatment (ITT)
201 more per 1,000

378 ⨁⨁◯◯ 30/162 81/216 OR 2.77
not serious seriousb not serious seriousc none 185 per 1,000 (from 32 more to 403
(7 RCTs) LOW (18.5%) (37.5%) (1.22 to 6.28)
more)
Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post-treatment (ITT) (Individual) - Individual focused
175 more per 1,000

469 ⨁⨁⨁◯ 68/183 164/286 OR 2.04
not serious seriousa,b not serious not serious none 372 per 1,000 (from 14 more to 326
(5 RCTs) MODERATE (37.2%) (57.3%) (1.06 to 3.91)
more)
Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post-treatment (ITT) (Individual) - Group focused
240 more per 1,000

353 ⨁⨁◯◯ 31/155 70/198 OR 3.14
not serious seriousa not serious seriousd none 200 per 1,000 (from 20 more to 485
(5 RCTs) LOW (20.0%) (35.4%) (1.13 to 8.71)
more)
CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio
Explanations
a. Downgraded one level due to moderate heterogeneity (inconsistency)
b. At least moderate heterogeneity and large variation in treatment (inconsistency)
c. Small number of events (imprecision)
d. Wide confidence interval
172
Appendix C: Forest Plots
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 1. Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis: CBT versus waitlist control
173
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 2. Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis: CBT versus waitlist control
Subgroup: Individual CBT versus Group CBT
174
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 3. Remission of all anxiety diagnosis: CBT versus waitlist control
175
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 4. Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis: CBT versus attention control
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 5. Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis: CBT versus attention control
Subgroup: Individual CBT versus Group CBT
176
________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 6. Remission of all anxiety diagnosis: CBT versus attention control
177
Appendix D: Quality Rating of Studies on Diagnostic Accuracy of Screening Instruments
178
Appendix E: Screening for Depression Analytic Framework
Appendix F: 2020 Outpatient Consultations in NCMH
10-14 15-19
Diagnosis Total
M F M F
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2 7 19 49 77
Panic Disorder (Episodic

2 0 15 26 43
Paroxysmal Anxiety)
Mixed Anxiety and Depressive

0 1 4 20 25
Disorder
Anxiety disorder, unspecified 2 4 1 5 12
Other Specified Anxiety Disorders 2 1 0 0 3
Other Anxiety Disorders 0 0 8 25 33
Other Mixed Anxiety Disorders 6 10 15 17 48
Grand Total 14 23 62 142 241
179
8. Standardized Instruments in Screening for Stress
Appendix A: Search Strategy
1. NICE (August 2, 2021 2:00 PM)

Step Query Results
1 adult AND Stress 135
2 adult AND Stress AND mental 98
3 "Psychological stress" AND adult 242
2. USPSTF (August 3, 2021 2:00 PM)

Step Query Results
1 adult AND stress 131
3. Canadian Task Force (August 3, 2021 2:00 PM)

Step Query Results
1 adult stress screen 1
4. HerdinPlus (August 3, 2021 2:00 PM)

Step Query Results
1 stress AND measure 65
5. PubMed (September 7, 2021, 3:00 PM)

Step Query Results
1 "Stress, Psychological/diagnosis"[MAJR], OR "Burnout, Psychological"

OR "Burnout, Professional" OR "Stress, Psychological" 138,508
2 "Stress, Psychological/diagnosis"[MAJR], OR "Burnout, Psychological"

OR "Burnout, Professional" OR "Stress, Psychological" FILTER:
July 2015 40,549
3 “Perceived Stress Scale” OR “Maastricht Acute Stress Test” OR

"Psychological Tests" OR "Mental stress screen" OR
"psychological stress test" 78,953
4 “Perceived Stress Scale” OR “Maastricht Acute Stress Test” OR

"Psychological Tests" OR "Mental stress screen" OR
"psychological stress test" FILTER: 2015 19,120
5 #1 AND #3 7,474
6 #2 AND #4 7,474
7 #2 AND #4 FILTERS: Adult, Young Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, 80+ 5,246
8 (((screening) OR (diagnosis) OR (questionnaire) OR (Perceived stress))

AND ((psychological stress) OR (quality of life)) AND (worker)
81
AND Asia Filters: from 2015, Adult age groups, Systematic
Review, RC
9 "stress, psychological"[MeSH Terms] AND ("diagnosis"[MeSH

Subheading] OR "mass screening"[MeSH Terms] OR "early 5,332
detection of cancer"[MeSH Terms] OR "screening"[Text Word])
180
10
Query #9 AND filters: 2015, Systematic Review, Meta-analyss,
456
Randomized Controlled Trial
6. Cochrane
Step Query Results
1 stress AND measure 65
7. Google Scholar
Step Query Results
1 "Stress reduction" AND (disease OR cancer OR disorder), filter: 2015 234
Results
Date and Time
Database Search Strategy/ Search terms Remarks
of Search
Yield Eligible
NICE adult AND Stress 8/2/21 2:00 PM 135 1
Same article as
NICE adult AND Stress AND mental 8/2/21 2:00 PM 98 1
previous search
NICE "Psychological stress" AND adult 8/12/21 9:00 AM 242 1
USPSTF adult AND stress 8/3/21 2:00 PM 131 0
Canadian Task
adult stress screen 8/3/21 2:00 PM 1 0
Force
8/16/21 10:00 Prevalence studies

