ENGLISH FOR

INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

ULAANBAATAR 2023
 ENGLISH FOR
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

ULAANBAATAR 2023
FOREWORD

This textbook is intended for students studying in the specialties "Information Technology
Software", "Information Systems and Technologies in the Processing and Presentation of
Information", "Information Systems and Technologies in Design and Production". At the same
time, the publication will be useful for students of universities of other specialties related to
information technology. The proposed textbook has been prepared in accordance with the
requirements of the standard program in foreign languages for higher educational institutions
and the curricula of the above specialties.
The purpose of the manual is to systematize students' knowledge on the proposed topics, enrich
their vocabulary, as well as the formation of students' speech skills and the development of skills
of professionally oriented foreign language communication in oral and written form in the
expected situations of professional activity.
The manual consists of 14 sections covering the main thematic areas related to the field of
computer technology and information technology. Each section has a single structure, including
the following key elements: Switch on (introduction to the topic in the form of problem
questions), Vocabulary (lexical tasks for systematization and activation of the thematic
dictionary), Reading (authentic texts with tasks for various types of reading and control of
reading comprehension) , Language Focus (grammar reference material with a number of
exercises aimed at systematizing grammatical knowledge and improving grammatical skills),
Speaking (exercises for developing oral speech skills in situations of professionally oriented
communication), Writing (tasks for summarizing texts in the specialty). Each section includes
exercises of different difficulty levels. The manual can be used both for the organization of the
main classroom and extracurricular work.
CONTENTS
UNIT 1. LIVING WITH COMPUTERS
UNIT 2. A TYPICAL COMPUTER
UNIT 3. COMPUTER SYSTEMS
UNIT 4. OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNIT 5. DATABASES AND SPREADSHEETS
UNIT 6. MULTIMEDIA
UNIT 7. PROGRAMMING
UNIT 8. NETWORKS
UNIT 9. THE INTERNET
UNIT 10. WORLD WIDE WEB
UNIT 11. INTERNET SECURITY
UNIT 12. ROBOTICS
UNIT 13. AUTOMATION
UNIT 14. CAREERS IN COMPUTING
REFERENCES
UNIT 1
LIVING WITH COMPUTERS

SWITCH ON
1. Comment on the following brainy quotes. Express your views on them.
Useful language: I think…, in my opinion…, in my point of view …, I agree / disagree with
the first statement, because…

I think it’s fair to say that personal computers have become the most empowering tool we’ve
ever created. They’re tools of communication, they’re tools of creativity, and they can be shaped
by their user.
Bill Gates

Computers are magnificent tools for the realization of our dreams, but no machine can replace
the human spirit, compassion, love and understanding.
Louis V. Gerstner, Jr

Your computer is a backup of your soul, a multilayered, menu- driven representation of who
you are, who you care about.
Alan Turing

VOCABULARY
1. Match the words to their definitions.

1) application a) the ability of a computer to do several various tasks at the same time

2) access b) software program designed for a specific need or purpose

3) data c) to complete mathematical and logical operations on data according to

programmed instructions in order to obtain the required information
4) high-quality d) to keep and save information in a digital device
graphic
5) multitasking e) to copy or move information into a computer's memory, especially
from the Internet or a larger computer
6) phishing attacks f) to judge the amount of something by adding, taking away, multiplying,
or dividing numbers
7) software facilities g) a piece of computer’s equipment or computer programs with features
that allow users to do something
8) to store h) to spend time visiting a lot of websites

9) to process i) hackers’ attacks used to break computer users’ passwords or bank account
numbers to get money or goods
10) to calculate j) to make something more modern adding it the most recent news

11) to update k) the right or opportunity to use or look at sth.

12) to download l) to make changes to a text or film to prepare it for printing or showing
13) to edit m) information in an electronic form that can be stored and used by a
computer
14) to surf n) well-made pictures or images that are designed to represent objects or
facts, especially in a computer program

2. Match the synonyms given below.

1. Accurate a. To ease
2. Available b. Precise
3. To communicate c. To look for
4. Essential d. To interact
5. To provide e. Accessible
6. Versatile f. At the same time
7. To perform g. Fundamental
8. To facilitate h. To give
9. Simultaneously i. To accomplish
10. To search for j. Multipurpose

READING
1. Read the introductory part of the article and answer the following questions.
1. Have computers made people’s life easier?
2. Are processing characteristics considered to be the main ones? What are they?
3. What other PC characteristics are mentioned in the text?
4. Is storage capacity the most relevant feature of modern computers?
5. How do computers assist you?

LIVING WITH COMPUTERS

We use computers on daily basis, at school, at home, in the office. Computers have changed the
way we work, making it easier. It is important for everyone to have at least basic knowledge of
computers. Thanks to the computer, we can go to the library or shop without
leaving our house. Generally, they provide people with
education, entertainment, business and store valuable
data for as long as needed. The following
processing characteristics of a PC, which are
referred to as the 3 C's, are considered to be
the main ones, because the computer
performs all processing by calculating,
comparing and copying the data stored in its
random-access memory (RAM).
First of all, the PC is fast. It can perform
billions of calculations and geometric
measurements per second. It processes
information at extremely high rates matching
one set of data with another one by searching,
analyzing, copying, editing, displaying and
deleting them for countless purposes. Secondly, the
PC is accurate. It performs various operations with
precise results and no errors. Thirdly, PCs are versatile. They
are used in various fields of industry, business and leisure. They can
communicate to share files of any sort with any PC at any destination. Storage capacity is
another relevant feature of a computer. The storage capacity of a computer is measured in Mega
Bytes, Giga Bytes and Tera Bytes. Multitasking is also an important characteristic for PC users.
It enables them to accomplish several tasks simultaneously such as downloading files, preparing
office documents and participating in video conferences online – all at the same time!

2. Read the second part of the text and match paragraphs 1-9 to some pictures (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Computer users

Here are several interesting first-hand computer users’ opinions on the value PCs have brought
into their lives.
1. My name is Melanie. Computers have made my life absolutely incredible. I am from
Canada and I managed to find my partner in Facebook,who lives in Australia. We have
been together and happy for 2 years now.
2. I am Katie. Computers have helped my sister Linsey and me to look differently at our
job. We are professional photographers and designers and we have never dreamt of all
the software facilities available for image editing such as enhancing photos, creating
high-quality graphics, and designing websites.
3. I am Mr. Clarks, a writer. And for me, it is so much easier with computers now to make
all sorts of editing like spelling mistakes, cutting and pasting instantly rather than using
the typewriter for moving paragraphs and correcting mistakes, though the typewriter
will never get a virus or need any updates.
4. I am Mrs. Silvia Pears. I am a mother of a 6-year-old boy. My husband works hard and
so do I. We hardly have any free time to spend with our son. So, Sony play station, a
smart phone and computer in this kind of situation become essential for our son to
watch cartoons and play games. I see it is not the healthiest solution but do we have a
better choice?
5. We are teaching at Cambridge University. Computer technology has a deep impact on
education by facilitating information representation, quick communication between
teachers and students and organizing distant learning courses. Students from different
countries have access to allthe necessary academic materials, get the core knowledge,
interact with each other in online forums, download the tests from students’ resources,
complete them and send the results back for the tutor to check.
6. I am Mr. Flunt, a programmer. Most users, in my view, get upset about the hackers’
attacks that destroy their operating systems. In addition to this, it is getting more and
 more complicated to protect Internet users from unreliable web sites, phishing attacks
and violence. I am not sure if computers have improved our lives.
7. We are Mr. and Mrs. Green. With computers and particularly Skype, all the family have
an opportunity for communicating with our daughter who’s now studying and living
away from home in Oxford.
8. I am Mrs. Pot. In my opinion, people have become very much dependent on personal
computers and digital mobile devices on the whole. They spend most of their free time
offline or online clicking different applications, surfing the Internet and chatting in
social networks.They prefer to have hundreds of friends online, get likes for their selfies
instead of live communication.
9. I’m Mr. Fleet. Computers have changed my life completely. I work as a chief manager
of the Chinese International Trade Company. Thanks to these intellectual devices, I can
easily co-work and control my foreign partners at any destination.

3. Mark the sentences as true or false. Correct those which are not right.
1. All computer users are of positive opinion on computers.
2. Melanie has a successful experience of finding a partner in Instagram.
3. Designers and photographers have got wider possibilities with modern computers.
4. The writer thinks of the typewriter as a thing of the past.
5. Mrs. Silvia Pears regards multimedia gadgets as very useful for her son.
6. Teachers appreciate the role of computers in teaching.
7. The Internet is the safest global network.
8. Computers enabled people living in different countries to communicate easily.
9. Computers have made people rather insulated.
10. According to Mr. Fleet it’s very convenient for the business partners to cooperate and
coordinate the work of each other.

4. Check the meaning of the word combinations given in the text in bold, put them down in
your vocabulary list and learn them, paying attention to the prepositions they go with. Then
complete the sentences with prepositions where necessary.
1. Wi-Fi provides users the access the Internet.
2. Internet users have an opportunity ___ participating online conferences.
3. Skype is one of the cutting-edge devices that eliminates distances between people and
allows them to communicate one another any destination.
4. Computers have made a controversial impact education.
5. Yesterday, we found a good instructive video about the use of computers surfing
the Internet and downloaded it YouTube.
6. For getting a visa you can easily complete ___ an online application form.
7. Today, the Internet is accessible any time and you can surf a high rate.
8. It is getting more complicated to protect Internet users ___ unreliable web sites.
9. Young people are very much dependent mobile devices.
10. In distant learning, students have a chance to interact one another in video
conferences and forums.

5. Complete the lecture with the necessary words.

mark, cut, edit, copy, save, paste, delete

Today, I’m going to tell you about a few basic computer commands, which you can use for
different applications. The most typical is when users want to some text or graphics, I mean
to make some changes in those, you should a piece of information you would like to change
for a start. If you want to get rid of it you can either it or just it. If you want to add the
same piece of text or image to another file, you should click such commands as and then
to a new file. Then if you are happy with the redactions, you have made not to lose them you
need to the file under some name. Thank you for your attention! If you have further
questions, I will be glad to answer them all!

