Lesson 01

Programming with C

Pijushkanti Panigrahi
 What is C ?
• The C is a programming Language, developed by
Dennis Ritchie for creating system applications
that directly interact with the hardware devices
such as drivers, kernels, etc.
• C programming is considered as the base for
other programming languages, that is why it is
known as mother language.
• C is famous for its Compactness.
• C language is case sensitive.

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 Features
It can be defined by the following ways:
Mother language
System programming language
Procedure-oriented programming
language
Structured programming language
Mid-level programming language

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 1) C as a mother language ?
• C language is considered as the mother language of all the
modern programming languages because most of the
compilers, JVMs, Kernels, etc. are written in C language,
and most of the programming languages follow C syntax, for
example, C++, Java, C#, etc.
• It provides the core concepts like the array, strings,
functions, file handling, etc. that are being used in many
languages like C++, Java, C#, etc.

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 2) C as a system programming language

• A system programming language is used to

create system software.
• C language is a system programming
language because it can be used to do
low-level programming (for example
driver and kernel).
• It is generally used to create hardware
devices, OS, drivers, kernels, etc. For
example, Linux kernel is written in C.

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 3) C as a procedural language
• A procedure is known as a function, method,
routine, subroutine, etc. A procedural
language specifies a series of steps for
the program to solve the problem.
• A procedural language breaks the program
into functions, data structures, etc.
• C is a procedural language. In C, variables
and function prototypes must be declared
before being used.

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 4) C as a structured programming language

• A structured programming language is a

subset of the procedural
language. Structure means to break a
program into parts or blocks so that it may
be easy to understand.
• In the C language, we break the program into
parts using functions. It makes the program
easier to understand and modify.

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 5) C as a mid-level programming language

• C is considered as a middle-level language

because it supports the feature of both low-level
and high-level languages. C language program is
converted into assembly code, it supports pointer
arithmetic (low-level), but it is machine independent
(a feature of high-level).
• A Low-level language is specific to one machine,
i.e., machine dependent. It is machine dependent,
fast to run. But it is not easy to understand.
• A High-Level language is machine independent. It
is easy to understand.

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 Variables in C
• A variable is a name of the memory
location. It is used to store data. Its value
can be changed, and it can be reused
many times.
• It is a way to represent memory location
through symbol so that it can be easily
identified.
• Let's see the syntax to declare a variable:
data_type variable_list;
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 Data Types in C
• A data type specifies the type of data that a variable can
store such as integer, floating, character, etc.
• There are the following data types in C language.

Types Data Types

Basic Data Type int, char, float, double
Derived Data Type array, pointer, structure, union
Enumeration Data Type enum
Void Data Type void

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• The example of use of data types is given below:
int a; float b; char c;
• Here, a, b, c are variables. The int, float, char are
the data types. We can also provide values while
declaring the variables as given below:
int a=10,b=20;//declaring 2 variable of integer type
float f=20.8;
char c='A';

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 Rules for defining variables
• A variable can have alphabets, digits, and
underscore.
• A variable name must start with an alphabet,
and underscore only. It can't start with a digit.
• No whitespace is allowed within the variable
name.
• A variable name must not be any reserved word
or keyword, e.g. int, float, etc.
• Valid variable names:
int a; int _ab; int a30;
• Invalid variable names:
int 2; int a b; int long; 12
 C-language program
a general structure

1 Calling header files #include <stdio.h>

2 Main function main()
3 Starting brace {
4 Variable(s) declaration int a;
5 Executable statement(s) printf () etc
6 Closing brace }

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/* To Print a message */
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf ("Hello C Programming\n");
}

Output

Hello C Programming

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 printf() function
• The printf() function is used for output. It
prints the given statement to the console,
defined in stdio.h (header file).. The syntax of
printf() function is given below:
printf("format string", argument_list);
• The format string can be
%d for integer, %f for floating point number,
%c for single character, %s for a string etc.
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 scanf() function
• The scanf() function is used for input ,
defined in stdio.h (header file). It reads the
input data from the console.
scanf("format string", &argument_list);
• The format string can be
%d for integer, %f for floating point number,
%c for single character, %s for a string etc.