HerdinPlus stress AND measure 65 0
AM and outdated
“psychological stress”, filter: 2015 10/07/21 1 study is a protocol, 1

Cochrane 93 2
- present 8:00 AM study withdrawn
(((screening) OR (diagnosis) OR
(questionnaire) OR (Perceived
stress)) AND ((psychological
PubMed stress) OR (quality of life)) AND 9/7/21 3:00 PM 81 1
(worker) AND Asia Filters: from
2015, Adult age groups,
Systematic Review, RC
Filipino AND (mental health) AND 9/10/21 10:00

PubMed 8 1
stigma filter: 2015 AM
(Perceived Stress Scale) AND

9/11/21 10:00
PubMed ((reliability)OR (accuracy) OR 6 1
AM
(validity)) filter: 2015, SR
"stress, psychological"[MeSH
Terms] AND ("diagnosis"[MeSH
Subheading] OR "mass
10/12/21 10:00
PubMed screening"[MeSH Terms] OR 5,332
AM
"early detection of cancer"[MeSH
Terms] OR "screening"[Text
Word])
Search #5 added filters: 2015,

Systematic Review, Meta- 10/12/21 10:00
PubMed 456 11
analysis, Randomized Controlled AM
Trial
"Stress reduction" AND (disease

10/05/21 5:00
Google Scholar OR cancer OR disorder), filter: 20 2
PM
2015
181
Appendix B: GRADE Evidence Profiles for Indirect Evidence
A. A brief preventive intervention on work-related stress compared to the usual care in determining sick leave among non-sick listed patients (18-64 years)
Bibliography: Hultén A-M, Bjerkeli P, Holmgren K. Self-reported sick leave following a brief preventive intervention on work-related stress: A randomised controlled trial in Primary Health Care. BMJ Open. 2021Mar22;11(3).

Participant
Relative
s Risk of Indirectnes Publication Overall certainty With a brief
Inconsistency Imprecision effect Risk difference with a brief
(studies) bias s bias of evidence With the usual preventive Risk with the
(95% CI) preventive intervention on
Follow-up care intervention on usual care
work-related stress
work-related stress
No sick leave (follow-up: 6 months; assessed with: self-reported)
220 ⨁⨁⨁◯ 61/115 59/105 RR 1.059 530 per 31 more per 1,000
seriousa not serious not serious not serious none
(1 RCT) MODERATE (53.0%) (56.2%) 1,000
No sick leave (follow-up: 12; assessed with: self-reported)
241 ⨁⨁⨁◯ 57/122 61/119 RR 1.097 467 per 45 more per 1,000
seriousa not serious not serious not serious none
(1 RCT) MODERATE (46.7%) (51.3%) 1,000
Explanations
a. The statistical power of study is low due to the lack of participants. The initial power calculation stipulated a need for 135 individuals per group in order to detect a 15% difference between the groups. There were
<135 individuals in all groups during the follow-up.
182
B. Early identification of high work-related stress compared to usual care in determining polypharmacy among employed individuals
Bibliography: Bjerkeli PJ, Skoglund I, Holmgren K. Does early identification of high work related stress affect pharmacological treatment of primary care patients? - analysis of Swedish pharmacy dispensing data in
a randomised control study. BMC Family Practice. 2020Apr25;21(1).
Study event rates (%)

Participant
s Risk of Indirectnes Publication Overall certainty of
Inconsistency Imprecision Impact
(studies) bias s bias evidence
With early
Follow-up
With usual care identification of high
work-related stress
Polypharmacy: number of different medications used per individual (follow-up: 365 days; assessed with: pharmacy dispensing data)
The number of different medications used per individual did not differ
271
seriousa not serious not serious not serious none ⨁⨁⨁◯ significantly between the control group (median 4.0) and the intervention
(1 RCT) MODERATE group (median 4.0, p-value 0.076).
Polypharmacy: proportion of individuals who collected more than 10 different medications (follow -up: 365 days; assessed with: pharmacy dispensing data)
The proportion of individuals who collected more than 10 different

271
seriousa not serious not serious not serious none ⨁⨁⨁◯ medications was higher in the control group than in the intervention group
(1 RCT) MODERATE (15.8% versus 4.5%, p = 0.002).
Polypharmacy: Proportion of individuals filling prescriptions issued from more than three different clinics (follow-up: 365 days; assessed with: pharmacy dispensing data )
The proportion of individuals filling prescriptions issued from more than

271
seriousa not serious not serious not serious none ⨁⨁⨁◯ three different clinics was higher in the control group than in the
(1 RCT) MODERATE intervention group (17.3% versus 6.8%, p = 0.007).
CI: confidence interval
Explanations
a. Measurement bias could be present because the study is based on pharmacy dispensing data. There is lack knowledge about the actual number of prescriptions that were issued to the patient including those that
were not on their database.
183
C. A work stress intervention compared to the usual care in determining healthcare use and treatment among stressed employees
Bibliography: Sandheimer C, Hedenrud T, Hensing G, Holmgren K. Effects of a work stress intervention on healthcare use and treatment compared to treatment as usual: A randomized controlled trial in Swedish Primary
Healthcare. BMC Family Practice. 2020Jul6;21(1).
Study event rates (%)

