Received 19 May 2022, accepted 20 June 2022, date of publication 30 June 2022, date of current version 6 July 2022.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3187422

Multiparametric System for Measuring

Physicochemical Variables Associated
to Water Quality Based on the
Arduino Platform
JORGE FONSECA-CAMPOS 1 , ISRAEL REYES-RAMIREZ 1 , LEV GUZMAN-VARGAS1 ,
LEONARDO FONSECA-RUIZ 1 , JORGE ALBERTO MENDOZA-PEREZ2 ,
AND P. F. RODRIGUEZ-ESPINOSA3
1 Instituto
Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas (UPIITA), Mexico City 07340, Mexico
2 Escuela
Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 07738, Mexico
3 Centro
Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo (CIIEMAD), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN),
Mexico City 07340, Mexico
Corresponding author: Jorge Fonseca-Campos ([email protected])
This work was supported by the Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado (SIP) of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) (2019–2021)
under Grant 2057.

ABSTRACT Traditionally, the estimation of water quality is realized through laboratory analysis which is
time-consuming and requires specialized installations, equipment, and personnel. Nowadays, it is possible to
make real-time water monitoring through electrochemical sensors, microcontrollers, and central processing
units to detect water pollutants. This work proposes a system based on the Arduino platform for monitoring
parameters associated with water quality, such as oxidation-reduction potential, pH, total dissolved solids,
turbidity, temperature, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. A critical criterion for the sensor
selection was its cost and availability, resulting in sensors from different companies. They were integrated
without much complexity, thanks to the selected platform. In addition, a proposal is made for a signal
conditioning circuit for the oxidation-reduction potential electrode. A stage of filtering is added to the pH
and turbidity commercial circuits to improve their performance. Remote access to the data is done through
a mini-PC with WIFI connectivity and a MySQL database. All the sensors were calibrated with reference
solutions or against other commercial meters. Through the proposed system, time series having a sampling
period of 20 s of all parameters were recorded for more than a week-long exhibiting circadian patterns for the
same water sample. Pearson correlation for the parameters was carried on. The results show that the system
successfully monitored the seven physicochemical variables through low-cost sensors. It also has remote
access capabilities.

INDEX TERMS Arduino, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, MySQL, oxidation-reduction potential,
PC, pH, temperature, time-series, total dissolved solids, turbidity, water quality monitoring.

I. INTRODUCTION changes, which alter the equilibrium of these ecosystems.

Water is a vital resource for terrestrial and aquatic Traditionally, chemical analysis of several biological and
ecosystems. Anthropogenic activities and natural phenom- physicochemical parameters provides quantitative data
ena produce unwanted chemical, physical and biological related to water quality. In situ and real-time water quality
monitoring is a complex and costly task to achieve by this
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approach. Because they usually require specialized labora-
approving it for publication was Ilaria de Munari . tories and time-consuming experiments. Sensor monitoring

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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of physicochemical parameters is an alternative for estimat- connected directly to the single-board computer general
ing the water quality and might complement the laboratory purpose input/output (GPIO) [5]. They showed a print screen
analysis of water. of the system accessed from a mobile device. Reference [6]
References [1], [2] suggest the recommended physico- reported a potentiostat and a Bluetooth transceiver shield
chemical parameters which should be monitoring for estimat- and electrochemical sensors of pH, free chlorine, and tem-
ing water quality because they are closely related to biological perature, all of them are attached to an Arduino board for
and chemical pollutants. These are the oxidation-reduction- measuring water samples.
potential (ORP), temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dis- The actual technology permits sensing water quality
solved oxygen, turbidity, free residual chlorine, and nitrates. parameters in rivers, lakes, or sea, though compact aquatic
Measuring nitrates and free residual chlorine with sensors is vehicles [7]. Also, recently has been proved that microelec-
costly and requires frequent calibration [1], [2]. Therefore, trodes are promising sensors for monitoring water [8]–[10].
they are usually not considered in most proposals to estimate Furthermore, systems based on Arduino demonstrated their
water quality based on electrochemical sensors. success for monitoring water parameters [6], [7], [11], [12].
High values of ORP in water mean that its oxygen content This work proposes a system for measuring seven parame-
is high, and degradation of pollutants is more efficient. The ters related to water quality. The Arduino platform is suitable
ORP units are mV. The temperature influences the rate of the for developing prototypes because its hardware and software
reactions, the response of most physicochemical parameters, are open and free. Also, a large active community develops
and the rate of biological activity. The electrical conductivity software and hardware for this microcontroller, making it
provides a measure of the ions present in water. It is related cost-effective for several applications. Because there are just
to variables as salinity. The dissolved oxygen in water is a few options for getting commercial low-cost ORP signal
essential for most aquatic animals, and a low value might be conditioning circuits (SCC), in this work, there is a proposal
present in waters with high algae concentrations. for solving this drawback. The components chosen in this
Availability of cost-effective systems for remote moni- work are from different companies, although some provide
toring in real-time parameters associated with water qual- analog signals. Others offer digital signals, which commu-
ity is possible because the market offers an ample variety nicate with different protocols such as the serial peripheral
of sensors, electronics boards based on microcontrollers, interface (SPI), and the inter-integrated circuit, eye-squared-
small-size computers with Internet capabilities. Their mass C (I2 C). It is demonstrated that the Arduino platform per-
production might help administrate better this invaluable mits the integration of all the selected sensors without much
resource. complexity. Remote access to the data is done through a
Water is an essential resource for human beings; for this mini-PC with WIFI connectivity and a MySQL database. The
reason, there is an extensive research community offering organization of the document is the following: The section
solutions for monitoring water quality parameters in real- on material and methods includes a description of the sensors
time. For example, O’Flynn et al. were one of the pio- and the electrical connections of the signal conditioning cir-
neers of the development of a wireless sensor network for cuits. This section also explains the proposal of the ORP SCC
measuring water quality parameters like temperature, depth, and describes the software and connectivity of the system.
pH, temperature, conductivity, and phosphates [3]. They The results section includes the electrical characterization
reported 14 days of records for the River Lee in Cork. The of the ORP SCC, the calibration results, and a time series
Reference [1] proposed a system for measuring Turbidity, of the system. The latter part of the document covers the
ORP, pH, Electrical Conductivity, and Temperature based on conclusions, acknowledgments, and bibliography.
the sensors of SensoreX Corp with their respective signal
conditioning circuits. Their design offers remoting sensing II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
capabilities through an RF Xbee transceiver module sending Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the system architecture.
water quality data every 5s. The central node corresponds pH, ORP, turbidity, and total dissolved solids (TDS) sensors
to an ARM/Linux-based system. Reference [2] reported a provide an analog output read by an analog to digital con-
prototype for real-time monitoring of water quality. This verter (ADC). A 16-bit-ADC module increases the resolution
work provides the design of signal conditioning circuits for of 10 bits offered by the Arduino Mega native ADC. The tem-
sensing water flow, temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, perature sensor is based on a commercial signal conditioning
and ORP. They used ZigBee technology for their wireless circuit communicated to the Arduino board through the SPI
communication. The logic level of the signal conditioning protocol. The electric conductivity (EC) and the dissolved
circuits proposed in this work corresponds to 3.3 V, which oxygen (DO) use the I2 C protocol to establish communication
is not the standard level employed in most Arduino boards. with the microcontroller unit (MCU). The user interacts with
Other works related to this topic include the measurement a graphical user interface (GUI) written in the programming
of pH and conductivity with embedded microsensors [4]. language of C# to decide how many parameters are read by
Gopavanitha and Nagaraju have shown a water quality mon- the system. A fixed sampling rate ts = 20 s is exclusively
itoring prototype based on a Raspberry PI with temperature, employed. The C# software incorporates the connector/NET
conductivity, pH, turbidity, flow, sensors, and solenoid valves program to provide the option to store the information in a