LANGUAGE FOCUS
MULTIFUNCTIONAL VERBS BE

Am / Is / Are Present tenses

Was / Were Past tenses
Will be Future tenses
• Notional verb with lexical meanings of existence and location, whereas in Russian
the verb be is omitted but still implied.
Storage capacity is another relevant feature of a computer.
All my important data are on my memory stick.
There were not many useful references on my portable hard drive.
• Auxiliary verb used as a grammar form with no lexical meaning.
Their computer is usually fixed by an IT technician.
I was surfing the Internet at 7 yesterday.
They will be communicating in Skype tomorrow.
This book has been finished recently.
• Modal verb be to similar in meaning to the modal verb must.
I am to attend classes regularly.
The train was to arrive at platform two on time.

1. Translate the sentences into Mongolian paying attention to the functions of the verb to be.
1. Designing web sites is of great interest to me.
2. We are sharing innovations between countries due to computers and the Internet.
3. The storage capacity of a computer is measured in Giga Bytes and Tera Bytes.
4. He is a programmer to the core!
5. Our group is to finish making the new program by the end of next week.
6. David is very good at computers.

2. Complete the sentences with the verb to be in the correct form.

1. It ____ getting more and more complicated to protect Internet users from unreliable
web sites, fraud and violence.
2. ____ he an engineer?
3. ____ you to learn the Pascal programming language at the university?
4. PCs ____ accurate and versatile.
5. Mr. Jones ____ on a business trip last week.
6. Computers ____ rarity and curiosity several decades ago.
7. It’s a pity! I will not come to the party tonight. I ____ in my office working over the
project.
8. What you doing? I ____ searching the Internet for sites on digital cameras.
9. ____ it possible to open Microsoft Excel files in Word?
DO
Do / Does Present tenses
Did Past tenses
Will do Future tenses
• Notional verb with a meaning of performing an action.
He is doing his research work using the most valuable data.
I did the tests online.
I have just done my piece of work on the computer.
• Auxiliary verb used as a grammar form with no lexical meaning.
Does your computer perform multitasking?
Did they download media files from VK?
• In set expressions such as to do well, to do one’s best, in which the verb Do can lose its
original meaning and get a different one.
I was doing my best at the practical classes in engineering graphics and did well at the exam.

3. Translate the sentences into Mongolian. Pay attention to the functions of the verb to do.
1. What did you do at the programming basics class yesterday?
2. Anna did not do well in chemistry last term.
3. Sasha will do his lab work in computer science himself.
4. We did engineering graphics very well.
5. He does not do a course of Spanish at the university.
6. Are they doing their job carefully?

4. Fill in the gaps with the proper form of the verb to do.
1. _____ engineering students _____ their best in programming?
2. Technical students are _____ a lot of calculations.
3. I will not _____ the drawing in time.
4. All the students have _____ well at the English exam.
5. I _____ not _____ the test on programming languages last class.
6. _____ you download the necessary software for Windows 10 yesterday?
7. What _____ you do? I’m a website developer.
8. I _____ not use that program very much so I deleted it from my PC.

HAVE
Have / Has Present tenses
Had Past tenses
Will have Future tenses
• Notional verb with a lexical meaning of possessing an item.
Do we have a better choice?
All the family had an opportunity to communicate with their daughter in Skype.
They will have hundreds of friends online.
• Auxiliary verb used as a grammar form with no lexical meaning.
Computers have changed my life.
They had completed the task by 5 p.m. yesterday.
We have been talking in Skype for two hours!
• Modal verb have to similar in meaning to the modal verb must.
Although Pavel does not want to participate in the coming online conference he has to.
I had to copy all the data to the memory stick.
We will have to install a good anti-virus program.
• In set expressions such as to have difficulty in, to have fun, to have lunch, to have
coffee, to have a cold, in which the verb have can lose its original meaning and get a
different one.
I used to have difficulty in transferring data to my laptop.
Victoria was having coffee at school.
We had so much fun at the English class yesterday!

5. Translate the sentences into Mongolian. Pay attention to the functions of the verb to
have.
1. This programmer has access to all the Internet resources.
2. The computer has become the lifeline of modern generation.
3. I have an opportunity for communicating with my colleagues at work in G-Talk.
4. I don’t have to back up files every day – that’s automatic.
5. Computers have helped me and my sister Linsey to look differently at our job.
6. I am having much fun playing ‘The World of Tanks’.

6. Complete the sentences with the verb to have. Put it into the proper form.
1. Emily _____ one hundred and twenty-two friends in Facebook.
2. Computers ___ more advantages than disadvantages.
3. I _____ done the tests on programming offline.
4. We are _____ lunch now.
5. Misha _____not _____ CorelDraw installed on his PC.
6. He _____ benefitted professionally using different Microsoft Office applications.
7. James _____ to update all the Android applications on his smartphone.
8. The technicians _____ set up the network by 3 p.m. yesterday.

7. Choose one of the verbs in brackets. Put them into the necessary form to complete the
following sentences.
1. A lot of humans (be, have, do) dependent on technology today,which will (be, have, do)
bad to them.
2. I (be, have, do) had my iPad for years now and I (be, have, do) very happy with it.
3. Because I (be, have, do) not have the chance to speak to my boss yesterday I (be,
have, do) to text her in Viber.
4. The 21st century (be, have, do) the age of cutting-edge technologies.
5. They (do, be, have) doing research work on the latest applications for mobile devices.
6. All books can (be, do, have) read online.
7. We (be, have, do) not see any downsides in using personal computers at all.
8. They (be, have, do) surfing the Internet all day yesterday.
9. Every day Linda (be, do, have) a lot of exercise to keep fit.
10. Safari browser online tutorial (be, do, have) provided the user with help and support in
using it.

8. Translate the following sentences into English using new vocabulary.

1. Орчин үеийн компьютерууд нь олон талт, авсаархан, нарийвчлал сайтай байдаг.
2. Компьютер нь мэдээллийг маш өндөр хурдтайгаар боловсруулдаг. Тэд секундэд хэдэн сая
үнэн зөв арифметик тооцоолол, геометрийн хэмжилтийг хийдэг.
3. Хэрэв компьютерийн RAM-ийн хэмжээ бага бол компьютерын хэрэглэгч мэдээллийг флаш
диск рүү хадгалахаас өөр аргагүй болдог.
4. Олон үйлдэл гэдэг нь компьютер хэд хэдэн үйлдлийг зэрэг гүйцэтгэх чадварыг хэлнэ.
5. Компьютер нь хэрэглэгчдэд интернетэд нэвтэрч, вэб хуудсуудыг өндөр хурдтайгаар удирдах
боломжийг олгодог.
6. Шаардлагатай мэдээлэл, шинэчлэлтүүдийг дурын интернет хөтөчөөр дамжуулан татаж авах
боломжтой.
7. Интернэт аппликейшн нь хэрэглэгчдэд Skype-аар дамжуулан хоорондоо харилцах, онлайн
хуралд оролцох, форумд оролцох боломжийг олгодог.
8. Та өөрийн хувийн мэдээллээ хакерын халдлагаас хамгаалахын тулд компьютер дээрээ сайн
вирусны эсрэг програм суулгах хэрэгтэй.
9. Microsoft Office-ын үндсэн програмууд нь текст бичих, сонгох, хуулах, тайрах, устгах,
засварлах, хадгалах боломжийг олгодог.
10. Програм хангамжийн хэрэгслүүд нь компьютерийн хэрэглэгчдэд зургийн чанарыг
сайжруулах, өндөр чанартай график үүсгэх, вэб сайтыг засах боломжийг олгодог.
11. Өнөөдөр хүмүүс хөдөлгөөнт төхөөрөмжөөс ихээхэн хамааралтай болсон.

SPEAKING
1. Which…
computer users speak only in favor of computers?
computer users are of a negative opinion about computers?
computer users see the computer as a beneficial and harmful device?
opinion do you find the most disputing?
opinion do you consider the most valuable?
opinions do you share?
opinions do not you support?

2. Work in pairs. Make a list of the benefits computers have brought into your life.
Compare it with those of your groupmates.

3. Work in small groups. How do you think these professions might use computers? Share
your opinion with the class.
A bank manager, an architect, a secretary, a salesperson, a doctor.

4. Study computer users’ opinions on its value on the forum using thefollowing links. Try to sort
out negative reviews from positive ones.
http://www.indiabix.com/group-discussion/is-dependence-on-computers-a-good-thing/
http://www.debate.org/opinions/are-we-too-dependent-on-computers
http://www.examjoin.com/group-discussion/is-dependence-on- computers-a-good-thing/

WRITING
1. Make a short summary of the text “Living with Computers”. HOW TO WRITE A
SUMMARY
A summary is a brief statement or account of the main points of a pieceof writing. A summary is
not a rewrite of the original text and does not have to be long. Your purpose in writing the
summary is to give the basicideas of the original reading. What was it about and what did the
author want to communicate?
1. Identify the type of work (text, article), title, author, and main point.In the text (article)
“Living with Computers” the author presents (shows,describes …) his opinion on the
hot topic of living in a technological society. The text “Living with Computers” deals
with the problem of … (discusses some problems relating to …, provides information on …).
2. Write in the present tense. At the beginning of the text / article the author
characterizes… (comments on …, explains …, analyses …). Attention is drawn to the
fact that… . It should be noted that … .
3. Don't forget to include linking words so your reader can easily follow your thoughts. Next
/ Further / Then it is reported / shown that … .
4. Don't copy the article. Instead, paraphrase. Besides the author ex- plains that …, gives a
detailed analyses of … (the description of …). Finally the author comes to the
conclusion that … . In conclusion … . At theend of the text / article the author describes
…, emphasizes that …, pointsout that.., summarizes that … .
5. Don't put your own opinions, ideas, or interpretations into the summary. Your summary
should have between 100 and 120 words.
UNIT 2
A TYPICAL COMPUTER

SWITCH ON
1. Answer the questions.
1. Are you happy with your PC? Why?
2. Do you think a desktop computer is a thing of the past?