Participants
Risk of Inconsisten Overall certainty of
(studies) Indirectness Imprecision Publication bias Impact
bias cy evidence With a work stress
Follow-up With the usual care
intervention
Healthcare use and treatment (follow-up: 12 months; assessed with: Västra Götaland (VGR) VEGA Database)
The intervention participants with high stress paid more visits to

psychologists/psychotherapists during the follow up compared to controls.
(20%, n = 87 versus 7%, n = 97) (p < 0.05).
184 very
not serious not serious not serious none ⨁⨁◯◯ The stressed intervention participants had more collaborative care measures
(1 RCT) serious a,b LOW compared to the controls post-inclusion (23 % versus 11%) (p < 0.05).
The stressed intervention group received more amount of cognitive behavioral

therapy (CBT) than among the controls during follow up (16% versus 10%).
Explanations
a. Selection bias could be present due to the lack of data from the occupational health care service. The investigators were able to use only the VEGA database in recruiting its target population. Other employed
patients were overlooked.
b. Despite significant differences observed, investigators cannot say with absolute certainty what caused the effect. The low power of the study could be due to a lack of participants and/or short follow-up.
184
D. Transcendental meditation compared to health education for reducing cardiovascular risk among African-Americans
Bibliography: Schneider RH, Myers HF, Marwaha K, Rainforth MA, Salerno JW, Nidich SI, et al. Stress reduction in the prevention of left ventricular hypertrophy: A randomized controlled trial of Transcendental
Meditation and health education in hypertensive African Americans. Ethnicity & Disease. 2019;29(4):577–86.

Participant
Overall Relative
s Risk of Inconsisten Indirectne Imprecisi Publication Risk difference
certainty of With effect Risk with
(studies) bias cy ss on bias With health with
evidence transcendent (95% CI) health
Follow-up education transcendental
al meditation education
meditation
Left Ventricular Mass Index (follow-up: 6 months; assessed with: echocardiogram)
85 not ⨁⨁⨁◯ The TM group had significantly lower LVMI compared with the HE group (-7.55gm/m2,
not serious serious a not serious none
(1 RCT) serious MODERATE 95% CI -14.78 to -.34 gm/m2, p =. 040).
Blood pressure (follow-up: 6 months; assessed with: Critikon Dina- map 1846 SX/P version 0846)
Both interventions showed significant reductions in blood pressure, (SBP/ DBP changes for
85 not ⨁⨁⨁◯
not serious serious a not serious none TM: -5/ -3 mm Hg, and for HE: -7/-6 mm Hg, p =.028 to <.001), but not significant
(1 RCT) serious MODERATE
difference between groups.
Anger (follow-up: 6 months; assessed with: Anger Expression Scale)
85 not ⨁⨁⨁◯
not serious serious a not serious none Both groups showed significant reductions in anger (p = 0.002 to 0.001).
(1 RCT) serious MODERATE
185
GRADE Evidence Table for Performance of PSS-10
A. Psychometric Properties of PSS-10
Bibliography: Stryker SD, Andrew Yockey R, Rabin J, Vaughn LM, Jacquez F. How do we measure stress in Latinos in the United States? A systematic review. Health Equity. 2021May19;5(1):338–44.
Certainty assessment Summary of findings
Overall
Participants Risk of Inconsistenc Publication
Indirectness Imprecision certainty of Impact
(studies) bias y bias
evidence
Internal consistency (assessed with: internal consistency of alpha)
Internal consistency alpha of the studies:

publication
6202 a ⨁◯◯◯ Baik et al. (32): 0.78 for Spanish PSS-10, 0.87 for English PSS-10
serious not serious not serious not serious bias strongly
(3 observational studies) VERY LOW Perera et al (33): 0.84 for Spanish PSS-10, 0.86 for English PSS-10
suspected b
Teresi et al (34): 0.88 for Spanish and English
Content validity
0 -
The three studies did not assess content validity
(Observational studies)
Criterion validity
0 -
The three studies did not assess content validity
(Observational studies)
Factor structure
6202 ⨁◯◯◯
serious a not serious not serious not serious none
(3 observational studies) VERY LOW
Construct validity
6202 ⨁◯◯◯
serious a not serious not serious not serious none
(3 observational studies) VERY LOW
CI: Confidence interval
Explanations
a. Search was not exhaustive, may have selection bias
b. excluded studies that involved Latinos in Latin America and studies that were not in English
186
B. The Association Between Perceived Stress and Mortality Among People with Multimorbidity: A Prospective Population-Based Cohort
Study
Bibliography: Prior A, Fenger-Grøn M, Larsen KK, Larsen FB, Robinson KM, Nielsen MG, et al. The association between perceived stress and mortality among pe ople with multimorbidity: A prospective population-
based cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2016Jul11;184(3):199–210.
Participants Study event rates (%)