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FIGURE 1. Block diagram from the system architecture. SCC stands for
signal conditioning circuit.
FIGURE 2. Schematic diagram of the ORP signal conditioning circuit.

MySQL database. It also can save the data on a cloud storage

service like Dropbox. a unity gain. The output signal of the filter may vary from
−2000 to 2000 mV. It requires a voltage adapter circuit to
A. ORP SENSOR make it compatible with the voltage of the microcontroller
ORP sensing provides meaningful information in water qual- ADC, whose working range goes from 0 to 5 V. Thus, A sig-
ity measurements. Its value is an indicator of the water disin- nal of 2.5 V provided by the voltage reference LM336-2.5 V
fection efficiency in industrial and domestic processes [13]. is added to the electrode signal as a DC offset signal. The
ORP is an electrochemical parameter that is measured sim- output signal of the circuit vout is in the voltage range from
ilarly to pH, but the electrode uses a noble metal as a mea- 0.5 V to 4.5 V. The value of ORP in volts corresponds to
surement element [14]. ORP measurements do not require vout − 2.5. In the system, the software does this arithmetic
temperature compensation, and most commercial electrodes operation.
are rated to work from −2000 to 2000 mV [1], [2], [14]. In the In the voltage follower, the input voltage coming from the
particular case of the ORP sensors, there aren’t many low-cost electrode is equal to the op-amp output. The three-pole low-
options in the market for buying the sensor and the signal pass filter is composed of a passive first-order unity gain
conditioning circuit together. The latter is a requirement of low-pass filter cascaded with a second-order unity gain filter
the microcontroller for acquiring the sensor signal. For this having a Sallen Key topology [15]. Its transfer function H (s)
reason, a proposal for an ORP signal conditioning circuit is is given by
presented. 
1
 
1

H (s) = · , (1)
1 + a1 s 1 + a2 s + b2 s2
1) ORP SIGNAL CONDITIONING CIRCUIT
Reference [1] reported the first stage of an ORP signal condi- where s is the complex frequency given by j ffc , at which
tioning circuit. Cloete and co-workers made an analog circuit, f stands for the frequency in Hz. The filter coefficients of
which required to work in the voltage range of 0 to 3.3 V, Eq. (1) are given by
which was a restriction imposed for the microcontroller board a1 = ωc R100 C220 , (2)
that they employed [2]. In this work, a different circuit is
proposed to use the voltage range of the ADC of most popular where ωc = 2π fc and the subscripts stand for the value of the
models of Arduino microcontrollers as the Uno, Mega, and component. In the circuit all the resistors are in k and all the
Nano, which read analog signals from 0 to 5 V. capacitors are in nF.
Fig. 2 shows the schematic diagram of the proposed a2 = 2ωc R100 C33 , (3)
ORP signal conditioning circuit. It has four stages. At first,
a DC-DC converter AM1D-0505DZ chip provides dual volt- and
age supply at −Vs = −5 V and Vs = 5 V, when it is powered b2 = ωc2 (R100 )2 C33 C470 . (4)
with a single power supply of 5 V. This circuit powers the
op amp’s labeled as U1 , U2 , and U3 , which correspond to the Having fc = 10 Hz, the coefficients after substituting their
same type of op amp, whose part number is the LMC6041. respective component values are given by a1 = 1.3823 s,
This integrated circuit has a very high typical input resistance, a2 = 0.4747 s, and b2 = 0.6123 s−2 .
greater than 10 T, and low current consumption of the order The summing circuit with a unity gain [16], with the pro-
of 14 µA. U1 is configured as a voltage follower. The signal posed component values has an output vout given by
coming from this circuit is filtered with a three-pole low-pass
vout = vin + vref , (5)
filter having a unity gain and a cutoff frequency of fc = 10 Hz,
which is suitable for this application considering that the where vin is the signal coming from the filter, which may
sampling frequency fs of the overall system is less than 1 Hz. vary from −2000 to 2000 mV, and the voltage reference
The last stage of the circuit consists of a summing circuit with LM2336-2.5 provides vref = 2500 mV. Therefore, the circuit

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FIGURE 4. Block diagram of the TDS signal conditioning circuit.

