GLASHOW-WEINBERG- SALAM THEORY

OF E L E C T R O W E A K I N T E R A C T I O N S
AND T H E N E U T R A L C U R R E N T S

S.M. BILENKY and J. HOSEK

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Head Post Office P. 0 Box 79, Moscow, USSR

NORTH-HOLLANDPUBLISHINGCOMPANY-AMSTERDAM
PHYSICS REPORTS (Review Section of Physics Letters) 90, No 2 (19X2) 73-157 North-Holland Pubhshmg Company

GLASHOW-WEINBERG-SALAM THEORY OF ELECTROWEAK

INTERACTIONS AND THE NEUTRAL CURRENTS

S.M. BILENKY and J. HOSEK*

Jomt lnstttute for Nuclear Research, Head Post Office P O Bor 79, Moscow, USSR

Recewed 17 May 1982

Contents

1 lntroduchon 75 3 2 The processes u~,(gu)+p~ u~,(~,)+p 116

2 The Glashow-Welnberg-Salam theory 76 3 3 The leptomc processes v(~) + e ~ v(~) + e 120
2 1 Introduction 76 3 4 P-odd asymmetry m the deep inelastic scattering of
2 2 Gauge mvanance 77 longitudinally polarized electrons by nucleons 126
2 3 The Hlggs mechamsm 81 3 5 Neutral currents and the processes e + + e- ~ l ÷ + I 139
2 4 The standard electroweak theory (the case of leptons) 84 Appendix A General rule for the evaluation of deep inelastic
2 5 The standard theory of electroweak interactions (the cross sections m the quark-patton approximation 146
case of quarks) 95 Appendix B On the generation of fermlon and gauge particle
2 6 The effectwe weak interaction Hamdtoman 101 masses 151
3 Neutral currents 103 References 154
3 1 The processes v~,(9~)+N~ u~,(~,)+ X 103

Abstract
In the first part of the review we expound m detail the umfied theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions of Glashow, Wemberg and
Salam In the second part, on the basmsof this theory a number of the neutral current induced processes are &scussed We consider in detail the deep
inelastic scattermg of neutnnos on nucleons, the P-odd asymmetry m the deep inelastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons by nucleons,
the scattenng of neutrmos on electrons, the elastic scattenng of neutrmos on nucleons, and the electron-positron anmhfiat~on into leptons

* Permanent address Inst of Nucl Physics, Czech Acad Sc~, Rez, Czechoslovakm

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 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mterac#ons and the neutral currents 75

I. Introduction

The invention of unified renormahzable theories of electroweak Interactions is indisputably one of

the outstanding successes of elementary particle physics. The first of these theories was the theory of
Glashow, Weinberg and Salam [1-3] (abbreviated as GWS, or referred to as the standard electroweak
theory, in the following). A beautiful exposmon of the historical development of the ideas underlying
unified electroweak theories can be found in the Nobel lectures of Wemberg [4], Salam [5] and
Glashow [6].
The GWS theory predicts the existence of neutral currents. Their structure follows from the fact that
the weak and the electromagnetic interactions are unified into a unique electroweak interaction m the
framework of a gauge theory based upon the SU(2)× U(1) group. Namely, the neutral current of the
GWS theory Is a linear combination of the third component of the V - A lsovector current (the "plus-
component" of which is the charged weak current) and the electromagnetic current The only free
parameter, which enters in the definitions of the neutral current m the standard theory, ~s sm20w
(where 0w is the Wemberg angle)
Neutral currents were discovered at CERN in 1973 in an experiment using the large bubble chamber
"Gargamelle" [7, 8]. In these experiments the muonless neutrino processes u,, (~,~)+ N ~ v,~(~,)+ X and
the process ~7,,+ e--> ~7,~+ e were observed
After the pioneering work of the "Gargamelle" collaboration a large number of experiments was
done m a relatively short time investigating various neutral current induced processes. A bibhography
of the experimental works on neutral currents can be found m the rewew paper [9]
An exceptional role m the investigation of the neutral currents has been played by the discovery of
the weak interactions between electrons and nucleons (Novosiblrsk [10] and Stanford [11], 1978). After
these works ~t became possible to perform a complete phenomenologlcal analysis of all the neutral
current data Such an analysis was the object of many papers [9, 12-16]. As a result one could umquely
determine all the coefficients appearing in the most general phenomenologlcal V, A expressions written
for hadron and lepton neutral currents. It was shown that this umque solution is m agreement w~th the
GWS theory.
In 1980-81, in experiments on the e ÷ - e- colhding beams [17], reformation has been obtained on the
contribution of neutral currents to the cross sections of the processes e ÷ + e- ~ l + + l- (l = e,/x, r). These
new data also agree with the standard electroweak theory.
The GWS theory predicts the values of the charged and neutral intermediate boson masses
Experiments searching for W and Z bosons using the p - ~ colhdmg beams at CERN are underway at
present [18] These experiments will provide the crucial test of the standard theory of electroweak
interactions.
In the GWS theory sin 2 0w is a free parameter. Its value is predicted by Grand Unified Theories [19]
The exact determination of the parameter sm z 0w ~s undoubtedly a serious task for future experiments
on neutral currents. Besides increasing the experimental accuracy it necessitates also the correct
inclusion of both QCD [9, 20] and radiative [21] corrections.
This review is devoted to the exposition of the standard model of the electroweak theory and of the
basic concepts underlying it, both at the elementary level (section 2), and to the detailed discussion of
a number of neutral current induced processes (section 3).
At present, the best investigated processes with neutral currents are deep inelastic neutrino
(antineutrino) scattering on nucleons and deep inelastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons
76 S M Bdenky and J Hog&, G W S theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents

on deuterons The first process is considered in section 3 1 The detailed discussion of the second
process is the object of section 3.4
The theoretically simplest neutral current Induced process is the scattering of muon neutrinos
(antmeutrinos) on electrons Neutral currents contribute also to other purely leptonlc processes,
Ve(Pe) + e-+ ve(~) + e and e + + e- -+ l + + 1- (1 = e, #, r) All these processes are considered in detail in
sections 3.3 and 3 5
Next to that, the simplest exclusive neutnno-hadron process is elastic scattering of neutrinos
(antineutnnos) on protons In the framework of the GWS theory the matrix element relevant to this
process is determined by the weak and electromagnetic formfactors of the nucleons The processes
v~,(P,,) + p-+ u,,(g,)+ p are discussed in detail in section 3 2
Finally, in appendix A, a derivation of the basic formula in the quark-parton approximation for
the calculation of the cross section of neutnno (antineutnno)-quark (antiquark) scattering is given It
enables one to easily get the cross sections for deep inelastic neutnno (antineutrlno) scattering on
nucleons in this approximation In appendix B, the basic ideas of dynammal symmetry breaking
are described. Many theories, which are practically indistinguishable from the GWS theory in
the energy region accessible to present experiments, have been considered in the last few years These
alternative theories will not be discussed here and we refer the reader to an existing brilliant review
[23]
Our review was actually written so as to be complementary to other rewews [9, 12, 24, 25]
It is pleasant to acknowledge very useful dlscussmns with B Pontecorvo and F Nledermayer
concerning the problems considered in this review

2. The Glashow-Weinberg-Salam theory

2 1 Introductton

In this section we describe in detail the unified theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions of
Glashow, Welnberg and Salam [1-3] In 1961 Glashow [1] constructed a model for the weak and
electromagnetic interactions of leptons which was based on the gauge SU(2)× U(I) lnvarlance. This
theory is based on the assumption that, together with the photon, there exist also charged W and
neutral Z intermediate bosons The masses of the W and Z bosons were introduced "by hand". As a
result, the model was unrenormahzable. In 1967-68 Welnberg [2] and Salam [3] constructed the
SU(2) × U(1) model of electroweak interactions of leptons introducing a spontaneous breakdown of
the gauge symmetry In 1971-72 it was proved by t'Hooft [26] and others [27] that models of this type
were renormahzable The model was generalized to quarks [28] using the mechanism proposed by
Glashow, Ihopoulos and Malanl [29]
The GWS theory is based on the assumption of the existence of charged and neutral intermediate
vector bosons and it is constructed so that, for massless fundamental fermlons (leptons and quarks), a
local SU(2) x U(l) gauge lnvarlance takes place Then the interaction (again locally gauge lnvariant) of
Hlggs scalar fields [30], with both gauge vector bosons and fermlons, IS Introduced As a consequence of
the spontaneous breakdown of the underlying symmetry, leptons, quarks and intermediate bosons all
acquire masses.
 S M Bdenky and J Ho~ek, GWS theory o[ electroweak mteracnons and the neutral currents 77

2.2 Gauge mvariance

Quantum electrodynamlcs is the gauge invanant theory which describes all relevant experimental
data. We start this subsection with a short review of this theory. As an example, consider the electron
field ~O(x). The free Lagrangian of this field has the standard form*

= + m) 0, (2.1)

where m is the mass of the electron, 0~, = O/Ox~,. The Lagrangian (2.1) is invanant with respect to the global
gauge transformation

O(x) ~ O'(x) = e '~ ~O(x), (2.2)

where a is an arbitrary real constant. It is obvious that the Lagrangian (2.1) is not mvariant with respect
to the local gauge transformation

O(x) ~ ~O'(x) = U(x) ~O(x), (2 3)

where U ( x ) = exp{lit(x)} and ,~(x) is an arbitrary real function of x The derivative O~,O(x) is indeed not
transformed under (2.3) as the field ~0(x) itself Really, we have

: U(x) + g,(x)

As is well known, the local gauge invariance (2.3) can be maintained provided that the interaction of the
field ff with the electromagnetic field A,~ is introduced Consider the quantity (0,~- ieA,,)~b (e is the
electron charge). We have

(o`" - leA~(x)) ~(x) = g - l ( x ) (0,, - ieA2(x)) O'(x), (2 4)

where

A',~(x) = A,,(x) + 10,~A(x). (2.5)

e

From (2.4) at is obvious that the Lagranglan, which follows from (2.1) by the substitution

0,,~0 ~ ( 0,~ - ieA,~)~O (2.6)

is now invanant with respect to the gauge transformations (2 3) and (2 5). To construct the complete
Lagranglan of the system under consideration, we have to add also the gauge mvariant Lagrangian of
the electromagnetic field. The tensor of the electromagnetic field is given as

F~t3 = o,,ao - 0o,4,, (2.7)

* W e use the Paull metric x = (x, lxo), y,, are H e r m m a n matnces, y.y.~ + y.sy. = 26.o, ys = 71727374
78 S M Btlenl~v and J Hogek GWS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents

Clearly

F',~t; F.;3
=

Consequently, the gauge mvanant Lagrangmn of the fields of electrons and photons takes the form

S = - f [ y . ( O . - leAs)+ m ] O - ' ~ (2.8)

The substitution of the derwatwe 0,~$ by the covanant derwatwe (O,~- leA~)$ m the free Lagrangmn of
the field $ leads to the following interaction Lagrangmn for electrons and photons

St = ,e],.A.. (2 9)
where l,~ = ~y~4' is the electromagnetic current Thus the subsmutmn (2 6) fixes umquely the form of
the mteracuon Lagrangmn Such an interaction ~s called a minimal electromagnetic interaction Let us
note however that the prlnc~ple of gauge mvanance alone does not fix the interaction Lagranglan umquely
For example, the addmon of the Pauh term/~0o',~t3~F,,3 to the Lagrangmn (2.8) does not spoil the gauge
mvanance of the theory. (or.8 = (1/20(y,~yt~ - Yt~Y.), # is the anomalous magnetic moment )
All available experimental data confirm that the Lagrangmn (2 9) is the true Lagrangmn which
governs the interactions of electrons and photons It is also well known that electrodynamlcs, with the
minimal interaction (2 9), is a renormahzable theory
The modern theory of weak lnteracuons is constructed m analogy with quantum electrodynam~cs
This can be done provided that intermediate vector bosons exist* We know from the experiment that
the Hamfltonmn of weak interactions contains charged currents Therefore, to construct a theory of
weak interactions we have to start w~th a gauge theory containing fields of charged vector pamcles
Such a theory does exist It 1S the Yang-Mflls theory [31] which we will now briefly present
ConsMer the doublet

{ J'(')

of the group SU(2) (~0°) and 41t j) are spmor fields) The Lagranglan of the field ~0 is written as

So = -~(y,~O~ + m)~l,, (2 10)

where m is the common mass of pamcles, which correspond to the fields ~0(~) and 4/-~) Obviously, the
Lagranglan (2 10) is left mvanant with respect to the global SU(2) trasformatlon

~O(x)--, &(x) = exp{1½~'M~,(x) (2 11)

Here 7, are Pauh matrices and A, are real constants

We are now interested in the condmons under which the Lagrangmn of the system ~s mvanant with

* Experiments with the p - p colhdmg beams at C E R N should enable one to check this fundamental assumption of the present theory of weak
mteractlons in the near future [18]
 S M Bdenky and J Hog&, GWS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents 79

respect to the local SU(2) transformations

q,(x)-, 6'(x) = U(x) O(x), (2.12)

where

U(x) = exp{i½~"A(x)},

and where the h,(x) are arbitrary real functions of x. It is sufficient to consider only Infinitesimal
transformations (2.12). The parameters A, will be taken as infinitesLmal and in all expansions m powers of A,
we shall keep only the hnear terms Thus, we have

U(x) = 1 + i½ra(x) (2.13)

Next, we get

o~q,(x) = u-'(x)(o~ - 1½ro~a (x)) O'(x) (2.14)

It is clear from (2.14) that the Lagrangian (2.10) is not lnvariant with respect to the transformation
(2.12). To construct a gauge invanant theory In analogy with electrodynamlcs, we thus introduce, besides
the field $, the vector fields A~. Consider the quantity

(0,, - lg½r a~) ~, (2.15)

where g is a dimensionless constant Using (2.13) and the commutation relations [½z,,½~] = levkUrk,
1 we find

( & - ig½~"A~(x)) O(x) = U-l(x) U(x) ( & -lg½rA~,) U-'(x) q/(x)

= u--l(x)(Oot- lg~.a~(x))
1 , g/(x), (2.16)

with

a'~(x) = a~(x) + 1 o~a(x)- a(x) x ao(x). (2.17)

g

The field A~,(x) is called a Yang-Mdls field It is seen from (2 17), that under global SU(2) transformations
the field A,~ transforms as a triplet.
Thus, as it is seen from the expression (2 16), the covariant derivative 0,~ - ig½rA~ applied to the field ~b,
transforms under the gauge transformations (2.12) and (2.17) as the field ~ Itself (a primed quantity is
obtained from an unprimed one through its multiplication by the matrix U). This means that the
substitution of the derwatlve 0,~ in the free Lagrangian by the covariant derwatwe (2.15) leads to a
Lagrangian, which is invariant with respect to the gauge transformations (2 12) and (2.17).
To construct the gauge lnvariant Lagranglan of the field A, consider the quantity

F~t3 = O~Ao - OoA~ + gA,, x At3. (2.18)

 80 S M Bdenk y and J Hogek. GWS theory of electroweak mteracnons and the neutral current~

With the help of (2 17) it is easy to check that

F'~o = F,~t3- A × F,~t~ (2 19)

It 1s lmmedmtely seen that the quantity F~t3F.~ is a group scalar In analogy with electrodynam~cs we
take the Lagranglan of the field A,~ in the form

5% = - - ~ , . ~ , ~ (2 20)

Thus, if the interaction of the fields ~O and A,, is introduced through the "minimal" substitution
a ~ ~ (0~ -Ig½~'A.)qt, the total Lagranglan of the system under consideration has the form

(2 21)

Consequently the interaction Lagrangmn of the fields ~ and A,~ is as follows"

~i ~ lgg,y~rgtA~
-- 1
(2.22)

The constant g introduced before becomes the interaction constant Therefore, the "minimal" sub-
stltution 0,~q,~ (0,, - lg½rA,~)4, fixes uniquely the interaction Lagrangian of the fields 4' and A,~. We have
arrived at the "minimal" interaction Lagranglan for the fields ~Oand A,, which is compatible w~th gauge
mvariance Note also that owing to the non-hnear term gA~, × A s appearing m the expression (2 18)
written for the field tensor F,,o, the Lagrangian (2 21) contains terms, which are responsible for the
self-interaction of the field A,,
1 2
Notice that a mass term -~m ~,A,~A,~ for the gauge field cannot be added to the Lagrangmn of the
fields of electrons and photons because its presence would destroy the gauge mvariance of the theory
This means that the mass of the photon ~s equal to zero In the case of the Yang-Mflls theory, the
imposed gauge invanance also does not allow a mass term of the type -~m I 2mAo,Ao,. Consequently, the
particles of the field A,~ are all massless (see appendix C).
We conclude this section with the following remark. Consider several fields ~, (t = 1, ., n)
interacting with the gauge field A,~ We can write

4*;(x) = exp{iA,(x)} ~,(x) (2 23)

and

(c~ - le, A.(x)) ~b,(x) = exp{-1A,(x)} (0,~ - w,A'~(x)) ~O;(x) (2 24)

where

=A (x) + 7,1 eoa,(x) (2 25)

e, are the constants of mteractlon between the fields $, and the gauge field A~ It is clear from (2 25) that the
local gauge invarlance is guaranteed provided that
 S M Bdenky and J Hog&, GWS theory o[ electroweak mteracnons and the neutral currents 81

a,(x) = e, a(x) (2.26)

(a(x) is an arbitrary real function of x) Gauge lnvariance does not impose any restnctlon on the
coupling constants e,.
In a non-Abelian Yang-Mills theory the situation is completely different. If there are several field
multlplets interacting with one Yang-Mllls gauge field, the coupling constant of all the fields with the
gauge field is unique. It follows immediately from the fact that the coupling constant enters into the
expression for the field tensor F,~t~ (eq. (2.18)) because of the non-AbelIan character of the Yang-Mills
group.

2.3. The Htggs mechamsm

The Lagranglan mass terms are Introduced into the GWS theory via the so-called Higgs mechanism
for the spontaneous breakdown of the gauge symmetry To illustrate how this mechanism works, we
consider in this subsection classical examples of spontaneous symmetry breakdown in relativistic field
theory
Consider for instance the complex scalar field 4,(x) with the Lagranglan density [32]

~ = -&4,* & 4 , - V(4,'4,), (2.27)

where

V(4,'4,) = -/zz4,*~b + )t(4,'4,) 2 , (2.28)

and where/z 2 and ,~ are positive constants The Hamiltonlan density obtained from eq. (2.27) reads:

Y( = 004,* 004, + V~b* 74, + V(4,%b) (2.29)

We now look for the minimum of the energy of the system. Obviously, the Hamiltonian (2.29) is
minimal at 4, = const., a value obtained from the condition

OVIO4, = 4,*(-/z 2 + 2~.~b'4,) = O.

Then we find that the energy of the field 4, is mlmmal at

14,012= #2/2A = v2/2 (2.30)

i.e at

4,0 = v e" (2.31)

where a is an arbitrary real parameter.

Thus, the minimum of the Hamiltonian (2 29) is infimtely degenerate. The degeneracy is obviously
82 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracttora and the neutral currents

connected with the fact that the Lagranglan (2 27) is mvanant with respect to the global U(1)
transformations

~b(x)~ ~b'(x) = e"~b(x) (232)

The energy minimum of the system under consideration corresponds to an arbitrary value of a m
(2 31). Due to the gauge mvariance (2 32) it is always possible to take+

Cbo= v/X/2 (2 33)

This is the typical example of spontaneously broken symmetry:l:-the Lagrangmn of the field ~b Is
mvanant with respect to the global U(1) transformations, whde the value of the field ~b, corresponding
to the minimal energy, is just one of the many possible choices
We further introduce two real fields Xt and .,D- as

v 1
(2 34)

It follows from (2 33) that the energy of the system reaches its mlmmum value when the fields X~ and )(2
have vanishing values. Substituting (2 34) into (2 27), and omitting the unimportant constant Av4/4, we
get the Lagranglan of the system m the following form

o~= 1 1 , 1 2 2 ~ 2 2 4
-~oqotXl oqo~)t-'l - ~oqaX20~X 2 - zA(4v XI+ 4 v x 3 + X 4 + 4 v x , x ~ + 2X 1X2"[- X2) (2 35)

It now describes the interaction of two neutral scalar fields The mass term of the field Xz is

2Av21~X~2 = m~,x~
2 2 (2 36)

Consequently, m the case of quantized fields, the mass of the field quantum Xt equals m,, = V'2Av
~ =
X/2# There Is no term quadratic m the field X2 This means that the particle corresponding to the
quantum of the field X2 is massless
We have assumed that the constants A and #2 m the Lagranglan (2.27) are postwe Consequently, the
term quadratic m the field ,;b appears in (2 27) with posmve, ~e "wrong" sign§ This leads to the
spontaneous breaking of the symmetry The degeneracy of the ground state is a characteristic of this
phenomenon We have however introduced new real fields X~ and X2 for which the ground state is not
degenerate This leads to the spontaneous breakdown of the original U(1) global symmetry of the

t We note that m the quantum case the conditions (2 30) and (2 33) become I<0[~)(l>l= = v2/2 and (0l(h[0) = v/~2, where [0) is the vacuum state
',ector
:~ Spontaneous symmetry breakdown is a phenomenon well known m many-body physics [33] A typ,cal example is ferromagnetism The
corresponding H a m d t o m a n of the spms of the electrons is mvar,ant with respect to the global SU(2) sp,n rotauons The ground state, that is the state
with all spms parallel m an arbitrary but particular &rectlon is clearly mvanant only with respect to U(I) rotanons around the direction of the
macroscoptc magnetization
We can rewrite V also m the form V(<b*~b)= A(~b*~b -/z2/2A) 2 /x4/4A From this expression it is obvious that the con&tlon A > 0 IS necessary
tor !, to be bounded from below Note also, that for #2 < 0 the potential has ~ts mmtmum at (b = 0 In this case the Lagrangmn (2 27) describes the
massive complex scalar field with the i n t e r a c t i o n - A(~b*&)-~
 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GW$ theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents 83

Lagrangmn. As a result, the quanta of one field are massive, while the mass of the second field is equal to
zero.
With spontaneous breakdown of a continuous symmetry massless spin zero particles always appear.
This statement ~s qmte general, and it comprises the content of the Goldstone theorem [32, 34, 35]. The
corresponding massless spin zero bosons are therefore called Goldstone bosons
Scalar massless particles are not observed This m~ght imply that the ideas of spontaneous symmetry
breakdown are useless in constructing reahstlc physical theories in elementary particle physics.
However, it wdl be shown in the following, how the spontaneous breakdown of a local gauge symmetry
results in massive gauge quanta due to the disappearance of Goldstone bosons
Let us assume that the complex field ~b with the Lagrangmn (2.27) interacts minimally with the gauge
field A,, This interaction is introduced by the substitution 0,~b ~ (O,~- lgA~)d~ in (2.27).
The complete Lagrangian of the system is [30, 36]"

= + lgao)4)* - lga )4> - V(4)" 6 ) - (237)

where

F~t3 = O~At3- Ot~A,,. (238)

The Lagranglan (2 37) is invarlant with respect to the local gauge transformations

4,'(x) = ,

ak(x) = a (x) + g (2.39)

where ,~(x) is an arbitrary real function of x.