Risk of Inconsisten Indirectnes Publication Overall certainty
(studies) Imprecision Impact
bias cy s bias of evidence
Follow-up With none With PSS
Mortality among people with multimorbidity (assessed with: Danish National Health Survey 2010)
Mortality rates increased as perceived stress level increased in a dose-

response relationship (P-trend < 0.0001), independently of multimorbidity
118,410 status.
dose response ⨁⨁◯◯
(1 observational seriousa not serious not serious not serious
gradient LOW
study) Overall mortality rate was 3-fold higher for participants in the highest
quintile of PSS score than those in the lowest quintile (age- and sex-
adjusted HR = 2.95, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.68, 3.25).
Explanations
a. Survey participation rate was only 56% percent. Selection bias may exist
187
9. Standardized Instruments in Screening for Sleep Disturbances/Problems
Appendix A: Search Strategy
1. PUBMED (August 5 2021 04:00 PM)

Step Query Results
1 Sleep disorder[Mesh Terms] 98,600

2 #1 and Randomized Controlled Trial 5,509
3 #1 and #2 and Meta-Analys 6,915
4 #1 to #3 and Clinical Trial 10,009
5 Screening[MeSH Terms] 160,525
6 Questionnaire[MeSH Terms] 1,135,725
7 #6 or #7 1,166,630
8 #4 and #7 1,948
9 #8 and Filters from 2015 to 2021 661
2. PUBMED (August 20 2021 04:30 PM)

Step Query Results
1 Insomnia Severity Index[Title/Abstract] 1,485

2 Athens Insomnia Scale[Title/Abstract] 382
3 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index[Title/Abstract] 5,928
4 #1 or #2 or #2 7,370
5 #4 and Randomized Controlled Trial 895
6 #4 and # 5 and Meta-Analysis 999
7 #4 to #6 and Clinical Trial 1,183
8 #7 and Filters from 2015 to 2021 739
3. COCHRANE (August 5 2021 04:20 PM)

Step Query Results
1 (Sleep disorder):ti,ab,kw 17,525

(Sleep disorder):ti,ab,kw OR (Insomnia):ti,ab,kw AND (Sleep
2 8,651
disturbance):ti,ab,kw AND (Sleep problem):ti,ab,kw
(Sleep disorder or insomnia or sleep disturbance or sleep
3 220
problem):ti,ab,kw AND (screen):ti,ab,kw

Step Query Results
1 (Insomnia Severity Index):ti,ab,kw 1,838
2 (Athens Insomnia Scale):ti,ab,kw 117
3 (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index):ti,ab,kw 3,174
(Insomnia Severity Index or Athens Insomnia Scale or Pittsburgh
4 4,671
Sleep Quality Index):ti,ab,kw
5 #4 and from from Jan 2015 to Dec 2021 3,410
6 #5 and (sensitivity or specificity):ti,ab,kw 138
188
Step Query Results
(Sleep disorder or insomnia or sleep disturbance or sleep
1 20,566
problem):ti,ab,kw
2 #1 and (Intervention or therapy or medication or aid):ti,ab,kw 7,775
#1 and #2 not (apnea or apnoea or bruxism or disease or
4 syndrome or obstructive or chronic or cancer or depression or 1,689
anxiety or pregnant or children):ti,ab,kw
5 #4 and (quality of life):ti,ab,kw 449
6 #5 from Jan 2015 to Dec 2021 341
6. HERDIN (August 5 2021 04:40 PM)

Step Query Results
1 mesh:sleep 106
2 mesh:sleep disorder 26
3 mesh:sleep disturbance 0
4 mesh:sleep problem 0
5 mesh:insomnia 1
6 mesh:sleep AND mesh:screen 0
7. USPSTF (August 5 2021 04:45 PM)

Step Query Results
1 Sleep 131
8. NICE (August 5 2021 04:50 PM)

Step Query Results
1 Sleep and Screen 15
9. CTFPHC (August 5 2021 05:00 PM)

Step Query Results
1 Sleep 0
10. JSTOR (August 5 2021 05:05 PM)

Step Query Results
1 Sleep 49,271
2 ((sleep disorder) AND (screen)) 8,285
3 #2 and content I can access 1,475
4 #3 from 2015 to 2021 99
189
Results
Database Search Strategy/Search Terms Date and Time of
Search Yield Eligible
((Screening[MeSH Terms]) OR (Questionnaire[MeSH

Terms])) AND (Sleep disorder[MeSH Terms]) Filters: August 5, 2021, 4:00
Pubmed 661 6
Clinical Trial, Meta-Analysis, Randomized Controlled PM
Trial, from 2015 - 2021
((Insomnia Severity Index[Title/Abstract]) OR (Athens
Insomnia Scale[Title/Abstract])) OR (Pittsburgh Sleep
August 20, 2021, 4:30
Pubmed Quality Index[Title/Abstract]) Filters: Clinical Trial, 739 10
PM
Meta-Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trial, from
2015 - 2021
(Sleep disorder or insomnia or sleep disturbance or August 5, 2021, 4:20

