Lab Manual of Analog & Digital Communication

Experiment # 3

Communication Signals: Operations

Objective

• To learn the use of MATLAB for different operations on signals.

• To develop a thorough understanding of communication signals and their basic
operations as used in Communication.

SUMMARY

• Signal operations (Scaling, Shifting, Folding, Sample Summation, Sample product,

Energy, Even and Odd sequences, Convolution)

SIGNAL OPERATIONS:
1. Scaling:

In this operation the samples of the signal is multiplied by a scalar α. The

mathematical operator * is used for the implementation of the scaling property.
α{x(n)} = { α x(n)}

>> [x,n] = stepseq (-1,-5,5);

>> a = 2;

>> y = a*x;

>> subplot (2,1,1);

>>stem (n,x);grid on;

>> subplot (2,1,2);

>> stem (n,y, 'r');

>> grid on;

2. Shifting
In this operation, each sample of the signal is shifted by k to get a shifted

signal. By definition: y(n) = {x (n-k)}

In this operation there is no change in the array or vector x, that contains the samples of
the signal. Only n is changed be adding k to each element. The function is given below:
function [y,n] = sigshift (x,m,n0)

% implement y(n) = x(n-n0)

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% x = samples of original signal

% m = index values of the signal

% n0 = shift amount , may be positive or negative

% [y,n] = sigshift(x,m,n0)

n = m+n0;

y = x;

See the example of above function:

%Example 3.1
% This example demonstrate the use of stepseq, sigshift, sidadd & sigmult

function clc; clear;

[x,n] = stepseq (0,-

10,10); subplot (3,2,1);

stem (n,x);

axis ([-12 12 0

3]); grid on;

xlabel ('n');

ylabel

('x(n)');

title ('Original Signals');

[y1,n1] = sigshift(x,n,2.5);

subplot (3,2,2);

stem (n1,y1); axis ([-12 12 0 3]); grid on;

xlabel ('n');

ylabel

('y1(n)');

title ('Shifted signal,x(n-2.5)');

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%
[y2,n2] = sigshift (x,n,-2.5);

subplot (3,2,4);

stem (n2,y2);

axis ([-12 12 0 3]);

grid on;

xlabel ('n');

ylabel ('y2(n)');

title ('Shifted signal,x(n+2.5)');

[y_add,n_add] = sigadd(y1,n1,y2,n2);

subplot (3,2,6);

stem (n_add,y_add,'r');

axis ([-12 12 0 3]);

grid on;

xlabel ('n');

ylabel ('y1(n) + y2(n)');

title ('Added Signal');

[y_mul,n_mul] = sigmult(y1,n1,y2,n2);

subplot (3,2,5);

stem (n_mul,y_mul,'k');

axis ([-12 12 0 3]);

grid on;

xlabel ('n');

ylabel ('y1(n) * y2(n)');

title ('Multiplied Signal');

%
 Lab Manual of Analog & Digital Communication

Figure 3.1

3. Folding:

In this operation each sample of x(n) is flipped around n=0 to obtain a folded

signal y(n). y (n) = {x(-n)}

In MATLAB, this function is implemented by using a built-in function fliplr(x) and –

fliplr(x). Its implementation is given below:
function [y,n] = sigfold(x,n)

% implements y(n) = x(-n)

% [y,n] = sigfold(x,n)

% x = samples of the original signal

% n = indexes of the original signal

y = fliplr(x);

n = -fliplr (n);

Do its example by yourself from any example signals.

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4. Sample Summation:

This operation is different from sigadd function. In this operation we add all the sample
values of any signal x(n) between any two of its index values. By definition
∑ x(n) = x(n1) +………+x(n2)
In MATLAB it is implemented by the sum(x(n1:n2)) command. See the code below for the
demonstration of above function.
>> [x,n] = stepseq (5,0,10)

>> sum(x(2:7))

5. Sample Product:
This operation also differs from the sigmult function. It implies the sample values over the
range n1:n2. It is implemented by the prod(x(n1:n2)). See the code below.
>> x = [0 1 2 3 4 5]

>> prod(x(2:5))

6. Energy:

The energy of any signal x is computed by the mathematical relation:

Ex = ∑ x(n) x*(n) = ∑│x(n)│2
Where the subscript * is used for complex conjugate of the signal x. The energy of the finite
duration signal is computed in MATLAB as.
>> Ex = sum (x.*conj(x));

Or
>> Ex = sum (abs(x).^2);

7. Even and Odd Sequence:

A real valued sequence xe(n) is called even if the following condition satisfies.
xe(-n) = xe(n)
Similarly a signal is said to be an odd signal if
xo(-n) = -xo(n)

See the example below:

%example 3.2
% Generation of even and odd signals

n1 = [0:0.01:1];
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x1 = 2*n1;

n2 = [1:0.01:2];

x2 = -2*n2+4;

n = [n1,n2];

x = [x1,x2];

%Even Signal

[xe,ne] = sigfold(x,n);

%Plotting of original signal

subplot (3,1,1);

plot (n,x);

axis ([-4 4 0 2.5]);

grid on;

%Plotting of original signal + even signal

subplot (3,1,2);

plot (n,x/2,ne,xe/2);

axis ([-4 4 0 2.5]);

grid on;

% Plotting of original signal + odd

signal xo = -xe;

no = ne;

subplot (3,1,3);

plot (n,x/2,no,xo/2);

axis ([-4 4 -2.5 2.5]);

grid on;
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Figure 3.2

The above example shows to develop the even and odd signals from a given signal. Now we
are going to develop a function to compute the even and odd signals for ourselves. See the
code of function file below:
function [xe,xo,m] = evenodd (x,n)

% Decomposes a real function into its even and odd parts

% [xe,xo,m] = evenodd(x,n)

% xe = even signal

% xo = odd signal

% m = indexes

% x = original signal

% n = indexes for original signal

if any(imag(x)~=0)

error(‘x is not a real sequence’)

end

m = -fliplr(n);

m1 = min([m,n]);

m2 = max([m,n]);

m = m1:m2;

nm = n(1)-m(1);
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n1 = 1:length(n);

x1 = zeros(1,length(m));

x1(n1+nm) = x;

x = x1;

xe = 0.5*(x+fliplr(x));

xo = 0.5*(x-fliplr(x));

Now change the example 3.2 code to implement the same example with this
function.
8. Convolution:

The convolution is very important operation as far the system as their impulse responses are
concern. It is mathematically defines as:
y (n) = x(n) * h(n)
Where h(n) is the impulse response of the system. The above definition is best depicted by
the following diagram.

In MATLAB convolution is implemented by the following instructions.

>> x = [1 5 3 9 1 2 3 8 5 -3 0 4];

>> h = [1 0 2 3];

>> y = conv(x,h);

A function is developed which will evaluate convolution in a more precise form and also
calculate the indexes to help us plot the sequences.
function [y,ny] = conv_m(x,nx,h,nh)

% Modified convolution routine for signal processing

% [y,ny] = conv_m(x,nx,h,nh)

% [y,ny] = convolution result

% x = original signal

% nx = index values

% h = impulse response signal

% nh = index values for impulse response

nyb = nx(1) + nh(1);

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nye = nx(length(x)) + nh(length(h));

ny = [nyb:nye];

y = conv(x,h);

POST LAB

a. x(n) = u(n) – u(n-5). Decompose into even and odd components and plot them.

b. n = [-2:2]

x1 = [3,2,1,-2,-3];

x2 = [1,1,1,1,1]

Implement y = x1*x2