As in the previous example, the minimum of the energy corresponds to a value of the field 4) equal
to (v/~/2) e 1" (where a is an arbitrary parameter, v / ~ 2 = V'/z2/2A). Due to the gauge lnvariance of the
Lagrangian (2.37) the "vacuum" value of the field ,;b can always be taken as

4)0 = v/X/2. (2.40)

We shall write the field ~b in the formt

1
¢b(x) = ~ (v + X(x)) e '°°°,° , (2.41)

where X(x) and O(x) are the real functions of x defined so that their zero values correspond to the
minimum of V.
It is clear that due to the local gauge invariance of the theory the function O(x) appearing m (2.41)
has no physical meaning. It can always be ehmlnated by an appropriate gauge transformation. Thus, we
have
t Restricting the expansion of the exponential exp{lO(x)/v} by terms hnear m 1/v we get ~b(x)= (v + X(x) + 10(x))/C2 In this approximation we
have X(X) = Xl(x), O(x) = .¥2(x), where Xl(X) and X2(x) are the functions introduced m eq (2 34)
84 S M Btlenkv and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracnons and the neutral currents

6 ( x ) = (v + x ( x ) ) / x / 2 . (2.42)

Substituting (2.42) into (2 37) and omitting the unimportant constant, we get the Lagrangmn of the
system under consideration in the following form"
,:a~ ~ 1
-~O~X O~,X- ~g2(v + x)2A,~A,~ - aa(X + 2v)2x 2 - ¼F~,t3F,~e (2 43)

The Lagranglan (2.43) contains the mass term of the vector field A~(-½g2v2A~A~) and the mass term of
the scalar field X(-½2Av2x 2) Consequently, the masses of the quanta of the fields A,, and g are equal to
m a = gv and m x = k/2-~v2, respectively.
Before spontaneous symmetry breakdown the Lagranglan of the system contained a complex scalar
field (two real functions) and a massless gauge field (two mdependent real functions). After spontaneous
breakdown of the local symmetry we arrived at the Lagrangian of an interacting real massive scalar field
(one real function) and a massive vector field (three real functions) The degree of freedom, which
would correspond to the massless Goldstone boson (m the absence of the gauge field A,~), had
been transformed through the spontaneous breakdown of the local gauge symmetry of the Lagranglan
(2.37), into the additional degree of freedom of the vector field.
The mechanism thus &scussed for mass generation is called the Hlggs mechamsm The scalar
particle, corresponding to the quantum of the field X, is called the Hlggs particle For a more general
discussion of particle mass generation we refer the reader to appendxx B.
We have explained the basic prmoples which are used m constructing models of electroweak
interactions Now we turn to the detailed &scusslon of the standard SU(2) x U(1) theory of Glashow,
Welnberg and Salam

2 4. The standard electroweak theory (the case of leptons)

The phenomenological V - A current x current theory [37] was capable of describing the vast amount of
existing experimental data. Consequently, any new theory of weak interactions has to be built up so as to
reproduce the results of this theory
The GWS theory is based on the assumption that there exist intermediate vector bosons. To
reproduce the results of the phenomenological, current x current theory at low energies ~t is therefore
necessary to assume that at least part of the "true" weak interaction Lagranglan is of the form:

~?= lg "~+)W~+hc (2 44)

2x/ j

where W,~ is the field of the charged vector bosons and ]~÷)is the charged weak current The
&menslonless coupling constant g is related to the Fermi constant by

g2
8m2w X/2' (245)

where mw is the mass of the charged intermediate boson The charged current is the sum of lepton and
hadron (quark) current In this subsection we shall consider the GWS theory of leptons Consequently,
 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents 85

we wdl be interested only in the lepton current. It follows from all available data that the charged
lepton current is

1~÷) = ~ y . ( 1 + ys)e + ~,y.(1 + Ys)# + ~y,,(1 + ys)z, (2.46)

where e,/z and r are the field operators of the electron, muon and r-lepton, respectwely; ue, u~, and u.
are the field operators of the electron-, muon- and r-neutnnos, respectively*.
At the beginning we consider the case of massless fields In order to get the term (2 44) m the
interacnon Lagrangmn of leptons and vector bosons we assume that

OIL-~ ,L
IL (l = e, #, ~-) (2.47)

forms a doublet of the SU(2) group and

lh, ~'~R (2.48)

are smglets** of this group. Here

,/v'A ,
~0,L= ½(1 + YS)~l' .] and l~ = ½(1 - y,)l', U,R -- ½(1 -- yS)U', (2 49)
_

are the left-handed (L) and the right-handed (R) components of the corresponding fields.
The free field lepton Lagrangian

~= - Y~ (~,LY,~O~OlL+ i~y. O,Z~ + ~RY. O.U'tR) (2.50)

/=e,~,r

is clearly mvariant with respect to the global SU(2) group We demand now for massless fields the local
Yang-Mflls mvariance with respect to

~Otu(x)~ O~L(X)= exp{i½~'A(x)}~bL(x),

IR(X) (IR(X)) -- i~(X), (2.51)

04(x))' =

A , ( x ) ~ A'(x) = a (x) + 1 a(x) × a ° ( x )

(where the A,(x) are arbitrary real functions of x(t = 1, 2, 3), and where A~, is a tnplet of vector fields).
We assume the interaction of leptons and vector bosons to be minimal. Such an interaction is
introduced via the subsntunon (see section 2.2)

* A dnrect proof of the extstence of the v~ is snll lackmg All avmlable data are, however, consistent wxth nts existence [38]
** We assume that the masses of the neutnnos are different from zero Such a possnbflxty ~s widely discussed m the hterature at present [39]
86 S M Bdenky and J Hog&, GWS theory of electroweak mteractwns and the neutral currents

Ooe~lL....+ ( Oo: - l g ~1r A , ~ ) 6 , L (2 52)

(g iS the &mensionless constant) From (2 50) and (2 52) we get the interaction Lagranglan of leptons
and vector bosons as

~5~I = I gj,~A,~ , (253)

where

jot= Z -- ~lot 21~ l L

OIL (254)
1

From (2 53) we can single out the mteractmn of leptons w,th charged vector bosons

5"i = {fl2"g---'~+)W~, + h.c.) + l g l ] A 3 (255)

\2V-~ "

where

1 "A~ -- I A ~ ) =~--~A~ -'z

Wo, = ~ - ~ {, (256)

1S the field of charged vector bosons and*

j~+)= 2I~ ,2 = 2 ~'. ~07Ly,~r+g'm= ~'. ff}y,~(l+ y5)l' (257)

l l

is the charged current. Therefore, the interaction Lagranglan (2.55) which follows from the local gauge
invarmnce does contain the term (2 44) describing the interaction of leptons wtth charged intermediate
boson
The second term in the Lagranglan (2.55) describes the interactions of neutrinos and charged leptons
with the neutral vector boson"

1
oTi = lg ~ ~ 07}y,,(1 + gs)v}- f'y,~(1 + ys)I')A 3 . (2.58)
1

The GWS theory ls a unified theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions. Obviously, the
interaction (2 58) is not the electromagnetic interaction. For a unification of weak and electromagnetic
interactions it is necessary, therefore, to require the invanance of the Lagrangian of the system with
respect to a larger group than the local SU(2). The simplest possibility is the group SU(2) x U(1) which
makes the basis of the GWS theory
To construct the locally SU(2)x U(1) invarlant Lagrangian we perform m (2.50) the mimmal
substitutions (see secnon 2 2)?
* The primes put on lepton fields m&cate that these fields do not necessarily correspond to lepton fields with well defined masses which will be
generated later through spontaneous breakdown of the underlying symmetry 1 i _~ ,~ o
t It is appropriate to express the couphng constants of the group U(I) as g'~VL, g'~v~ ~ and g ~y~)
 S M Bdenky and J HoJek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents 87

(~otl//iL__> ( a a - lg~¢A~,
"1 - ig'½YL/3,~)~btL,
c9,,1~---> ( O,~ - lg'½yh-')B,~)l~ , (259)
a~,V'tR~ ( & - .,,~_.,~o)n ~., ,
t ~ 2 y R x.#a]VlR

where A,, is a triplet of gauge fields with respect to the group SU(2),/3, is the gauge field assooated
with the symmetry group U(1). The complete gauge invariant Lagrangian of leptons and vector bosons
consequently becomes

.~=- Z d~tLT,~(O~,-lgl"i'A,~-i-'ag :yLB ~,)~btL

- ~ l~y,~(O,~ - lg'½y(ff°/3~,)l~ - ~ , ~;RT,~(0,~ -- ig'½Y~))V;R -- ~ , # F , ~ a - ~,~sF,~e, (2 60)

l l

where

(2.61)
= a o.

The interaction Lagrangian of leptons and vector bosons, which follows from (2.60), can be written as

(2.62)

The current j~ is given by (2.54) and

(2.63)
l l l

The U(1) mvariance does not impose any constraints on the coupling constants between the leptons
and the field B,, (see the discussion at the end of section 2.2). This freedom m the choice of the coupling
constants for the U(1) gauge group can then be used to unify weak and electromagnetic interactions
We will choose YL, Y(R- O and y~) so as to satisfy the Gell-Mann-Nishijima relation*

O = 13 + ½y. (2.64)

Here O is the electric charge in units of the proton charge, /3 is the third component of the weak
isospin It follows that yL equals the sum of the charges of the "upper" and "lower" components of a
doublet ~O~L:

YL = -- 1. (2.65)

Correspondingly, the weak hypercharges of the right-handed singlets l~ and v~ are equal to:

* Due to such a choice of YL, y~-l) and y~) the U(1) group IS naturally called the group of weak hypercharge
88 S M Bdenky and J Hog&. GWS theory of electroweak mteracnons and the neutral currents

y~O= -2, y~)= O, (2 66)

respectively With the help of (2.64)-(2.66) it is easy to check that

Ijy .era 3
<, = 1,~ - 1,~, (2 67)

where

jem : Z (-- 1) Ttyc~l t (2 68)

l

is the electromagnetm current of leptons and where 13 is the third component of the isovector j~
Using eq (2.67) the interaction Lagrangian (2.62) can be rewritten as

~i = {1 ---~-- ,(+)W. + h.c.) + ~ o , (2 69)

\ 2~/2 '~

where

~I = lg] 3~,A,~3 + lg t(],~

em - j,~)B,~
3 (2 70)

is the interaction Lagrangian of the leptons and the neutral vector bosons To single out the
electromagnetic interaction from (2 70), we rewrite this expression as

~l=lVlg--~ g ,2 1,,3 3
A,~-~/g2+g,2
),om
" ' B,, +lg],~ B,~ (271)

Instead of the fields A 3 and B<, we introduce the field

gt
Z,,=N/g2~g,2A~ ~~B,~ (2 72)

and the field

g'
A<, - V,g 2 + g,2 A3 + ~v/g2
g ~+ g,2 B,, (2 73)

orthogonal to Z,,. Elementary algebra lmphes that the field A<, IS coupled only to ]gin. while the field Z~
is coupled both with the currents 13 and /g" This means that the expression (2 71) contains the
Lagranglan of the electromagneUc interactions and that A, is the electromagnetic field. Indeed, we
have

SI' = 1½X/gz + g t 2 ],~L,,

0~
+l ,~g# lemA
(2 74)
V'g2 + g,2 ~. . . . .
 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory o/electroweak mteracnons and the neutral currents 89

where
t2
1o=2(/3 g 2g+-g, ,o2mj .] } • (2.75)

If the coupling constants g and g' are related to the charge e of the proton as

gg,l~/-~ + g,2 = e (2.76)

the second term In the expression (2 74) becomes the interaction Lagrangian between leptons and
photons.
Thus, there are four vector boson fields associated with the gauge SU(2)× U(1) group. Two fields
correspond to charged vector bosons (W÷ and W-), two fields correspond to neutral ones. One neutral
field is identified with the electromagnetic field, the other IS the field of the neutral intermediate boson
Consequently, the unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions based on the group SU(2) x
U(1) is possible provided that not only charged vector bosons and charged currents but also neutral
vector bosons and neutral currents, do exist
As is well known, the neutral currents were discovered at CERN in 1973 [7, 8]. The second part of
this review is devoted to the detailed study of selected processes which are due to neutral currents. Now
we will continue our constructing of the unified electroweak theory of GWS. The Welnberg angle 0w is
introduced as follows.

tg 0w = g'/g. (2 77)

For the neutral current l ° we get

1° = 2/.3 - 2 sin 20wl~ m (2.78)

and the relation (2 76) turns into

g = e/sin 0w. (2.79)

The complete interaction Lagrangian of leptons and gauge bosons can be rewritten with the help of
(2.69), (2.74) and (2 77) as

~= {I--~---,~+)W,, + h . c . ) + i g o Z +ie/~mA,~. (2.80)

\2~/2 ~ 2 cos 0w I,, ,~

The structure of the neutral current in the GWS theory is determined by unifying weak and
electromagnetic interactions. The first term in eq. (2 78) is the third component of the lsovector, whose
"plus-component" is identified with the charged weak current. The second term in eq. (2.78) IS
proportional to the electromagnetic current. The parameter s i n 2 0w iS thus the only parameter which
enters the expression for the neutral current Its value can be determined from the data on neutral
current induced processes. Note that the values of the parameter sin 2 0w, determined from the data of
most diverse experiments, all coincide within the experimental errors
90 S M Bdenlty and J Hog& GWS theory of electrowealt mteracttons and the neutral currents

The theory we have considered up to now satisfies the requirements of a local SU(2) × U(1) gauge
lnvanance Mass terms of the vector boson fields cannot be introduced into the Lagrangmn of such a
theory It is also obvious that the SU(2)× U(1) lnvanance with left-handed fields in doublets ~L and
right-handed fields IR In slnglets also forbids the introduction of lepton mass terms into the Lagrangmn.
In the standard electroweak theory the Lagrangian mass terms of both the vector boson and fermmn
fields are introduced by the Hlggs mechamsm of spontaneous breakdown of the gauge symmetry (see
section 2 3) The theory is built up so that, at the beginning, the complete Lagrangmn, including the
Hlggs sector, is locally SU(2)× U(1) invariant It is then necessary to assume that the Hlggs fields
transform according to a defimte (non-triwal) representation of the gauge group Further, due to the
spontaneous breakdown of gauge mvanance charged (W + and W-) as well as neutral Z intermedmte
bosons have to acqmre masses That is, three Goldstone degrees of freedom of Higgs fields can
transform at the spontaneous breakdown of the gauge mvanance into the addmonal degrees of freedom
of vector fields Thus, we are forced to assume that the Higgs fields form at least a doublet It ~s
this "minimal" assumption which is at the basis of the GWS theory
Hence we assume that the Hlggs fields form a doublet of the SU(2) group [2]

4,÷) (281)
4,= 4,,, ,

where the complex functions 4,+ and 4,o are the fields of charged and neutral bosons, respectively Weak
hypercharge of the doublet (2 81) is defined so as to fulfil the Gell-Mann-Nlshlllma relation (2.64) We
have

yo = I (2 82)

The Lagrangian of the Hlggs field 4,0) is given as (see section 2 3)

s ° = - a : 4 , + ao4,- v(4,+4,) (283)

Here

2)2 4
V(4,+4,) = -/~2 4,+4, + A(4,+4,)2 = a 4,+4, - ~ - 4A' (2 84)

where #2 and A are positive constants

Taking into account (2 82), we get from (2 83) by the standard subsmunon

0~4, --* (04 - Ig~TA,, - g ~&,)4,

the Lagranglan

~o = _ [0,,4,+ + 4, + (lg:~-A~
1 + 1g '~B ~
~ ~,)][0,~4,- (lg~rA~ _1_lg ,,1~B,,)4,] - V(4,+4,) (2.85)

is mvarlant with respect to the gauge group SU(2)× U(1) It is obvious from (2 84) that the potential
V(4,+4,) is minimal for
 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents 91

(~b+~b)o= #2/2,~ = v2/2. (2.86)

For the minimal (vacuum) value of ~b we choose

(0)
Further, the doublet ~ can always be written in the form

¢b(x) = exp{i½"rO(x)/v}({ v + X(0x)}/X/~) (2.88)

where Ok(x) and g(x) are real functions Finally, the functions Ok(X), which correspond to the "would
be" Goldstone bosons, can always be eliminated owing to the gauge invariance of the Lagrangian (2 85)
by appropriately fixing the gauge (the so-called unitary gauge). Thus we have

6(x) = ({v 0 (2.89)

+

Let us substitute (2 89) into (2.85) Taking into account that

(TAc,)(~'A~) = 2 W~ I ~ + A 3 A ] ,
4,+(za°) = - A ~3, B ~ (1v + X) z

we get

= -½a,, X cg,~X- ½(v + X) z [¼g2 2W,~ff',~ + ¼(g2+ g,2)Z,~Z~ ] _ ¼AX2(X+ 2v)2 (2.90)

Here W,~ = A~-'2/X/2 and if',, = A~+'2/X/2 are the fields of the charged vector bosons and Z , is the field
of the neutral vector bosons.
As a result of the spontaneous breakdown of the symmetry, mass terms for the intermediate bosons
have emerged in the Lagrangian"

5Em = -- m~vW,,ff'~, - ~m~ 2Z,~Z,~, (2.91)

where

m ~v = ~g2vZ, m ~ = ¼(g2 + g,Z)v2 (2 92)

Symmetry was broken in such a way that the photon remained a massless particle
The function X(x) is a field of neutral scalar particles (the so-called Higgs particles). It follows from
(2.90) that their mass is equal to

mx= V~2-~ v = ~/2/x (2.93)

92 S M B d e n k y a n d J Hog&, G W S theory o f electroweak mteractwns a n d the neutral currents

Note that the Lagranglan (2.90) contains also a term describing the interaction of the Hlggs particles
with the intermediate bosons
We find from (2 77) and (2 92) that the mass squared of the Z boson is related to that of the W boson
and to the parameter cos2 0w by

m ~ = m ~w/COS2 0w (2 94)

It should be stressed that this relation is satisfied only if the Higgs fields form doublets. In the case of
higher Hlggs multiplets no relation between masses of neutral and charged intermediate bosons does
exist [40]
As shown explicitly below, the effective Hamiltonian of neutral current induced interactions contains
the parameter

P = m 2 cos20w" (2.95)

The value of this parameter can consequently be determined from the neutral current data. Available
data are consistent with p = 1 (see section 3.1), i.e. they agree with the "minimal" assumption with a
doublet representation of the Hlggs fields
Thus far, we have considered the Higgs mechanism of W and Z mass generation. To get also lepton
mass terms in the Lagrangian via the spontaneous breakdown of symmetry, it is necessary to introduce the
Interaction of the Higgs fields with the lepton fields The corresponding Lagrangian has to be SU(2) × U(1)
lnvariant. The most general renormalizable SU(2) × U(1) invariant Lagranglan for the Interaction of lepton
and Higgs fields has the Yukawa form

°~l -- ~/--2~ ~ll LM~t212RJP +hC (2.96)

U 11,12

Here $ is the doublet of Higgs fields and Ml~z2 are constants (complex, in general). Substituting
further (2.89) into (2 96) (i.e. breaking spontaneously the symmetry), we obtain

~LPt=-~. ImM,,t212R 1+ +hc (297)

ll,12

The complex matrix M t can always be dlagonahzed with help of the bl-umtary transformation*

M ~= V{m'VR (2.98)

* We wdl assume that the determinant of the matnx M ts different from zero Obviously, M M + ~s a H e r m m a n matrix with posmve e~genvalues
We have

M~4+= W+m2V (2 98')

Here V is a umtary matrix and (m2),k = m28,k We define the &agonal matrix m as follows m m = m - , m,, = + ~ / m 7 We have, identically
M = W m U where U = m-~ V M It is easy to see that U Is a umtary matnx Indeed, using (2 98') we have U U + = m - ~V M M + W - m ~ = 1
 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents 93

Here VL and VR are unitary matrices and m ~ is the diagonal matrix with positive entries.
Substituting (2.98) into (2 97), we obtain

~ t = Z m , { l - Z ftrlx. (2.99)
l 1

Here

IL = Y~ (VL)u'I[., lR = ~ , (VR)u'l~ (l = /L+ /R), (2.100)

l' I'

and

f~ = mdv (l = e,/.t, ~-) (2.101)

The first term m the Lagrangian (2.99) is the standard lepton mass term (mr is the lepton mass), lepton
fields with a given mass being linear combinations of primed lepton fields (i.e. fields entering SU(2)
multiplets).
The second term in (2.99) is the Lagrangian of the Yukawa interaction of lepton fields with the scalar
Higgs field. As seen from (2.101), the couplings are proportional to lepton masses. (This is one of
characteristic features of the standard electroweak theory.)
We have considered the Higgs mechanism of generation of charged lepton masses. If the neutnno
masses are different from zero, it is necessary to assume that an additional interaction of the Higgs fields
with the lepton fields exists besides (2.96).
Having the doublet ~b we have also the doublet

= i~'2~b* (2.102)

Its hypercharge is obviously equal to -1. We assume that the complete Lagranglan of the system
contains also

= - - w- -
Z
~OtILMI~2Vl2R~
_ o , _
+ h.c. ,
(2.103)
/') 11,12

where Mt~12 are complex constants. Lagrangian ~ is clearly SU(2) x U(1) invariant.
From (2.89) and (2.102) we get

q~ = ((v + )~)/~/2). (2.104)

Substituting (2.104) into (2.103) we find

•, ~ = -
1 - ~' ,
~'~ vtltMzll2Vt~R +
1 X
) + h.c. (2.105)
11,12 l)

After the diagonalization of the complex matnx M v we get from (2.105)

94 S M Bdenky and J HoJel~,GWS theory of ele¢troweakmteractwnsand the neutralcurrents

Lf"= - ~'~ m,P,u,- E f,~,u,X, (2 106)

1 t

where

U,L = E (UL)aU'tL, U,R = E (UR)aU;R (2 107)

I !