FIGURE 3. Block diagram of the pH signal conditioning circuit.

has an output from 500 mV to 4500 mV, assuring compatibil-

ity with the Arduino’s ADC.

B. pH SENSOR
The pH electrodes follow a linear transfer function known as
Nernst equation [6], [8], [14], [17], [18]. pH sensitivity is sen- FIGURE 5. Block diagram and electrical wiring of turbidity signal
sor dependent, but at 25 ◦ C its value is around 59 mV/pH [17], conditioning circuit.
[18]. Some reported values on the literature are 57 mV/pH,
59.14, and 59.18 mV/pH in the references [6], [8], [14]; keyestudio, and others. These measure up to 1000 pm. Higher
respectively. Considering the sensitivity of 59 mV/pH a very values are unsafe for human consumption.
strong acid with pH 0 will create a potential in the electrode Fig. 4 shows the block diagram with the electrical con-
of 413 mV. For a very strong base with pH 14 the voltage will nections for TDS measuring with the Keyestudio module.
correspond to −414 mV. pH measurement requires tempera- It has an analog output A, linearly correlated to TDS ranging
ture compensation. Reference [2] reported an equation which from 0 to 2.3 V. vout is wired to one of the ADC inputs.
corrects this effect. The compensated pH value pHc is given Turbidity is an optical property describing how much light
by is scattered or absorbed for a water sample [20]. The most
complex and precise turbidimeters measure light at two con-
pHc = pH − (0.003 · (T − T0 ) · (pH0 − pH )) , (6)
figurations. An infrared (IR) light source, like a light-emitting
where pH is the pH read value, pH0 is the central value diode (LED), sends light into a water sample. One IR optical
given by 7, T is the temperature in ◦ C, and T0 is the central detector located in a straight line to the IR source (180◦ )
temperature of 25 ◦ C. measures light coming from it. The other IR detector is
Fig. 3 shows the block diagram of the pH signal condition- perpendicular to the straight-line trajectory of light (90◦ ) [1],
ing circuit, which reads the signal coming from a generic pH [21], [22]. The great majority of the inexpensive turbidime-
electrode with a Bayonet Neill–Concelman (BNC) connector. ters measure this parameter with the configuration of one
The SCC is a commercial circuit from DIY MORE model photodetector [23]–[27].
PH-4502C having an analog output (PO) and works in the There are low-cost commercial options if there is no need
temperature range from −10 to 50 ◦ C. Terminal labeled as to measure turbidity with very high accuracy or when its
TO provides an analog signal for temperature compensating value is less than 1000 NTU. For example, the Robot Gravity
the pH, having a soldered sensor directly in the printed board turbidity sensor and the TS-300B sensor [28].
circuit (PCB) of the SCC. DO is a digital output whose thresh- Fig. 5 shows the block diagram and the electrical wiring
old is modified with a potentiometer. The TO pin was left of the turbidity SCC. This circuit and the sensor correspond
unconnected to the system because the temperature sensor to the model TSW-20M. It works in the 180◦ configuration
didn’t contact the water. vout is the terminal connected to the and measures the turbidity in the range of 0 − 4550 NTU.
ADC. The addition of a three-pole low-pass filter having a The signal output vout is in the voltage interval of 0 − 4.5 V,
cut-off frequency of 5 Hz attenuated high-frequency noise. which suits well with the ADC range of the Arduino Mega.
U1 corresponds to the TLV2472 op amp. Also, it incorporates a digital signal (DO) whose threshold
is controlled with a potentiometer. The addition of a three-
C. TDS SENSOR pole low-pass filter having a cut-off frequency of 5 Hz
TDS provides a measure of the water salinity, and it is related attenuated high-frequency noise. U1 corresponds to the
to the EC of water [19]. Inorganic salts are the main contrib- TLV2472 op amp.
utors to TDS, and a small contribution is due to inorganic
matter. Its measurement helps to identify the intrusion of D. 16-BIT ADC
seawater in groundwater. Recently, cheap SCC and sensors The Arduino Mega has an ADC of 10 bits. Incorporating
based on the same design for measuring TDS with microcon- the module ADS1115 from Adafruit, having a 16-bit ADC
troller boards are available from some distributors as gravity, with a programmable gain amplifier improves the system

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FIGURE 6. Block diagram and electrical wiring of Adafruit module

ADS1115.