2. Match the parts of the computer system to the pictures A-J (Fig. 1).

scanner, memory stick, keyboard, speakers, web camera,

printer, monitor, system unit, mouse, portable hard drive

Fig. 1. The parts of the computer system

VOCABULARY
1. Study the information, look up the words in bold in the dictionary and put them down in
your vocabulary list.
A computer is a general-purpose machine that accepts, processes, stores
and outputs information. A typical computer consists of hardware and software.
Any physical part of a computer system that you can see or touch is hardware.
Software is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. There are three
basic hardware sections: the CPU, main memory and peripherals. The RAM
(random access memory) and ROM (read only memory) make up the main memory.
Peripherals are classified into three types, such as input, output and storage devices.
An input device is any hardware that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact
with it. The most commonlyused input devices are the keyboard and the mouse. An output
device is any peripheral that receives data from a computer, usually for display, or
representation. Computer monitor is a good example of an output device. A digital storage
device is any hardware capable of keeping information either temporarily or
permanently on yourPC or memory stick [10].
2. Split the computer parts given in the picture above into three groups: Input, Output and
Storage Devices. Think of other examples of input, output and storage devices.

3. Match inner assembly parts of personal computer 1-7 to the pictures (Fig. 2).
1. Motherboard.
2. Fan.
3. Random Access Memory.
4. Video Card (Graphics card).
5. Hard Drive.
6. Disk Drive.
7. Network Card.

Fig. 2. PC hardware

4. Complete the definitions.

Boot time is how long your PC is
taking to … Resume time is how
long your PC is taking to …
Application open time is how long your PC …

5. Match the words and word combinations to their definitions.

1) indispensable a) to move a text or other information on a computer screen to see a

different part of it
2) portable b) to pull data from one place to another on the screen by manipulating a
mouse with its button held down
3) enhanced c) manner or quality of functioning (how well a computer or another
machine works)
4) shortcut menu d) to be extremely useful and absolutely necessary
5) resume time e) to fulfill, satisfy, or achieve one’s requirements
6) boot time f) the heart, or central part, of something (kernel)
7) core g) the number of horizontal and vertical pixels on a display screen
8) to drag h) the maximum number of bits, bytes that can be saved in a memory
system of an electronic device
9) to scroll i) a group of parts that are connected and form one unit
10) performance j) the time it takes for a device to be ready to operate after the power has
been turned on
11) to meet the k) something light and small enough to be easily carried, moved or
needs possible to take with you
12) assembly parts l) improved quality, amount, or strength of something
13) screen m) the time it takes for a device to begin an action again or continue it after
resolution a pause or interruption
14) technical n) a detailed description of technical requirements of a device
specifications
o) a quick contextual menu in the form of a list of the most commonly
14) storage capacity used options related to an object, which appears on the screen when you
click the right mouse button on this object
6. Paraphrase the following sentences. Make use of the words from your topical
vocabulary instead of the words given in italics.
1. Laptops are essential part of nearly all people’s life. So, you can hardly imagine a
person who can do without them.
2. Mobile devices today are compact and movable.
3. Upgraded software and functionality are strong points of modern computers.
4. It is rather difficult to find high quality mobile devices with long-run productiveness.
5. One of the most important technical parameters of a mobile device is a long-life battery.
6. A computer’s long load time and attachment open time tell a user about some
hardware and software problems.
7. Space for saving files is usually insufficient for most computer users.
8. The latest computers completely correspond to users’ needs.
9. According to the manual, you need to press the left button of the touchpad and move the
cursor from top to the bottom to look through the web page. If you want to call for
contextual menu, select an item and click the right touchpad button. You can also copy a
file by pulling it over to the new location point.

READING

1. Before reading the article answer the following questions (Fig. 3).
1. What do you think about these smart mobile devices’ brands?
2. Which of them do you prefer? Why?

Useful language: I choose Sony, because it’s a time-tested brand and prestigious….

Fig. 3. Smart mobile devices’ brands

2. Read the article and answer the questions.

1. What role does a laptop play in modern people’s life?
2. What does a typical laptop consist of?
3. What technical specifications are considered to be the latest?

A TYPICAL COMPUTER
Computers have become an indispensable part of people’s life. Because of people’s
mobility today, laptops have integrated into the life of modern people and to a certain extent
replaced desktop computers.A current laptop is ergonomic. It consists of the monitor that
displays theinformation on the screen, the portable keyboard with enhanced functionality that
helps to input the necessary data and specify a particular set of commands for the built-in CPU
(Central Processing Unit) to process and then direct to a special software program to complete,
the touchpad, which is essentially a laptop’s built-in mouse, similar in its functionality to a
traditional mouse attached to a desktop computer.
With the touchpad, placed on the front panel of the laptop, you perform clicking actions
to open, select items on the screen and to drag and scroll by using the left button. While clicking
on the right button opens a shortcut menu from which you can choose commands. Manufacturers
nowadays add protective anti-shock covering and waterproof membrane to the assembly parts of
the laptop such as the microchips and the motherboard – a thin plate placed beneath that holds
the CPU, memory, connectors for the hard and optical drive keyboard together. The charge
adapter is a specialized power cable designed to recharge a PC.
It is rather challenging to single out the latest technical specifications of a PC, because
they are continually changing meeting the needs of demanding users. The dual-core, quad-core
and octo-core processor, usually AMD or Intel series, is available and responsible for running the
operating system and every application you use efficiently.
Next to the CPU there is Cache and RAM, or volatile, temporary memory, where things
you are working on are interpreted by the CPU, and when a user turns off a computer both Cache
and RAM are cleared out. The standard RAM varies from 8 to 32GB. ROM in its turn is a
permanent, non-volatile memory, and the instructions a computer executes are stored both in on
and off modes.
Regarding the storage capacity of the Solid-State Drives (SSDs) it ranges from 500 GB
to 1.5 terabit. These drives (called hard drives) are used for permanent files saving and improve
performance of a PC. You will enjoy faster boot time, resume time and application open time.
Mainstream LCD monitors vary in size usually from 15.6 to 17.3 inches with a sharp
full HD screen resolution. Most laptops are available with a choice between integrated graphics
or a discrete GPU (Graphics Processing Unit). Discrete GPU runs 3D games and, therefore, are
perfect choice for gamers. A powerful long-life battery is employed to meet all the above-
mentioned specifications and users’ preferences [15].

3. Match the words below to make word combinations.

4. Read the article again and complete the table.

Computer part (inner and outer) Function

1. Monitor
2.
LANGUAGE FOCUS
QUESTION TYPES
There are six main types of questions, such as:
1. General questions, which require a Yes / No answer.
= auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (+ object)
Is this a quad-core laptop? – Yes, it is. // No, it isn’t
Do you have a spare motherboard for HP Pavilion? – Yes, I do. // No, I don’t.
Are you closing this application? – Yes, I’m // No, I’m not.
Have you finished this project? – Yes, I have // No, I haven’t.
Will the CD ROM read my disk? – Yes, it will // No, it won’t.
2. Special (Information) questions, which ask for specific information. These begin with
question words, such as what, who, when, where, why, which, how, how much / many,
how long, how safe, etc.
= question word (+ object) + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb
What are the technical specifications of an Ultrabook?
How many cores does the latest laptop possess?
What files was he downloading from the Internet?
3. Questions to the subject, which start with what, who or which question words. In this case, the
word order is the same as in a positive sentence.
= question word (+ subject) + main verb
Who designed this graph?
Which design works better?
4. Questions to the object, which also start with what, who, but have a word order similar
to that of the general question.
= question word +auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + preposition
Who did you develop this software for?
What does this program refer to?
What material is the hardware made of?
5. Alternative questions, which give several options to choose from with the help of
conjunction OR that can be put in any part of the sentence to make the necessary
alternative.
= (question word) +auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + object+ OR + object
Does the professor have a 15.6-inch-monitor or a 17.3-inch-monitor?
6. Disjunctive (tag) questions, which remind a statement with a tag at the end of it.
= subject + main verb + tag (aux. verb+ subject in the form of pronoun)
The charge adapter enables charging up a PC, does not it?
Touchpad is a laptop’s built-in mouse, is not it?
Output devices do not input the data into the computer, do they?

1. Arrange the words in the proper order to make questions.

1. installed / she / a new / has / or / the updates / application?
2. the function / is /what / of / the / CPU?
3. are / who / you / e-mail / sending / this / to?
4. sent / who / this / me / reference?
5. have/ a 3.0 USB port/ does / or / PC/ your / a 2.0USB port?
6. add / a water-proof / manufacturers / do / to / the assembly / membrane / parts /a laptop
/ of?
7. what / work / platform / on / this / computer / does?
8. boot / has / time / doesn’t it / your / laptop / a quick?
 9. manual / is / what / about / this?
10. enhanced / created / who / software / this?

2. Ask questions to get these answers.

1. __________? The touchpad is placed on the keyboard.
2. __________? Yes, the keyboard does.
3. __________? The right button does.
4. __________? Capacitive battery is used to meet all the above-
mentioned specifications and users’ preferences.
5. __________? Terry clicked the right button of the mouse.
6. __________, __________? Yes, the shortcut menu does.
7. __________, __________? Yes, the input devices will.
8. __________? Storage capacity of the Solid-State Drives (SSDs) ranges from 128 to 500 GB.
9. __________? No, am not. I am closing the application.
10. __________? I’m reloading the computer.

3. Arrange the words in the correct order to make questions. Add Why / What / Where /
How if necessary.
1. the screen size / is / the laptop / of?
2. is / placed / the touchpad?
3. people / visit / news / do / websites?
4. assembly / consist / parts /a typical / of / PC / does?
5. does / from / RAM / vary / 128 to 500 GB?
6. are / the technical / a user’s / specifications / needs / that / meet?
7. digital / do / cameras / photographs / store?
8. websites / do / many / visit / you / regularly?
9. is / technology / needed / a home / to set up / network?
10. deleted / go / files / do? They go to the recycle bin.