(UL and /-JR are umtary matrices) and

f, = re,Iv (2 108)

Therefore, if )o. is present m the complete Lagranglan of the system, neutrinos acquire masses* due
to the spontaneous symmetry breakdown (m (2 106) u, is the field of the neutrino with the mass m,)
Let us go back to the expressions for charged and neutral currents For the charged lepton current
we get with the help of (2 57), (2 100) and (2 107)

J(,.+)= ~ ~W,.(1+ ys)l (2 109)

l=e jx ~-

Here

U,L = E UhU,L (2 110)

t=l

where U is the umtary mixing matnx (U = VLU~_) Therefore, if neutrino masses are different from
zero, the standard Hlggs mechanism of mass generation results in neutrino mixing Neutrino fields
entermg the charged current (current neutrino fields) are linear combinations of neutrino fields with
definite masses Let us note that neutrino mixing means nonconservatlon of lepton charges In
particular, the neutrino oscillations first considered by Pontecorvo [41] become possible We wdl not
consider these problems here and refer the reader to existing reviews [39]
For neutral lepton current we get with the help of (2 47), (2 57), (2 78), (2 100) and (2 107) (and using
the unltanty property of the matrices VL,R and UL)

1 1
]~=~ ~ ~ly,~(l+)'5)Vl--~ ~ [y,~(l+ys)l-2sln20w ~ (-l)[y,~l (2.111)
~ l = e ,~ -r ~ l= e ~t ~r I = e t x "r

Hence, the neutral current of the standard electroweak theory is diagonal m the lepton fields 0t
conserves lepton flavour)
We wdl complete this consideration of the GWS theory m the case of leptons by the followmg
remark If the fundamental fermlons would be only leptons, the GWS theory would not be renormahz-
able due to the so-called tnangular anomahes [43] Triangular anomahes vamsh if the sum of the
* We consider the theory of electroweak mteractmn with neutnnos being Dlrac pamcles w~th masses different from zero Note however, that
experimental data do nol exclude that neumnos might be masswe Majorana pamcles Theories with Majorana neutnnos have been widely d~scussed
[42]
 S M Btlenky and J HoSek, GWS theory of electroweak mterachons and the neutral currents 95

electric charges of the fundamental fermions is zero [44]. Leptons taken separately do not fulfil this
requirement
We now turn to the consideration of the GWS theory m the case of quarks We will assume that
besides three neutrinos and three charged leptons there exist three colored quarks with charge3 (u. c, t)
and three colored quarks with charge - $ (d, s, b). In this case the condition for the absence of triangular
anomalies is clearly satisfied:

-3 + 3[3($) + 3(-i)] = 0 ,

2 5 The standard theory of electroweak mteractzons(the case of quarks)

We start this subsection by several remarks of historical character. As 1s well known, the huge
amount of weak interactton data obtained before the discoveries of neutral currents and of charmed
particles (1973-1975) was described within the framework of the V-A theory with the Cabibbo [45] current.
When written in terms of quark fields, the Cabibbo current has the form

O?)c= fiya(l+ y&f (2 112)

where

d’=dcos&+ssin& (2 113)

and & 1s the Cabibbo angle.

If we attempt to build up a SU(2) x U(1) theory with the charged current identical with the Cabtbbo
current. we have to assume that the relevant doublet is

(2 114)

In such a case the neutral current would clearly contam (m its ~2 part) the term

&.y,dt = CO? eC &yadL + sin’ e, sLyasL + sin & cos eC (dLLyolsL + SLy,dL)

which does not conserve strangeness. We would thus arrive at a contradiction with the experimental
data For example, such a theory allows the decay K’+ T+ + v + V with a strength comparable to that
of K’-decay It however follows from the data, that [46]

T(K+ + T+ vi;2 < o 6 x 1o_6

T(K’ + all) .

The conflict became particularly sharp in 1973, after the discovery of neutral currents at CERN [7,8].
A posstble solution of this puzzle was provided in fact already in 1970 by Glashow, Iliopoulos and
Matani in their celebrated paper [29]. They assumed that the Cabibbo current is not the full hadromc
current. The authors of ref [29] accepted the hypothesis [47] of the existence of a fourth (charmed)
quark c with electric charge 3. The additional term m the charged hadromc current was assumed to be
96 S M Bdenkv and J Hogel~ GWS theory of electroweak mteracuons and the neutral currents

of the form

(j(+>~] G I M - - ~,o(1 + ~,~)s' (2 115)

where

s' = - d sin 0c + s cos 0c (2 116)

To get the term (/~+))G~Min the charged current of SU(2) x U(1) theory, it is necessary to assume that
besides (2 114), also

2117>

forms a doublet Since

d'L')/,~d L. +. SLToeSL
. . :- dLy,~d. + SL')/otSL

the neutral current of such a theory is flavor diagonal (the GIM mechanism does work).
The &scovery of the r-lepton in 1975 [48] was an in&cation that the number of quarks might be
bigger than four The discovery of the Y family in 1977 [49] was the first justification of the existence of
a new b quark with charge -~. Recently, particles contalnmg the b quark have been discovered in e+-e -
beams experiments [50]
The standard theory of electroweak interactions is based upon the assumption of the existence of three
neutrinos, three charged leptons, and six quarks (d, s, b, u, c, t)*
The GWS theory for quarks is constructed in full analogy with that developed for leptons We
assume that the left-handed components of the quark fields form SU(2) doublets

I~IL =
(uL~
\dL]' (cL~
62L = \SI_]' []/3L=
[t[_~
\bL] (2 118)

and that the right-handed components of the quark fields

d~, s~, bn,

' u~, cR,
' tn
' (2 119)

are SU(2) smglets.

The free Lagranglan of massless quarks reads

3
f O = -- E ~kL~laOa~IkL- E gt[cy~O,,q[¢ (2 120)
/¢=1 q=d,s, t

Further, gauge SU(2) x U(1) lnvariance can be guaranteed provided the substitutions

* We note that the t quark Is not &scovered vet It follows from the experimental data on e*-e colhdmg beams that ~ts mass ~s larger than
lS GeV [51]
 S M Bdenky and J Hosek, GWS theory of electroweak mteractwns and the neutral currents 97

lg ~yLB,,) ~bkL,
O~q~(O~-lg'
' ½y~ /3)B,~)q ~ , q~= UR,
' c~,t6, (2 121)
,9,~qat .._> (a,~ -~g'½y~-t/3)B~)q~; q~ = d..! s.,P b .t

are made m &Co.

(A~ and B~ are the gauge fields of the symmetry groups SU(2) and U(1), respectively, g and g' are the
corresponding coupling constants, YLis the hypercharge of the left-handed doublets, y~/3) (y(R-:/3)) is the
hypercharge of the right-handed quark fields with charge 2 (_ ½).)
As a result of the substitution (2.121) we get the following minimal interaction Lagrangian for quark
and vector fields"

5~ = ig.j~A~ + ig'~l~B~, (2 122)

where
3
1
q~kL'/,,~'~'kL (2.123)
k=l

is the isovector quark current and

3
I~ = ~] YL~kLY,~/'kL+ ~ y~/3)Cl~y~q~+ ~ y~l/3)Cl~a~q~ (2.124)
k=l q~=u~, c~. t~ q~=d~, s~. b~

is the hypercurrent.
Note that due to the non-Abelian character of the SU(2) group the constant g, characterizing the
interaction of leptons with A,~, has to be the same as that for the interaction of quarks with the field A,,.
Therefore, an electroweak theory can be based upon the SU(2)× U(1) group provided that weak
interactions of leptons and quarks are unwersal. As is well known, experimental data agree with the
universality of weak interactions*
The group U(1) does not impose any restriction on the weak hypercharges of lepton and quark
multiplets. To unify the weak and electromagnetic interactions into an electroweak one, as already done
in the lepton case, weak quark hypercharges are chosen so as to obey the relation

j 7 = j] + ~J~,,
''y (2.125)

where

1~m = ~_~ e ~ ' y~q' (2.126)

q=d.s, t

Is the electromagnetic quark current (eq is the charge of the quark in umts of the proton charge). Thus,
hypercharges of quarks have to be chosen such that the Gell-Mann-Nishijima relation be satisfied. The

* Umversahty of weak interactions of leptons and quarks is exhibited, m particular, by the equahty of the couphng constants of p,- and B-decays
98 S M Bdenk v and J HogeL GWS theory of electroweal, mteracttons and the neutral ~urrents

hypercharge of doublets must be equal to the sum of the charges of upper and lower components of the
doublets"

yL = ' (2 127)

Hypercharges of sInglets q~ are to be equal to twice the charge of the corresponding particle We have

, (2/3)
R =3,
4 Y~-
1/3)= --5Z (2.128)

Let us single out from 5fi the term which describes the interactions of quarks with charged
intermediate bosons. We obtain

~_7~= [ l g ,~+)W,, + h c ) + 3 3 , em 3 (2 129)

k2x/-~ ~ lgJ,~A~, + lg (J,~ - ],OB,~ ,

where

3
(+) - 1
,, = 2 Z Ok LTa~(rl -~- IT2)II/kL
k=l
! t -! r
-- 2[ti; y,~d~+ ccT,,sc + tLy,~bc]
- -

(2.130)

is the weak charged quark current and W~ = (A~ - 1A])/X/-2 is the field of the charged vector bosons
Instead of the fields A 3 and B,, let us introduce the field of the neutral intermediate bosons Za and the
electromagnetic field A,, (see eqs (2.72) and (2.73)), into the Lagranglan (2 129) Taking into account
the condition (2 76) for the full interaction LagrangIan for quarks and vector boson fields, we have

~?i = [ J - - ,(~+)W,, + h.c.) + lg ]oz,~+iel~mA~, (2 131)

\2k/2 J 2 cos 0w
where

] ° = 2 J ,3 ~ - 2 s i n Z 0 w / ,em = ~'~ q- c. y ~ q .c - . ~ . . . .
qLy~qc--2sin20w. ~', eqqy, q (2.132)

IS the neutral quark current

The first term in the expression (2 131) is the interaction Lagranglan of quarks and charged
intermediate bosons, the second term is the interaction Lagrangian of quarks and neutral intermediate
bosons, and the third term is the Lagrangmn of the electromagnetic interactions of quarks
Now we have to introduce the SU(2) x U(1) invariant interactions of quarks and vector bosons with
the scalar Higgs particles and then to break spontaneously the symmetry. The interaction of vector
bosons with a doublet of Higgs particles was already considered in section 2.4 We have seen that, due
to the spontaneous symmetry breakdown, the intermediate bosons W -+ and Z acquired masses while the
photon remained massless. Here we consider the mechanism for the generation of quark masses under
the "minimal" assumption (already made in section 2 4) of one Hlggs doublet
The most general SU(2)× U(1) lnvarlant Yukawa interaction Lagranglan of quarks with the Hlggs
 S M Bdenkyand J HMek.GWS theoryof electroweakmteractwnsand the neutralcurrents 99

doublet can be written as

-- 3
V
~wk L M ~ ' /q~
3 ) , - ~tRW--
, ' ,-t. T 2 K"
~ x-"
z., ~bkLM~2/a3)qRfb+ h c.
-
(2 133)
/fl k = l q~=d(~,s~t,b~t k = ' qA=uFt, c~t t~

Here

6 = (6+)6o ' ~ = ,r2,;b* = \ - 663" / [] (2.134)

are SU(2) doublets wtth hypercharges equal 1 and -1, respectively, M (-~/3) and M (2/3) a r e complex 3 x 3
matrices. Setting 0 e. breaking spontaneously the symmetry)

/
6(x) = [qv + (2 135)

we get from (2.133)

f/a=_ Z Z V/L ql~q~.¢]R~' ~' 8d'2'3)"' { 1 ..1- 1

qL=dL, sL, b(~ q~=d~ s~ b~ qL L CL tL qh=.k, ck.,~

(2.136)

Therefore, as a result of spontaneous symmetry breaking, a quark mass term appears m the
Lagranglan. To put it in its usual form, it is necessary to diagonalize the complex matrices M (-w3) and
M (2/3) This can be done with the help of bl-unitary transformations (see (2 98)) We have

M (-1/3) =
V~m(-1/3)VR ~
M (2/3) ___ rL ~r+L m(2/3) U~R . (2.137)

Here V L , R and UL.R are unitary matrices and m (-,/3) and m (2/3) a r e diagonal matrices wah positive
entnes. Substituting (2.137) into (2.136) we obtain

~=- ~'~ m~q- • f~qx (2138)

q=d,s, t q=d,s, t

Here

qL= 2 ( V]L)qLqLqL,
t
qR = ~ (VR)q.qaqRt
ql.=d~, s£,bL q~=d~,s~,b~

(qL, R = dL, R, SL, R, bL.R)

(2.139)

qL= Z ( U ] L)qLqLqL,
!
qg =
~_, t
(UR)qRqaqR.
qL=uL.cL tL qk=uk, ck, tk

(qL, R = UL, R, eL, R, tL, R)

100 S M Btlenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteractlons and the neutral currents

Thus it follows from (2 138) that q = qL + qR lS the quark field with mass mq The constants fo appearing
in the Lagranglan (2 138) are the coupling constants for the interaction of quarks and neutral Higgs
particles. We have

1
L = -v mq (2 140)

The couphng constant fq ~s proportional to the mass mq. This propomonahty emerges as a result of
the dlagonahzation of the matnces M (-ira and M (2/3)
Both expressions for charged and neutral currents (2.130) and (2 132) are written in terms of primed
quark fields. Using the relations (2.139) we now rewrite these currents in terms of quark fields with
definite masses. For the charged current we have

1~+)= ~, qy,,(1 + ys)Uqqlq,, (2 141)

q~u,c,t
ql=d.s,b

where

u= (2 142)
is the unitary mixing matrix
The unitary 3 x 3 matnx U In the charged current (2 141) can be parametrlzed as follows [22].

el SlC3 SIS3
g = - s1c2 CLC2C3 - $2s3 e 18 CLC2S3 + s2c3 e '~ ] , (2.143)
SIS2 _ CLS2C3__C2S 3 el8 _c1s2s3+c2c3 ¢8]

where c, = cos 0,, s, = sin 0,, t = 1, 2, 3 Thus In the case of three quark doublets the mixing matrix is
characterized by three angles and one phase (responsible for C P violation) The matrix (2 143) is the
known mixing matrix of Kobayashl and Maskawa [22] and It is the generalization of the Cablbbo-GIM
mixing matrix to the case of six quarks
Owing to the unltarIty property of the matrices VL R and UL R, the neutral quark current is equal to

1 1
]o=2 ~, ~T,~(l+ys)q-~ ~ 0 y ~ ( l + y s ) q - 2 s I n 20w ~ eogly~q. (2 144)
q=u,c,t q=d,s,b q=d s. t

Therefore, the neutral current of the standard electroweak theory is diagonal in the quark fields (it is
flavour conserving). We note that the available experimental data are all m agreement with this
consequence of the standard theory As an example we give the results of searches for the process

v.+N~v,~+C+X

It follows from the data obtained in ref [52] that the ratio of the cross section for this process to the
cross section for the process u, + N ~ u,~ + X Is less than 0.026
 S M Bdenky and J Hog&. G W $ theory of electroweak mteracnons and the neutral currents 101

Z6. The effective weak interaction Hamiltoman

The complete interaction Lagrangian of leptons and quarks with charged W and neutral Z
intermedmte bosons within the SU(2) × U(1) gauge theory, discussed in sectmns 2 4 and 2.5, is

,~i ~.."~{ i _ ~ , ( + ) Wot ..~_h c ) _~ Ig ;o Z (2.145)

\2~/2" 2 cos 0w j ""

The full charged current of leptons and quarks in the standard electroweak theory ~s given by

I~+) = ~ ~y,~(1+ ys)Uq, ql + £ ~W,,(1+ y5)l. (2.146)

q= u,c,t l=e,~, r
ql=d,s,b

For the full neutral current of the GWS theory we have

=1
jo 2 ~ ~w.(l+y5)p_ 1 ~, fy.(l+ys)l+2smZOw ~, fy.l
l~e,~, r l=e,~, ~ l=e,~, r
1 1
+~ ~'~ gly,(l+ys)q--~ ~_~ ?ty,(l+ys)q-2smZOw ~_~ eq~y,q. (2.147)
q=u,c,t q~d,s,b q=d,s, t

The effective Hamiltonian for processes with virtual W and Z bosons to second order m perturbation
theory in g has, in the region q2~ m 2, m zz, the following form:

_ GF t,~+).(-)
j. + oJo Jo),
o
(2.1¢s)

where

m2 (2.149)
P = m ~:cos2 0w

and the Fermi constant GF is related to the coupling constant g by.

GF= g2 (2.150)
8m v"

If the Higgs fields form SU(2) doublets, the relation (2.94) holds and, consequently,

,0-----1. (2.151)

Further, the W mass squared is given by (see section 2.4)

m 2 = agv
1 2 2, (2 152)
102 S M BHenkv and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracnons and the neutral turrents

where v is the vacuum expectanon value of the Hlggs field 60. It follows from (2.150) and (2 152) that

1/v = (X/-2 GF)'/2 (2 153)

Therefore, the theory enables us to calculate the parameter v Substituting the numerical value of Gv,
we find

v -- 246 2 GeV (2.154)

The couphng constants of Hlggs pamcles to leptons and quarks are gwen by the expressions (2.101)
and (2 140) Using (2 153), we obtain

ft = 3 8 x 10-s mdM, fq = 3 8 x 10-3 mq/M (2 155)

(where M is the proton mass)

Weak and electromagnetic interactions are unified provided that (see secnon 2 4)

g = e/sin 0w (2 156)

It follows from (2 150) and (2.156) that

mw = (2 157)
sin 0w

The value of the parameter sm 0w is determined from experimental data on neutral current reduced
processes (see the second part of the rewew). Therefore, theory enables us to predict the value of the W
boson mass If the Hlggs fields form doublets, the masses of the charged and neutral mtermedmte
bosons are related by eq. (2.94). In this case we have

mz = mw/COS 0w (2 158)

From the analysis of the world data on the deep inelastic processes u,~ + N ~ u,~ + X and p,, + N---,
# - + X one could deduce [53] the value*

sin 2 0w = 0 216_ 0.010 - 0 004 (2 159)

With the above value of sm 2 0w [53], the masses of charged and neutral intermediate bosons (mcludmg
radmtwe corrections) turn out to be:

mw = 83 0_+3 ~ G e V , (2 160)

mz =- 93 8_+~]GeV (2 161)

* 0 004 ~s the estimated theoretical uncertainty

 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak interactions and the neutral currents 103

Experiments searching for the charged and neutral intermediate bosons m p - O colliding beams are
being performed at CERN at present [18]. If these intermediate bosons are found, the test of the
predictions (2 160) and (2 161) will represent the most serious test of the GWS theory
The neutral current is a sum of neutrino, lepton and quark pieces

l ° = l~, + 1/ + 1~. (2.162)

The neutrino neutral current is written as

1 ~ tTty,~(1+ ys)Vl. (2.163)

In the general case of V and A interactions the lepton neutral current can be parametrized as

I~ = ~_~ fy~(gv+gAys)l. (2.164)

l=e, lx,,r

In the standard electroweak theory the constants gv and gA are equal to

gv = - ~1 + 2 sin e 0 w , gA = -- ~.
1 (2.165)

Finally, the neutral quark current in the general V, A case can be written in the form

1~ = ~ eL(q) 0y,~(1 + Ys)q + Y~ eu(q),~y,~(1 - ys)q (2.166)

q=d,s, t q=d,s, t

The c o n s t a n t s e L ( q ) and e R ( q ) a r e given in the GWS theory as

eL(q) = ' - ~2 sin 2 0w, eR(q) = -- ~ sin 2 0w ; q = u, c, t.