resolution. This chip works in reference single-ended (RSE)

or differential modes. Fig. 6 shows the wiring of the circuit.
The way of operation selected for this application is RSE
for acquiring the analog signals from the SCC’s of pH, ORP,
turbidity, and TDS. The chip operated at the default gain of
2/3 corresponding to a resolution of 0.1875 mV. The SDA and FIGURE 7. Block diagram and electrical wiring of Adafruit module
MAX31865.
the SCL terminals are connected to the digital pin terminals
20 and 21 of the Arduino Mega, respectively.
The temperature may be measure with different waterproof SCC circuit. The sensor generates a voltage from 0 to 47 mV
versions of the sensors like the DS18B20 [29], thermis- in terms of oxygen saturation.
tor [2], LM35, or an RTD sensor. We implemented the latter The electrical conductivity is another parameter important
option with a PT100 RTD temperature sensor amplifier from for water quality [1]. The sensor consists of two electrodes
Adafruit and a 3-wire PT100 sensor. Fig. 7 shows the elec- separated for a fixed distance and describing a constant sur-
trical connections of the SCC circuit. Some terminals require face area. Both parameters determine the K constant of the
soldering according to the number of wires of the RTD. For sensor. In this work, the conductivity probe K 10 of Atlas
a three-wire sensor, the jumper labeled as 2/3 are in short- Scientific with its SCC circuit is used. This measures EC in
circuit. The jumpers appearing above the component labeled the range from 10 µS to 1 S.
as Rref of the physical circuit, labeled as 2 and 4, are in Using at the same time, the DO and EC sensors of Atlas
open-circuit, and the jumpers 4 and 3 are in short-circuit. Scientific require the insertion of the EZO inline voltage
The resistance between a pair of wires is around 102  isolator (BE-IVI) from the same company. Fig. 8(a) shows the
or 2 . The lowest resistance pair of cables are connected electrical connections of the SCC circuit and the BE-IVI for
to the terminals labeled as RTD+ and F+, and the last wire the DO sensor, while Fig. 8(b) shows the block diagram and
is attached to the terminal labeled as RTD−. F− is uncon- the electrical wiring of the EC sensor. Serial and I2 C commu-
nected. The SCC communicates to the Arduino through the nication protocols are available for transferring information
SPI protocol. The connectors CLK, SDO, SDI, and CS, are to the microcontroller board. The latter protocol requires
wire to the digital inputs 13, 12, 11, and 10 of the microcon- external resistors of 4.7 k between the power supply
troller board, respectively. at +5 V and the terminals connected to the inputs 20 and 21 of
the Arduino.
E. DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY
SENSORS F. ARDUINO PLATFORM
Dissolved oxygen provides the magnitude of the oxygen gas The Arduino platform offers several options to develop pro-
dissolved in water. Of course, its value is vital for living totypes due to its large community, which provides many
aquatic organisms. High temperature reduces the dissolved hardware and software solutions. In essence, the function
oxygen in the water. Reference [1] suggested this parameter of the microcontroller board consists of reading the signals
as the one of the most important to be measured for estimating coming from the sensors for sending them to the serial port.
water quality. There are few sensor options for measuring Fig. 9 shows the flowchart of the operation of the Arduino
this variable having the support for the Arduino platform. program. It starts by waiting for the information having the
The company Atlas Scientific offers a DO probe with an variables to be read from the serial port. Establishing them

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FIGURE 10. The main screen of the system GUI.

FIGURE 8. Block diagram and electrical wiring of the SCC: (a) dissolved
oxygen, and (b) electric conductivity.

FIGURE 11. The plot of the ORP, where the vertical and horizontal axes
correspond to the magnitude in mV and the time in seconds, respectively.

corresponds to a Windows Form of the NET Framework

written in the C# programming language using Visual Studio
as an IDE. Fig. 10 shows the main window of the system
GUI. The user has the option to select which variables will
be measured. The operation menu establishes a continuous
measurement or another that runs until the user press the stop
button. There is an option for storing the data exclusively on
the hard drive and another for saving it in a MySQL database.
The organization of the GUI is through tabs; the main window
displays the last acquired values. The rest show the plot of
FIGURE 9. Flowchart of the operation of the Arduino program. each measured variable and its basic statistics. Fig. 11 depicts
the temporal evolution of the ORP.
permits the measuring of the signals of the different sensors. Fig. 12 shows the flow diagram of the GUI. It starts by
This task is repeated in a loop until a stop signal send by giving the user the option to select the parameters to be
the user through the serial port is received. Sensor values are measured, sending them to the serial port. Under a serial port
printed in the serial port at a sampling time of ts = 20 s. interruption, the microcontroller board reads this instruction
Another program written in C# read the signals coming from and takes the corresponding values. The Arduino board sends
the Arduino. back the data to the serial port. The C# program consults this
A further explanation of the Arduino program is realized information to display them in the main window. A genera-
in Appendix. tion of the plots occurs in the corresponding window tab. The
continuous reading option stores the data directly on the hard
G. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) AND GRAPHICAL drive. Unchecking this option produces a temporal saving
USER INTERFACE (GUI) of data on an array. Enabling the database storage creates a
A mini PC does the system’s central processing. A MINIS connection to the database for sending queries instructing for
FORUM mini computer model Z83-F was employed. It has a information storing. The above process is continuous until
quad-core Intel Atom processor, 4 GB of RAM, an integrated pressing the stop button. If there is available data in the array,
Wi-Fi antenna, and SO Windows 10 Pro. The system GUI the user opts to save or discard it.

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FIGURE 13. Electrical enclosure and sensors of the prototype.

FIGURE 12. Flow diagram of the GUI.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

FIGURE 14. Signal conditioning circuits, and Arduino microcontroller of
Fig. 13 shows the final integration of the system, and Fig. 14 the prototype.
shows the internal components of the electrical enclosure.
An external 5 VDC power supply energizes the system.
The microcontroller communicates to the mini-PC through
a USB cable.
This section presents the results of the sensor’s calibration.