Cochrane 220 20
sleep problem):ti,ab,kw AND (screen):ti,ab,kw PM
(Insomnia Severity Index or Athens Insomnia Scale or

August 20, 2021, 4:45
Cochrane Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index):ti,ab,kw AND 138 27
PM
(sensitivity or specificity):ti,ab,kw
(Sleep disorder or insomnia or sleep disturbance or
sleep problem):ti,ab,kw AND (intervention or
behavioral therapy or medicine or aid):ti,ab,kw NOT
August 20, 2021, 5:00
Cochrane (apnea or apnoea or bruxism or disease or syndrome 341 20
PM
or obstructive or chronic or cancer or depression or
anxiety or pregnant or children):ti,ab,kw AND (quality
of life):ti,ab,kw
August 5, 2021, 4:40
Herdin mesh:sleep disorder 26 1
PM
August 5, 2021, 4:45
USPSTF Sleep 131 0
PM
August 5, 2021, 4:50
NICE Sleep and Screen 15 0
PM
August 5, 2021, 5:00
CTFPHC Sleep and Screen 0 0
PM
August 5, 2021, 5:05
JSTOR Sleep and Screen 99 5
PM
TOTAL 2370 89
190
Appendix B: GRADE Evidence Tables
Should the Insomnia Severity Index be used to screen for sleep disorders in asymptomatic apparently healthy adults and
adolescents?
Sensitivity 0.87 (95% Cl 0.81 to 0.92) Prevalences 23.9% 35.2% 22.1%
Specificity 0.80 (95% Cl 0.58 to 0.92)
Outcome Factors that may decrease certainty of evidence Effect per 1.000 patients tested
No of
Outcome studies Test accuracy CoE
(No of Pre-test
Pre-test Pre-test
patients) Study Risk of Indirectnes Inconsisten Publicatio probabilit
Imprecision probability probability of
design bias s cy n bias y of
of 35.2% 22.1%
23.87%
True positives 219

305 192
(patients with seen (204 to
Cohort (285 to 324) (179 to 203)
disorders) 232)
9 studies & case-
False negatives (1,650 control not serious not serious serious a serious b,c none LOW
(patients incorrectly patients) type 33 46 29
classified as nor studies (20 to 48) (28 to 67) (18 to 42)
having sleep
disorders)
True negatives
598
(patients 518 623
Cohort (434 to
without sleep (376 to 596) (452 to 717)
9 studies & case- 688)
disorders)
(3,257 control not serious not serious serious a serious b,c none LOW
False positives patients) type
(patients incorrectly studies 150 130 156
sleep disorders)
Explanations
a. Uses various reference standards, such as DSM-IV, ICD-10, and ICSD-II for identifying sleep disorders
b. Typically measures for insomnia and other specific sleep disorders as opposed to measuring sleep disorder as a whole.
c. Only a small number of studies were included in our meta-analysis
191
Should the Athens Insomnia Scale be used to screen for sleep disorders in asymptomatic apparently healthy adults and
adolescents?
Sensitivity 0.87 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.92) Prevalences 23.9% 35.2% 22.1%
Specificity 0.83 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.90)
Factors that may decrease certainty of evidence Effect per 1.000 patients tested
Outcome No of Test
Outcome studies accuracy
(No of patients) CoE
Pre-test Pre-test Pre-test
Inconsistenc Publicatio
Study design Risk of bias Indirectness Imprecision probability of probability of probability of
y n bias
23.87% 35.2% 22.1%
True positives
208 306 192
(patients with seen
Cohort (189 to 220) (278 to 324) (175 to 203)
disorders)
7 studies & case-control
False negatives serious a not serious serious b serious c,d none VERY LOW
(1,369 patients) type
classified as nor having (19 to 50) (28 to 74) (18to 46)
sleep disorders)
True negatives
538 538 647
(patients
Cohort (467 to 583) (467 to 583) (561 to 701)
without sleep disorders)
False positives serious a not serious serious b serious c,d none VERY LOW
(2,272 patients) type
sleep disorders)
Explanations
a. Blinding and test reproducibility were not fully reported
b. Uses various reference standards, such as DSM-IV. ICD-10. and ICSD-Il for identifying sleep disorders
c. Typically measures for insomnia and other specific sleep disorders as opposed to measuring sleep disorder as a whole
d. Only a small number of studies were included in our meta-analysis
192
Should the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index be used to screen for sleep disorders in asymptomatic apparently healthy adults and
adolescents
Sensitivity 0.94 (95% CI 0.86 to 0.98) Prevalences 23.9% 35.2% 22.1%
Specificity 0.76 (95% C: 0.65 to 0.85)
Factors that may decrease certainty of evidence Effect per 1.000 patients tested
Outcome No
Test
of studies
Outcome Pre-test Pre-test Pre-test accuracy
(No of Inconsistenc Publication
Study design Risk of bias Indirectness Imprecision probability of probability of probability of CoE
patients) y bias
23.87% 35.2% 22.1%
True positives (patients 224 331 208

with seen disorders) (205 to 234) (303 to 345) (190 to 217)
Cohort
False negatives (patients serious a not serious serious b serious c,d none VERY LOW
(364 patients) type
incorrectly classified as 46 29
studies 15 (5 to 34)
nor having sleep (28 to 67) (18 to 42)
disorders)
True negatives (patients 579 492 592