(2.167)
eL(q)= - ~1+1 ~ sin e 0w, e~(q) = ½sin 2 0w ; q=d,s,b.

These relations can be written in a more compact form as follows:

eL(q) = I~ -- sin e 0w eq, (2.168)

eR(q) = - sin e 0w eq (2.169)

where eq is the charge of the q-quark and I~ is the third component of weak isospin for the field qL
It follows from (2.148) and (2.163) that the part of the effective weak interaction Hamiltonlan, which
contains the neutral currents, can be expressed as a sum of the following terms:

,~,o= ~(,,.q + wt.q + ~,,.t + Wt.l + wq.q + ~,,.,, (2.170)

Here
104 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracnons and the neutral currents

,.~ G'F v q
~ v ' q : z~--~Pl,d,,, (2171)

~ " = .z.-O~F- ~ P I,,M t. , (2 172)

OF t q
~"q = z-~ Old., (2 173)

-~-~Pl I , (2.174)

Nq.q GF o ~,
= X/-~p] ] (2 175)

= X/2 PI ] • (2.176)

Experimentally the following neutrino processes, induced by neutral current, have in particular been
studied

v.(~,~) + N ~ v~(~) + X.

v,~(~,,) + p ~ v~,(~,) + p, (2.177)

v~,(~.) + N ~ v~ (~,,)+ ~r~ + X

One has also studied the processes

e. (2.178)

The processes (2.177) are governed by the neutrino-quark Hamlltonlan ~v,q while the processes (2.178) are
governed by the neutrino-lepton Hamlltonian ~ , t .
Measurement performed at Novosiblrsk [10] of the optical rotation of the plane of polarization,
which arises when a polarized photon beam passes through a vapour of 2°9B1, as well as the
measurement performed at SLAC [11] of the P-odd asymmetry in the deep inelastic scattering of
longitudinally polarized electrons on nucleons represent important results in the investigation of neutral
currents. These effects are due to the interference of the electromagnetic and lepton-quark interactions
~l,q.

The Hamlltonian ~ ' ~ contributes also to the matrix element of the process

~e+ e--) ~e+ e, (2 179)

which was studied experimentally [54] with reactor antineutrinos.

 S M Bdenky and J HoJek, GWS theory of electroweak mteractwns and the neutral currents 105

Recently, information has been obtained [17] on the contribution of the neutral current j t m purely
leptomc processes e + + e- --) l + + l- (l = e, #, r) using the e + - e- colliding beams at PETRA
The interaction Hamiltonian Nq'q contributes to the P-odd effects m nuclear transitions, to which
charged currents also contribute. P-odd effects in nucle~ have been observed already for a long time
[55]. Their quantitative interpretation remains, however, a difficult and still unsolved problem [56].
Finally, information on v - v lnteractmns (the Hamiltoman N~'") is practically missing. Searching for
the decay K +--) #+3v an experimental bound has been obtained [57] on the effective coupling constant
of the v - v lnteractmn

F~, < 2 x 10 6 GF

A shghtly more stringent restriction on F,~

F~ < 3 x 104 GF

can be obtained [58] from the analysis of neutrino experiments at high energies The standard
electroweak theory described m this section will now be apphed to a detailed study of those neutral
current-induced processes, which have been best investigated experimentally.

3. Neutral currents

3.1 The processes v , ( ~ , ) + N ~ v~,(~)+ X

In this subsection we will consider m detad the processes of neutrino and antlneutrino deep inelastic
scattering on nucleons

v,, +N--) v,, + X , (3.1)

~,, +N--) ~, + X (3 2)

Processes (3.1) and (3.2) were first observed in 1973 with the bubble chamber "Gargamelle" [7]. The
observation of these processes has marked the discovery of neutral currents. At present, (3.1) and (3.2)
are still the best investigated processes with neutral currents.
First we will obtain the general expressions for the cross sections for processes (3.1) and (3.2). The
relevant part of the effective weak interaction Hamiltonian has the form

OF (3.3)

where 1° is the hadromc neutral current. Let us start with the process (3.1). The relevant diagram for
this process is shown in fig. 1.
The matrix element for this process is written as

(fl(S - 1)Ji) = - i ~22 Nk.Nk ft(k') "/,~(1+ Ys) u(k)(P'lJ°lP)(2cr) 4 a ( p ' - p - q). (3.4)
106 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents

q~Z

F~g 1 Dmgram of the process vu + N ~ vu + X

Here k and k' are the momenta of mmal and final neutrino, respectively, p ~s the momentum of the mltml
nucleon, p' Is the momentum of the final hadron system, q = k - k', Nk = 1/{(27r)3/2X,/~0} lS the standard
normahzatlon factor and J ] is the neutral hadron current in the Heisenberg representation From (3 4) we
have for the cross section

02 Ipk[
do'v - (2~)2 M (L,,t~(k, k')+ L]t~(k, k')) W,~t3(p,q)~-~ (3 5)
Here

L,,t3(k, k') = k~,k '~- g,,t3kk' + k " k~ ,

(3 6)
L~(k, k')= e~,~,~k,,k"

and

W~t3(p, q ) = (pl, r ,,IP)(PIJt31p)

o ,
8(p' p - q ) d F (3 7)

(dF is the phase space element for the final pamcles, M is the proton mass)
The matrix element of the process ~. + N --, ~3,.+ X is written as

(fl(S- 1)1,) = i~-~ Nk,Nk a(-k) y,,(1 + ys) u(-k')(p'lJ°lp) • (277") 4 t~(p'--p + q), (3 8)

where k and k' are the momenta of the mmal and the final antlneutrlno Obviously,

a ( - k ) y,,O + ~,,) u ( - k ' ) = ac(k') ~',,0 - r~) u~(k) (3.9)

where uc(k) = C fi(-k) and tic(k')= - u ( - k ' ) C-' are spmors describing the initial and final antmeutnno
with momentum k and k', respectively (C is the matrix of charge conjugation, Cy~C -1= - T . ,
C T = - C). For the cross section of the deep inelastic scattenng of the antmeutrino on nucleons we get from

(3 8) and (3.9)

dk'
dtr ~ - ,,,rr
t ~ ,2)G~IpklM(L,~(k, k')- L]t3(k, k')) W~(p, q) ko (3.1o)

The expressions (3.5) and (3 10) differ only by a sign of the pseudotensor L]t~(k, k') The difference is
due to the opposite hehcltles of neutrino and antineutrino
 S M Bzlenky and J Hogek. GWS theory o[ electroweak mteracnons and the neutral currents 107

The quantity W,~o(p, q) is the sum of a tensor and a pseudotensor and has the following general
structure:

W~t3 = ( 6~t3 - q~qt3~ W1 1

1 1 1 +~ (p,,q~ , (3.11)
+ -~--~-~e ~ pp q,~ W3 + ~-~ q~q~ W4 + --~ (p~qo + q~,pt~) W5 - q~p~ ) W6

where W, (t = 1, ,6) are real functions of the scalar variables pq and qZ. The functions W, have the
&mension M -1 The cross sections for the incluswe processes considered depend upon three in-
dependent variables, which are conveniently taken as:

q2 _ [~ u
~. - - p k
x = 2My ' Y - pk E' E= M

(E is the energy of the mmal neutnno, in the lab system and u = - p q / M ) It is easy to show that the
variables x and y scan the intervals

1
O-<x<-l, O<-Y<-l+Mx/2 E.

Further, since L~,aq~, = L , aqa = O, it is clear from (3.5), (3.10) and (3 11) that the functions W4, W5 and
W6 do not enter the expressions for the cross sections. In terms of the variables x, y and E, the cross
sections for the processes (3.1) and (3.2) have the form

do'~,~ = O.o[y2XFl+ y ( 1 - y - ~ EMx

)F2+-y(1 - ½y)xF3] (3.12)
dx dy

Here

o'o = - - M E = 1.5 × 10 -38 E c m 2 GeV -1 (3.13)

7]"

and

F1 = MW1, F2 = vW2, F3 = vW3 (3.14)

are the dimensionless structure functions.

Note that the expressions (3.12) for the cross sections for deep inelastic scattering of neutrino on
nucleons and antineutrino on nucleons contain the same structure functions. This ~s a consequence of
our assumption that the initial neutrino (antineutnno) and the final neutrino (antineutrino) (which are
not detected experimentally) are the same particles The Hamiltoman is given in such a case by the
expression (3.3) and since it is hermltian, it follows that

[o __jo, (3.15)
108 S M Bdenkv and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracnons and the neutral currents

where

_-0 0 +
1~ = (/,,) r/~ (3 16)

(74----- 1; '0, =--1, l = 1,2,3)

If we now assume that the mltml and final neutnno (antlneutrmo) an the processes (3.1) and (3.2) are
different pamcles, the corresponding V, A Hamfltoman becomes

~( = 2 - ~ [(P'y.(1 + ys)v~,)]] + ( ~ y . ( 1 + ys)v')]--°] (3 17)

(v' # v,,). The condmon (3 15) then need not be fulfilled*. The matrix element for the process of deep
inelastic scattering of antineutrino on nucleons in the case of the Hamfltoman (3.17) is given by the
expression (3.8), m which the subsntutlon (p'lJ°Ip)~ (p'lJ°lp) is performed Consequently, the structure
funcuons for the processes (3.1) and (3.2), m the case of nonidentical mmal and final neutrino
(antineutrino), can be &fferent [59]
If follows from (3 12) that

ddy• y~o
= do-.
dy y~o"
(3 18)

If this relation IS not vahd, it is clear from the previous discussion that the mmal and final neutrino
(antineutrino) m (3 1) and (3.2) cannot be idenncal pamcles The relanon (3 18) was experimentally
verified Available data [60] agree with (3 18).

do'~ : (0.95 -+ 0 15) do-v (3 19)

dy ~0 dy w0

Up to now we have only assumed that the neutral current has a V, A structure We shall now assume
the vah&ty of the GWS theory, a.e. we take the neutral hadromc current to be of the form (2 144). First,
we shall derive a relanon [61] which connects the parameter sm 2 0w wath the total cross sections of deep
melasnc processes

+ + X,

+ +X

Use will be made of transformanon propemes of the neutral hadronlc current of the GWS theory
Let us write the neutral hadronlc (quark) current of the GWS theory as

l ° = v 3 +a~-2sm2Owl~,
3 em
+ (3 20)

where

* This m a y h a p p e n only if the neutral current is not flavour diagonal

 S M Bdenky and J Ho~ek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents 109

t),~ = N T , ~ r 3 N , a~ = NT,,Ts~'3N, N = (3.21)

and where the dots stand for the contribution of the s quark and other heavier quarks to the neutral
current. Under a usual isospln transformations, N transforms as a doublet Therefore, v 3 and a•3 are
the third components of isotopic vectors

-- 1
v'~ = NT,,~z,N, a~t = NT~Ts~',N
-- 1
(3.22)

For the electromagnetic current of hadrons, we have

j~m = V3 +~V~
1 S
+''" (3.23)

where

vS = ~-%,½N (3 24)

is an lsoscalar.
It follows from experiments with high energy neutnnos that the contribution of s and other heavier
quarks to the cross sectmns for deep inelastic processes comprises a few percent of the contribution of u
and d quarks [62]. We will neglect this contribution in the following. With this approximation

] ° = (1 - 2 sin 2 0w) v 3 + a,~3 - 2 sin z Ow~v~.

1 S
(3.25)

Further let us consider deep inelastic scattering of neutrino on nuclei, with an approximately equal
number of neutrons and protons. Such targets are indeed used in most neutnno experiments. From such
experiments available reformation corresponds to cross sections averaged over p and n

d~r _ 1[{ do" '~ + d~

dxdy 2[.\d-~y]p (d---~y).]" (326)

It is clear that the interference between isoscalar and isovector currents cannot contribute to such
averaged cross sections. For the total cross sections for the processes ~,,,+ N ~ ~,,~+ X and ~,, + N ~
~,. + X, we obtain the following expressions:

O'v~NC = (1 -- 2 sm 2 0w)2 go(V) + go(A) -+ (1 - 2 sin 2 0w) go(I) + 4 sin4 0w -~tro(S) (3.27)

The quantities go(V), go(A), tro(I) and go(S) are the contributions of the vector v 3, axial-vector a o t3~

vector-axial-vector interference and finally isoscalar v s to the cross sections For example,

O'o(V) = -2zrGgpo f Lea(k, k') ~, (p[ V3~(z) V~(O)lp) e-~OZydx dy dz. (3.28)

We shall now consider the charged current reduced processes

~,~,+ N-~/z- + X , (3.29)

 110 S M Btlenkv and J Hogek, GWS theory o/ electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents

G + N ~/z + + X (3 30)

In the u, d approximation, the charged quark current reads

i t +) = 5y~,(l + ys)d cos 0c (3 31)

where 0c is the Cabibbo angle Since sm -~0c = () 04, we shall approximate cos 0c m (3.31) by unity The
charged current becomes

1~+)= l~+,2 = v~+,z + a~+,z (3 32)

(/~+,2=1~ +l],]) Therefore, within the approxlmatlons we have made, the charged current is the
"plus-component" of an lsovector
The cross section for the process (3 29) ((3.30)) is given by the expression (3 5) ((3 10)) in which the
subsntutmn W,¢-* LII( + ) (W~8 ~ W ~ )) is made, where
,, ,,8

W~%) = - (27r) 2 ~ ~'~ po f ( p l J 2 ' Z ( x ) J~±'z(0)lp) e -'q~ dx (3 33)

The quantmes w(±)

,, ,w obey the charge symmetry relations •

(ul(+)~
,, =
(3 34)

(tensor [~,,
uz(+)~
,wJp enters the cross sectmn for the process v~, + p ~ / z - + X etc.) Averaged over p and n
cross sectmns of processes (3.29) and (3.30) contain the quantities

W(+-)- 8)0 + (W~))n]

. 8 - ' W '+-' (3 36)

It Is clear from (3.34) and (3.36) that?

W(+)=
,~8 W~3) . (3 37)

It follows from (3 32) and (3.37) that the cross sections for the processes v,, + N ~ # - + X and
¢, + N ~ # + + X, averaged over p and n, have the following form:

* Indeed. we have UJ~*aU - 1 - - J , . 1:,2, where U = exp{17rT2} is the charge conluganon operator (7], is the lsospln operator) For the matnx
elements st follows that

p °(plJ~-a(r)J~+'z(0)fp)p n = . p(plJ~+'2(Q J~-'2(0)lp). p (335)

where IP)o(IP).) is the proton (neutron) state vector U]p)p. = T-lp)np From (3 33) and (3 35) the vahdlty of the relahons (3 34) is evident
t The cross sections for processes v~,(9~,) + N --. # -0z ÷) + X are gwen by the expressions (3 12) It follows from (3 37) that the p and n averaged cross
secnons contain the same structure funcnons Thus, if the charged current is the "plus-component" of an ~sovector. the following relanon holds

do'CC/d),l wo = do'CC/d vl ,~o

We note that the available data [63] agree with this relanon
 S M B, lenky and J Hog&, GWS theory of electroweak mteractwns and the neutral currents 111

O"cc
t.,, 15 = o-(V) + 0.(A)-+ 0.(1) (3 38)

The quantities 0.(V), 0.(A) and 0.(I) are the contnbunons of the vector v ~_+,2 axnal-vector a ~-+'2, and of
the vector and axial-vector interference term to the cross sections, respectively. We have

or(V) = -2rrG2po f L,t~(k, k') Z (P]V;'2(z) V~+'2(O)IP)e-'"z Y dx dy dz (3.39)

etc
Using the isospm invariance of strong interachons and the transformation properties of the charged
and neutral currents, it is easy to see that for quanmies entering the expressions (3 27) and (3.38) the
following relations hold

o'(V) = 20.o(V),
0.(A) = 20.o(A), (3 40)
0.(I) = 2O-o(1)

As an example, let us derive the first relation. Since V~ is an lsovector, we have

[r,, = le,
• k l V ~' , (3 41)
where 7], is the lsospin operator Using (3.41) we get

[T1-,2, va~(z) V~+'2(0)] = V~-'2(z) V~+'2(0)- 2V~(z) V](0). (3.42)

For the matrix elements we find therefore

p, ,(p[ V~-'2(z) Vla+'2(0)[p)p.n = 21,,,,(p1V~(z) V~(0)lp)p.,, -T-p(Pl V{(z) V~+a(0)lp),. (3.43)

With the help of (3.28), 0.39) and (3.43) we find for the cross sections averaged over p and n the first
relauon (3.40). The other relanons can be derived analogously
We find from (3.27) and (3.38) that:

0 . vNC - - 0 . ~NC ----" 2(1 -- 2 s i n 2 0w) 0-o(I), (3.44)

O- cc
v -- 0.~ cc = 2o"(1).

Then, using also the third equality 0.40), the Paschos-Wolfensteln relation [61]

NC NC
O" v - - O'~
= ½(1 - 2 sm z 0w) (3.45)
O"v -- 0.~

easily follows.*
• W e have assumed that the p a r a m e t e r p which enters m general the effecuve w e a k interaction H a m f l t o m a n of the G W S theory (see (2 148))
equals one If pC 1, then instead of (3 45) we have

(Ir~ c - o'~c)/(cr c c - ~rcc) = ~p2(1 - 2 sm 20w)

112 S M Btlenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents

Thin relation connects the parameter s i n 2 0 w of the GWS theory with experimentally measurable
quantities, namely the total cross secnons for deep lnelashc processes v . ( F . ) + N ~ u , . ( F , . ) + X and
. . ( ~ . ) + N-~ # - ( # + ) + X
From recent data the following values of the parameter sin 2 0w can be extracted, using relation
(3 45)

sin 2 0w = 0 228--+0 018 (CDHS) [64] (3 46)

sm 2 0w = 0 230 + 0 023 (CHARM) [65] (3 47)

Before starting a more detailed discussion of the experimental data, we get expressions for the cross
sections under consideration m the parton approx~manon For cross sections averaged over p and n we
find easily [66] with the help of the formula (A.23)

NC
d o . , , ,~
da dy
- ~rox{gL,R[(U(X)+ d(x))+ (a(x)+ d(x))(1- y)21
+ g2 L[(fi(X) + d(x)) + (u(x)+ d(x))(1 - y)2] + g~ 2 s(x)[1 + (1 - y)2]} (348)
Here

g2 R = D2(Et R(/d)q- 8t R(d)) ,

g~ , 2 (3 49)
= R-(EL(S) + ER(S)).

where u(x), d(x), is the probablhty density of finding u, d, quarks m the proton, respectwely,
o.o = (G2/rr)ME Note that m (3 48) we have taken into account only the hght u, d and s quarks and
antNuarks and we have assumed that s(x)= g(x).
The processes v . ( G ) + N ~ v ~ , ( t T . ) + X are studied with neutrino detectors in parallel with the
charged current reduced processes v . ( G ) + N - . # - ( # + ) + X . With the help of (A23) we get In the
parton approxlmanon the following cross sections, averaged over p and n for the latter processes

d°'Cc = o'(,x{[u(x) + d(x) + 2s(x)] + [t/(x) + d(x)](1 - y)2} (3 5o)

dx dy

do- cc
(ix dy = O'oX{[U(X) + d(x)](l - y)e + [d(x) + a(x) + 2g(x)]} (351)

From (3.48), (3 50) and (3 5 1 ) It follows that the cross sections ~,.(~.) + N ~ v.(ff.) + X and v~.(ff.) + N ~
# (#+)+ X are related in the parton approximation, namely

d o ' . NO_
~ . do'U do-~c c , do-(s)_ (3 52)
dxdy gLR~+g2Ld--~y* dxdy '

where

do.(s)
dx dy = o-(,x 2s(x){g2[1 + (1 - y2)] - g2 _ g~.} (3 53)
 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracnons and the neutral currents 113

For do'CC/dy and dtrCC/dy we respectively get from eqs. (3.50) and (3.51)

do'~CC /dy = B[(1 - a ~) + a"(1 - y)2], (3.54)

dcrCC/dy = B[(1 - a ~) (1 - y)2 + a ~],

with

B = O'o(Q + (~ + 2S) (3.55)

and

0 ~_ ()+2S
O + () + 2S a (3 56)
O+ O+ 2S

In these expressions

O= fo'x(u + d) dx, O= fo'x(gt + d) dx, S= fo1xs dx. (3.57)

It is obvious that a ~ represents the relative contribution of nonstrange ant~quarks to the nucleon
momentum and a ~ - a ~ represents the relative contribution of strange quarks and antiquarks to the
nucleon momentum
For the cross sections do'v.N Ctidy we find the following expressions from (3.48) [66]:
NC
do-~,~ _2 Ltra~ + (1 -- a ~) (1 -- y)2] + g2(a~_ a")[1 + (1 - y)2]}
dy = B{g~_,R[(1- a ~) + a"(1 - y)2] + ga,
(3.58)
Furthermore, for the total cross sections for the processes considered, it follows from (3.52) that

NC 2 CC-- 2 CC + 0 r ( S ) "
O'.,,; = gL.R 0". -I- g R , L O ' ~ (3.59)

The last term, which represents the contribution of s-quarks only is small (see below, eq. (3.74)). From
(3.59) we find [66]

e -/~g 2
-V + O(s),
(3.60)
- O(s)
r_r-~

Here

R = O" NC~
~ /Or CC
v , ] ~ = O ~N C t/ O ~CC , r= o ' ~C C // o r uCC (3.61)

With the help of (3.60) the constants g2 and g2 can be determined directly from the experimental data.
114 S M Bllenkv and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents

Finally, we note that in the GWS electroweak theory, with p # 1, the constants gL and gR are given
as

g ~ = p2(½ _ sin 2 0w + ~ sin 4 0 w ) ,

(3 62)
gR = p2 ~ sin 4 0w

Now we will present the results obtained recently by the C H A R M collaboration at CERN (SPS,
energy of primary plons and kaons 200 GeV) [65, 67] The ratios R and/~ were found (at the energy of
hadrons Eh > 2 GeV) to be"

R = 0 320_+0 010,
(CHARM) (3 63)
/~ = 0 377 + 0 020

We note that the values of R and/q agree with those found by the CDHS group (Eh > 10 GeV) [64],

R = 0 307 _+0 008,

(CDHS) (3.64)
iq = 0 373 -+ 0 025

and they also agree with the ratios R and/~ obtained in less accurate experiments [68]
For the ratio r of cross sections of processes G O , . ) + N - - , # + ( # - ) + X which are induced by charged
currents, the value [65]

r = 0 498 -+ 0 019 (3 65)

has been found

Fig 2 shows the results of comparison of the experimental data on measurement of R and /~ by
CDHS and C H A R M with the GWS theory The curve in fig 2 includes the QCD corrections (numbers
on the curve are the values of sin 2 0w) It is seen from the figure that the data obtained in refs [64, 65] are in
good agreement with the standard model. In ref [65] the following value was obtained:

sin 2 0 w = 0 . 2 2 0 - + 0 014 (3 66)

Furthermore, with the help of (3 60) (taking into account the contribution of strange quarks) the
following values of the constants g~ and g2R [65] are obtained

g 2 = 0 305--+0 013,
gR = 0 036-+0.013 (3 67)

If the GWS theory is taken for granted, the parameters p and sin 2 0w are determined as

p = 1 027-+ 0.023, (3 68)

sin 2 0w = 0 247 + 0.038 (3.69)

 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracnons and the neutral currents 115

06
x CDHSSPS
• CHARM SPS

05

OZ,

03

0'2 0L3 0'4 0'5

R
Ftg 2 Comparison of the C D H S [64] and C H A R M [65] data on the measurement of R = o'~NC/o',,CC and / ~ - o ' ~Nc/o'~cc , wlth the G l a s h o w -
Wemberg-Salam theory

It then follows from (3.68) that avadable experimental data are all in agreement with the simplest
assumption of a doublet structure for the Higgs fields
The y dependence of the cross sections d~r~.ddy
Nc and d~r~,ddy
cc was studied in ref. [67] Information
NC CC
on the cross sections do-v. tidy as well as on do-~. tidy was extracted from the expenmental data by the
same method. In order to obtain values for the cross sections three fits were made w~th the help of
v
formulas (3.54) and (3.58). In the first one a , a , g~ and g~ were chosen as free parameters The term
in the cross sections proportional to g2 was not taken into account. The following values were found:

a v = O. 10 -+ 0 05, g2 = 0.32 -+ 0.02,

a ~ = O. 18 -+ 0.02, g2 = 0.05 -+ 0.02 (3.70)

In the second fit the parameters a , gs2 and Sln20w were chosen as the free ones (p = 1). The
contribution of strange quarks, determined by the behaviour of the charged current cross sections was
taken (based on the first fit) to be

o~~ - a " = 0.08 - 0.05

The resulting values of the free parameters are

a = 0.18+0.02, g2 = 0 . 2 6 + 0 . 0 6 , sin 2 0 w = 0.23-+0.02 (3.71)

For the ratio of the constants with which the s and d quarks enter the neutral current, it follows from
(3.71) that

2 2
gs/ga = 1.39 ___0.43 (3.72)
116 S M Btlenkv a n d J Ho~ek, G W S theory o f electroweak mteracnons a n d the neutral currents

In the GWS theory this rauo equals one Finally, in the thvd fit, sin2 0w was chosen as the free
parameter The value

sin 2 0w = 0 222_+0.016 (3.73)

was then found, in nice agreement with the value of sin 2 0w obtained from the SLAC experiment [11]
on deep inelastic scattering of polarized electrons on deuterons (see section 3.4). For the relatwe
contribution of fi and d antiquarks and of the sea of strange quarks to the nucleon momentum the
values [67]

a ~ = O 12_+0.04, a~-a ~ =006_+004 (374)

were found Note that the values of all parameters obtained in ref [67] agree with those obtamed by
other groups [60]
The processes u,,(~,)+ N ~ u~,(~,)+ X have been studied in a wide interval of neutrino energy, up to
- 2 0 0 GeV They are the best investigated neutrino processes induced by neutral currents Experimental
data on these processes are well described by the standard electroweak theory A very preose
determination of the value of sin2 0w is highly desirable for Grand Unified Theories. To get it, one
should not only improve the experimental accuracy but also include QCD [20] and radiative corrections
[21] in the analysis

3 2. The processes v,,(~,) + p ~ v,,(~) + p

In this subsection we consider the processes of elastic scattering of neutrino and antmeutnno on
protons,

v~, + p ~ v~, + p, (3.75)

fi~, + p ~ ~, + p (3.76)

These processes are the simplest exclusive processes, mediated by Z-boson exchange between neutnno
and hadron currents (see fig. 3). The matrix elements for the processes (3 75) and (3.76) are given by the
expressions

GF
(fl(s- 1)li) = -Y--~ Nk,Nk fi(k') y.(1 +- )'5) u(k) " (pqJ°lp) (277")4 t~(p'- p -- q) . (3.77)

Here k and k' are the momenta of the initial and final neutrino (antlneutnno), respectwely, p and p' are

I
qwZ

Fig 3 Diagram of the process vu + p ~ vu + p

 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracuons and the neutral currents 117

the inmal and final proton momenta, respectively, q = k - k', j o is the hadronic neutral current and
Nk = 1/{(27r)3/zX/~o} is the standard normalization factor. The matnx element (p,ljOlp) has the
following general form:

(p'lJ°lp) = Np,Np ft(p') [ y~ Fv(q 2) - ~ cr,,oqt3FM(q 2) + iq~,Fs(q 2) + T,,TSFA(q 2)

,
2 M tr"oqoY" FT(q2) + iq,,y, Fp(q 2) u(p), ] (3.78)

Fv(q2), FM(q2),... are the form factors. It follows from the unitanty of the S-matrix and from the T
invanance, that the form factors Fv(q2), FM(q2),.. are real. Next, since the Hamiltonian is hermltian,

0 + 0
(J~) (rh,) = J~, r/, = -1, ~7, = 1 (3 79)

(provided the imtial and final neutrinos are identical particles, see section 3.1). From (3.78) and (3.79) it
then follows that

Fs = 0, FT = 0. (3.80)

It is obvious, finally, that the form factor Fp does not contribute to the expression for the cross section.
The neutral hadromc current of the standard electroweak theory can be written as

jo = v~ + a 3 - 2 sin 2 0wje~m+ "'" (3.81)

Here v 3 and a~ are third components of isovectors

t -- 1 1 -- 1
v~ = Ny,~r,N, a~ = Ny~,ys~r,N (3.82)

N = G) and the dots in (3 81) stand for the contribution of s, c and other heavy quarks. It follows from
the data on deep inelastic neutrino-nucleon scattenng that the contribution of s-quarks to the nucleon
momentum amounts to several per cent of the contribution of u and d quarks [62]. Neglecting m (3.81)
the s, c and other heavy quarks and using the isospin invariance of strong interactions, we get

(P'IJ°IP) = p(P'I V31P)p + ~(P'IA31p)~- 2 sin2 0w p(p'jj~mlp)p. (3.83)

Here*

.(p'lV lp). =1 ~[p(p , IJ=_ IP)p- Zp'lJZmlp)n] , (3.84)

p(p,lA3lp)p =1
~p(Pt IA,~ IP)n--I~n(P,IA~1-,2IP)p
1+12 __
(3.85)

In (3.83)-(3.85) IP)p and IP)n are the state vectors with momentum p of the proton and neutron,
respectively.
* Since A~ is the Isovector. [T,. A~] = W,ktA~ (T~ is the lsospm operator) Consequently. A~ = ~[T1+,2, A~-el Taking the matrix elements of thzs
relation we obtain eq (3 85)
118 S M Bdenky and J Hogek. GWS theory of electroweak mteractzons and the neutral currents

One-nucleon matrix elements of the operators J i m and A~ -12, have the standard form

p.n(p'[jemlp)p.n = N v , N v a ( p ' )
[ "y,~Fp'n(q2) - ~ 1 O',~t~qt~tzp'n(q2)] u(p), (3 86)

,(p'la~-'21p)p = Np,Np f((p') [y~,ysGA(qa) + iqaysGr,(q2)] u(p) ,

where FP'"(q2) and F~'"(q 2) are the Dlrac and Pauh form factors of the proton and neutron, respectively
and GA(q 2) is the axial form factor of the nucleon. Gl,(q 2) lS the pseudoscalar form factor (Gp does not
enter the cross sections considered) From (3 78), (3 83)-(3 85) it follows that

Fv(q 2) = FV(q 2) - 2 sin 2 0w FP(q2),

FM(q 2) = FV(q 2) - 2 sin 2 0w FP(q2), (3 87)
FA(qz) = ~GA(qe),

where

FV(q 2) = ½(FP(q 2) - F,"(q2)), t = 1, 2 (3 88)

are the isovector form factors of the nucleon

Therefore, the one-nucleon matrix element of the operator of the hadron neutral current of the GWS
theory contains only the electromagnetic and axial form factors of the nucleon and the parameter
Sln2 0w, provided that the contribution of s, c, and other heavy quarks is neglected. The nucleon form
factors are determined from the experimental data on elastic electron-nucleon scattering and on the
quasi-elastic processes P,, + p ~ # + + n and v,, + n ~ / z - + p Thus the processes v,, (~,~) + p ~ v,~(~,~) + p
are well suited for the determination of the parameter sin e 0w
The cross sections of the processes (3.75) and (3 76) are given by the general expressions (3.5) and
(3 10), respectively In the present case of elastic scattering, the tensor W,,~ acquires the form

1 f~ ,
W~o = T-~ _ 4Sp F~(p , p) (13+ iM) F~(p', p) ~' + iM) 6(p'- p - q) ~ , (3.89)

where

F,,(p', p) = y,, Fv(q 2) - ~-~

1
tr,,t3qt3FM(q-) + y,~y5 FA(q 2) (3.90)

Evaluating traces and comparing the result obtained with the general expression (3 11), we get for the
structure functions

F, = MWI = ~I[(Fv+FM)2+(I+2M\
- ~ y ) F A2J16 ( x - 1 ) ,

Fz= vW2= [ Fv+ Ey -'2M/"+

h F~] ~(x-1)' (3.91)

F~ = vW~ = 2FA (Fv + FM) 6(X -- I)

 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theoryof electroweakmteracnonsand the neutralcurrents 119

Taking into account that for elastic scattering y = q2/2ME and substituting (3.91) into (3.12), one obtains
the following expressions for the cross sections of the processes v,, + p ~ ~,,, + p and ~,, + p ~ ~,, + p [69]:

do'~,~ G2 {(Fv 2 FA) 2+ (1--y)2 (Fv 2 FA'~2+ MY (F2A_ F 2)

dq 2 = ~ ] - 4E

E FM+ y ( F v + ~FM-T- FA) +- 2FA]}

+½yFM[(1- y)'~-~ (3.92)

The processes v,(~,) + p o v~,(~,,) + p have been investigated in a number of experiments*. The most
accurate data were obtained in [70]. In this work 212 events were seen for v,,-p scattering and 110 events for
~,-p scattering. For the ratio R~ of the cross sections v,, + p ~ v,, + p and v,, + n ~ / , - + p and the ratio R
of the cross sections ~,, + p ~ ~,, + p and ~,, + p ~ / ~ + + n (both m the interval 0.4 < q2< 0.9 GeV 2) the
following values were obtained:

R, = 0 11-0.015, (3.93)
R~ = 0.19--+0.035. (3.94)
The data of other groups agree with these values. Note that in ref. [70] the differential cross sections dtrddq 2
and do'~/dq 2 for 0.4 < q: < 0.9 GeV 2 have also been obtained.
The data obtained m ref. [70] are in agreement with the standard electroweak theory. This can be
seen from fig. 4, where the curve corresponds to the GWS theory The best description of the data of
ref. [70] is obtained with

sin2 0w = 0.28 -+ 0 03 (3.95)

To obtain (3.95) in ref. [70] it was assumed that the electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon are
related by the so-called scaling relations

Gh(q 2) = Kp G~(q2), O•(q z) = rn G~(q2), O~(q 2) = 0 (3.96)

(GM = F I + F2, GE = F~-(q2/4M2)Fz are the magnetic and charge form factors of the nucleon,
respectively, rp = 2.79 and K, =--1.81 are the total magnetic moments of the proton and neutron,
respectively, in Bohr's magnetons) and that the dipole formula

1
GP(q2) - (1 + q2/M2v)2 (3.97)

holds wah Mv = 0.84 GeV. The axial form factor of the nucleon was assumed to have the form

1.2
GA(q2) = (1 + q2/M2A)2' M A = 0.86 G e V . (3.98)

* For references see [70]

120 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, G W S theory of electroweak mteractwns and the neutral currents

05
O~

03

O~
0

02

02

01

0~1 0L2 013

R9

Fig 4 Comparison of R~ and R ~ [70], with the GWS theory

In ref. [71] the cross sections of the processes (3 75) and (3 76) were calculated for other
parametnzatlons of the electromagnetic nucleon form factors, which describe all avadable experimental
data on the electron-nucleon scattering It was shown that, only for neutrino energy smaller than
1 GeV, the uncertainties m the electromagnetic nucleon form factors do practically not influence the
value of the cross sections for the processes considered.

33 The leptomc processes v(f,)+ e ~ v(~)+ e

The leptonlc processes (see fig. 5) reduced by the neutral current

v~, + e ~ v~, + e , (3.99)

~, + e ~ ~, + e (3.100)

are simplest theoretically.

The process if,, + e ~ P,~ + e was first observed at CERN m the large bubble chamber "Gargamelle"

k'
q~z
I

Fig 5 Diagram of the process vu + e--, v~, + e

 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteractwns and the neutral current~ 121

in 1973 [8]. Observation of this process as well as the observation of muonless neutrino events
v~,(~,)+ N ~ 1,,,(~,,)+ X signify the discovery of neutral currents.
Although the process (3.100) was the first neutral current induced one observed experimentally, its
detailed experimental investigation is far from being completed.
First we get the differentml cross sectxons of processes (3.99) and (3 100). In the general V, A case the
neutrino-electron interaction Hamiltonian is of the form

GF
Y( = ~ (~,y~(1 + y5)I,,~)(~y,~(gv + gAys)e), (3 101)

where gv and gA are constants. In the standard electroweak theory we have (see eq. (2.166))*

gv = -~1 + 2 sin 2 0w, gA = -~.1 (3.102)

For the matnx elements of processes (3.99) and (3 100) we have from (3.101)

Gv NkNk,NeNp, fi(k') y,~(1+ y,) u(k) fi(p') y,,(gv + gAYS)/2(/9) (2~) 4 a(p'-- p
(fl(S- 1)1i)= -T-l~-~ -- q).

(3.103)

Here k and k' are momenta of the initial and final neutrino (antmeutrino), p and p' are momenta of the
initial and final electrons, q = k - k', Nk = 1/{(27r)3/2~/~oo} is the standard normalization factor From
(3.103) the corresponding cross sections easily follow:

o~ 1
do-,,.,~ - (2702 Ipk[ (L,,~(k, k') +-L]t3(k, k')) . [g~(L,~(p, p') + L]ts(p, p'))

_x dp' dk'
+ g~(L~(p, p')- L]o(p, p'))- 2m2gLgR6~.] 6(p'-- p-- q) ~ kb " (3.104)

Here m is the electron mass,

gL = ½(gv+ gA), gR = ½(gv-- gA), (3.105)

L~t3(k, k') and L,~a(k,

5 k') are given by the expressions (3.6). We define the invariant dimensionless
variable

pq = E - E' T (3.106)
Y = pk E E

where E and E' are energies of the initial and final neutrino, respectively, in the lab. system and T is
the kinetic energy of the recoil electron. Since in the present case of elastic scattering pq = _½q2, we

1 2
* For p # 1, gv = p ( - [ + 2 sm Ow), gA = p(--½)
122 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, G W S theory of electroweak mteractwns and the neutral currents

have also*

y = qZ/2mE (3.107)

It is easily seen that the vanable y scans the interval

1
0<y< (3 108)
- 1 + m/2E"

From (3 104) we obtain the following expressions for the cross sections for the processes under
consideration [72]

dO'(v~,e-o v~,e) [ m ]
dy = 2o-o g2 + (1 - y)2g2 _ -E ygLga , (3.109)

d o - ( G e ~ P~,e)= 20"o[(1- y)2g2 + 2 m YgLgn] (311o)

dy ga-~- •

Here

o-o = ql"
m E = 0.85 x 10-4tE cm2/GeV (3 111)

Experimental information on the processes v~,(P~,)+ e ~ v,,(G)+ e as presently available was

obtained at high neutrino energies, (E ~> 1 GeV) In this region we have**

do-(v,e-o v,,e)/dy = 2o-o[g~_+ (1 - y)2g~],

(3 112)
do-(G e ~ p,, e)/dy = 2O'o[(1 - y)2g~_ + g ~ ] .

For the total cross sections we find

1 2
O'(v,, e -+ v~,e) = 2O'o(g 2 + ~gR),
(3.113)
O'(G e + P,, e) = 2O'o(½g2 + g ~t)

* Note that the variable y Is related to the scattenng angle 0 In c m s and to s by y = (s - m2X 1 - cos O)/2s At high energms s ~>m 2 and
y = (1 - cos 0)/2
** Note that the expressions (3 112) follow easily from the general formula (A 26) Indeed, we have

ti(p') Y~(gv + gAYS)U(p) = gL fi(P') yo(1 + YS) u(p) + gR fi(p') y<,(1 -- YS) u(p)

It then follows that the contribution of electrons with left hehcRy to the cross section is proportional to g~, while the contrtbutlon of electrons with
right hehclty Is proportional to g~t Further, since the V, A mteractton conserves hehcity, the cross secuons for the processes vu(~u)+ e ~ vu(,Ju)+ e
must be the sum of contributions from electrons with left and nght hehcltms Since x = 1 for elastic scattenng, eq (3 112) follows from (A 26)
 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory o[ electroweak mteracnons and the neutral currents 123

Hence,

o'(v~,e-~ v,.,e) - 1 ~o'(v~,e

- ~ ~.e) = ,6 :
~-oogL, (3.114)
o'(~.e ~ ~ . e ) - ½tr(v,.e ~ v . e ) = ~trog 2

Thus the interaction constants g2 and g2 can be found directly from the total cross section data for the
processes under consideration. From (3 114) it also follows that, m the general V, A case [73]

½<-o-(~,e~ ~,~,e)/o'(v.e~ v,.e)-< 3 (3.115)

(the upper bound corresponds to gL = O, the lower bound corresponds to ga = O)

Let us proceed to the processes

ve+e~ve+e, (3 116)

~+e+~.+e. (3 117)

Both neutral and charged currents contribute to the corresponding matrix elements for these processes
(see fig 6). The effectwe Hamiltonian is given by the expression

G~
Y( = ~ [(~y,~(1 + ys)e) (~y,.(1 + ys)Ve)+(~o%~(1 + ys)Ve)(~%.(gv+ gAYS)e)] (3.118)

If the unwersality of neutral current interactions of the electron and muon neutrinos with electrons
holds, then the constants gv and gA in (3.101) and (3.118) should be equal. In the GWS theory the
constants gv and gA are given by eq. (3.102).
With the help of a Fiertz transformation the Hamiltonmn (3.118) can be rewritten as

Y( = a~ F (t7~%~(1+ ys)ue) (ey,~(gv

- e
+ g~)e), (3.119)

where

g{, = 1 + gv, g~, = 1 + gA. (3.120)

Cross sections for the processes ve + e ~ re+ e and ~e + e ~ ~. + e are given by the expressions (3.109)

I I
qvZ vW
I i

Ftg 6 Diagrams of the process ve + e-* ve + e

124 S M Bdenky and J Hog&, GWS theory of electroweak mteracnons and the neutral currents

and (3.110), respectively, with the following substitutions

1 e
geog'_ = ~(gv+ g~,)= gL+ 1,
1 e
(3 121)
gR "-'~g~ = ~ ( g v - g~.) = gR

Note that for E > m the following relation holds in the general V, A case [73]

( r ( ~ e ~ O.e) - ~o'(v.
' e-+ !.,. e) = ~r(~¢e~ ~ e ) - ' oe) (3 122)

It is an immediate consequence of the relations (3 114) and (3,121) Testing it one verifies the
universality of the neutral lepton current Induced interactions.
Let us now turn to the available experimental data The process v. + e ~ u,, + e was best investigated
in the Batavia experiment [74]. 34 events of u . - e scattering (with a background of 12 events) were
registered The total cross section for the process was found to be*

~ r ( v . e ~ v . e ) = (1 40 _+0 30)x 10 42E cm2/GeV (3 123)

In the standard electroweak theory

1
gL = --~+ sin 20w, gR = sin 2 0w (3.124)

Then from (3 123) It follows that

sin 2 0w = a,,.~--,-o
"~ +o o7
os (3.125)

Data obtained in other experiments are in agreement with the results of ref [74], as is seen from table
1

Table 1
Expenmental data on the process u~, + e---, v~, + e

Number of ~r/E
Group candidates Background (10-42 cm2/GeV)

GGM PS [75] 1 0 3 +-0 1 <3 0

Serpukhov [76] 1 02 <3 8
Aachen-Padova [77] 11 3 1 1~ 0 6
BNL-Columbla [78] 8 0 5 -+0 5 18 - 0 8
GGM (SPS) [79] 9 0 5 -+0 2 2 4-+0~9~
CHARM [80] 11 452-- 1 4 262_. 1 6

The highest number of ~ . e ~ g.e events (72_+ 12) was obtained [81] by the C H A R M group (CERN,
SPS) For the total cross section they found'l

o - ( ~ , e ~ ~,e) = (1 70 -+0 33) × 10-42E cm2/GeV (3 126)

* Systematic error of the cross secnon ~s esUmated [74] to be -+0 2 × 10-42E cm2/GeV
t The error m (3 126) is statlsncal The systematic error amounts to - 2 5 %
 S M Bdenky and J Ho~ek, GWS theory of electroweak mteract~onsand the neutral currents 125

Table 2
Experimental data on the process ~u + e ~ ~, + e

Number of ~/E
Group can&dates Background (10-42 cm2/GeV)

GGM PS [82] 3 04-+0 1 1 0 +2 1

-o 9
BEBC [83] 1 0 5 -+.0 2 <3 4
15' FNAL [84] 0 0 2-+0 2 <2 1
GGM (SPS) [85] 0 <0 2 <2 7
Aachen-Padova [77] 8 17 2 2 -+ 1 0

Data of other groups are shown m table 2. From (3.126) one obtains now for the parameter sin 2 0w of
the GWS theory

sin 2 0w = 0.29 - 0.05. (3.127)

Process ~ + e ~ ~e + e was studied m one experiment [54] only, with low energy reactor antineu-
tnnos. After subtracting the background ( - 8 5 % ) , the statistics was 460 events. The cross section was
found to be

o'(~e --} ~ee) = (0.85 - 0.25)O'v_A (1.5 -< E' -< 3.0 MeV)
(3.128)
o'(~e ~ ~ e ) = (1.70 _ 0.44)O'v-A (3.0 -< E' -< 4.5 MeV).