A. ORP SENSOR CALIBRATION

Electrical characterization of the circuit probed that the sig-
nal output of the SCC was restricted to the interval from
0.5 V to 4.5 V. The experiments consisted in injecting ten
different harmonic signals into the circuit. Their amplitudes
varied from 50 mVpp to 4 Vpp with a fixed frequency
FIGURE 15. SCC electrical characterization: (a) Signals with an AC
of 500 mHz. Fig. 15(a) shows the output signal obtained when component of 1 Vpp, and (b) Waveforms with different amplitudes. The
a harmonic function of 1 Vpp was input into the SCC. The dashed and solid lines correspond to the input and output, respectively.
voltage reference introduced an offset of 2.5 V displacing the
AC input signal vertically. A straighter waveforms compari-
son required the removal of the DC component of the output filter of the SCC having the cut-off frequency of fc = 10 Hz
signal, as Fig. 15(b) shows. reduces the amplitude of unwanted noise of 60 Hz. This stage
Fig. 15(b) shows a good agreement between the input and of the circuit does not affect the amplitude, nor the phase of
output waveforms. The offset had an average magnitude of low-frequency signals, as Fig. 15 shows.
2.474 V with a standard deviation of 2 mV. There is no con- Three-pole low-pass filter of the SCC of ORP helps to
sensus on the most appropriate sampling period for real-time reduce the high-frequency noise, as Fig. 16 shows. Bode plots
water quality monitoring. It can go from a few seconds to were obtained with the Equation 1 and PSpice simulation.
even minutes or hours [1], [2], [28]–[33]. In any case, the Experimental points confirmed the attenuation introduced by

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FIGURE 16. Bode plot of the SCC for ORP circuit. Solid and dashed lines FIGURE 17. ORP experimental points in terms of the reference solutions
correspond to the transfer function and the simulation, respectively. Solid voltage. Circles, crosses, and triangles refer to the GE, AS, and 169E
circles are experimental data. sensors. Solid, dashed, and dotted lines represent the linear fitting for the
GE, AS, and the 169E electrodes, respectively.

TABLE 1. Main specifications of the two electrochemical electrodes used

for ORP measuring.
TABLE 2. Fitting coefficients for the ORP sensors considering the linear
model vORP = a0 + a1 vmea V.

the circuit having more agreement with the simulation than

with the filter transfer function. However, in both cases, at a
frequency of 20 Hz, there is an attenuation more significant
than 10 dB. The slight disagreement might be due to the
actual value of the components, which were different from
their nominal magnitude. fc might be shifted to any other
desired value by changing the values of the capacitors and
the resistors of the filter.
Three-point calibration with 225, 256, and 470 mV ref-
erence solutions were made with two electrochemical elec-
trodes and the commercial low-cost digital tester 169E ORP.
All sensors presented a linear relationship between measured
ORP and the calibration standards. One of the electrodes was
from the company Gain Express Holdings Ltd (GE), and the
TM
other was the ORP industrial probe from Atlas Scientific
(AS). Table 1 shows a summary of their main specifications. FIGURE 18. pH experimental points and fitted curve in terms of three
reference solutions.
Fig. 17 shows the results of the three-point calibration
for the sensors, where ORPcal stands for the reference solu-
tions, the vertical axes correspond to the measured values. TABLE 3. Fitting coefficients for the pH electrode considering the linear
Fitting with a linear model explained the experimental data model pH = a0 + a1 vpH .

for all electrodes. Table 2 summarize the fitting coefficients.

vORP represents the ORP output in terms of the measured
voltage vmea in Volts, r is the correlation coefficient, and
RMSE is the root mean square error.
Table 2 shows that the magnitude depends slightly on the
electrode, but a linear relationship still stands in the GE and
AS sensors. The low cost and the faster response to substance
changes make the GE electrode a good choice for water
monitoring.
with a linear function. Table 3 shows the fitting coefficients,
B. pH SENSOR CALIBRATION were vpH is the voltage of the SCC of pH.
Reference solutions of pH 4, 6.86, and 9.18 were used to Most calibrations for the pH sensor available after consult-
calibrate the pH sensor. Fig. 18 shows the electric potential ing tutorials on the web are carried on with the two-point
read by the ADC in terms of pH. Fitting is better described calibration considering a linear relationship. This behavior

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FIGURE 19. TDS readings and linear fitting of the sensor and the
FIGURE 20. Sensor and equipment turbidity readings and parabolic
commercial tester.
fitting.

TABLE 4. Fitting coefficients for the TDS electrode considering the linear
model TDS = a0 + a1 TDSv 1 ppm. TABLE 5. Fitting coefficients for the turbidity considering the parabolic
2 NTU.
model turbidity = a0 + a1 vtur + a2 vtur

holds as well with the three-point calibration, as Fig. 18

shows.

C. TDS SENSOR CALIBRATION

The calibration of the sensor was made through two steps.
The first consisted of considering a linear relationship
between the measured voltage with the electrode vTDS , and
the magnitude of two reference solutions of 500 ppm and
1000 ppm, given by TDScal = 503.178 vTDS − 92.454. The
second was a comparison between the calibrated values read
by the sensor TDSv1 and the digital tester HMDAP1 AP-1
from AquaPro, referred to as TDS. A linear model explains FIGURE 21. Temperature sensors readings and linear fitting relating both
the relationship between both readings, as Figure 19 shows. quantities.
Table 4 shows the fitting coefficients.
Unfortunately, sensor specifications do not provide infor-
mation on the relationship between voltage and TDS. More- fitted with a parabolic model having the equation turbidity =
over, Wibowo and coworkers reported a parabolic rela- a0 + a1 vtur + a2 v2tur as Figure 20 shows. Table 5 shows the
tionship for an unspecified TDS sensor [34]. Nevertheless, fitting coefficients.
by doing the calibration through two steps, we confirm a A parabolic fitting has also been reported in other turbidity
linear relationship between both variables, as Fig. 19 shows. sensors like the ones of Reference [28] but having an inverted
A slight deviation of the data from the straight line is expected curvature. Other aspects that must be accounted for when
due to the sensor’s resolution of ±10 ppm. It is worth men- using the sensor are that the reading is influenced by ambient
tioning that immersing in a reference solution of 2000 ppm light. For this reason, it requires a protective case to block it,
produced saturation because it exceeded the sensor’s range and the sensor cap made with high-density polyethylene is
from 0-1000 ppm. very difficult to seal, as reported in [28].