4. Translate the sentences into English using new vocabulary.

1. - Орчин үеийн компьютер хүмүүсийн амьдралын салшгүй хэсэг мөн үү? - Тийм ээ,
гарцаагүй.
2. Зөөврийн компьютер нь дэвшилтэт функцтэй, авсаархан, эргономик юм.
3. Цэнэглэгч эсвэл процессор нь компьютерийг цэнэглэх үүрэгтэй юу? - Мэдээж
цэнэглэгч.
4. Компьютерийн техник хангамжийг ямар дагалдах төхөөрөмжүүд бүрдүүлдэг вэ?
5. Та ямар оролт, гаралт, хадгалах төхөөрөмжийг ашигладаг вэ?
6. Оролтын төхөөрөмж нь мэдээллийг компьютерт дамжуулдаг. Эдгээрт гар, хулгана,
сканнер, микрофон, вэбкамер орно, тийм үү?
7. Гаралтын төхөөрөмжүүд нь боловсруулсан мэдээллийг гаргана. Эдгээрт монитор,
принтер, чанга яригч гэх мэт нэмэлт төхөөрөмжүүд багтдаг, тийм үү?
8. Та ямар мэдээлэл хадгалах төхөөрөмжийг мэдэх вэ?
9. Орчин үеийн компьютерийн найман цөмт процессор, хүчирхэг батерей, арван долоон
инчийн өндөр нягтралтай дэлгэц нь хамгийн эрэлт хэрэгцээтэй хэрэглэгчдийн хүлээлтийг
бүрэн хангадаг.
10. Хулганы мэдрэгчтэй самбар дээрх баруун эсвэл зүүн товчийг дарснаар командуудын
товч цэс нээгддэг үү?
11. Өнөөдөр гар утасны электрон төхөөрөмжийн зах зээлд тэргүүлэгч ямар үйлдвэрлэгчид
байна вэ?
12. Дискрет график адаптер, 4K гэрлийн эсрэг мэдрэгчтэй дэлгэц, ухаалаг гар утасны
алсын удирдлага, хэт нимгэн профиль, бат бөх чанар, найдвартай байдал, өндөр гүйцэтгэл
зэрэг үзүүлэлтүүд нь Lenovo ultrabook-ийг хэрэглэгчдийн нэг номерын сонголт болгож
байна.

SPEAKING
1. Work in pairs, A and B. Use the information from the two articles, your own knowledge
and surf the Internet for the technical specifications of an ordinary laptop and Ultrabook
to complete the chart. Then exchange the information with your partner.
Student A: Find information about the laptop.
Student B: Find out information about the Ultrabook.
What is the storage capacity of the Ultrabook / the laptop?
What type of ports…?
What kind of screen…?
What sort of power supply…?

Specifications Laptop Ultrabook

Processor
Hard drive capacity
RAM
Storage capacity
Screen resolution
Screen size
Bluetooth connection
Wi-Fi
USB 2.0./ 3.0 ports
Graphics adapter
Built-in camera
PC speakers
Shock, damp, dust proof
Battery

2. Describe the technical specifications of your computer including its hardware, software,
peripherals and storage capacity. Does it look like up-to-date? Why? Use the prompts
below.
My PC (laptop) includes system software like … and application software such as … . The
hardware consists of … processor, …of RAM and a number of peripherals. Input devices are
made up of … . Output devices comprise … .

WRITING
1. Work individually. Make a short summary of the text “A Typical Computer” (see page
16).
UNIT 3
COMPUTER SYSTEMS

SWITCH ON
1. Answer the questions.
1. Which computer system is within your arm’s reach?
2. What do you think these concepts and abbreviations stand for: RAM, ROM, tablet,
application, LINUX, smartphone, SSD.

2. Compare the meaning of the word application in the next sentences. Translate it into
Mongolian.
1. Both mainframes and supercomputers have pretty similar application.
2. Mainframe, in some way, is more powerful because it runs and supports more
applications and users simultaneously.

VOCABULARY
1. Match the words to their definitions.

1) clustered a) digital files using a combination of moving and still pictures, sound,
computing music, and words in computers
2) to execute b) the amount of memory space available for data storage on a computer
or another digital device
3) portable c) able to be carried or moved easily, esp. by hand
4) flat screen d) a type of system software designed to support the computer
framework, configure or optimize a computer
5) graphics card e) at the same time
6) memory capacity f) a form of computing in which a group of computers are linked together
so that they can act like a single entity through software and networking
to provide greater computational power than a single computer can
7) multimedia files g) to do or perform something, especially in a planned way
8) utility h) similar to a computer mouse or touchpad
9) simultaneously i) to operate, execute a program on a computer
10) to run on j) a computer monitor or a television that is thin
11) track-pad k) a small piece of electronic equipment inside a computer that allows it
to receive and show pictures and video

2. Complete the table with the necessary derivatives. Pay attention to the meaning of the
words.
Verb Noun Adjective
1) to necessitate
2) to add
3) to require
4) to compare
5) to depend
6) to access
7) to be capable
8) to rely
9) to perform
3. Match the words having either a similar or opposite meaning. Translate them into
Mongolian.
generic, strengths, portable, disadvantages, storage capacity, run, advantages, memory
capacity, necessitate, weaknesses, execute, require, common, full-sized

READING
1. Before reading the article discuss the following questions.
1. Do you agree that it is quite challenging to select computer system? Why? Why not?
2. What parameters should a user take into account to make the right decision about
selecting a computer system?

2. Read extracts A and B, mark the true sentences and correct the false ones.
1. Supercomputers are the largest and fastest computer system in the world with the
highest performance computing power.
2. Having sophisticated calculating capabilities mainframes provide national security,
industry, technology.
3. Both mainframes and supercomputers deal with a huge amount of complex
calculations.
4. Lustre originates from the words ‘Linux’ and ‘faster’.
5. Linux is run on both supercomputers and mainframes.
6. Storage capacity of a mainframe is massive and measured in gigabytes.
7. A mainframe works faster because it executes one program at a time, whereas a
supercomputer, is more powerful because it runs a few applications simultaneously.
8. Supercomputing platforms deliver power inefficiency, bad performance and
unreliability for critical workloads.
A. Supercomputers are the world's largest and fastest computer
system with the highest performance computing power vital to
provide national security, industry, technology, science and
improve everyday products, services, and processes. Possessing
sophisticated calculating capabilities, they meet rigorous
requirements of large-scale companies to perform complex
scientific tasks and specific applications. Its uses include
weather forecasting, climate research, animated graphics, fluid
dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, petroleum exploration, molecular modeling and
others. Lustre, which is a distributed file system of massive parallelism, is usually used to
perform supercomputers large-scale cluster computing. The title Lustre is formed by the words
Linux, an operating system run on supercomputers and mainframes, and cluster-type petabytes
(thousands of gigabytes) information storage. [20]
B. The chief difference between a supercomputer and a
mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power
into executing only a few programs as fast as possible,
whereas a mainframe, in some way, is more powerful
because it runs and supports more applications and users
simultaneously.
However, there are supercomputers, which can perform up
to quadrillions of operations per second. The parts of a
mainframe are comparable to those of a desktop computer, because they both contain hard
drives, though memory capacity and processing speed are incomparable. Storage capacity of a
mainframe is massive and measured in petabytes with the processing speed a million times
faster than that of a desktop computer. Both mainframes and supercomputers have pretty similar
application that necessitates immense amounts of mathematical calculations; take up the size of
large rooms and cost millions of pounds.
Thus, supercomputing platforms offer best-in-class solutions that deliver power efficiency,
performance and reliability for critical workloads.

3. Read extracts C-E and complete the statements.

1. A desktop computer consists of a …
2. It is not portable because …
3. A desktop computer has some additional ports or sockets which canbe used to …
4. A laptop has an … design, with a … and no … attached to it, which means it is …
5. Tablet computers are designed …
6. Tablets don't have … Their entire screen is …
7. The next four important features expected with a tablet computer are …
C. The most common and familiar computer system is a desktop
computer, which consists of a full-sized mouse, keyboard, system
block and monitor. It is not portable, because it needs to be
connected to power supply all the time though many users find it
easier to type, create and edit multimedia files. Besides, many
gamers would agree that with a flat, high screen resolution, greater
RAM capacity, 3D effect graphics cards and sound cards it is still
more convenient to play different games on desktop computers than
on laptops.They also have some additional ports or sockets which can
be used to connect to all sorts of peripheral devices such as pointing devices, printers, scanners,
cameras and others.
D. Laptop is a personal computer designed for portability. Many
laptops are designed to have all of the functionality of a desktop
computer, run the same software and open the same types of files.
However, some laptops, such as netbooks, sacrifice some
functionality in order to be even more compact. There are some
important differences between a laptop and a desktop computer. A
laptop has an all-in-one design, with a built-in monitor, keyboard,
touchpad and speakers. This means it is fully functional, even when there are no peripherals
attached to it. A laptop is quicker to set up, and there are fewer cables to get in the way. Some
newer laptops even have touch screens, so you may not even need to use a keyboard or mouse.
E. Tablet computers are designed to be portable. However,
unlike desktop computers and laptops they provide a different
computing experience. The most obvious difference is that tablet
computers don't have keyboards or track-pads. Instead, the entire
screen is touch-sensitive, allowing a user to type on a virtual
keyboard and use fingers as a mouse pointer. There are some
important features you can expect with a tablet computer. It can use
different types of operating systems. Tablet computers usually use solid-state drives, which are
more durable than hard disk drives and allow the computer to boot up and open programs more
quickly. Because tablets are optimized for Internet use, tablet computers have a built-in Wi-Fi,
3G or 4G and Bluetooth. However, in order to save space, tablet computers have very few ports.

4. Read extract F and answer the questions.

 1. Do all people use smartphones only as a means of communication?
2. Are smartphones portable?
3. Why are smartphones referred to as a computer system?
4. What computer options does it suggest?
5. Do you personally consider a smartphone a computer system? If yes, why? Why not?
E. It is estimated that only about 10% of smartphone owners
spend it simply as a phone. The point is that smartphones
easily meet the generic requirement for being classified as
a PC. Smartphones are hand held computers designed to be
extremely portable, often fitting in the palm of your hand or
in your pocket. With a smartphone, you can connect to the
Web from virtually anywhere. You can look up information,
send emails, take pictures and play music – often simultaneously.
Their functionality can also be extended with other applications, programs, which can be used
for things like highways navigation, science dictionaries and calculators. Besides, the octo-core
processors and 4-giga-byte RAM can hardly compare to those of the laptops. If a smartphone
was the only choice, a user would always have all documents, photos, games, apps, and utilities
in his pocket, accessible at any time. If there is a need to check the time or messages, watch a
TV show on the train, or edit a photo all a user needs to do is to flip down his / her high-
resolution head-up display.

5. You have read an article about different computer systems. For questions 1-10 choose
from the paragraphs (A-F). The paragraphs may be chosen more than once.