Here trV-A is the cross section calculated in the V - A theory and E' is the energy of the recoiled
electron. These data agree with the standard theory. From (3.128) one gets the following value:

sin 20w = 0.29_+ 0.05. (3.129)

From eqs. (3.125), (3.127) and (3.129) we conclude that the values of sin E Ow, obtained from all data on
purely leptonic processes v,,(~,) + e ~ v,,(E,) + e and ~Te+ e ~ ~e + e all coincide within (rather big)
experimental errors
If we only assume that the neutral current of charged leptons has a V, A form, the data on total cross
sections for the processes v~, + e ~ v~, + e and ~,, + e ~ ~, + e at high energies can determine uniquely
the constants g2L and g2 (see (3.114)). Obviously, four solutions for gv and gA exist. They differ by their
signs and by the interchange of gv and gA. TO this ambigmty correspond four regions of intersecting
ellipses in the gv, gA plane, fig. 7. Sign ambiguity can be removed by using also the data on the cross
section of the process ~e + e ~ ~ + e (see fig. 7). As a result two solutions remain, which &ffer by the
interchange of gv and gA.
The joint analysis of the data on leptonic processes v~,(~,) + e ~ v~,(~,) + e, ~ + e ~ ~ + e and
e + + e- ~ l + + l- enables an unambiguous determination of the constants gv and gA (see section 3.5).
This solution (gv - 0, gA -------½) is in agreement with the GWS theory.
126 S M Btlenky and J Hogek, G WS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents

5m2~9w CJv

v e" 0,5[ 1[ &e-

~ IARKJ

F~g 7 Regions of possible values of gv and gA following data on leptonlc processes , , u + e ~ v u + e ~u+e~u+e, ~e+e~9e+e and
e* + e- --, # + +/x The umque values of gv and gA, which agree with all data, correspond to the GWS theory for sin: 0w = 4l

3 4 P-odd asymmetry m the deep melastw scattermg of longttudlnally polanzed electrons by nucleons

In this subsection we calculate the P-odd asymmetry in the deep inelastic scattering of longitudinally
polarized electrons by nucleons,

e+N~e+X (3 130)

P-odd asymmetry in the process (3.130) is due to the interference of the one-photon exchange diagram,
fig 8a with the Z-boson exchange diagram fig 8b and obviously its order of magmtude is given by ratio
of the contributions of the respective diagrams*"

A GF q:
V,52~.a 10-4 q 2 (3 131)

(M is the nucleon mass) At presently accessible values of q2 the expected asymmetry has thus to be quite
small
Heroic efforts from the SLAC group [ll] were reqmred to measure an asymmetry of the order of
magnitude 10 4 in the region qZ= 1 GeV 2 The discovery [10-11] of the weak interaction between
electrons and nucleons had completed an important stage in the investigation of neutral currents (1978)
It was shown that all experimental data on leptomc and hadronlc neutral currents can be described
within the framework of the most simple version of the unified gauge models of weak and electromag-
netic interactions, namely, by the Glashow-Welnberg-Salam model Further investigations of neutral

(a) (b)

qtZ

F~g 8 Diagrams of the process e + N ~ e + X to lowest order both in the electromagnetic and weak couphngs

* As early as in 1959 [86] Zeldovlch suggested to look for panty violation effects both m the scattenng of polarized electrons by nucleons and in
atomic transmons His est~matlon of the order of magmtude of the expected effects has proved to be correct
 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteractzons and the neutral currents 127

currents, the study of the weak interactions between charged leptons in particular (see section 3.5), have
confirmed this conclusion.
The ettectwe Hamiltoman of weak interactmns for electrons and quarks is written as (see section 2.6)

= 2~ (~'/,,(gv + gA~'5)e)J° , (3 132)

where the hadromc neutral current 1o Is of the form

1o = ~, gl3'~(vq+ ao~/5)q. (3.133)

q=d,s, , t

In the GWS theory (for p = 1) we have

1 1
gv = - ~ + 2 sm 2 0w, gA = -~ (3.134)

Vq = ~1 - 4~ sin 2 0w, I
a o = ~, q = u, c, t (3.135)

1 2 • 2 1
Vq = -~+~sln Ow, ao = -~, q = d, s, b (3.136)

First we wdl only assume that the neutral current is of the V, A form Then, P-odd asymmetry in the
process (3.130) will be calculated within the GWS theory. No assumptions on the strong interaction
dynamics will be made at this stage (except neglecting the contribution of s, c and of other heavy
quarks). We will show that the P-odd asymmetry in the deep inelastic scattering of polarized electrons
on nucleons can be related to other experimentally measurable quantities [87, 88]. Then we will
calculate the P-odd asymmetry in the parton approximation [89-91] and analyse its validity [93, 94, 88]
Finally, we will present the data of the SLAC experiment [11] and briefly describe this experiment.
The matrix element of the process (3.130) to lowest order in the constants a and GF, has the form

2
(fl(S- 1)11)= iNkNk, ~ [ti(k') y~ u(k )(p'lJXmlp)

-rl t~(k') y,(gv + gA3'5) u(kXp'lJ°lp)] (2zr)4 8 ( p ' - p - q). (3.137)

Here k and k' are the momenta of the initial and final electron, respectively, p is the momentum of the
initial nucleon, p' is the total momentum of the final hadrons, q = k - k', j~m and j o are the operators
of hadron electromagnetic and hadron neutral current respectively (in the Heisenberg representation)
and

GF q 2 q2
77 = ~ 2rra 1.58X 10-4 M2. (3 138)

Consider the process of deep inelastic scattering of polarized electrons on unpolarized nucleons.
Neglecting the electron mass and taking into account that the V, A interactions conserve helicity, we
128 S M Btlenky and J Hog&, GWS theory of electroweak mteractlons and the neutral currents

have for the density matrix of the Initial electrons

p(k) = ~(1 - ays) a(k), (3 139)

where A is the longitudinal polarization of electrons and A (k)-/~/1.

Up to terms linear m r/the cross section for the process (3 130) 1s

2a 2 M
do.- q4 [pk[ [-½Sp yap(k) yo A(k') W~(p, q)

-rl (-72)-) Spy,,o(k)ye(gv+gAys)A(k') W,~t~(P; q) ]dk'k~ ' (3.140)

where the quantitms W~(p, q) and W]~(p, q) are defined as follows

,
W,~e(p, q) = (pl[d%(x) Jim(0) + J;m(x) J°(0)]lp) e -'qx dx, (3 141)

W:'~(p, q) = -(27r) 2 POMf (P[J;m(x) jem(0)[P) e-'qx dx. (3 142)

Evaluating traces and taking into account only the contributions from the panty violating part of the
weak interaction Hamlltonian, we have [91, 92, 95] for the cross section

( do" ) do'era [1 + ar/(gvaa+ ghav)] (3.143)

a - dq 2 dp

where

d o . em 27ra 2 M 2
dq 2 dv - q4 (pk)2 L~t3 W]~ (3 144)

is the cross section for deep inelastm scattering of unpolarlzed electrons on unpolarized nucleons,

L~,e(k, k') W~t3(p, q) (3.145)

av = L,,e(k, k') W~7( p, q)'

L]a(k, k') WIl3(p, q) (3 146)

OeA= L,,~(k, k') W:'~(p, q) "

In these expressions

L,~ (k, k') = k,~k '~- &~kk' + k" k~,

s
L~,t~(k, k ') = e ,,~kpk ,,~ . (3.147)
 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents 129

Obviously, av (aA) characterizes the relative contribution of the interference of the electromagnetic
current with the vector (axial) part of the hadron neutral current m the expression for cross section.
P-odd asymmetry m deep inelastic scattering of polarized electrons by unpolarized nucleons is
defined as

1 [(d~r/dq 2 dv)x - (dtr/dq 2 dv)-A]

A = ~- [(dtr/dq2 dv)a + (do'/dq 2 dv)_a] " (3.148)

We have

A = r/(gvaA + ggav) • (3.149)

NOW we shall derive the general expressions for av and aA. Due to the conservation of the
electromagnetic current we have

I
q,~ W,~(p, q) q~ = 0. (3.150)

The general expression for W ~ satisfying this condition is

W~o(p, q) = (6,,o - q~qo]

q2 ] W~ + --~(P~-~q2q~)
1 (Po-~qzqt3) -W 2' + ~ 1 - 3'
e,~t3m~ppq,~ W

i
+-~(P,,q~- q~Po) W~4+--~2(p~q~ + q-Po- 2 ~q2 q,~qo) W I , (3.151)

where W,, i = 1, 2,.. , 5 are real functions of the scalar quantities q2 and v. Substituting (3.151) into
(3.145) and (3.146) we get

[1+ ( 1 - y)2] F ~ - y2[(1 + 2M2x2/q2)FIm - XFIl!m (3.152)

av = [1 + (1 - y)2] F~,~ _ y [(1 + 2M2x2/q )F2 - xFx ]'

[1 - (1 - y)Z]xF~ (3.153)
aA = [1 + (1 -- y)2]F~m - y2[(1 + 2M2x2/qZ)F~ m - xF~m] '

where

Fix = 2MW~I, F~= vW~2, FI3 = vW~3 (3.154)

are dimensionless functions of the vanables q2 and x; F~ "~ 2 M W ~ m and F-~m pW~ m are the standard
= =

electromagnetic structure functions of the nucleon. It follows from (3.153) that [93, 94, 96]

aAly-.o = 0, (3.155)

therefore,

Aly--,o = ngAav. (3 156)

130 S M Bllenky and J Hog&, GWS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents

Up to now we have only assumed that the neutral current has the V, A structure We now consider
the deep inelastm scattering of polarized electrons by nucleons m the framework of standard elec-
troweak theory The neutral hadron current of the GWS theory has the form

l ° = v 3 + a 3 - 2 sm 2 0 w l ~ m + (3 157)

3 3
H e r e v,~ and a,~ are the third components of asovectors

~r,N, a ~ = Ny~ys ~z,N (3.158)

N = (,~) and the dots m (3.157) stand for the contnbutaon of s, c and other heavy quarks. Contnbution of
these quarks to the processes of deep melastm scattering amounts to a few per cent [62] and at wall be
neglected m what follows. In th~s approx~matmn

l,~e m - v~,~; + ~v,~,

' S
(3 159)

where

= (3 160)

as an asoscalar
Consider the deep inelastic scattering of polarized electrons on isoscalar targets (m the S L A C
experiment the scattering of electrons on deuterons has been mvestlgated) It can be shown that [90, 94]

2"B'20~2 do-CC_ddq 2 d v (3 161)

OtA -- G 2 q 4 c°s 2 0c & r ~ = / d q 2 d v '

Here 0c Is the Cababbo angle and

cc
do',,_ ~ do'~
cc cc
do'~
cc
do'~ and
do.CC
dq 2 dv - dq 2 dv dq 2 d r ' dq 2 dv dq 2 dv

being the cross sectmns of the deep melastm processes

v,. + N ~ # - + X, ~,, + N ~ # + + X , (3162)

respectwely; do-~m/dq2dp IS the cross section for deep lnelastm scattenng of unpolarlzed electrons by
nucleons. Indeed, the lsovector-~soscalar antefference does not contribute to the cross sectmn m the
case of an lSOSCalar target here considered. We have

L-~ u/v A
, . p . . ,./3
~A = L a 8 W ~,t3 era' (3 163)

where
 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mtemcnons and the neutral currents 131

w,~VJ' -(2rr) 2 fl-~f (pl(a~(x) V3(O)+ V3t3(x)a3(0))[p) e -'qx dx (3.164)

Consider now the neutrino processes (3.162). In the u, d approximation, the charged current is

1~+) = cos 0c (v~+'2 + a~ +a) (3.165)

For the difference between the cross sections of the two processes v,, + N---)/z- + X and ~,, + N ~ / z + + X,
we obtain

cc
do-._~ G~ 2
dq 2dp - 27r cos 20c Lc,5o ( W , ~V.A)cc, (3 166)

where

(WV,A,
,~t3 jcc : _(2,T1.)2 ~ / (p[(A~-a(x) V~+'2(0) + Vt~1-12 (x) A,,,+12 (0)[p) e --'qx dx. (3.167)

Next, owing to the isospin invarlance of strong interactions it is easy to show that*

( W v'g~
'~O )CC = 2 w,,VoA (3.168)

From (3.144), (3.163), (3.166) and (3.168) we get relation (3.161).

Thus, provided that the GWS theory is correct, the quantity aA IS fully determined by experimentally
measurable quantities.
Consider now the contnbutlon of the interference between the electromagnetic and the vector part
of the neutral hadronlc current to the asymmetry. It is convenient to rewrite the neutral hadron current
in the u, d approximation as

jo
= (1 - 2 'sm 2 0w)J,,em - ~1/)S, , + a , ,3. (3 169)

Substituting this expression into (3.145) we find

a v = 2(1 - 2 sin 2 0w) - ~2O /sv , (3.170)

where

s = (SS)/Lo , (3.171)

* Indeed, we have [T. A~] = le,ktA~, [T~, V~] = le,ktV t, where T, are the lsosp, n operators It then follows that

[rl-a2, A~(x) V~+'2(0)] = A~-'2(x) V~*'2(0) - 2a~(x) V3~(0)

Taking into account that TI_+,2[p)= 0, we obtain (pI[TI-,2, A3~(x) Vla÷'2(0)[p) = (PlA~-a(x) V~÷'2(0)Ip) - 2(pIA~(x) V~(0)[p) = 0
132 S M Bzlenky and J Ho~ek. GWS theory of electroweal~ mteracnons and the neutral currents

(SS) = - (27r) 2 ~ L,w

f (p] vS,(x) v](0)lp) e -'qx dx (3 172)

The quantity (SS) can be expressed m terms of measurable quantities Indeed, the cross section for deep
inelastic scattering of unpolanzed electrons on lSOSCalar target is gwen by

do- em 2,rra 2 M 2
dq 2 dv - q ~ (pk) 2 ((VV) + ~(SS)), (3 173)

where

( v v ) = - (27r) 2 --~
po L,w f (Pl V3~(x) V3(O)IP) e-'q~ dx (3.174)

Consider further the deep melasuc neutnno processes

+ N--, +) + X, (3.175)

+ N--> (P,,) + X (3 176)

Using the lsospin mvanance of strong interactions (see the footnote on p 131) we get the sum of the
cross sectmns for the processes (3.175) and (3 176) m the form

cc
do.v+o Gg M 2
- - COS20C ((VV) + (AA)) , (3 177)
dq 2 d r 27r (pk) 2

d o . ~c G2 M2
dq 2 dv - 2~" (pk) 2 [(1 - 2 sin z 0w) 2 (VV) + (AA) + 4 sm 4 0w(SS)] (3.178)

where

(AA) = - ( 2 I r ) 2 --~
p0 L~,~ f (plA3(x) A3(O)lp)e ,qx dx. (3.179)

From the relations (3.173), (3.177) and (3.178) it is obvious that the quantity (SS) can be related to the
cross sections do.~+ddq
cc 2 dr, do-yC/dq2 du and do.em/dq 2 dr. For the P-odd asymmetry m deep inelastic
scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons on an lsoscalar target we obtain the followmg general
expression [87, 88]

GF q2 { Ir%~2 1 [do.NC~
A = V'2 2~'c~ sin2 0w + G2q4 sm 2 Ow do.em/dq 2 du [dq 2 du

1 do'CC Ow I do-~_c~] (3.180)

2 cos 20c dq2 dv q- ( - 1 + 4 sin 20w) smZ cos 20c dq 2 d v J J

R e m e m b e r that while arrwmg at this expression we have only neglected the small contribution of the s, c
 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracuons and the neutral currents 133

quarks, and of other heavy quarks to the cross sections of the deep inelastic processes under
consideration. No other dynamical assumption has been made (only the transformation properties of
both the neutral and charged hadron currents of the GWS theory were used). Consequently, via (3.180)
the parameter sln20w can be determined practically, with no assumption made about the strong
interaction dynamics.
On the other hand, if the parameter sin2 0w is already determined from the Paschos-Wolfenstem
relation (3.45) (obtained under the same assumptions as (3.180)), relation (3 180) enables us to check the
GWS theory.
Before turning to the calculation of the P-odd asymmetry A in the parton approximation, we would
hke to consider once again the expression (3.161) for aA. Both the cross sections of neutnno processes
v,,(fi~,) + N ~ # - ~ + ) + X and the cross section of the electromagnetic process e + N ~ e + X enter into
the expression for OtA. Within the u, d approximation relation (3.161) as exact. It is easy to derive an
approximate expressmn for aA m terms of the cross sections of the neutrino processes v,,(~,,)+ N ~
#-(/x+)+ X only. Indeed, let us neglect in (3 173) the lsoscalar contribution ~(SS) compared to the
lsovector one, (VV). In the high energy region we are interested in, the accuracy of this approximation
~s of the order of 10%. Further, we set (VV) = (AA) (chiral symmetry and the experimental data). With
the help of (3.161), (3.173) and (3.177) we then get [93]

2 d°'CC/dq2 dv - do'CC/dq2 dv
aA-- do'CC/dq2 dv + dcrCC/dq2 dr" (3.181)

The cross sections entering the r.h.s, of this relation can all be measured in one experimental set up
(clearly this is important from the point of view of systematic errors).
Now we will calculate the P-odd asymmetry A in the parton approximation. We will also show that
the accuracy of the parton approximation in calculating the asymmetry in deep inelastic scattering of
polarized electrons on nucleons is not worse than a few per cent [93, 94, 88].
From the expression (3.133) it is obvious that the contribution of the process

e + q(q) ~ e + q(rt) (3.182)

to the matrix element (p'lJ°[p) is proportional, m the parton approximation, to

+N p,N p,~(pd3,,~(vq +-aqys) u(p,) (3.183)

Analogously, the contribution of the process (3.182) to the matrix element (p'lj~r"[p) is proportional to

+_Np,Np,eq a(p,) ~,, u(p,) , (3.184)

where eq is the quark charge.

In expressions (3.183) and (3.184) p, and pf are the momenta of the initial and final quark (antiquark),
respectively. For the tensor WIo defined in (3.141) we have

W~tJ = ~ ~ f le,~¼SPy,~ (vq + aqys).~l ytJ~,

• 8(p~- p, - q) ~ fq(x,) dx, + contribution of antiquarks. 0.185)

134 S M Bdenky and J Hodek. GWS theory of electroweak mteracnons and the neutral currena

fq(x,) is the probability of finding a quark of type q m the nucleon with a momentum fraction x,
Calculating the trace, we easily find

W~t3 = (6,~t3__q_~_qp_'
q2 ,]~-~1 ~q eovqG(x) + fcT(x))
1
+ ~ ~ (P,, -~ q,,)(P, -q~2q,,)2x ~ eqVq(fq(x)+f~(x))
1 2
+~ e,,t3~ppq,,-~ ~ eqaq(fq(x) - fc~(X)). (3 186)

Comparison of this expression with the general eq. (3.151) yields the following structure functions F~,
k = 1, 2, 3 m the parton approximation.