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 /* Program to print cube of given number */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int number, cube;
printf("enter a number:");
scanf("%d",&number);
cube=number*number*number;
printf(“ cube of number is:%d “ cube,);
}
------
Output
enter a number:5 cube of number is:125
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• The scanf("%d",&number) statement reads
integer number from the console and stores the
given value in number variable.

• The printf("cube of number is : %d",

cube) statement prints the cube of number on
the console.

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 /* Program to print sum of 2 integer numbers */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int x=0,y=0,result;
printf("enter first number:");
scanf("%d",&x);
printf("enter second number:");
scanf("%d",&y);
result=x+y;
printf("sum of 2 numbers:%d ",result);
}
Output
enter first number:19 enter second number:11 sum of 2 numbers:30
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 If-else Statement

• The if-else statement in C is used to perform the

operations based on some specific condition. The
operations specified in if block are executed if and only if
the given condition is true.
• There are the following variants of if statement in C
language.
if statement
if-else statement
If-else-if ladder
Nested if

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 if Statement

The if statement is used to check some given

condition and perform some operations depending
upon the correctness of that condition. It is mostly
used in the scenario where we need to perform the
different operations for the different conditions. The
syntax of the if statement is given below.
if(expression) if (a>b)
{ {
executable statement(s); printf (“a is large”);
} }

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#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a, b;
printf("enter a:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("enter b:");
scanf("%d",&b);
if(a>b)
{
printf(“a is large”);
}
}
-------
Output
• enter a:14 enter b: 12 a is large
• enter a:19 enter b: 25
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 if-else Statement
• The if-else statement is used to perform two
operations for a single condition. The if-else
statement is an extension to the if statement using
which, we can perform two different operations, i.e.,
one is for the correctness of that condition, and the
other is for the incorrectness of the condition. The
syntax of the if-else statement is given below.
if(expression)
{ executable statement 1;
}
else
{ executable statement 2; 23

}
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ int a, b;
printf("enter a:"); scanf("%d",&a);
printf("enter b:"); scanf("%d",&b);
if(a>b)
{
printf(“a is large”);
}
else
{
printf(“b is large”);
}
}
-------------
Output enter a:14 enter b: 12 a is large

enter a:19 enter b: 25 b is large

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#include <stdio.h>
main()
{ int age;
printf("Enter your age?"); scanf("%d",&age);
if(age>=18)
{ printf("You are eligible to vote..."); }
else
{ printf(“You are not eligible to vote..."); }
}
-----
Output
• Enter your age?28 You are eligible to vote...
• Enter your age?13 You are not eligible to vote....
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 if-else-if ladder Statement
The if-else-if statement is an extension to the if-else
statement. It is used in the scenario where there
are multiple cases to be performed for different
conditions. In if-else-if ladder statement, if a
condition is true then the statements defined in the
if block will be executed, otherwise if some other
condition is true then the statements defined in the
else-if block will be executed, at the last if none of
the condition is true then the statements defined in
the else block will be executed.

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 Syntax of if-else-if statement
if(condition1)
{
executable statements 1;
}
else if(condition2)
{
executable statements 2;
}
else if(condition3)
{
executable statements 3 ;
}
...
else
{
executable statements last;
}
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 Program to prepare the result of the student
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{ int marks;
printf("Enter your marks?"); scanf("%d",&marks);
if(marks >=600)
{ printf("Congrats ! you are place in the FIRST CLASS"); }
else if (marks >=500)
{ printf("You are placed in the SECOND CLASS"); }
else if (marks >= 400 )
{ printf("You are placed in the THIRD CLASS"); }
else
{ printf("Sorry you FAILED"); }
}
Output
Enter your marks?31 Sorry You FAILED
Enter your marks?478 You are placed in THIRD CLASS
Enter your marks?545 You are placed in SECOND CLASS
Enter your marks?726 Congrats ! you are place in the FIRST CLASS
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