Lustre 1
Opportunity for the Internet access 2
A computer system that can perform up-to quadrillions of operations per second 3
A variety of applications in technology, industry, security and science 4
Having a touch screen 5
Desktop computer constituents 6
A possibility to connect peripherals 7
Portability of a computer system 8
Statistical data 9
Computer systems features 10

6. Choose the most suitable word or phrase.

1. Nick is going to buy a new laptop / desktop PC that he can take to work.
2. A mainframe is more powerful than a supercomputer because it runs and supports more
applications and users together / simultaneously.
3. A calculator / highways navigation in my smartphone allows me to find the way in an
unfamiliar part of the city.
4. A supercomputer / desktop PC is the most powerful machine in the world.

7. Go back to the text and find the words in bold having a similar meaning to the following
ones:
1. Improved 8. Developed
2. Hard drive 9. Processing power
3. Compact 10. Performing
 4. Correspond to the needs 11. Available
5. External device 12. Memory capacity
6. At the same time 13. To guarantee
7. Operation 14. Routing

LANGUAGE FOCUS
CONSTRUCTION THERE IS / THERE ARE
There as a kind of preparatory subject and the verb to be in the necessary form as a predicate are
used in sentences which say that something:
1. Exists (or does not exist) somewhere.
There are many programming languages (i.e. many programming languages exist).
There will be a quantum computer with over 100 qubits of processing capability in some years,
(i.e. quantum computers with over 100 qubits of processing capability will appear in some
years).
2. Is located somewhere. In this case, the verb to be substitutes in meaning any verb of
location (hang, lie, stand and so on).
There is a computer with internet access in the laboratory (i.e. A computer with internet access
located in the laboratory)?

1. Go back to the text and define the meanings expressed by the constructions given in
italics in the article. Use the language Focus to help you.

2. Choose the best word or phrase from the options given below to fill in the gaps.
Translate the sentences. Mind that the sentences are translated the other way round.
1. _____ a very powerful processor inside this laptop.
A. There are B. Is there C. There is
2. _____ at least one USB port in every computer system?
A. There is B. Are there C. Is there
3. _____ a good lecture on physics yesterday.
A. There were B. Will be C. There was
4. _____ all the scientists at the conference?
A. There was B. Were there C. Are there
5. _____ a chance for you to check the updates for your phone ap plications tomorrow.
A. Will there be B. There is C. There will be

3. Fill in many / much, a lot of / lots of / few / little / a few / a little. Sometimes more than
one option is suitable.
1. There are _____ various operating systems for you to choose from.
2. There were not _____ convenient means of communication 20 years ago.
3. Is there _____ difference between HDMI cables and HDMI Ethernet switch?
4. There are only _____ applications supported by this OS.
5. There is very _____ battery charge left. Bring up the charge adapter please.
6. You had better install a good anti-virus system because there _____ phishing
attacks on the Internet now.
7. There is too _____ free space on my memory stick to copy this software. I need to
use a different one.
8. There were quite _____ adequate ideas in his speech regarding our project.
9. There used to be very _____ service at this company and it was very bad.
10. There are _____ useful laboratories equipped with cutting-edge computing
 machines at the BNTU.
11. There were _____ good gadgets in the shop, that quite _____ customers wanted to
buy.

Determiners: Some, Any, No

Interrogative Positive Negative

Any Some No / not any
Are there any Yes, there are some No, there are no computers in the lab. / No,
computers in the lab? computers in the lab. there are not any computers in the lab.

• Some can also be used in requests.

Can you give me some information about quantum computers?
• Any can also be used in positive sentences with the meaning of ‘it does not matter who
/ which / what’.
You can buy any smartphone you link.
There are some USB ports in any PC.

Compound Indefinite Pronouns

Positive Interrogative Negative

people someone anyone no one
somebody anybody nobody
things something anything nothing
places somewhere anywhere nowhere

4. Fill in some, any, no and their compounds in the sentences. Sometimes more than one
option is suitable.
1. There is _____ important about our research I must tell you.
2. There is _____ need to reinstall Windows, as it has a high performance.
3. Do you know if _____ attends courses on programming?
4. _____ special was added to a new version of this smartphone.
5. Are there _____ commentaries on this application usage?
6. Can you provide users with more Internet security?
7. All people will benefit from _____ you do at your job.
8. You can use _____ authorized version of Windows, they are all quite reliable.
9. There is _____ wrong with the operating system of this computer. You must repair it
immediately.
10. There are not _____ chances for _____ hackers’ attacks with this antivirus system.
11. Can you give us _____ more time to finish our presentation?

5. Translate the sentences from Mongolian into English.

1. Кластер тооцоолол хийх тусгай формат байдаг бөгөөд үүнд хэд хэдэн компьютер
програм хангамжаар дамжуулан нэг нэгж болон ажиллахаас гадна компьютерийн сүлжээ,
мэдээллийн сангийн сүлжээг бүрдүүлэн өндөр гүйцэтгэлийг хангадаг.
2. Маш хүчирхэг хоёр компьютерийн систем байдаг: суперкомпьютер ба үндсэн фрэйм.
Тэдний үүрэг бол аж үйлдвэр, шинжлэх ухаан, технологи, үндэсний аюулгүй байдлын
найдвартай ажиллагааг хангах явдал юм.
3. Суперкомпьютер болон үндсэн фрэймийн хооронд хэд хэдэн ялгаа бий. Гол ялгаа нь
мэйнфрэймүүд боломжоо ашиглан хэдхэн программыг зэрэг ажиллуулдаг бол супер
компьютер нь хэдэн сая хүртэлх тооны тооцооллын үйлдлийг гүйцэтгэх чадвартай
байдаг.
4. Ширээний компьютер, зөөврийн компьютер, нөтбүүк, таблетын ажиллах зарим зарчим
ижил төстэй боловч зөөврийн байдал, файлын болон үйлдлийн систем, гүйцэтгэл зэрэг
олон ялгаа бий.
5. Аливаа компьютерийн систем нь тодорхой хамрах хүрээ, давуу болон сул талуудтай
байдаг. Хүн бүр аль нэгийг нь илүүд үздэг.
6. - Энэ их сургуулийн лаборатори, тооцоолох төвүүдэд үндсэн компьютерууд байдаг уу?
- Харамсалтай нь их сургуульд тийм компьютер байхгүй.
7. Миний байнга хэрэглэдэг олон төрлийн программууд миний ширээний компьютер дээр
байдаг.
8. - Танай үйлчлүүлэгчид компанийн серверт хандах боломжтой юу? - Үгүй ээ, хэн ч
боломжгүй. Манай сервер нь аливаа зөвшөөрөлгүй хандалтаас хамгаалагдсан.
9. Ухаалаг гар утсаараа та бараг хаанаас ч интернетэд холбогдох боломжтой.
10. Ширээний компьютерууд нь бүх төрлийн дагалдах төхөөрөмжүүдийг холбох хэд
хэдэн нэмэлт холбогчтой байдаг.

SPEAKING
1. Split into 5 groups and think of the strong and weak points of allthe computer systems
mentioned in the texts above, discuss them withyour groupmates.
Group 1: a supercomputer and mainframe
Group 2: a desktop computer
Group 3: a laptop computer
Group 4: a tablet
Group 5: a smartphone

2. There is one more type of a computer system like wearable computers. Do you use
them? What are their advantages and disadvantages?

WRITING
1. Work individually. Make a short summary of the text “Computer Systems” (see page
16).
UNIT 4
OPERATING SYSTEMS

SWITCH ON
1. How would you complete the
statement:
An operating system is …

2. Which operating systems do

these logos belong to?

VOCABULARY
1. Match the words and word combinations to their definitions.

1) drop-down menu a) a software application that is integrated into the system of an

electronic device and designed for a particular function
2) pull-down menu b) a narrow area across the bottom of a computer screen, that shows
which documents or programs are open and allows you to change them
3) embedded c) to put information or a program onto a computer
applications
4) loaded applications d) a way of arranging information on a computer screen that is easy to
understand and use because it uses icons and menus, rather than only
text
5) to upgrade e) a list of choices on a computer screen that is hidden until you choose
to look at it
6) task bar f) a software application designed for a particular purpose that a user
installs optionally on an electronic device
7) to load g) a way of arranging information on a computer screen that uses only
text rather than icons and menus
8) enhanced software h) a list of instructions, especially on a computer screen, that is hidden
until you open it
9) to install i) improved and much better than before software
10) graphical user j) to improve something and make it more modern to provide a better
interface service
11) command line k) to move around a website or computer screen, or between websites or
interface screens
12) to navigate l) to add new software to a computer so that it is ready to be used

2. Correct the definitions. Put the derivatives of the word LOAD given in bold into their
proper places in the sentences.
1. If you have something overloaded you have the information or software applications
loaded for you before you start using it.
2. If you have something freeloaded you want the information to be shown on the screen
again, usually because there has been a problem or because you want the information to
be as new as possible.
3. If you have something downloaded you copy or move programs or information to a
larger computer system or to the Internet.
 4. If you have something uploaded you copy or move programs or information into a
computer's memory, especially from the internet or a larger computer.
5. If you have something reloaded you load it onto your computer without being charged.
6. If you have something preloaded your computer is supplied with too much information
to be processed.

3. Match the words having a similar meaning.

1. To upgrade a. Vulnerable to viruses
2. A wide selection of b. A wide variety of
3. Crucial c. The latest
4. To coordinate d. To route
5. To be prone to attacks e. To update
6. Security f. Consistent with another
7. Embedded g. Essential
8. Modern h. To set up
9. To navigate i. Safety
10. To install j. To control
11. Compatible k. Built-in

4. Match the following concepts to the pictures they correspond to.

1. Command line
interface //
Graphical user
interface

2. Startup //Shut
down

3. Drop-down
menu // Pull-
down menu

4. Embedded
application //
Loaded
application
 5. Hardware //
Software

READING
1. Before reading the text answer the questions about the operating system you use. Which
one do you use? Are you happy with it? Why? Why not?

2. Read the text and answer the questions.

1. What is an operating system?
2. What are the core functions of the OS?
3. What does the choice between computer platforms depend on?
4. What is the difference between the Command line interface and the GUI?
5. Is Mac OS a proprietary or an open-source OS?
6. Why is Windows the most popular OS platform?
7. What are the benefits and drawbacks of Linux?
8. How many application types do you know? What is the major difference between
them?