F] = 2 ~'~ eqvq(fq(x) + fo(x)),

q

F~ = 2x ~ eqvq(fq(X) + fc~(x)), (3.187)

q

F~ = 2 Z eqaq(fq(x) - f #(x))
q

It is Immediately seen from (3.187) that the Callan-Gross relation

FI2= xF] (3.188)

is valid for the functions F] and FZ~ in the parton approximation. For the electromagnetic structure
functions m the parton approximation we have the well known formulas

F~ m = xF~ m = x E e2(fq(x) + f ~ ( x ) ) . (3.189)

q

Substitution of (3.187) and (3 189) into the general expressions (3.152) and (3 153) then yields

~ q eqvq(fq(x) + f ~(x))
av = 2 , (3.190)
q e~G(x) + fo(x))

aA = 2 1 - (1 - y)2 ~ q eqaq(fq(X)-fo(x))
(3.191)
1 + (1 - y)2 ~'q eZo(fq(x)+fo(x))

We derive now the parton expressions for av and aA In the case of an isoscalar target As before, we
neglect the small contribution of the s, c, and other heavy quarks From (3.190) and (3.191) we find
 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mtemcnons and the neutral current~ 135

ff'~q=.,deqvq
av = 2 , (3.192)
Eq=u,deq 2

I - (1 - y)2] ~"q=,,a eqao q(x)- q(x)

a A = 2 +(1--y)2J Eo=o, e.2 q(x)+ (l(X)" (3 193)

Here

q(x) = u(x) + d(x),

0(x) = fi(x) + d(x) (3. •94)

and

vq = Iq - 2 sin2 0w eq,
(3.195)
aq = Iq

(q = u, d), where I, = ½ and Id = -½ are the isospin projections of u and d quark, respectively. Taking
into account that
1
Iq = e q - : y .

where yq = ½is the hypercharge of u and d quarks, the expressions (3.192) and (3.193) can be rewritten
as

1 E q =u'd eq
av = 2(1 - 2 sin2 0w) 3 ~q=,,~ e~' (3.1%)

[ 1 - ( 1 - y)2] 2 q(x)- gt(x)

a . = [1 + ( 1 - y)2j 3 ~,q=u.deq/
-~ q(X)+(I(X) " (3 197)

We have

1 ~q=.,deq 1
=-~. (3.198)
3 ~q=..deq2

Finally, owing to (3.133), (3.149), (3.1%) and (3.197) the P-odd asymmetry in deep inelastic scattering of
longitudinally polarized electrons on an isoscalar target takes the following form in the parton
approximation [89--92, 97]

~22A1 = al+ [ l l-+ ((1-

l_y) j Y) la , (3.199)
136 S M Bdenky and J Hog&, GWS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents

where

GF 1 9(1 )
a l - 5 2 - 1 0 sin Ow
9
(3 200)
GF 1 9 1+ Ow'~q(x)--gl(X)
a2 = - - - -
X/2 27ra 5 (-- 2 2 sin 2 ] q(x) + Cl(X)

Thus, in the parton approximation, a~ is a constant, and a2 depends only on x It follows from the
neutrino data [98] that for x ~>0 2, ~](x) ~ q(x) Consequently, a2 is also constant in this region
We shall now discuss the problem of the applicability of the parton model to the calculation of the
P-odd asymmetry A. Let us return to the expression (3.170) The only quantity in (3.170) which depends
on strong interaction dynamics is o'S, the relative contribution of the isoscalar v s to the asymmetry.
Using (3 144) and (3.173) we get

2 s 2 (SS)/(VV) (3 201)
v = 1

In the parton approximation, obviously

(SS) : (VV) (3 202)

Thus, m this approximation

(2 S\ 1
av)o =3 (3.203)

in agreement with (3.198). In the general case we shall write

(SS)/(VV) = 1 + 6 (3.204)

where 6 is a function of q2, v and y Substituting (3.204) into (3.201) we have

s
(3.205)

It follows from (3.170) and (3.205) that for ~ <0.3, the contribution of the &dependent term (which is
due to the deviation from the parton model) into a v is <0.06. The first term in the expression (3.170) is
close to one (sin 2 0w -~ 0.22). Thus, the contribunon of the term, which is due to the departure from the
parton model, Into a v equals a few per cent of the main term. Note that the smallness of the
"non-parton" contribution 6 to the P-odd asymmetry results from the fact that this term enters the
expression for Cev with a coefficient 2y 2 (yq = ~1 is the hypercharge of the u, d quarks).
The quantity aA IS connected to the cross sections of the deep Inelastic processes by the relation
(3 161) (or (3.181)). Note that the error due to the parton approximation for aA is also not large [93]
This stems from the fact that, in the expression for the P-odd asymmetry, the quantity aA is mulnphed
1 "~ 1
by - ~ + 2 sin ~ 0w, which IS small for sin 2 0w close to a
 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracnons and the neutral currents 137

P-odd asymmetry in deep inelastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons by nucleons was
measured at SLAC m 1978-1979 [11]*.
A new source of longitudinally polarized electrons was constructed specifically for this experiment.
The average electron polarization was 0 37
The electrons from the hnear accelerator were first deflected by an angle 0b = 24.5 ° m the magnetic
field Due to the electron anomalous magnetic moment, the spin of the electron precessed by the angle

0prec E g- 2 rE (3.206)
= mc 22 0b=3.237GeV

(m is the mass of the electron, E its energy). Thus, the longitudinal polarization of electrons striking the
target was equal to

A = Ao cos(Tr E / 3 237 GeV) (3 207)

where Ao is the longitudinal polanzatlon of the electrons coming from the accelerator.
Experimentally, the asymmetry

do-x - do'_x
Acxp = do'x + dtr_a (3.208)

was measured. It is related to the P-odd asymmetry defined by (3.148) as follows:

Aexp = ho cos(Tr E/3.237 GeV)A. (3.209)

In accordance with the parton model, the dependence of the quantity A e x p / q 2 o n E at fixed y is
proportional to cos(TrE/3.237 GeV). Just this dependence was observed experimentally (see fig. 9, the
experimental points correspond to the energy interval 16.8-22.2 GeV; the average value of y equals 0.21).
In their final pubhcation [11] the authors of the SLAC experiment presented the results of the
measurement of the asymmetry in the region 0.92 - q2 ~ 1.96 GeV 2, 0.15 -< y - 0.36 (see table 3). The
dependence of the quantity A / q 2 on the variable y is shown in fig. 10. This dependence is given, in the
parton approximation, by formula (3.199). If the antiquark contribution to the asymmetry Is neglected
in front of the quark contribution, al and a2 are constant quantities. From the data of the SLAC
experiment it follows that

al = (-9.7 --- 2.6) x 10-5 GeV -2 ,

(3 210)
a2 = (4.9- 8.1) x 10-5 GeV -2 .

The data of this experiment are in agreement with the standard electroweak theory. For the
parameter sin 2 0w these data imply the value

* The first experiment on the P-odd asymmetry m deep inelastic scattenng of polarized muons by nucleons was performed at Serpukhov [99]
The accuracy achieved m this experiment was not suttioent to observe the contribution of the weak interactions to the amplitude of the process In
the Serpukhov experiment the value G = ( 6 +- 10)C-F was found for the effectwe couphng constant of the P-odd interaction of muons with nucleons
138 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, G W S theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents

b
L
10
/i / \\

\
/i//~ \',\ -5
\\

II
~J
o

/
I Oprec W-S ":
o 10
%- 0
5r~
I
I~ /
, 7~ (rod) %
/
/ %
x
\
I t N
/ 15 \
\ / x

-10 ,:, E =19 LGeV

e,-E =16 2 GeV
o E-222GeV
i i 20
162 19~L 22h2 011 0)2 0 ~3 OiL
E (6eV) Y
Fig 9 Dependence of the P-odd asymmetry m deep inelastic scatter- Fig 10 Dependence of the P-odd asymmetry m the deep inelastic
mg of polarized electrons by deuterons [11] on the longitudinal e-d scattering [11] on v The dotted hnes correspond to the GWS and
polarization of the electron beam The value of the electron lon- " hybrid" model Full hne is obtained bv fitting the data with the help
gitudinal polarization is determined by the precession angle and of the expression A / q 2 = al + a2{l - (1 - y)2}/{l + (1 - v)2}
depends upon the electron energy E

Table 3
P-odd asymmetry m deep inelastic scattering of polanzed electrons by
deuterons [11]

E (GeV) q2 (GeV)2 r v lOSA/q 2 (GeV) 2

162 092 014 022 -118_+45

194 153 028 015 - 8 9 _+13
194 152 026 016 - 9 2 _+17
194 133 016 023 - 6 3 -+17
194 128 014 025 -134_+28
194 125 013 026 - 8 6 -+20
194 116 011 029 -104_+18
194 107 009 032 - 4 6 -+29
194 093 007 036 - 5 3 -+30
222 196 028 017 - 7 0 -+21
222 166 015 026 - 8 9 -+28

sm z Ow = 0 224-+ 0.020, (3 211)

m beautiful agreement w~th the n e u t n n o data

The data obtained in [11] were also compared with the hybrid model [100]. This model assumes that
there exists, besides the doublet \ eL/' also a doublet \ {vet.'~ (NR~
eR
/ (N is the field operator of heavy neutral
leptons) According to ref [100]

gv = - 1 + 2 sin ~ 8w, gA = 0 (3.212)

It as seen from fig. 10 that this model contradicts the experimental data
 S M Bdenky and J Hog&, GWS theory o[ electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents 139

At this point we conclude our discussion of P-odd effects in deep inelastic scattering of polarized
leptons by nucleons. The SLAC experiment had accomplished an important step in the investigation of
neutral current reduced processes. Investigation of P-odd effects in deep inelastic scattenng of leptons
by nucleons will undoubtedly continue It is important [96] to measure the P-odd asymmetry in
muon-nucleon scattering. In particular, these experiments would enable us to check the /z--e
universality of the weak interaction of charged leptons with nucleons discovered in Novosibirsk [10] and
SLAC [11] experiments. Such experiments are being done at CERN [101].

3.5. N e u t r a l currents a n d the processes e + + e - -+ 1+ + 1-

Recently, colliding e++ e- beams experiments [17] have provided first evidence on the contribuuon
of neutral currents to the cross section of the processes

e+ + e - - + I++ / - ( l = e,/,, r) (3.213)

These data are in agreement with the standard theory of electroweak interactions (with a value of
sin2 0w coincident within experimental errors with that obtained from all existing data on neutral
currents).
In this section we will calculate the cross sections of the processes (3.213) for unpolanzed particles, to
lowest order both in the electromagnetic and weak interactions. We shall then briefly present the
experimental data
Let us write the interaction Hamiltoman of charged leptons and Z bosons as

',[
2 cos Ow gL ~
l=e./*. ,'r
/y~(1 + rs)l + g , Y~
1 ~¢. ,u.. "r
{r,,O - rs)l
]z,,, (3.214)

where

gL = ½(gv+ ga), gR = ½(gv- ga) (3.215)

In the standard electroweak theory

gL = -- ½+ sin 20w, gR = SIn20w. (3.216)

The diagrams of the process

e + + e- -+ e + + e- (3.217)

with the contribution of neutral current taken into account, are shown in fig. 11. Diagrams of the processes

e + + e - ~ / z + + / z -,
0.218)
e++e-+r++r -

are shown in fig. 11a.

14(1 S M Btlen~y and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroneak mteracttons and the neutral (urrents

_z_ iz
7 °:\ °:\
Fig 11 Diagrams of the process e ~ + e ~ e + + e to lowest order m both the electromagneUc and weak couphngs

Matrix element of the process e + + e- ~ e + + e- can be written as*

(f[(S-1)ll)=lNp+Np Np:Np,_ e'__f{ [ ( 1 + 4 R g ~ ) + t ( l + 4Qg~)]

(t~(p_'~y,,(1 + ys)u(-p+))(ft(-p+~y~(1 + ys)u(p-))

+ [ (1 + 4Rg2R)+ 7s (1 +4Qg~)](t2(p'~y,~(1 -- ys)u(--p+))(u(-p+~y.(1

, - a - 75)u(P-))

+ (1 + 4RgLgR)(a(p'~'r.(1 + 3'5)u(--p~))(a(--p+~'. (1 -- ~'5)u(p-))

+ (1 + 4RgLgR)(fi(p'~3'.(1 -- ~'5)u(--p;))(f~(--p+~/.(1 + ~'5)u(p-))

+ (-t)(1 + 40gLga)("(p'~,..(1 + ys)u(p-))(,(-p+)~y.~(1- ys)u(-p~-))

+ (-t)(1 + 40gLgR)(f(p1~...(1--,5)u(p-))("(--p+~,..(1 + ..)u(--p+))}
• ( 2 , n - ) 4 ~ ( p + ' + p _ ' -- p + -- p _ ) (3.219)

Here p+ and p_ (p+ and p ' ) are momenta of the initial (final) positron and electron, respectwely,
s = - (p+ + p_)2, t = - (p" - p_)2, U = 1/(2~r)3/2X/~po and

_ Gvs m~
R X/~27rap s - m 2 + l m z F
(3.220)
Gvt m 2z
Q - X/2 27ra P t - m z + l m z F 2 " '~

where F is the Z boson width. R e m e m b e r that

p = m ~vl{m z cos 2 0w}

Matrix elements of processes

e++e---,/z++# -, e++e-~z++z - (3.221)

* To obtain the expression (3 219) we have used the Flertz identity

( a ( p - ' ~ y , ( l -+ ys) u(p )) (a(-p+)~y~(1 +-y5) u(-p.~)) = - (fi(p-'~y~,(1 +-Ys) u(-p•)) (t~(-p+)~y,(1 ± Ys) u(p-))
 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracnons and the neutral currents 141

can be obtained from (3.219) if s/t~O, i.e. by keeping only the terms corresponding to fig. lla. In the
high energy region considered here lepton masses can be neglected in front of their energies It is seen
immediately that the first through sixth terms of expression (3 219) are the matrix elements of the
processes

e~+eE~e~+e{, (3.222)

e~_+ e~ ~ e{. + e~, (3.223)

e~_+ e ~ - e~ + e{_, (3 224)

e~+e{-e{+e~, (3.225)

e~_+ e~. ~ e~_+ e~, (3.226)

4- -- 4-

eR + e R ~ eR + e~, (3.227)

respectively (see figs. 12-17).

e~/ e +/
/// .///
e* ==> / =~,e- e*,¢:= V ¢= e-

Fig 12 Fig 13

e*,¢=: / ¢=e- O ' /

e* ~ / =:> e"

e e

Fig 14 Fig 15

Fig 16 Fig 17
Figs 12-17 The process e ÷ + e- ~ e + + e- Possible dlrecUons of spins for the m~tlal and final particles
 142 S M Bdenkv and J Hogelt, GWS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents

For the cross sections of the processes (3 222)-(3 227) we find (In the c m s ) the following expressions*

~,m_ = 4--s 1 + (gv + gA)2R + (1 + (gv (1 + COS 8) 2 , (3 228)

( • - LR,
- • LR) = ~ss
O~2 I 1 + (gv - ga)2R + tS (1 + (gv - gg)20) 2(1 + COS 8) 2 , (3 229)

(do') (do') 2
RLLR= II+(gz-g )RI2(1-c°s 8)2, (3.230)

(d_~) LL,LL
(d_~) RR,RR
a 2 (t) 2
s l1 + ( g 2 _ g~)Qi2 (3.231)

where 0 is the angle between momenta of initial and final positrons As is seen from (3 228) and (3 229)
cross sections of processes (3 222) and (3.223) vanish at 0 = 7r, cross sections for the processes (3 224)
and (3.225) vanish at 0 = 0 These properties are consequences of angular momentum conservation, as it
is easily seen from figs 12-15
For the cross section of scattering of unpolarlzed electrons by unpolarlzed electrons we find [102],
with the help of eqs. (3 228)-(3.231),

do') a2
(do''~ =1 ~, ~ ~,2.~,~2=8~[4Bl+(B3+B2)(l+cos20)+2(Ba_B2)cosO ]
\d$'2]e*e-__,e% - 4 A1" A4
(3.233)
Here

BI = (s/t)211 ~_( g 2 _ g2A)QI2 ' (3 234)

B2 = I1 + (g2 _ g2)Ri2 ' (3 235)

2 rl
(3.236)

Now we will get the cross section of the process e ÷ + e ~ tz + + # - For this we set In (3 233)-(3 236)
s/t ~ 0 We find

* To evaluate the cross sections, ~t Is convement to use the relatmns

y~ypy~l(l ± ys) r~y;yB½(1 -+ ys) = 48oo,r,,½(1 -+ ys) 7o-½(1+- ys),

YaYaY#I(1 - Ys) Y~Ya y a½(l ~- y~) = 4yo,~(l -+ ys) 3,o1(17- Ys) (3 232)

and first to perform the summatmn over ot and fl, and then to calculate traces In (3 232) the matrices before and after the dots can belong e~ther to one
trace or to two different traces The relations (3 232) are easily obtained with the help of the relanon y~ypy.0½(1 + ys) = (da.~r ~ e,~o~)yo.~(l ± ys), where
d ~ = ,%,% - ,%6p~+ ,~oo~
 S M Bdenky and J Hoiek, GWS theory of electroweakmteracttonsand the net&al currents 143

dg
(->
do
=
e+e-+ti+p-
z{(l+2g$ Re R t (g$t gi)ZIR)2)(1
t cos2 Re R t
0)+ 4(g'A 2g$gijR12) cos 0)

(3.237)

In the one-photon-exchange approxtmation the cross section of the process e+ t e-+ p+ t p"-reads

=; (1+ cos2 e)

Therefore the contribution of neutral currents gives rise to a term proportional to cos 8 in the cross
section of the process e+ t e-+ p+ t p-.The forward-backward asymmetry equals

(da@)/d@ c+e-+F+P-- (du(‘rr - 8 /dL? + - +P-

AP,(e) = (da(0)/d&+e-+lr+P- t ((d&r - e)/dfi;+:-:&+,-

4g%(Re R t 2g$(R12) cos 8

(3.238)
= 1+2g$Re R t(g$tgi)2 [RI2 1 tcos2e'

It follows from (3.238) that the asymmetry has a maximum at 8 = 0 and 0 = 7~.The integral asymmetry

742 r-f%

A,, =
I :,2
(Wdfi)e+e-+I”+I,L-
do -
I 742
T-80
(de/d@e+e--rfi+P- do
(3.239)
(dg/d@e+e--lr+w- da + (dc/dQe+e-+p+fi- da
I &I I d2

1s determined m experiments with relatively low statistics. With the use of (3.237) it can be rewritten as

gi(Re R t 2g$R ’ 6 cos e,

4, = 1 t (3.240)
2g; Re R t (g$t gi)2jR/2 3 + COS’ $.

It is seen from (3.240) that the forward-backward asymmetry m the process e+ + e- + p+ t p”- becomes
zero at gA = 0. *

* Under charge conlugatlon the vector and axml-vector muon currents transform as follows

uC'/IYmu.uC=-iYaP. ~~'cLY~YwuC= iYaY5F (3 241)

(UC 1s the operator of charge conlugatlon) For go = 0 It follows from (3 241) that the matnx element of the process e+ + e- + p+ + I*-, to lowest
order both m the electromagnetic and the weak couphng obeys the relation

(r+W) P-@:)lSl e+ti+) e-b-1) = b.b+W) K(P:)lSl e+b+) e-64) (3 242)

For the cross sectlon we get from (3 242)

dr(@/dfi = du(r - @)/do

For go # 0 It follows also from (3 241) that the relation (3 242) does not hold
 144 S M Bdenky and J Hogelt, G WS theory of electroweak m teracuons and the neutral currents

Thus, the discovery of the charge asymmetry in the process e + + e- ~ / x + + # - would test the presence
of the axml term m the neutral current
Neglecting the Z-boson width compared to its mass and keeping only terms linear in GF, we get from
(3.240) the integral asymmetry in the form*

• 2 Gvs mz 6cos 0o
A~. = 4gA ~/9--f-8--~ap (3.243)
s - m~3+ 00
I

COS 2

In derwlng (3 237)-(3.240) we assumed s >> m,,2 and neglected the muon mass Clearly, in the region
s ,> m 2 these expressions are also vahd for the process e + + e- ~ ~-+ + r
Let us briefly consider the available experimental data At P E T R A and PEP, s ~ 1 0 3 G e V 2. We have

Gv 1
- - = 4 49 x 10-5 G e V 2 (3.244)
V2

From (3.244), (3 233)--(3 236) it then follows that the contribution of neutral currents to cross sections of
the processes under conslderat~on may amount to - 1 0 % of the basic Q E D term We shall present the
results obtained recently by the J A D E group [103] Measurements were performed m the angle interval
36 9 ° -< 0 -< 143 1° The dependence of the quantity s(do-/d/2)e+e-~,,+, on cos 0 is shown m fig 18 for
X / s ~ 25 G e V The sohd line in fig 18 is obtained by fitting the experimental data to the expression
p (1 + cos 2 0)+ q cos 0, the dotted curve corresponds to a fit by p (1 + cos 2 0) It IS seen from fig 18 that
there is not a symmetry of the cross section under the change 0 ~ 7r - 0. For the integral asymmetry A,.,
as ~/s = 33 5 GeV it was f o u n d t

A . . = - (11 8 -+ 3 8 (stat.) -+ 1 (system))% (3 245)

The asymmetry, calculated for the standard electroweak theory, equals - 7 8%

If we set p = 1 and mz = 88 8 G e V (this value is obtained in the standard theory for sin 2 0w = 0 23), It
15 . . . . t . . . . i-' r ] ' I . . . .

e+e ~ p + ~ JADE
-- QED,Wl
~ IO - - QEB

2 s
m

(3 . . . . I . . . . . t , , , , I . . . .
-lO os oo o5 lO

CosO
Fig 18 Dependence of the cross section of the process e+ + e ~/.t + + ,u (k/s > 25 GeV) on cos 0 The full line (the dotted hne) ts obtamed by
fitting the data [103] by the expression p (1 + cos-' 0 ) + q cos 0 (p(l + cos 2 0))

* Notice that the measurement of the asymmetry Am,, which is due to the interference of electromagnetic and weak amphtudes, enables us to
determme the sign of the Fermi couphng constant Gv In the standard theory the constant GF is posltwe (G,F/'X/_ 5 = g2/8m~v) and therefore it follows
from (3 243) that for s < m~ the asymmetry should be negatwe
* This value of Auu ~s obtamed with the radiative corrections of order o~~ taken into account Notice that the contribution of radiative corrections
to the asymmetry m the investigated angular mterval ~s equal to + 1 3%
 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents 145

follows from (3.243) and (3 245) that

(2gA) 2 = 1 45 - 0 43 (3.246)

The reformation on the constant gv can be obtained by investigating the s-dependence of the total cross
section o',, From (3 237) we find that

tr,,, = trOED(1 + 2g~ Re R + (g~ + g2A)2IRI 2) (3.247)

where

477o/2
o'o~D - 3s (3.248)

It follows from the data of ref. [103] that

(2gv) 2 = 0.20 _+0 33 (3.249)

The values (3.246) and (3.249) agree with the values of axial and vector constants of the GWS theory
((2gA) 2 = 1, (2gv) 2 = 0.01, sin 2 0w = 0 23)
Table 4 [17] contains the values of the charge asymmetry (0o = 0) obtained by all groups at PETRA.
The third column contains the values of asymmetry calculated in the framework of the GWS theory

Table 4
Charge asymmetry m the process e ÷ + e - ~
# + + # - measured at PETRA [17] Third
column shows the values of the asymmetry
predicted by the GWS theory (sin2 0w = 0 23)

Group A~,u% Theor value

JADE 11 8-+38 -78

MARK J - 3 -+4 -7 1

PLUTO 7 -+ 10 -5 8

TASSO -11 3-+50 -87

CELLO -1 3-+90 -5 8

As seen from table 4, the data of all the groups agree within errors (which are still quite large) with the
GWS theory.
Table 5 [17] shows the values of sln20w found at P E T R A from data on leptomc processes
e ÷ + e - ~ l + + l- (l = e,/z, r). From this table we conclude: First, that the values of sin 2 0w, obtained by
different groups, coincide within errors. Second, that the values of sin 2 0w found in experiments on the
investigation of the contribution of neutral currents to the cross sections of the processes e + + e- ~ l + + l-
are in agreement with all other data on neutral currents.
146 S M Bdenkv and J Hogek, G W S theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents

Table 5
Values of the parameter sm20~
obtained from e + + e - - * l + + /
( l = e,/x, r) experiments PETRA
[17]

Group sm 20w

JADE 0 25 -+0 15

MARK J 0 25 m 0 11

PLUTO 0 23-+0 17

TASSO 0 25 = 0 10

+ 0 15
CELLO (122 _ 0 10

The Investigation of leptonlc processes on colliding e + - e- beams in the high energy region has only
started. Indeed, further investigation of the contribution of neutral currents into the cross sections of these
processes will enable us to determine the value of the parameter sin 2 0w with much higher accuracy (which
is, as is well known, highly important for theories of Grand Unification).