D. TURBIDITY SENSOR CALIBRATION E. TEMPERATURE SENSOR CALIBRATION

For doing the turbidity sensor calibration, it was prepared a Comparing the readings of a bulb thermometer with the ones
few solutions with distilled water and a small amount of pine of the RTD PT100 sensor was the way to calibrate the tem-
oil cleaner. NTUs of those samples were measured with a perature sensor. Fig. 21 shows the linear model fitting both
commercial Oakton T-100 Waterproof turbidimeter. Sample readings. Table 6 shows the coefficients of the linear least
turbidity in terms of the output voltage of the sensor vtur was square method.

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J. Fonseca-Campos et al.: Multiparametric System for Measuring Physicochemical Variables

TABLE 6. Fitting coefficients for the RTD PT100 sensor TABLE 7. Fitting coefficients for the linear model between the EC sensor
Tbulb = a0 + a1 TPT 100 ◦ C. and the reference solutions.

FIGURE 22. Linear model for the experimental data obtained during the
calibration of the electrical conductivity sensor of AS.
FIGURE 23. Scatter plot and fitting of the electric conductivity of the
sensor of Atlas Scientific and the commercial tester.
Fig. 21 shows a deviation of the experimental data from
the straight-line relationship. In fact, in the application report TABLE 8. Fitting coefficients for the linear model between the EC sensor
SBAA275–June 2018 called ‘‘A Basic Guide to RTD Mea- and the commercial meter for the equation ECext = a0 + a1 ECAS_cal .
surements’’ of Texas Instruments and in the MAX31865
datasheet, they expose a nonlinear behavior of the RTD
resistance in terms of temperature, but in the region from
0 to 100 ◦ C where readings are likely to be made they assume
a linear relationship. The discrepancy between the model and
the experimental points might be related to the length of
the sensor 16 cm and the measured water volume of 19 L.
On the one hand, the bulb thermometer provided a point
measurement, which was not guaranteed with the other sonde. Fig. 22 shows a good agreement between the AS sensor and
Also, water temperature gradients were likely to be present. the straight-line model. Fig. 23 does not show a perfect linear
relationship. However, the slope of the model is very near to
F. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY SENSOR CALIBRATION unity. The resolution of ±2% of both electrodes might cause
Three-point calibration was carried on with reference solu- some error.
tions of 1.413, 12.88, and 150 mS, which were compared
with the readings of the electrical conductivity sensor of Atlas G. DISSOLVED OXYGEN SENSOR CALIBRATION
Scientific. A straight line relationship fitted the experimental The dissolved oxygen sensor was calibrated by comparing its
data with good agreement. Fig. 22 shows the behavior of both readings with the Milwaukee MW600 PRO DO Meter. A fit-
variables following the equation ECcal = a0 + a1 ECAS mS, ting between both quantities follows the equation DOMW =
where ECAS is the value read by the sensor in µS and the a0 + a1 DOAS , where DOAS corresponds to the magnitude
ECcal is the electrical conductivity of the solutions. Table 7 provided by the sensor of Atlas Scientific and DOMW is
shows the fitting coefficients. the measure of the commercial meter. Fig. 24 shows the
An additional calibration consisted of comparing the elec- experimental data and the linear fitting. Table 9 shows the
tric conductivity of a few solutions measured with the EC sen- coefficients of the model.
sor and the commercial tester ExStik II EC500 from Extech Cloete and colleagues avoided the measurement of dis-
company. Fig. 23 shows the linear fitting by the least square solved oxygen due to cost, maintenance, and the requirement
method of the readings of both sensors. The equation is given of frequent calibration [2]. During the performance of the
by ECext = a0 + a1 ECAS_cal mS, where ECext is the value experiments, a few minutes for reading stabilization was
of the tester and ECAS_cal is the magnitude of the sensor of required in both sensors, and the uncertainty of the measure-
Atlas Scientific after being linearly fitted with the coefficients ment shown in Fig. 24 in the AS sensor was not negligible.
of the Table 7. Table 8 shows the fitting coefficients of the last Nevertheless, the linear relationship in both readings shows
calibration. good agreement.

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 J. Fonseca-Campos et al.: Multiparametric System for Measuring Physicochemical Variables

FIGURE 24. Scatter plot and fitting of dissolved oxygen readings

measured with both sensors.

TABLE 9. Fitting coefficients for the linear model between the DO sensor
and the commercial meter.

FIGURE 26. Heatmap for the Pearson correlation of the seven

parameters, Tu stands for turbidity, and Te stands for temperature.