OPERATING SYSTEMS
An operating system (OS) is the most important software run on a computer. It manages
all the software and hardware on the computer. There are lots of different computer programs
running at the same time, and they all need to access your computer’s central processing unit
(CPU), memory, and storage. The operating system coordinates all these processes to make sure
each program gets what it needs.
Therefore, the core functions of operating systems are the following: starting and
shutting down a computer, providing a user interface, program management, memory
management, utilities provision, task coordination, devices configuration and many more.
Operating systems usually come preloaded on any computer you buy. Most people use the
operating system that comes with their computer, butit is possible to upgrade or even change
operating systems.
The OS that computer runs is sometimes called the platform. There are three most
common platforms for personal computers, such as Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac and Linux.
Actually, the choice between an Apple and Windows system is usually a matter of personal
preference and trend. Both of the operating systems have developed enhanced software being
regularly upgraded.
Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface (GUI). A GUI contains
graphics, text and icons navigated by a computer mouse. This type of interface is user-friendly,
where a user gets access to system functions by selecting program icons as well as other items
from drop-down, pull-down menus and the task bar. Each operating system's GUI has a
different look and feel, so if you switch to a different operating system, it may seem unfamiliar
at first. Before GUIs, computers had a command line interface (CLI), which meant users had to
type every single command to the computer and the computer displayed only text.
As far as Windows operating system is concerned, it was created by Microsoft in the
mid-1980s. Over the years, there have been different versions of Windows, but the most recent
one is Windows 10 (released in 2015). It is considered as the most popular operating system in
the world as it is easy to use, offers a wide variety of programs, updated drivers and games.
Although Microsoft Windows has made great improvements in reliability, it still cannot match
the security of Linux and continues to be the most vulnerable to viruses and other attacks.
If we look into Mac OS, it is a line of operating systems created by Apple. It comes
preloaded on all new Macintosh computers, or Macs. According to the statistics as of 2014, Mac
OS X users account for 9.5% of the operating systems market whereas the percentage of
Windows users is almost 90%. Apple computers tend to be a lot more expensive and do not run
the software incompatible with Mac OS. Still, many people prefer the look and feel of Mac OS
X, because it is less prone to viruses, has a more appealing and simpler interface than Windows.
Linux, created in 1991, is the only open-source operating system. So, any user may
modify and distribute it. The advantages of Linux are that itis free, more secure and reliable than
Windows and can be easily co-installed and switched to in any computer any time. Besides, there
are many different versions you can choose from such as Ubuntu, Mint, and Fedora. Linux users
account for less than 2%, because Windows has a wider selection of software utilities.
Thus, an operating system plays a crucial role in coordinating and controlling every
application in a computer system. All the applications a computer runs are of two types:
embedded and loaded ones. In fact, the former come automatically with the loaded OS like
Internet Explorer, Windows Media Player, Firewall (security-edge gateway), whereas the latter
are added to a computer by the user as optional for specific needs.
Various Internet browsers, anti-virus programs, and many other applications are installed by
users themselves.

3. Read the article again and mark the sentences as true or false.
1. The operating system controls only software.
2. The optional functions of the OS are starting and shutting down a computer as well as
devices configuration.
3. It is possible to update the OS’s components.
4. With the GUI a user must input each command to a computer.
5. In command line interface a computer displays text.
6. Windows 8 is the latest Windows version.
7. Windows OS is less secure than Linux.
8. Linux has a free download from the Internet.
9. Mac OS tends to be more expensive than Windows.
 10. According to the statistics as of 2014, Mac OS X users make up 2 % of the operating
systems market.
11. Embedded applications are loaded to the computer by the user.
12. Loaded applications perform the core computer functions.

4. Complete the sentences with one of the words in the necessary form.
utilities, configuration, core, modify, tend, distribute, drop-down, account
for, preloaded, pull-down, upgrade,enhanced, task bar, platforms
1. There are several _____ functions that the operating system performs such as starting
and shutting down a computer, _____ provision, devices and others.
2. Operating systems usually come _____ on any computer you buy, but it is possible to
_____ it.
3. Apple and Windows OSs have developed _____ software being regularly upgraded.
4. A user gets access to system functions by selecting program icons as well as other
items from _____ and _____ menus and the _____.
5. In fact, most computing resources are built on the Windows and Apple _____.
6. Linux is the only open-source operating system, the flavor of which is the
possibility for any user to _____ and _____ it.
7. Apple computers, which _____ 9.5% of the operating systems market, _____ to be much
more expensive.

5. Find as many linking words as possible in the article. Put them down in your vocabulary
list. Define their meaning.

LANGUAGE FOCUS
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
We use degrees of comparison to talk about the differences between two or more things.
Form Positive Comparative Superlative
faster the fastest
a. One-syllable adj. fast funnier the funniest
b. Two-syllable adj funny narrower the narrowest
ending in y, ow, er narrow but: less fast but: the least fast
less funny the least funny
c. Adjectives with secure more secure the most secure
two or more reliable less reliable the least reliable
syllables
good better the best
d. Irregular bad worse the worst
adjectives little less the least
many/much more the most

Comparative degree is used to compare two things or situations. We use the comparative +
than.
Windows is easier to use, offers a wider variety of programs and better functionality than
Linux.
To make the comparison stronger there are several adverbs we can use before the comparative
such as much, far, a lot and others.
The percentage of Windows users is almost 90%, which is much higher than that of Linux.
Apple computers tend to be a lot more expensive than Windows computers do.
You can also compare things using conjunction so … as or as … as and the positive degree of
the adj.
Compass 3D is as usable as AutoCAD among technical students.
Mac OS is not so secure as Linux.
Superlative degree is used to compare more than two things.
Windows is the most popular operating system in the world.

1. Choose the correct form of the adjective in bold.

1. The most expensive / the less expensive OS is not always the better / the best one.
2. Safari offers less wider / less wide selection of software and less /the less Internet
security.
3. Mac OS is not so proner / prone to malware as Windows.
4. A computer is more efficient / efficienter with a carefully installed OS.
5. Google Chrome is as easy / easier to use as Torch.
6. Kaspersky is a lot more quick / quicker and more reliable / the most reliable than
Avast.
7. Foxit Reader is the best / good and the cheaper / the cheapest program for reading
pdf. format.
8. The iPhone has the best / the better overall user experience, higher / the highest quality
apps and games, the less widest / the widest range ofservices, the biggest / biggest
selection of accessories, and the best / the better customer support among other
smartphones.
9. Windows phones do not have as many features as / as more features as HTC phones.
10. Apple rebuilt the entire interface on top of a game-style physics, so it's even much
discoverabler / much more discoverable than ever before.
11. This OS works more slower / slower than that one.

2. Complete the sentences by giving the opposite form of the adjective in italics.
Example: Windows OS is more secure to use than Mac OS. –Windows OS is less secure to use
than Mac OS.
1. Torch browser is the least reliable to surf the Internet.
2. Apple platforms are cheaper than those of Windows.
3. Smartphones are sold at more affordable prices than 10 years ago.
4. Asus computers are far less playful, and less powerful than they used to be 3 years ago.
5. This software is the best I have ever used before.
6. Sony focuses on the worst, less coherent, the least usable features for its users.

3. Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct form to compare the Graphical User
Interface and Command line Interface.
GUI is (user-friendly) than CLI used to be. It is (popular) than CLI, because it is a lot
(convenient) and much (fast) than CLI. Displaying graphics as well as text GUI is definitely
(appealing) for users. Another advantage of GUI is that it is (manageable) of all interfaces today.
In fact, CLI is (compatible) with modern OSs of all user interfaces, whereas GUI is regarded as
(good) and (usable) interface of all.

4. Use the following parameters to compare the four browsers. Try to draw the diagram
reflecting usability of the Internet browsers.
Useful language: Mozilla Firefox is faster than Internet Explorer. Google Chrome is the fastest
of all. Internet Explorer is the lowest of all…

Technical Internet Mozilla Google

specs Explorer Firefox Chrome
In terms of Chrome runs and
The speed is below speed, it needs loads web apps,
Speed average. only 1.55 seconds pages as fast as
6/10 to open a new site. V8 vehicle engine
9/10 works. 10/10
Explorer is a target for It protects against viruses, Chrome technologies such as
hackers, though now and is always up to date on Safe Browsing, sandboxing
detects phishing attacks. the latest security fixes. and auto updates manage all
Safety 7/10 10/10 malware attacks.
9/10
Privacy New privacy settings You can easily clear your Chrome is attacked by ads
block almost all pop- pass words, cookies and and spy extensions.
ups and delete browsing traces. 5/10
history. 8/10
8/10
Software It prints web pages, It provides automatic It saves passwords,
capabilities gives browser session restore and a fully translates full pages
suggestions. integrated spell-checker. automatically, gives access
7/10 8/10 to Chrome Web Store.
10/10
A user-friendly Firefox features are Chrome's browser window
interface shows the powerful, useful, simple is streamlined and
Convenient icons of your most and accessible. designed for ease of use
interface visited sites based on 8/10 and search.
browsing history. 9/10
7/10
It provides an
It fixes site display online tutorial and
Help and problems with personalized help in the It provides troubleshooting
support compatibility view. form of live chat with the steps online.
8/10 Firefox community. 9/10
10/10
Attractiveness
of the logo

5. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary.
1. Үйлдлийн систем нь компьютерийн программ хангамж, техник хангамжийн ажлыг
зохион байгуулдаг: хэд хэдэн програмыг нэгэн зэрэг ажиллуулах, төв процессорын
тушаалуудыг боловсруулах, гүйцэтгэх, компьютер эсвэл гадаад хатуу диск дээр
файлуудыг хадгалах, компьютерийн санах ой болон бусад функцуудыг удирдах.
2. Тиймээс OS-ийн үндсэн функцүүдийн багц нь програмууд болон компьютерийн
төхөөрөмжүүдийн ажиллагааг тохируулах програм хангамжийн хэрэгслүүдийг суулгахыг
агуулдаг.
3. Үйлдлийн систем нь суулгасан болон татаж авах боломжтой програмуудыг
ажиллуулахад гол үүрэг гүйцэтгэдэг.
4. 2018 оны статистик мэдээгээр Windows үйлдлийн системийн хэрэглэгчид 90 орчим
хувийг эзэлдэг бол Mac нь ердөө 10 орчим хувийг ашигладаг. Үнэн хэрэгтээ, эхнийх нь
PC хэрэглэгчдэд илүү боломжийн, хямд байдаг бол сүүлийнх нь илүү үнэтэй байдаг.
5. Олон програмистууд үйлдлийн систем болох Линуксийг ашигладаг бөгөөд үүний гол
давуу тал нь нээлттэй хандалт бөгөөд хэрэглэгчдэд системийн хэрэгслүүдийг засварлах
боломжийг олгодог. Энэхүү үйлдлийн систем нь илүү найдвартай, тагнуулын програмын
өргөтгөлөөс хамгаалагдсан бөгөөд вирусын халдлагад өртөмтгий биш юм.
6. Миний бодлоор, илүү үр ашигтай хайлтын туршлага, хялбаршуулсан хэрэглэгчийн
интерфэйсийг сонирхож буй хэрэглэгчдэд зориулагдсан Torch Browser нь вэб сайтын
алдааг хурдан бөгөөд хялбар олж засварлах боломжийг олгодог.
7. Windows үйлдлийн систем Apple-ийн компьютерт нийцдэг үү? - Тийм ээ, мэдээж.
8. Командын интерфейс нь график интерфэйсийг бодвол хэрэглэгчдэд ээлтэй бус, учир нь
товчлолын цэс, гарч ирэх цэс, доош унадаг цэс бүр нь хулганын товчлуур дээр дарахад
олон төрлийн сонголтуудыг хэрэглэгчдэд санал болгодог.
9. - Таны ухаалаг утсанд ямар үйлдлийн систем суулгасан бэ? - Энэ бол Android. Энэ нь
янз бүрийн програмуудыг дэмждэг бөгөөд байнга шинэчлэгддэг.

SPEAKING
Teamwork
1. Choose an operating system and speak about its usability. Use the prompts below:
usability, interface, advantages and disadvantages, most common applications, ease of use and
prospects of developing. Share your opinion with the groupmates.

2. There are operating systems designed to run on mobile devices. Examples include
Windows Phone, Google Android and Apple iOS. Search the Internet for articles that
compare these operating systems. Share your opinion with the class.

WRITING
1. Work individually. Make a short summary of the text “Operating Systems” (see page
16).
UNIT 5
DATABASES AND SPREADSHEETS

SWITCH ON
1. Express your point of view on the following issues:
1. How often do you scan through large pieces of information?
2. Is it easy or difficult to deal with them? Why?
3. How can you possibly make this process more efficient?

2. Why, in your opinion, are electronic spreadsheets and databases often referred to as
data management systems?

3. Choose the definitions to such concepts as Spreadsheet and Database using the prompts below.
Give your own definitions.
➢ A spreadsheet is …
➢ A database is …
1. computer software that simulates a paper worksheet.
2. a collection of related data that can be accessed quickly.
3. software meant to hold a large amount of data.
4. software used to tabulate data and create graphs based on data.

VOCABULARY
1. Before reading the text match the following words and wordexpressions to their
definitions.

1) query a) to modify smth. to suit a particular task or individual

2) off-the-shelf b) a pattern of straight lines that cross each other to form squares
3) to customize c) to make additions, deletions, or other changes
4) alignment d) a set of type characters of a particular design and size
5) to label e) a request for information from a database
6) entry f) ready-made, available
7) font g) to mark or identify
8) value h) arranging data to line up with a required format
9) to capture i) the numeric data within the cell
10) to edit j) to get back information that has been stored in the memory of a
computer
11) grid k) to enter (data) into a computer
12) to retrieve l) the recording of data in a computer file

2. Match the words having a similar meaning.

1. To vary a. Income
2. Profit b. Vital
3. To contain c. To reduce
4. To decrease d. To alter
5. Important e. To include
6. To design f. To create
7. To refer g. Group
8. Set h. To relate
READING
1. Skim the text to find the answers to the questions.
1. What is the main benefit of computer databases?
2. In what way is a database organized?
3. What is a spreadsheet?
4. What can spreadsheets be used for?

DATABASES AND SPREADSHEETS

In the information age managing large amounts of information has become much easier
with the use of computers. Rather than manually dealing with each piece of information, such
applications as spreadsheets and databases were created to handle it.
A. Databases.
Databases are very powerful tools used in all areas of computing. A database is a
collection of related data, and the software used in databases to store, organize and retrieve the
data is called the database management system, or DBMS. It is a key computing skill to
organize data, create databases and control data using query languages. A database query
function allows you to extract information according to certain conditions or criteria.
One of the main benefits of computer databases is that they make it easy to store
information so it is quick to find. For example, if you have music files on your computer, a
media application like iTunes, Windows Media Player or Google Music organizes that data for
you to quickly search for a singer or songs you want.
A database can manage any type of data, including text, numbers, images, sound, video
and hyperlinks (links to websites).
A database is organized using a set of key components. These include: entities (each
recorded item), attributes (details about the entity), fields (columns used to capture attributes),
records (one row of details about an entity), tables (a set of fields and records) and primary key
(unique number for an entity). For example, the entity could be a film and the attributes could
include title, duration, certificate, etc.

Database software includes off-the-shelf software such as Microsoft Access, Oracle and
MySQL. Databases can also be created and organized using programming languages, such as
SQL, Visual Basic and Delphi used to edit databases. Using programming languages means that
you can customize a database to do exactly what you want.
B. Spreadsheets.
Computer models of mathematical data, like budgets, are usually done using a
spreadsheet application that processes and performs calculations on the data entered by the user.
A spreadsheet appears as a grid, each row has its own number and each column its own letter.
This labelling of rows and columns is used to give each cell a cell address or reference, for
example, C5 means column C, row 5. Cells can contain numbers, text or formulae. Formulae are
entries that have an equation which calculates the values to display. They can be used to
calculate totals, percentages, discounts etc.
 Spreadsheets have many built-in functions, pre-written instructions that can be carried
out by referring to the function by name. The format menu lets you choose font, alignment,
borders etc.
A spreadsheet can be used as a modeling tool. The model is controlled by a set of rules
introduced by formulae. These rules can be changed easily to vary the model and provide
information about running costs and profit margins.
A company can use a spreadsheet to find out what would happen if they reduced the
price of their product and the effect it would have on their income from sales. Being able to
answer ‘what if...?’ questions like this is vital and allows a company to predict future trends in
its income and outgoings [10, 13].

2. Read the text again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.
1. A database is a grid of rows and columns with their own numbers and letters.
2. Rather than manually dealing with each piece of information, spreadsheets were
created to handle it.
3. A database can manage only numbers.
4. Companies use spreadsheets to predict future trends in their income and outgoings.
5. Low-level programming languages are used to organize and control data in a
database.
6. A set of key components such as entities, attributes and tables are used to organize
a database.
7. A spreadsheet application processes and performs data Gath.

3. Complete the following sentences with the words below.

entry, primary key, spreadsheet, query, to be customized,
grid, off-the shelf, field, database
1. Generally, all words you put in the _____ will be used.
2. The program can _____ to serve different purposes.
3. Each _____ in the file takes up a single line.
4. Each _____ page is made up of a _____ of columns and rows.
5. _____ software is readily available and is suitable for a large amount of people.
6. In a _____ attributes are represented in _____.
7. The unique identifying value for records in a database is called a _____.

LANGUAGE FOCUS
ACTIVE VS PASSIVE
Look at the picture (Fig. 1) and mind the difference between the active and passive voice.

Fig. 1. Active and Passive Voice

SIMPLE TENSE FORMS
The Present Simple is used to describe:
 1. Habitual facts or repeated actions.
He starts work at 8 am every day.
2. Universal truths and permanent characteristics, situations or states.
She teaches programming at the University.
3. Scheduled facts and events.
The flight leaves at 2 p.m. (according to the time-table)
Time words with the Present Simple: often, always, usually, seldom,rarely, as a rule, every
day (week, year) etc.

Positive Negative Questions

I / you / we / they Do you / we / they
I / you / we / they compile do not (don’t) compile the compile the data bases
Present the databases well enough. databases well enough. He well enough?
Simple He / she / it compiles the / she / it does not Does he / she / it
Active databases well enough. (doesn’t) compile the compile the data bases
databases well enough. well enough?
Present The database / databases is / The database / databases is Is / Are the database /
Simple are com piled well enough by / are not compiled well databases compiled well
Passive him. enough by him. enough by him?

The Past Simple is used to describe:

1. A single past action or a past state.
I started learning JAVA 2 years ago.
2. A succession of single past actions.
I entered the office, looked around and came up to the secretary.
Time words with the Past Simple: ago, last year (week, month), yesterday, in 1997 etc.

Positive Negative Questions

I / you / we / they / he / I / you / we / they / he / Did you / we / they / he /
she / it compiled the she / it did not (didn`t) she / it compile the
Past Simple databases well enough. compile the databases databases well enough?
Active well enough.
The database / databases The database / databases Was / Were the database /
was / were compiled was not / were not databases compiled well
Past Simple well enough by him. compiled well enough enough by him?
Passive by him.

The Future Simple is used to describe:

1. A predicted future action, a happening of which is inevitable.
Next year he will be 18.
2. An action which the speaker regards as possible, probable or likely to happen in the
future.
I don’t think I will pass my exams easily.
3. An action decided on spontaneously, out of circumstances.
It’s hot in the office. I will turn on the air conditioning.
Time words with the Future Simple: tomorrow, in a week (month, year), next year, in 2030
etc.
 Positive Negative Questions
I / you / we/ they / he / I / you / we / they / he / Will you / we / they / he /
Future she / it will compile the she / it will not compile she / it compile the
Simple Active databases well enough. the databases well databases well enough?
enough.
The databases will be The databases will not Will the databases be
Future compiled well enough (won’t) be compiled well compiled well enough by
Simple by him. enough by him. him?
Passive

1. Choose the correct form of the verb (Active or Passive).

1. Under Insert button charts, gadgets and other special elements add / are added to your
spreadsheet.
2. To navigate between different sheets, you just click / are clicked the one you want.
3. Spreadsheets will find / will be found a variety of new applications soon.
4. Formulae were entered / enter by the user two hours ago.
5. The results of computations will be recorded / will record in the form of tables.
6. Such applications as spreadsheets and databases created / were created to handle
information.
7. To edit a database, he used / was used SQL language.
8. You choose / are chosen font, alignment, borders in the format menu.
9. A spreadsheet is used / uses as a modeling tool.
10. Databases are often referred / refer to as data management systems.
11. This database will use / will be used to store our financial information.
12. Our university library is connected / connects to many electronic databases
specializing in different fields of science.