without sleep disorders) Cohort (495 to 647) (421 to 551) (506 to 667)
9 studies
& case-control
(1,177 serious a not serious serious b serious c,d none VERY LOW
False positives (patients type
patients) 182 156 187
incorrectly classified as studies
(114 to 266) (97 to 227) (117 to 273)
having sleep disorders)
Explanations
a. Blinding and test reproducibility were not fully reported,
b. Uses various reference standards, such as DSM-IV, ICD-10, and ICSD-ll for identifying sleep disorders
c. Typically measures for insomnia and other specific sleep dis orders as opposed to measuring sleep disorder as a whole.
d. Only a small number of studies were included in our meta-analysis
193
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy compared to no treatment for sleep disorders
Certainty Assessment No of patients Effect
Other Cognitive Certainty Importance

No. of Risk of Inconsistenc Indirectnes Imprecisio No Relative Absolute (95%
Study design considerati behavioral
studies bias y s n treatment (95% CI) CI)
ons therapy
Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention (follow up: mean 6 months; assessed with: Insomnia Severity Index; Scale from: 0 to 28)
MD 4.65 lower
randomised NOT
6 not serious serious a not serious serious b none 145 147 (5.62 lower to LOW
trials IMPORTANT
0.71 lower)
Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention (follow up: range 1 months te months; assessed with: Insomnia Severity Index; Scale from: 0 to 28)
MD 6.48 lower
randomised NOT
5 not serious serious a not serious serious b,c none 815 1126 (6.63 lower to LOW
trials IMPORTANT
6.33 lower)
CI: Confidence Interval; MD: Mean difference
Explanations
a. Differences in population
b. recommended cut-off scores vary
c. One large study may skew the results
194
Appendix C: Forest Plots
Figure 1. Mean-difference of the intervention on cognitive behavioral therapy conducted through groups
as measured by the Insomnia Severity Index scores
Figure 2. Mean-difference of the intervention on cognitive behavioral therapy conducted through the
internet as measured by the Insomnia Severity Index scores
Figure 3. Diagnostic Odds Ratio of the Insomnia Severity Index
Figure 4. Diagnostic Odds Ratio of the Athens Insomnia Scale
195
Figure 5. Diagnostic Odds Ratio of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Figure 6. Positive Likelihood Ratio of the Insomnia Severity Index
Figure 7. Positive Likelihood Ratio of the Athens Insomnia Scale
Figure 8. Positive Likelihood Ratio of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
196
Figure 9. Negative Likelihood Ratio of the Insomnia Severity Index
Figure 10. Negative Likelihood Ratio of the Athens Insomnia Scale
Figure 11. Negative Likelihood Ratio of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
197
PERIODIC HEALTH EXAMINATION TASK FORCE
ON MENTAL HEALTH AND ADDICTION 2021
Task Force Steering Committee
Chair: Shelley Anna F. de la Vega, MD, MSc, FPCGM

Co-chair: Marc Evans M. Abat, MD, FPCP, FPCGM
Members: Belen M. Dimatatac, MD, FPPA
Jose Paciano Baltazar T. Reyes, MD, FPNA
Edwin M. Fortuno, MD, FPCGM
Technical Working Group
Technical Coordinator
Angely P. Garcia, RN, MPH
Evidence Review Experts
Andrea Victoria Eireen M. Castro, MD

Ayra Mae S. Balingbing, PTRP
Hannah M. Pellejo, PTRP
Josemaria F. Lopez, MD
Kenneth Brian B. Lim, RN, MD
Krisha Mae C. Borromeo, MD
Ma. Rosario Jacinta F. Lopez, RPm
Mark Dale S. Imbag, MD
Maverick Tyrone A. Jacalan
Consensus Panel
Agnes Joy L. Casiño, MD Department of Health-Disease Prevention &

Control Bureau (DOH-DPCB)
Alfon Guiller D. Daga, MAN, RN Philippine Nurses Association (PNA)
Emmanuel V. Hernani, PhD Philippine Alliance of Patient Organizations
(PAPO)
Francisca Rosario E. Espino-Tan, MD Philippine College of Geriatric
Medicine(PCGM)
Jennifer Justice F. Manzano, MD Philippine Neurological Association (PNA)
Lourdes Carolina I. Dumlao, MD Philippine College of Geriatric
Medicine(PCGM)
Maria Eliza Ruiz R. Aguila, PhD UP College of Allied Medical Practitioners
(UP-CAMP)
Robert D. Buenaventura, MD Philippine Pediatric Association (PPA)
Salvador Benjamin D. Vista, MD Addiction Psychiatry
Venus S. Arain, MD, DPBP, FPPA, MHA Philippine Mental Health Association (PMHA)
198
Viel D.S. Mendoza Alzheimers Disease Association of the
Philippines (ADAP)
Consensus Panel Meeting Facilitator
Lia Palileo-Villanueva, MD
Technical Writer
Christine A. Dator, MD
Administrative Officer
Tyrone Jann R. Flores
Note: All members of the Task Force are based in the National Capital Region, Philippines
except for BM. Dimatatac (CALABARZON), MT. Jacalan & AG. Daga (Region VII), and
FR. Tan (Region III).
199
PERIODIC HEALTH EXAMINATION PHASE 2 TASK
FORCE 2021
Central Steering Committee
Antonio L. Dans, MD, MSc