FIGURE 27. Screen capture of the program MySQL Workbench showing a

few stored records of the seven sensors.

of the correlation matrix using the Pearson method of the

seven parameters produced through the data visualization
FIGURE 25. Time series for the seven sensors, where Tu stands for library Seaborn of python. ORP exhibits poor correlation with
turbidity, Te for temperature.
most parameters, at a lesser degree with TDS and pHc , both
having a negative trend also found in the ORP time series.
H. TIME SERIES
pHc behaves similar to ORP, most likely because of its tem-
The performance of the continuous monitoring systems might
perature compensation. TDS correlated favorably with almost
deteriorate by the loss of data, wrong readings, and stability in
all other parameters, and of course, it has a close relation
the sensor’s readings. An experiment to test the system con-
with EC. The index of refraction depends on temperature; for
sisted of measuring seven physicochemical variables when
this reason, it is not surprising the high correlation between
the sensors were immersed in the same water sample for
turbidity and temperature. The latter parameter has a strong
several days. An indoor fish tank was the recipient to place
correlation with electric conductivity. DO has a high relation
the sensors and the water. Fig. 25 shows the time series for the
to Tu, EC, and Te.
seven sensors; after they were calibrated with the equations
An option offered by the system is the possibility of saving
shown above. The Figure shows the pH value with tempera-
data in an Amazon Web Services (AWS) database. Fig. 27
ture compensation obtained through eq. (6). It is clear from
shows the screen capture of the program MySQL Workbench
the time series that all parameters follow a circadian pattern
where some records of the parameters were stored.
mostly influenced by temperature [35]. Even variables such
as turbidity measured by optical means exhibit changes, most IV. CONCLUSION
likely due to variations in the index of refraction. Erroneous This article shows the viability of developing a system to mea-
readings in the system did not exceed 0.01% of all data. sure physicochemical variables associated with water quality
The time series shown in Fig. 25 have a certain degree under the Arduino platform. The parameters measured were
of relation. Plot correlation matrix using pandas through ORP, pH, TDS, turbidity, temperature, electrical conductivity,
the built function pandas.DataFrame.corr was carried on to and dissolved oxygen. A designed SCC for ORP exhibited
explore this feature more deeply. Fig. 25 shows the heatmap an excellent electrical performance when it was excited with

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J. Fonseca-Campos et al.: Multiparametric System for Measuring Physicochemical Variables

harmonic waves of different amplitudes. Data from this SCC

in the frequency domain agreed with the PSpice simula-
tion and the transfer function calculation. Two electrodes
of different suppliers connected to this circuit displayed a
linear relationship comparing their output signal against three
reference solutions. Most sensors showed a linear response
when compared with calibration solutions or other meters.
However, turbidity was best fitted with a parabolic function.
Time-series of all variables were recorded for a fixed water
sample of more than a week-long with ts = 20 s. Most of them
displayed a circadian pattern. Pearson correlation showed
a high correlation among temperature, turbidity, electrical
conductivity, and TDS. The microcontroller was controlled
with a mini-PC with WIFI connectivity, which permitted the
data storage in a database. Sensors’ wrong readings were
almost negligible on the time series. Overall the system exhib-
ited a good performance with low-cost and readily available
elements.

APPENDIX
PSEUDOCODE FOR ARDUINO PROGRAM
A further explanation of the Arduino program is realized in
the pseudocode shown below.

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 J. Fonseca-Campos et al.: Multiparametric System for Measuring Physicochemical Variables

[11] B. Shi, S. Catsamas, P. Kolotelo, M. Wang, A. Lintern, D. Jovanovic,

P. M. Bach, A. Deletic, and D. T. McCarthy, ‘‘A low-cost water
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stormwater networks,’’ Sensors, vol. 21, no. 9, p. 3056, Apr. 2021, doi:
10.3390/s21093056.
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The authors would like to thank the Secretaría de [17] N. F. Sheppard, Jr., and A. Guiseppi-Elie, ‘‘pH measurement,’’ in Measure-
Investigación y Posgrado del Instituto Politécnico Nacional ment, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook: Electromagnetic, Optical,
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(SIP-IPN) and the Comisión de Operación y Fomento de H. Eren, Eds., 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2017, ch. 59,
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to do this work, and also would like to thank Saul García [18] K. B. Parizi, A. J. Yeh, A. S. Y. Poon, and H. S. P. Wong, ‘‘Exceeding
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Rodríguez, José Eduardo Huitrón Uribe, and Issis Claudette cations,’’ in Proc. Int. Electron Devices Meeting, Dec. 2012, p. 24, doi:
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[30] A. G. Hernandez-Ramirez, E. Martinez-Tavera, P. F. Rodriguez-Espinosa, LEONARDO FONSECA-RUIZ received the

