DCC 30122

FLUID MECHANICS

NORLIZA BT MD JAHID
CHAPTER 1
FLUID CHARACTERISTICS
COURSE OUTLINE
Introduction
 Fluid Mechanic is a study about behaviour of fluid when there
is changes on it.

 Fluid mechanic can be divided into 2 main topics:

 Hydrostatic
 Hydrodynamic
classification of fluid mechanics
Fluid Mechanics

Liquid Gas
( Incompressible e.g water, oil) (compressible e.g air)

Fluid Mechanics

Hydrostatic Hydrodynamic

Hydraulic Fluid Kinematic Fluid dynamic

 Definition of terminologies of Fluid mechanic

Hydrostatic

•A study of fluid at rest.

• The only forces that act are pressure and gravity
(the weight of the liquid).
•Hydrostatic is pure science . The application in
engineering include the problem related to
forces which on dams, forces on water gate and
floating forces on the ship
 Hydrodynamic

It relates to flowing liquid . It is due to gravity

force and pressure and also stress force.
-Velocity,
-energy,
-viscosity,
-density and
-friction
will effect the flowing fluid.
 Fluid dynamic

It is mathematical analysis in solving problems

related to hydrodynamic

 hydraulics

Hydraulics come from Greek word Hudour which

meant water. Hydraulic is a part of engineering
science which study the fluid at rest or flowing
 kinematic

Discussing about velocity and flow line without

considering friction and energy. The whole
Kinematic is science which in practise is not
considered. Liquid is assumed incompressible
and the teory is used for slow flowing only.
 FLUIDS?
A fluid is a substance that deforms
continuously when subjected to a shear
stress, however, small the shear stress. A
fluid may be either a liquid or a gas.
Physical characteristics of liquids and gases

characteristics LIQUIDS GAS

compressibility Incompressible Compressible

or Or
Small compressible Easy compressible

Free surface Have free surfaces No free surfaces

shape Take the shape of container Always expandible

and fulfill the
container
 Categories of fluids

4 categories of fluids:

i. Ideal Fluid (Bendalir unggul)

 Ideal Fluid is that fluid which has no compressible, no viscosity

and no surface tension.
 Thus an ideal fluids is represented by the horizontal axis.
 In reality ideal fluid does not exist every fluid must has a little of
friction between the particle. Certain types of fluid posses
close to that properties of ideal fluid e.g water. Ideal Fluid is
used as assumption for easy analysis of flow problem in fluid
ii. Real Fluid (bendalir sebenar)

 Real fluid is that fluid which has viscosity, surface tension and
compressibility.
 The real fluids are actually available in nature.
 All fluid in this universe is real fluid.

iii. Newton fluid (Bendalir Newton)

 Newton fluid which possses the character which follow the

newton law. The characteristics are stress and strain.
iv. Non- newton fluid.(Bukan Bendalir Newton)

 Fluid from this group did not follow the newton

law.
 Properties of fluids

Density (ρ)

 Density is defined as the ratio of mass of fluid to

the volume of fluid.
 Unit = kg/m3 .

 ρ= = mass of fluid = m = kg
Volume of fluid v m3
Example:
The weight of the liquid which fill the size of 1.5 m3 is 7500N. Calculate
the density of the liquid.

 Solution
 Specific weight (ω )

 Specific weight as the ratio of weight of fluid to the volume of

fluid
 Unit = N/m3

Specific weight ,ω = Weight of fluid = W = N

 volume of fluid V m3
Example:
The weight of the liquid in the container of size 1.5 m3 is 7500N.
Calculate the specific weight of the liquid.

Solution
Example:
A density of an oil is 890 kg/m3. Calculate its specific
weight.

Solution
 Specific Volume (Vs )

 It is defined as the ratio of volume per unit mass of a fluid

 Unit = m3 /kg

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 1
 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑉𝑠 = =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 ρ

= v = m3
m kg
Example:
One litre of crude oil weight 15.5N. Calculate its
specific weight, density, specific gravity and
specific volume.

Solution
 Specific gravity or Relative density (s)

 Relative density as the ratio of density of liquid to the density

of water.
 It does not has unit.

ρ liquid
 Relative density, s = ---------
ρ water
Example:
If the density of the oil is 800 kg/m3, , calculate the relative
density .

Solution
Example:
Calculate the density of the liquid with relative density of 0.95.

Solution
Exercise
 Example 1:

8540N fluid completely fills into a rectangular container. The

container has a length of 110 cm, width of 80 cm and height
of 150 cm. Calculate the fluid’s :

i. Mass
ii. Density
iii. Specific weight
iv. Specific gravity
Example 2:

 A fluid with a mass of 5000kg filled an open

cylinder container with 150 cm diameter and 300
cm height. Calculate the:

i. Density of fluids
ii. Specific weight
Example 3:

A type of fluid with a mass of 6000kg is filling into

open cylinder container with 70cm in diameter
and 400cm in height. Calculate the density and
weight of the fluid.
Example:

 In an experiment, a density of certain liquid is 950

kg/m3. Compute the specific weight of the liquid.

 Solution
Viscosity in fluid
• Viscosity is defined as the properties of a fluid which
offer resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid
over another adjacent layer of the fluid.
• The viscosity of a fluid determines the amount of
resistance to shear force.
• Viscosities of fluid decrease as temperature increases
and are usually not affected by pressure changes.
• From Newton’s Law of Viscosities :

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝜏 ∞ or 𝜏 = 𝜇
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Viscosity in fluid

• Where μ is proportionally and is known as the co-efficient

of dynamic viscosity.
𝑑𝑢
• represent the rate of shear strain or rate of shear
𝑑𝑦
deformation or velocity.
• From equation, we have

𝜏
𝜇=
𝑑𝑢
( )
𝑑𝑦

• Thus, viscosity is also defined as the shear stress required

producing unit rate or shearing strain.
Viscosity in fluid

1) Dynamic Viscosity (Absolute Viscosity); and

2) Kinematic Viscosity.
Dynamic Viscosity
• Absolute viscosity or the coefficient of absolute viscosity is a
measure of the internal resistance.
• Dynamic (absolute) viscosity is the tangential force per unit
area required to move one horizontal plane with respect to
the other at unit velocity when maintained a unit distance
apart by the fluid.
• The shearing stress between the layers of non-turbulent
moving in straight parallel lines can be defined for a
Newtonian fluid as :
Dynamic Viscosity

• The dynamic or absolute viscosity can be expressed like

𝑑𝑢
𝜏 = 𝜇
𝑑𝑦

• Where;
𝜏 = Shearing stress (Ns/m2)
𝜇 = Dynamic viscosity (Ns/m2)
Kinematic Viscosity

• Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio of

dynamic viscosity and density of fluid.

𝜇
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝝑 =
ρ

• Where;
𝜇 = Dynamic viscosity (Ns/m2)
ρ = Density of liquid (kg/m3)
 Dynamic viscosity (Kelikatan dinamik) ( μ )
= ℓ (shearing stress)

dv/dy
unit = Ns/m2

 Kinematic viscosity (Kelikatan Kinemetik) ( v )

= µ
ρ
Unit = m2/s
Example:
The density of an oil is 850kg/m3. calculate kinematic viscosity if
the dynamic viscosity is 5 x 10-3 Ns/m2.

Solution
 Exercise
tutorial….