Dante D. Morales, MD
Marissa M. Alejandria, MD, MSc
Beverly Lorraine C. Ho, MD
Aileen R. Espina, MD
Maria Vanessa Villaruz-Sulit RN MSc
Oversight Committee
Chair: Dante D. Morales, MD

Co-Chair: Antonio L. Dans, MD, MSc
Members:
Angela Abanilla-Du, MD
Camilo G. Te, MD
Maria Vanessa V. Sulit, RN MSc
Project Leader
Leonila F. Dans, MD, MSc
Co-Project Leader
Marissa M. Alejandria, MD, MSc
Project Managers
Ian Theodore G. Cabaluna RPh, MD, GDip (Epi), MSc (cand.)

Josephine T. Sanchez, RN
Administrative Staff
Lailanie Ann C. Tejuco

Maria Pamela Tagle
200
CONFLICT OF INTEREST DECLARATION
COI based on
Panelist Oversight Remarks
Committee
Agnes Joy L. Casiño, MD Manageable B Speaker and trainor for private
(DOH-DPCB) companies
Alfon Guiller D. Daga, MAN, RN Manageable A Non-financial interest: Nurse II (Eastern
(PNA) Visayas Reginal Medical Center), board
member of advocacy group (Philippine
Nurses Association)
Emmanuel V. Hernani, PhD Manageable A & B Employment, research support,
(PAPO) commercial business interest, non-
financial interest (official function in a
government agency), public statements
and positions
Francisca Rosario E. Espino-Tan, Manageable A No conflict of interest declared.
MD (PCGM)
Jennifer Justice F. Manzano, MD Manageable A Employment, support as speaker, non-
(PNA) financial interest (Steering Committee
member, Board member)
Lourdes Carolina I. Dumlao, MD Manageable A Support as speaker, non-financial
(PCGM) interest (Board member of non-
government organization and an
advocacy group)
Maria Eliza Ruiz R. Aguila, PhD Manageable A Non-financial interest (official function in
(UP-CAMP) a government agency, outcome of CPG
may influence CAMP clinic
Robert D. Buenaventura, MD Manageable A Support as speaker, non-financial
(PPA) interest (co-author of published paper
related to CPG topic, Board member of
non-profit organization)
Salvador Benjamin D. Vista, MD Manageable B Employment and consulting (UPCM,
(Addiction Psychiatry) DOH), research support (WHO, USAID),
pharmaceutical lectures, commercial
business, CGP topic authorship, trainer,
and board member
Venus S. Arain, MD, DPBP, FPPA, Manageable A Non-financial interest (Board member of
(PMHA) non-profit organization)
Viel D.S. Mendoza (ADAP) Manageable A No conflict of interest declared.
201
EXTERNAL REVIEW
Methods
An external review was conducted to gather feedback on the draft recommendations,
assess equity, acceptability, applicability, and feasibility of these recommendations,
and to disseminate the collected evidence to the external members and stakeholders.
A Google form was used for evaluation, followed by an online meeting. The copy of the
manuscript with corresponding attachments was shared to the representatives of the
Philippine College of Geriatric Medicine (PCGM) and the Alzheimer’s Disease
Association of the Philippines (ADAP) via electronic mail. They were given enough time
to review the materials and provide feedback from May 27 to June 06, 2022 via an
online external review Google form (https://forms.gle/GN3AKbohkg8kYPnFA). They
assessed equity, acceptability, applicability, and feasibility of the recommendations and
quality of evidence using a 5-point rating scale (1 as the lowest and 5 as the highest).
After accomplishing the Google form, they were convened in an online meeting on
June 25, 2022 to present and discuss the external review results for additional
comments and suggestions.
Results
A. Google Survey
A total of 9 external reviewers from the 2 organizations accomplished the Google form.
Below is the summary of the initial external review findings based on the recorded
responses:
Table 1. Profile of External Reviewers