J. A. Mendoza-Pérez, J. Tabla-Hernandez, D. C. Escobedo-Urías, bachelor’s degree in mechanical and electrical
M. P. Jonathan, and S. B. Sujitha, ‘‘Detection, provenance and asso- engineering from the National Autonomous Uni-
ciated environmental risks of water quality pollutants during anomaly versity of Mexico (UNAM), in 2002, and the
events in river Atoyac, Central Mexico: A real-time monitoring M.S. degree from the Department of Electrical
approach,’’ Sci. Total Environ., vol. 669, pp. 1019–1032, Jun. 2019, doi: Engineering Center for Research and Advanced
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.138. Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute
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(CINVESTAV), National Polytechnic Institute
P.-J. Meng, ‘‘A continuous, real-time water quality monitoring sys-
(IPN), with specialty in bio-electronics, in 2006.
tem for the coral reef ecosystems of Nanwan Bay, Southern Taiwan,’’
Mar. Pollut. Bull., vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 641–647, Aug. 2014, doi: He is currently working as a full-time Research
10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.022. Professor with the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), UPIITA. He is the
[32] M. K. Jha, R. K. Sah, M. S. Rashmitha, R. Sinha, B. Sujatha, and author or coauthor of 18 works published in magazines and congresses. His
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and usage monitoring,’’ in Proc. Int. Conf. Inventive Res. Comput. Appl. PCB development, and CNC systems.
(ICIRCA), Jul. 2018, pp. 617–621, doi: 10.1109/ICIRCA.2018.8597179.
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JORGE ALBERTO MENDOZA-PEREZ was born
quality monitoring system,’’ Smart Water, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–19, Jul. 2017,
doi: 10.1186/s40713-017-0005-y. in Mexico City, Mexico, in 1968. He received the
[34] R. R. D. I. Wibowo, M. Ramdhani, R. A. Priramadhi, and B. S. Aprillia, B.S. degree in experimental biology and chem-
‘‘IoT based automatic monitoring system for water nutrition on aquaponics istry from the Autonomous University of Mexico,
system,’’ J. Phys., Conf. Ser., vol. 1367, no. 1, 2019, Art. no. 012071, doi: Campus Iztapalapa, Mexico City, in 1991, the M.S.
10.1088/1742-6596/1367/1/012071. degree in bioorganic chemistry from the National
[35] T. Yasseri, R. Sumi, and J. Kertész, ‘‘Circadian patterns of Wikipedia School of Biological Sciences, National Polytech-
editorial activity: A demographic analysis,’’ PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 1, nic Institute, Mexico City, in 1998, and the Ph.D.
Jan. 2012, Art. no. e30091, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030091. degree in environmental science and technology
from the University of La Coruña, La Coruña,
Galicia, Spain, in 2002. From 2002 to 2008, he was a Civil Advisor of
JORGE FONSECA-CAMPOS was born in the Mexican Navy, in-charge of issues about the protection of the marine
Mexico City, Mexico, in 1973. He received the environment. Also, he is a Chemistry Professor at the National School of
B.S. degree in engineering physics from the Uni- Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute. He is the author and
versidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, an editor of two books, more than 30 articles, and six inventions, holding
in 1997, and the M.S. degree in science with a a patent for each one. His research interests include innovation in envi-
specialty in optical physics from the Centro de ronmental technology, environmental nanotechnology, and the application
Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior of renewable energies. He belongs to several Mexican civil associations
de Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico, in 2001. dedicated to protecting the environment. He shared with other colleagues the
Since 2001, he has been a Professor at IPN— science and technology award of the National Polytechnic Institute, in 2015.
UPIITA. His research interests include data acqui-
sition systems, solar energy, electronic instrumentation, data analysis, and
water quality monitoring systems. P. F. RODRIGUEZ-ESPINOSA was born in
Mexico City, Mexico, in 1956. He received the
B.S. degree in physical geography and the M.S.
ISRAEL REYES-RAMIREZ was born in Mexico degree in marine sciences in oceanographic geol-
State, Mexico, in 1975. He received the B.S., M.S., ogy from the National Autonomous University
and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the School of Mexico, in 1982 and 1990, respectively, and
of Physics and Mathematics, National Polytech- the Ph.D. degree in sciences in advanced tech-
nic Institute (IPN), Mexico, in 1998, 2006, and nology from the National Polytechnic Institute of
2010, respectively. He has been a Career Teacher Mexico, in 2003. He attended a training course in
at IPN, since 2000. His participation as a Sub- marine environmental radioactivity at the Labora-
ject Teacher in IPN—UPIITA master’s program tory for the Marine Environment of the International Atomic Energy Agency,
in advanced technologies and an Academic Coor- Monaco, in 1994. He was a Researcher and the Head of the Radiochemistry
dinator, from 2018 to 2020. His research stay and Marine Chemistry Laboratory, Oceanographic Studies Group, Nuclear
(2015–2016) at USAL, Spain. His research interests include seismic precur- Energy Department, Electrical Research Institute, Cuernavaca Morelos,
sors, physiological and geosciences time series, studies in hybrid energy con- Mexico, from 1986 to 1996. Since 1997, he has been a full-time Profes-
version systems, and various topics of complex systems, including pollution sor in the Geoenvironmental Studies and the Interdisciplinary Center for
and water quality. He received the National Researcher Level 1 CONACyT- Research and Studies on Environment and Development, Water Quality
Mexico. Group, Department of Biosciences and Engineering, National Polytechnic
Institute, Mexico. He is the author of 35 JCR scientific articles. Also, he has
two instrumental inventions to measure organic and inorganic parameters
associated with water quality in real-time. His research interests include
LEV GUZMAN-VARGAS was born in Oaxaca, environmental sciences to solve pollution problems in surface water, ground-
Mexico, in 1972. He received the B.S., M.S., water, sediments, and marine and coastal geology oriented toward coastal and
and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the School of oceanic processes incorporating environmental marine radioactivity. He is
Physics and Mathematics, National Polytechnic a member of the National System of Researchers of Mexico in Physics,
Institute (IPN), Mexico, in 1998, 2006, and 2010, Mathematics, and Earth Sciences. He is a Reviewer of articles in JCR
respectively. He is a Career Teacher at IPN, since scientific journals, including Scientific Reports, Nature, Sciences of the Total
2000. He was a Visiting Scholar at Northwest- Environment (Elsevier), Journal of Hydrology, Regional Studies (Elsevier),
ern University, Evanston, IL, USA, EU, in 2005, International Journal of Soil & Sediment Contamination, and Environmental
and the Queens College of New York, in 2015. Earth Sciences. In 2019, he received the Award for Best Postgraduate Thesis
His research interests include complex systems Direction from the National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico.
applicated to physics, biology, and social science.

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