Appendix A. General rule for the evaluation of deep inelastic cross sections in the quark-parton
approximation

In this appendix we shall calculate the cross sections of the deep inelastic processes

v~, + N-o p~ + X, (A l)
P,, + N-o P~, + X (A 2)
in the quark-parton approximation
The general V, A flavour diagonal neutral current is

]o = Z 6L(q) qy,~(1 + Ys)q + ~'~ eR(q) gtY~(1 -- Ys)q, (A 3)

q=ds, t q = d ,, t

where ec(q) and eR(q) are constants We start with calculating the contribution of the neutrino
(antineutnno}--quark scattering

v . ( ~ . ) + q ~ v.(P.) + q (A 4)

(q = d, s . . . . t) into the cross section of the reaction (A 1), ((A.2)). Contribution of the first (second)
term of the expression (A 3) into the matrix element (p'lJ°lp) (p is the momentum of the initial
nucleon, p' is the total momentum of final hadrons) is proportional to
 S M Bdenky and J Ho~ek, GWS theory of electroweak mteractwns and the neutral currents 147

N ~ N ~ a(pf) 3/,~(I -+ 3/5) u(p,) eL.R(q) (A.5)

Here p, and pf are the momenta of lmtial and final quark, respectively, N p , and N ? are the standard
normahzatlon factors*. A quark of the type q contnbutes to the tensor W~o, defined by the relation
(3.7), as follows:

P_9_
(W,,o)q,L(R) = -- M fJ ~~P,opfo Spy,, (1 -+ 3/5)A(p,) 3/t3(1+- ys)A (pf)6(pf- P l - q) h ( x , ) d p f d x , e~..R(q).
(A 6)

Here p, = x,p, A ( p ) = yp/i, M is the nucleon mass and fq(x,) is the density of probabihty of finding in a
nucleon a quark of the type q with the momentum p, = x,p In accordance w~th the hypothesis of the
quark-parton model, we have assumed m deriving (A.6) that (1) m the deep inelastic region neutrino
scatters on free quarks, (ii) quark momenta are parallel to the nucleon momentum, (iii) masses of
quarks can be neglected compared to their momenta.
Calculating traces, we find from (A.6)

(W,~a)q.i4R) = ~ [(P ),~ (Pf)t3-- 3~plpf + (P,)t3 (Pf)~ + e~t3o,,(P0o (Pr)¢] fq (X,) e ~.R(q),
1 (A.7)

where

pf=p,+q, p, = x,p (x = q2/2Mp, p = - p q / M ) .

Instead of p, and pf It is convenient to introduce

q = p f - p, , n = p~ + p,

Taking into account that

Pq

it is easy to rewrite (A.7) into the form

(W~/3)o.L(R)=[M(6,~t3--q~q~'~+2X
q2] u - - 7 - - q q.l
Pq - ------~'M-~
e~tj~'P°q"3] fq(x) gL,R(q)
2 •

(A.8)

Now we compare (A.8) with the general expression (3.11). For the contribution of the q-quark into the
structure functions Fk. k = 1, 2, 3 we find

* The Dlrac spmors we use are normahzed according to the covanant condmon t~(p) y,, u(p) = -21p~ Accordingly, the standard normahzatlon
factor, corresponchng to a fermlon hne with momentum p is Np = 1/{(21r)3/2V~/
148 S M Btlenky and J Hoiek, GWS theory of electroweakrnterachonrand the neutral currents

(A 9)

where

LR-
p1 -1, #LLkR=2x, &R=+2. (A. 10)

Now tt 1s easy to calculate the correspondmg contnbuttons for the process V, + q + V, + q to the cross
sectron for deep Inelastic scattering of neutrino on nucleons. Substrtuting (A 9) into the general
expression (3.12) we find

(dxduvdy> q,L
= 2w[iy2+ (I- y)+ y(l - iy)] f,(x) Et(q) = 2a0xfq(x) .2(q),

(A.11)
= 2aox[$y2+ (l- y)- y(14y)]f,(x) d&7) = hJx(l - Y)’ %(x) ddq)

Here
2

cro=GME (A 12)
IT

where E ISthe neutrmo energy m the lab system (y = v/E)

Analogously, with the help of (A 9) and (3 12) we find for the contnbuttons of the process
V, + q+ V, + q to the cross secttons for deep inelastic antmeutrino scattering on nucleons

duii
(dx dy> q,L
= 2uox(l- y)*fq(x)d(q) 3

(A 13)
(dxduvdy > q R
= 2aoxf,(x) d(q)

Now we shall calculate the contnbuttons of the neutrmo and antmeutrmo scattering on antiquarks

to the cross secttons of the reacttons (A.1) and (A 2) Contrtbutron of the first (second) term of the
quark neutral current (A 3) mto the matnx element of processes (A 14) 1s proporttonal to

(A.15)

where p, and pf are the momenta of mmal and final anttquarks, respecttvely We have

ii-p,) = c-‘u&A) 7

u(-pr) = - apf)C. (A 16)

where u,-(p) IS the spmor descnbmg anttquark with the momentum p, and C is the charge conpgatlon
 S M Bdenky and J Hog& GWS theory of electroweak lnteracuons and the neutral currents 149

matnx (C'~TC -1~- --')/o~)-Clearly,

fi(-p,) y,~(1 - Y,) u(-pf) = t~c(p,) T.(1 ~ Ys) uc(p,) (A 17)

Comparing (A 16) with (A 5), we conclude that

(d~) q , L =" 2O'oX(1- y)2 fo(x ) e~.(q),

(d y)o, = 2O'oXfo(x)e (q),

do'. (A is)
dx dy ] o.L = 2croxfo(x) e~.(q) ,

(~)~.R = 2(roX(1- y)2f~(x)e~(q),

where fa(x) is the density of the probability of finding in the ultrarelatlvistic nucleon, an antiquark with the
momentum xp.
To calculate the cross sections of the deep inelastic processes (A 1) and (A 2) it is necessary to sum the
contributions of the quarks and the antNuarks to the cross sections

dcr,.~ _ ( do',.~~ { dcr~.~~ (A.19)

dx dy ~]
q=d,s, ~'~ \dx dyiq,a + t]=t~,g,
,t a = L , R ~" ~" tdx dy/~,="
,t- a = L , R

Using (A.11), (A.13) and (A.18) we find for the cross sections of the processes v,, + N ~ v~, + X and
~,, + N ~ ~,, + X in the parton approximation, the following expressions

do-~,
- O'oIAL(X)+ (1 -- y)2 AR(X)],
dx dy
(A.20)
do',~
= O'o[(1- y)2 AL(X) + Aa(x)],
dx dy

respectively. Here

AL(X)=2x o= ~ ,,eE(q) fq(x)+o=a~" .,-e~(q) f~(x)]

(A.21)

q= , , ,t tj=a,g. ,r

Let us return to the relauons (A.11), (A.13) and (A.18) We shall formulate the general rule for
calculating, in the patton approximation, the contribution of the neutrino and antmeutnno scattering on
quarks and antiquarks to the inclusive cross sectnons. The parton model is based on the assumption that in
150 S M Bflenky and J Hogel~, GWS theory of electroweak mteractlons and the neutral currents

the deep melastm region the masses of asymptotically free quarks can be neglected m comparison with thmr
momenta In the limit m ~ 0 we have

1 +9 ~15 ltr(P) = (~r I/d l ( p ) , 1 ~ y s u~(p) = & ,u'{p), (A.22)

where u" (p) is the spmor describing the particle (antlpartmle) with the momentum p and hehmty r From
(A 17) and (A 22) it follows that the matrix element of the operator £q~,,,(1 + Ts)q contains splnors
describing quarks (mmal and final) with negatwe hehc W or antlquarks with posmve helicity, while the
matnx element of the operator £gty,, (1 - ys)q contains spmors, descnbmg quarks with posmve hehmty or
antlquarks with negative hehcW Taking this fact into account we can conclude from (A I 1), (A 13) and
(A 18) that the y-dependence of the &flerentlal cross sections of the neutrino (antmeutnno) scattering on
quarks and anuquarks is completely determined by the hehmtms of the mmal particles. Namely, if the
hehcmes of the incident particles are equal, the cross sectmns do not depend on y If the hehcmes of the
mmdent particles are opposite, the cross sectmns contain a factor (1 - y): Thls is illustrated xn fig A 1
Consider the scattering of an antmeutnno on a quark with left hellcW In the c m s The arrows indicate the
&rectlon of the momentum and spin (double arrow) for forward (y = 0) and backward (y = 1) scattering
Projection of the total angular momentum on the momentum of the mmal antmeutrmo equals 1 in fig A 1

F,g A 1 The antlneutnno-quark scattering at 180° in c m s The double arrows show the spin &recuons of mmal and final pamcles

(left) and - 1 m fig A 1 (right) Thus, the backward scattering of an antmeutrmo on a quark with left hehmty
is forbidden by angular momentum conservation Correspondingly, the factor (1 - y ) 2 appears in the cross
sectmn In the case of neutrino scattering on a quark w~th left hehclty the projection of the total angular
momentum ts equal to zero Backward scattering ~s not forbidden and the cross section does not depend on
Y
Thus we have arrived at the following rule. The contribution of neutrino (antmeutnno) scattering on
quarks or anuquarks to the cross section of deep melastm scattering of neutrino (antmeutnno) on
nucleons is gwen by

1 hehcmes of the incident

do- particles are equal
dx dy
- 2o-ox x (1 - y)2 hehcmes of the incident f(x) a (A 23)
particles are opposite

Here fix) is the density of the initial quark (antlquark) distribution m nucleon, the coefficmnt a equals
m our case to rather e~(q) or e~(q)
Notme that expression (A 23) enables us to calculate the contrlbuuon of the reacuons

p,.(G) + q ~ p. (#+)+ q.
(A 24)
v,~(~,.) + ~--. **-(U +) + q
 SM Btlenky and J Ho&k, GWS theory of electroweaktnteracttonsand the neutral currents 1.51

to the cross sections of the charged current deep inelastic processes

v,+N-+/.-+X, (A 25)
fi,+N-+p++X (A.26)

(in the region of high energies we are interested in, the muon mass can be neglected). For example, if
the charged quark current is written in the form (see (2 141))

q=d,s I

the contribution of the process

v,+d+/.-+u

to the cross section of the reaction (A 25) is given immediately by

Appendix B. On the generation of fermion and gauge particle masses

Our review is based on the standard GWS theory m which the Htggs field is treated on the same
footing as other (i e. fermion and gauge) fields with their particle interpretation. It should be kept m
mind, however, that the introductton of the Higgs fields can represent only a “tricky” (having in mind
the renormahzability) phenomenological tool for giving the gauge particles and fermions their masses
The unnaturalness of the elementary scalar fields shows up e.g. m that to describe the fermion mass
spectrum, we have to introduce vastly different Yukawa coupling constants (-10 orders of magnitude, if
neutrinos are massive). The unnaturalness of the Higgs fields was pointed out [104-1061 also in
connection with Grand Unified Theories (see P. Langacker in ref. [24]).
In this appendix we reproduce the familiar Htggs mechanism results by another method [36], which
will subsequently be used in a bnef description of an alternative to the Higgs mechanism- the
dynamical symmetry breaking.
Local gauge invariance does not allow mass terms for the gauge fields. This does not imply, as we
already know (see section 2.3) that the particles - quanta of the gauge fields, are necessarily massless.
As pointed out by Schwmger [107], the mass of the gauge quanta is determined by the behaviour of the
polarization tensor n,,(k) of the gauge field at k* + 0. Consider the vector-meson propagator

where

JL,(k) = (&&* - k&M(k2) 03.2)

152 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak interactions and the neutral currents

is the polarization tensor and g is the coupling constant of the gauge field to a conserved current. It is
clear from (B 1) that if H(k 2) has a simple pole at k 2 = 0, the gauge boson will acquire a mass squared
proportional to the residue at this pole That such a situation can occur, was demonstrated by Schwlnger
[108] m the case of two-dimensional quantum electrodynamics In four-dimensional QED the functmn
H(k 2) is regular at k 2 = 0 and thus the photon is massless [109]
Other examples of the Schwlnger's phenomenon, though non-relatwlstlc ones, were provided by
Anderson [110]. In the electron plasma, transverse electromagnetic waves do not propagate with a
frequency lower that the so-called plasma frequency. At and above this frequency, three modes exist in
close analogy with the masswe vector field The polarization tensor acquires a pole due to the presence
of the Fermi sea of electrons [111]. Anderson pointed out also the deep interplay of the soft Goldstone
modes following the spontaneous breakdown of a continuous symmetry and of the gauge fields, when
the symmetry becomes a gauge symmetry A typical example is the Meissner effect in superconductivity,
well understood both m the phenomenologlcal Ginzburg-Landau theory [112] and in the mtcroscoplc
theory [113]
A relativistic variant of the Melssner effect within the Glnzburg-Landau theory was studied by Hlggs
(section 2 3) and by Englert and Brout [36], who employed the Schwinger method: the polarization
tensor of the field A,~ of the Lagranglan (2.27) in the lowest order perturbation theory around the self
consistent vacuum value (6) = v/V'2 IS determined only by the broken symmetry diagrams, fig B. l(a, b)

A A A 3(2

-IgZ<$ >~ Ig ~$>k~

(a) (b)
Fig B 1 Dmgrams which gwe rise to the gauge boson mass m the Hlggs model

Their introduction leads to

k~ . (B.3)

Thus the quanta of the gauge field As acquire a mass m a = g(~b) Note that the Glnzburg-Landau
theory of superconductivity of electrons does not contain the fermion fields at all Consequently,
fermlons are also not needed in the Higgs mechanism (although they can be introduced)
The field theoretic approach to the dynamical generation of the gauge particle masses in models
containing fermions (and not the scalar fields) was developed in [114] (with the microscopic theory of
superconductivity as a prototype [115]):
(1) A chlral symmetry breaking solution 2(p) IS assumed to exist for the Schwlnger-Dyson equation
for the fermion propagator
-1
SF- yp _ g2 2(p)'

1 e. the fermlon mass m - .S(0) is dynamically generated as a result of the spontaneous breakdown of a
chlral symmetry*.

* In their celebrated paper, Nambu and Jona-Lasmlo [116] had used the slmphfied, unrenormahzable relatwlstlc version of superconductwlty, m
which the ferm~on mass ~sdue to the condensate (4~/,)0 caused by a four-fermlon interaction The condensate breaks down spontaneously the global chlral
symmetry q.,~, exp0ay5 ) ~ When this symmetry becomes the gauge symmetry, the quanta of the gauge pseudoveetor field acqmre a mass, as shown m ref
[1171
 S M Bdenky and J Hogek, GWS theory of electroweak mteracttons and the neutral currents 153

(11) This dynamically generated mass lmphes via the Ward identity of the chiral symmetry a massless
pole (the would be Goldstone boson) in the vertex part F,~(k) ~ k,,.S(k2)/k 2
k2--~0
(ill) Upon inserting F,~ into the equation for the polanzatmon operator H ~ ( k ) of the gauge fi~Id, we
obtam* as k2~0, H ~ ( k ) = (t~ak 2 - k,~k~)M2/k 2 (M is the gauge boson mass) Note the deep con-
nection between the assumption of the dynamical generation of the fermlon masses and the subsequent
generation of the gauge boson masses in this approach Smce gauge chiral symmetries generally do not
allow fermion and gauge boson mass terms in the Lagrangian, there is no mass renormahzatlon in such
theories. Thus the masses are calculable and related (see ref [118] and references quoted thereto). In
some models [119] based on the described approach the fermion masses are assumed to be generated by
the GWS forces (without Hlggs fields), in others [120], the Abehan gauge field is added to th~ GWS
theory. In all cases the fermion-antIfermlon condensation takes place at high momenta.
It has been suggested recently, that the fermIon-antifermion condensation of a new sort of fermions
(which carry a new quantum n u m b e r - techmcolour) takes place at "small" momenta A - 500 GeV. It is
due to a new non-Abehan interaction, which appears from the requirement of a local techmcolour
invanance, section 2.2 (see ref. [121] and references quoted therein) The idea [104, 105] originates from
our understanding of plons as Goldstone bosons of a spontaneously broken SU(2)v × SU(2)A symmetry
On the approximation of massless u and d quarks) due to the condensate (flu + dd)~ 0 in the QCD
vacuum. Since pions couple to the weak SU(2)L x U(1)v currents J'~ and JV, respectively, we have

(OIJkl (k)) = iS,jf=.k ,

<OIJZI7r°(k)) =

On the other hand, the gauge fields A~ of the SU(2)Lgroup couple to the currents J~ with the strength
1
~g and the gauge field B,, couples to the current j v with the strength ½g' Thus, the vertices between
pions and the gauge bosons are as shown in fig. B.2(a, b). Therefore, the longltudmal parts of the gauge
boson polarization operators are analogous to the longitudinal parts of (B.3). Only the change (~b)~ ~f=
has to be performed Since the polarization tensor has to be transverse, we immediately conclude that
1
the mass of the charged intermediate boson is mw = ~gf~, while due to the mixing of A 3 and B,, via or°
exchange, we must diagonalize the mass matrix

(ggg, gg"~ I~L.,2

g,2 ] ,,~r j

in the (A 3, B,,) basis to get the familiar result m A = 0 and m z = , , ~ ~; ~1~. Here A and Z are the
fields of the photon (2.73) and of the neutral intermediate bosons (2.72), respectively.
Of course, such a picture is not reahstic at all. First, we cannot allow plons to be absorbed by W and

A~ ~o 8~ FC°

, lg frtk.4 .lg'f.ak.

(a) (b)
F~g B 2 Dmgrams which gwe rise to the W and Z boson masses m Q C D vath Goldstone plons

* The above descnbed mechamsm is mcely described to work m ref [117]

154 S M Bdenky and J Hog&, GWS theory of electroweak mteractwns and the neutral currents

Z bosons as their third polanzation states because we need them Second, since f,~ = 93 MeV, the
intermediate bosons would be very light Thus we introduce new U and D quarks, which interact via the
new interaction-quantum techmcolour-dynamics, which produces the condensate (OU + IS)D)# 0, con-
sequently technlpions, etc It is assumed that F = - 250 GeV, so that the masses of W and Z bosons
acquire thmr desirable values
Schwlnger's mechanism now operates both with QCD pions and techmpions The Goldstone boson
(GB) (mostly technipion) which IS absorbed by a gauge field, is

[GB) = F=ltechniplon) + f,~[QCD plon)

while the physical pion (mostly QCD pion), is

F,,IQCD pion) - f~ltechniplon)

[physical pion) = ~/~-~ + f~

We have described only the basic idea Any "realistic" model is much more elaborate [121]. A serious
drawback of the techmcolour mechanism should be stressed, however It itself is not capable to give
masses to leptons and quarks An additional mechanism is required [121], which brings with itself new
problems to be solved (flavour changing neutral currents) Very recently it has also been suggested [122]
to introduce supersymmetry, which now naturally contains elementary scalar fields They could give
masses to the fermlons Gauge bosons also acquire masses by a technicolour-hke mechanism

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