Organization Number of Profession
Participants
PCGM 5 5 Physician specialists (Geriatricians)
ADAP 4 3 Physician specialists (Neurologists)
1 Nurse
202
Table 2. Ratings of Screening Recommendations
Mean rating
Recommendation Equity Acceptability Applicability Feasibility Quality Overall
of
evidence
1.1.: Among
asymptomatic 3.11 3.33 3.11 3.22 3.11 3.18
healthy adults aged
60 years and above,
we suggest against
screening for
dementia.
2.1.: Among the
general population,
we recommend
against screening for 3.00 2.67 2.78 2.44 2.67 2.71
substance use
disorders using
standardized drug
tests.
3.1.: Among
asymptomatic
healthy adults, we
recommend
screening for 3.22 3.11 2.67 2.56 2.78 2.87
substance use
disorder using
standardized tools at
least once a year.
4.1.: Among high-risk
healthy
asymptomatic adults,
we recommend
screening for
depression* using:
PHQ-9 for medical 3.78 3.78 3.33 3.44 3.56 3.58
students, and
healthcare workers;
CES-D among
caregivers and ill
adults; GDS-15
among older persons
*no consensus for
frequency.
5.1.: Among healthy
3.11 3.11 2.89 2.67 3.11
asymptomatic adults, 3.02
203
we recommend
screening for anxiety
and anxiety disorders
using a standardized
instrument at least
once a year.
8.1.: Among healthy
asymptomatic adults,
we suggest
screening for stress 3.44 3.44 2.89 2.78 3.22 3.15
using standardized
stress scales once a
year.
9.1.: Among
asymptomatic
apparently healthy
adults, we suggest 3.44 3.22 2.78 2.67 2.89 3.00
screening for sleep
disturbance/problems
at least once a year.
Rating scale: 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest)
Aside from equity, acceptability, applicability, and feasibility of the recommendations

and quality of evidence, the external reviewers also rated the overall impact of
screening for mental health and addiction as 4.22 and the PHEX guidelines manuscript
as 4.33.
Additional comments and suggestions include the following:

▪ The guidelines are ideal if the UHC is fully implemented.
▪ Screening asymptomatic adults routinely definitely has caveats, especially if the
current healthcare system will be unable to process their fears and anxiety and
guide them to appropriate resources when necessary.
▪ Feasibility is another issue; that is if we have built up enough manpower capacity
to screen fully and treat patients.
▪ Translation of the guideline into Filipino for clarity
▪ Training of end users if the guideline is approved by DOH
B. Meeting with External Reviewers
A total of 7 out of the 9 external reviewers attended the meeting. The Project Leader
presented the summary of the external review results per screening question and
recommendation. The external reviewers agreed with all the Task Force’s
recommendations except for the screening for substance use disorders using
standardized tools. This is due to the concerns on feasibility of using the screening tool,
definition, privacy, and stigma on drug use.
204

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PHILIPPINE

Lastly, this guideline is invaluable because of the contribution and participation of

This clinical practice guideline is a systematic synthesis of evidence to address screening

2.1 Among the general population, we recommend against Low Strong

3.1. Among asymptomatic healthy adults, we recommend Moderate Strong

3.2. Among asymptomatic apparently healthy adolescents, we Low Weak

4.1. Among high-risk healthy asymptomatic adults, we Low Strong

*No consensus reached on frequency

5.1 Among healthy asymptomatic adults, we recommend Moderate Strong

8.1. Among healthy asymptomatic adults, we suggest screening Low Strong

9.1. Among asymptomatic apparently healthy adults, we suggest Low Strong

In the guideline development, evidence-based recommendations for the prioritized health

The consensus panel comprised of multisectoral representatives tasked to review the

3.2 Creation of the Evidence Summaries

Factors that lower quality of the evidence are:

Additional factors that may increase quality are:

3.3 Composition of the CPG Panel

Table 2.Detailed considerations based on the EtD framework (3)

1. Is the problem a priority?

3.5 Managing Conflicts of Interest

3.6 External Review Process

3.7 Planning for Dissemination and Implementation

4.1 Standardized Instruments in Screening for Dementia

4.1.1 Burden of Dementia

4.1.2 Benefits and Harms of Screening Tests

Health-related Quality of Life (1 randomized trial, N = 1,969; LOW certainty of

All-cause Mortality (1 randomized trial, N = 3,416; MODERATE certainty of

Hospital Admissions (1 randomized trial, N = 3,416; LOW certainty of evidence,

Depressive Symptoms (1 randomized trial, N = 2,018; LOW certainty of evidence,

Advanced Directives (1 randomized trial, N = 2,000, VERY LOW certainty of

4.1.3 Diagnostic Performance of Screening Tests

Diagnostic Performance of Memory Impairment Screen in diagnosing dementia (5

Diagnostic Performance of Mini-cog in diagnosing dementia (6 studies, N = 3,490,

Diagnostic Performance of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in diagnosing

Diagnostic Performance of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in diagnosing

Diagnostic Performance of the Eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging

Diagnostic Performance of the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) in diagnosing dementia

After screening, a diagnosis of dementia is confirmed by clinical evaluation, a thorough

4.1.4 Cost Implication

Table 1. Service Rates in a Memory Clinic in the Philippines in Php

4.1.6 Recommendations from Other Groups

Canadian Task Force on

II. Benefits and Harm of Screening

III. Diagnostic Performance of Screening Test

IV. Cost Implication

V. Equity, Acceptability, and Feasibility

VI. Recommendations from Other Groups

4.2.1 Burden of Substance Use Disorders

4.2.2 Benefits and Harms of Screening Tests

Benefits and Harm of Treatment

For methamphetamine abusers, there is evidence that psychosocial interventions may

4.2.4 Cost Implication

Urine Drug Test

Urine Drug Test

Confirmatory Test: Gas Php 1,000 (12)

Table 2. Cost of Treatment

Screening Physical examination

Mental status examination

Neurological examination Php 10,000

Alanine aminotransferase(ALT) (baseline)