MATH013- LINEAR ALGEBRA WITH MATLAB

Topic: MATRIX

Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. Define matrix
2. Identify the different special type of matrices
3. Perform operations on matrices
4. Apply the properties of transpose
5. Find the inverse of a given matrix

Matrix
Is a rectangular array of numbers denoted by: MATRIX OPERATIONS

1. Addition of matrix

The sum A+B of two m-by-n matrices A and B is calculated

entry wise (A + B)i,j = Ai,j + Bi,j, where 1 ≤ i ≤ m and 1 ≤ j ≤ n.

Properties:
The dimension /order of matrix mxn where m is the rows , n is Let A, B and C be m x n matrices
the columns. a) A+B =B+A
R E M A R K: b) A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C
For any two m x n matrices A  aij  
and B  bij  
we
c) There is a unique m x n matrix O (zero matrix) such
that A + O =A for any mxn matrix A.
define Equality A =B if aij = bij that is if corresponding entries d) For each mxn matrix A, there is a unique mxn matrix
are equal and have the same dimension m x n. D such that A+ D= O. Where matrix D is –A (negative
of A)
SPECIAL TYPES OF MATRICES
2. Scalar multiplication
1. SQUARE MATRIX Is a matrix where m= n and that
The scalar multiplication cA of a matrix A and a number c
the numbers form the main
(also called a scalar in the parlance of abstract algebra) is
diagonal of A.
given by multiplying every entry of A by c:
2. DIAGONAL MATRIX An n x n matrix A = [ aij ] is called
(cA)i,j = c · Ai,j.
a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 for i =1= j.Thus, for a
diagonal matrix, the terms off the main diagonal are
Properties:
all zero.
If r and s are real numbers and A and B are matrices of the
3. SCALAR MATRIX A scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix
appropriate size then:
whose diagonal elements are equal.
a) r(sA)=(rs)A
4. IDENTITY MATRIX The scalar matrix In = [dij ], where
b) (r+s)A=rA+sA
dii; = I and dij = 0 for i not equal to j , is called the n x
n identity matrix.
c) r(A+B)=rA+rB
Example:
d) A(rB)=r(AB)=(rA)B

3. Matrix multiplication

Multiplication of two matrices is defined only if the number

of columns of the left matrix is the same as the number of
rows of the right matrix. If A is an m-by-n matrix and B is an n-
by-p matrix, then their matrix product AB is the m-by-p matrix
whose entries are given by dot-product of the corresponding
row of A and the corresponding column of B:

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 2. Given:
2 3  1   7 4  5
A  1 4 7  B   8 5 2 
 
2 5  4  3 6 3 
  1 2
R E M A R K S: C  0  1
1. BA may not be defined; this will take place if n≠m 3 1 
2. If BA is defined, which means that m=n, then BA is
pxp while AB is m xm if m≠ p, AB and BA are of
different sizes. Find:
3. If AB and BA are both of the same size they may be a) 2A+B
equal or unequal

Properties
If A and B are matrices (with sizes such that the given matrix
products are defined) and c is a scalar, then the following
properties are true.
a) A(BC)=(AB)C
b) A(B+C)=AB+AC
c) (A+B)C=AC+BC
d) c(AB)=(cA)B=A(cB)

b) -3A -2AB

Transpose of Matrix

The transpose of an m-by-n matrix A is the n-by-m matrix AT

(also denoted Atr or tA) formed by turning rows into co
columns and vice versa: (AT)i,j = Aj,i.

Properties:

If r is a scalar and A and B are matrices of the appropriate

sizes then:

c) (BC)T

Example

1. Find the value of the variable to satisfy the given

relationship

 x  1 8   16 8 
 x  y  5   14  5
   

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PROBLEM SET: Example: If possible, find the inverse of each matrix
 3  1
1. A 
 2 2 

1. (BA)T 4. 3AC-4BD
2. A2 5. 3B-2AD
3. AD 6. ADB  3  1
2. B 
 6 2 

Inverse of square matrix of order n

Steps:
1. Write the n x 2n matrix that consists of the
given matrix A on the left and the I n identity matrix
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
on the right to obtain A : I n  . This process is
Let A be a square matrix of size n x n. If there exist a matrix called adjoining matrix I to matrix A.
A 1 such that A. A1  A1 . A  I n , where I n is the n x n 2. If possible row reduce A to I using elementary row

identity matrix , then A 1 is the inverse of A. 

operations on the entire matrix A : I n , the 
result will be matrix I n : A 1
 . If this is not
Properties: possible then A is noninvertible or singular.
a) If A is singular , then it does not have an inverse
b) If A is non-singular, then it has one and only one 3. Check your work by multiplying AA 1 and A 1 A
1
inverse to see that AA  I n  A1 A
1
c) If , for n x n matrices, A.B  I n , then B  A and
Example: Find the inverse of the given matrix
A  B 1
 1 1 0 
d) A 
1 1
A
A   1 0  1
e)  AB 1  B 1 A1  6 2 3 
f) A 
k 1
  k
 A1 . A1 .........A1  A1 , where k is
a positive integer

g) cA1  1 A 1 where c  0
c
h) A 
T 1
 
 A 1
T

Inverse of 2 x 2 matrix
a b 
If A is a 2 x 2 matrix represented by A    then A is
c d 
ad  bc  0 and the inverse is
invertible if and only if
1 1  d  b
represented by A 
ad  bc  c a 
.

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Solving System of Linear Equation(SLE) using an Inverse PROBLEM SET:
Matrix
1. Find the inverse of the matrix if it exists.
If A is invertible matrix , then the system of linear equation 1 2
Ax  b has a unique solution given by x  A1b a)A 
3 7
Example : Solve the given SLE 1 1 1

b) B  3 5 4

x  2y  4  
1. 3 6 5
3x  5 y  1
1  2 5 1 7  3
2. Given: A    and B   
  7 6 2 0 
Find:
a)  AB 1
b) A 
T 1

c)  A2
d) 2 A1
3. Find x such that the matrix is equal to its inverse
3 x
x1  x 2  x3  1 A 
 2  3
2.  x1  x3  1 4. Use an inverse matrix to solve the given system of
linear equation
x1  x 2  x3  0
x  2 y  1
a)
x  2y  3

x1  2 x 2  x3  2
b) x1  2 x 2  x3  4
x1  2 x 2  x3  2

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