2. Use the verbs in the following sentences in the negative and interrogative forms.
1. A spreadsheet stores data values in cells.
2. Databases involve a higher level of technical processing.
3. He established the relationships between databases.
4. The program will be compiled in a few days.
5. A database was programmed to show only certain information.
6. Some databases are run on servers and accessed over networks.
7. Cells contain numbers, text or formulae.
8. They used spreadsheets to calculate totals, percentages, discounts.

3. Transform the sentences using the verbs either in the Active or Passive Voice.
1. When did the programmer open the new application?
2. The new equipment was not installed in the lab by the engineers.
3. Our technicians will distribute Wi-Fi for you.
4. Google spreadsheets include the print command, undo and redo options.
5. All Sony tablets users were allowed to use unlimited Internet for free by Sony
Corporation.
6. Android users deploy various applications in a multitude of mobile devices.
7. The results of computations were recorded in the form of tables.
8. They often refer to the results of his numerous experiments.
4. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct (Active or Passive) form using the Present Simple
or Future Simple Tense.
Google Spreadsheet (be) a free web best application similar to Microsoft itself. You (create) and
(edit) spreadsheets for all kinds of projects including contact lists. To get started, the create
button (click) and a spreadsheet (choose). First, we (have) a toolbar, where different shortcuts
(access). The print command, undo and redo options (include) as well as the self-format and font
size (control) by the user. To view even more options the menus above the toolbar (use). Thus,
you (give) access to many additional features. You (navigate) back to Google drive to title up
your spreadsheet so that it is easier to find a file again in the future. There (be) no save button,
because Google spreadsheet (use) the auto save feature, which automatically (save) your file any
time you (make) a change. Finally, you (find) a comments button and a share button. You
(allow) to collaborate with other Google Drive users and you quickly (manage) your sharing
options. Each spreadsheet (consist) of cells, columns and rows for your data. A cell (be) the
interaction of a row and a column. There (be) also the formula bar where text, formulas and
functions for a specific cell (enter). At the very bottom of the window additional sheets (add) to
your spreadsheet by clicking a plus button [13].

5. Here is a timeline list of changes. Using the table below write the sentences to describe
these changes. Follow the example.
Example: People invented the Sims City in 2000.
The Sims City was invented in 2000.
2000 Today 2030 Verb
mainstream games
the Sims City touch-screen games become services and invent
platform
2000 Today 2030 Verb
First camera 20 mega-pixels 100-pixel manufacture
phone camera phones camera phones
humanoid robot 3D PC cameras interactive computers introduce

Sony Play Station 2 wireless display biometric sensors release

USB Flashdrive wireless charging 15-millimeter thin PCs develop

6. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. - Талбаргүй өгөгдлийн сангийн хүснэгтэд ямар нэгэн мэдээлэл байна уу? - Хэрэв би
андуураагүй бол талбаргүй хүснэгт байж болохгүй.
2. - Шинж чанаруудыг юунд ашигладаг вэ? - Миний мэдэж байгаагаар тухайн аж ахуйн
нэгжийн талаар ямар мэдээлэл цуглуулах ёстойг тодорхойлоход ашигладаг. Жишээлбэл,
"харилцагч" аж ахуйн нэгжийн хувьд түүний нэр, хаяг, төлөөлөгч гэх мэт мэдээллийг
хадгалах болно.
3. Асуулга нь өгөгдөл сонгох, боловсруулахад зориулагдсан, тийм үү?
4. - Хүснэгт юунаас бүрддэг вэ? - Энэ нь багана, мөрүүдээс бүрдэх ба тэдгээрийн уулзвар
дээр нүд байрладаг.
5. Хүснэгт ашиглах нь өгөгдөлтэй ажиллахад хялбар болгож, гараар тооцоо хийхгүйгээр
үр дүнд хүрэх боломжийг олгодог.
6. Хүснэгт болон мэдээллийн сан нь ижил төстэй шинж чанартай боловч өгөгдлийг
боловсруулах, ангилах, шүүхдээ өөр өөр технологи ашигладаг.
7. - Компаниуд өгөгдлийн сангаас ямар төрлийн өгөгдөл үүсгэж, хадгалж, авч болох вэ?
Бүх зүйл хэлтэсээс хамаарна. Жишээлбэл, санхүүгийн хэлтэс нь зардал, орлого гэх мэт
мэдээлэлтэй ажилладаг.
8. Компанийн мэдээллийн санд сүлжээгээр шууд нэвтрэх эрхийг хэрэглэгчийг таних нууц
үгээр хамгаалсан.
9. Танай ажилтнууд борлуулалтын мэдээлэлд дүн шинжилгээ хийхдээ хүснэгт ашигладаг
уу? "Мэдээжийн хэрэг, хүснэгтийн программ дахь томъёог ашиглан бид дараагийн сарын
тооцоолсон ашгийг тооцдог.

SPEAKING
1. Work in pairs. Study this example of a record from a database of company employees.
What fields do you think it contains? What other fields might be useful?

Terry Jones Web development Web designer 30/5/85 $3000

2. In pairs, discuss what fields you would include in a database foryour music collection.

3. Work in pairs. Study this extract from a spreadsheet for salesfrom a computer games
sales outlet. Answer these questions.
1. How many columns are there?
2. What information do they contain?
3. How many rows are there?
4. What does cell A3 denote?

A B C D E
1 Day GTA 5 The Witcher 3 Total Profit
2 Mon 23 18
3 Tue 30 24
4 Wed 35 29
5 TOTALS

WRITING
1. Work individually. Make a short summary of the text “Databases and Spreadsheets”
(see page 16).
UNIT 6
MULTIMEDIA

SWITCH ON
1. Match the pictures with the multimedia
applications (1-8).
1) virtual reality; 2) public access points;
3) electronic learning; 4) electronic book;
5) video games; 6) electronic
encyclopedia;
7) electronic magazine; 8) presentation.

Fig. 1. Application areas of multimedia

2. Which of these multimedia products do you and your friends often use in your
everyday life? Share your answers with the class.

VOCABULARY
1. Before reading the text match the following words and word expressions to their
definitions.
1) link a) animations that include sound and images
2) extension b) service offered to customers for free for a short period of time
3) interactivity c) reference to another document
4) newsletter d) the programs in which full control is given to the users
5) free trial e) the communication process between humans and computer
software
6) banner f) easy to use
7) pop up window g) a window that suddenly appears when you select an option
8) embedded video h) a message sent out to subscribers on a regular interval
9) flash movies i) a set of characters after a filename used to identify the kind of
file
10) user-driven programs j) video within an email for marketing purposes
11) media streaming k) an advertisement that extends across the width of a web page

12) user-friendly l) a technique for transferring data as a steady and continuous

stream

2. Match the words having a similar meaning.

1. Hard-wearing a. Widespread
2. To engross b. To limit
3. To convey c. To change
4. Commonplace d. Traditional
5. Promotion e. Durable
6. Simulation f. Customer
7. Consumer g. Imitation
8. To alter h. To immerse
9. To restrict i. To communicate
10. Conventional j. Advertising
READING
1. Scan the text to decide which sentence summarizes it best.
1. The combination of text, sound, images and video is known as multimedia.
2. Multimedia has influenced the way products are advertised and marketed.
3. Multimedia is increasingly being used in education, advertising and entertainment.
4. Everyone can use multimedia products, as they are simple and user-friendly.

WHAT IS MULTIMEDIA?
➢ Multimedia refers to the technologies and applications that integrate different media: text,
sound, image and video. Multimedia can be used toconvey information to people effectively. Its
power resides in interactivity, hypertext and hypermedia. Multimedia software is usually
interactive; hypertext means that you can click on a word and jump to another screen with more
information; hypermedia is similar but works with sounds and images. Multimedia is now
common place and can be used for e-learning purposes, entertainment, promotional and
advertising purposes, e-publications, modeling and simulation, public information.
➢ Traditionally computer-based education programs used separate multimedia
components such as texts, images, video clips, and presented them in a sequence decided by the
author. Nowadays multimedia in education allows the programs to be user-driven and not
restricted by time. E-learning involves education programs through electronic means. Interest in
e-learning is growing fast, because students can have access to online resources, lectures and
other study material at the time that suits them. New Internet technology has made it possible to
use videoconferencing in e-learning. It involves using the web to connect a virtual classroom so
that the tutor and learners can interact with each other.
➢ A multimedia product should entertain and engross the user. Entertainment sources can be
viewed in a variety of multimedia contexts, including games, video, DVDs and Blue-ray Discs.
Traditional ways of viewing media are increasingly being replaced by new methods, such as
downloading content to mobile phones or media streaming over the Internet.
➢ When marketing and advertising a product, it is important to identify and meet the end-
user's requirements. Multimedia has altered the way products are advertised and marketed.
Products are advertised in banners, pop-up windows, links, embedded video, flash movies and
more. Most companies that have a website produce monthly newsletters or regular emails that
consumers can sign up to receive. Many software companies allow customers to download free
trials directly from their websites so that they can try before they buy.
➢ Multimedia has also influenced publications. As well as reading traditional books or
magazines, consumers can now read e-publications. These are publications that are published
electronically through such media as the Internet. E-books and e-zines (the electronic equivalent
of magazines) can be read online, downloaded to a computer, or to a portable device such as a
PDA.
➢ A virtual reality program provides you with multi-sensory information and 3D effects in
real-time. When you interact with a virtual reality program you have a sense of being completely
immersed in it. Virtual reality can be used to simulate real events, such as flying an airplane.
➢ Multimedia public access points are often located in museums or city centers and are
used as information points. For example, a bus stationmay use a public access point to inform
customers of bus times. The interfaces rely on being simple and user-friendly, so everyone can
use them regardless of ability or experience. A lot of public access points use a touch-
screen input device because it is easy to use and more hard-wearing than a mouse and a
keyboard [10].

2. Reread the text and do the following test.

1. What is multimedia?
a) A fun and interesting product.
b) A product that uses a combination of images, words and sounds to present
information.
c) A product that is accessed in a structured and systematic way, dictated by the author.
2. An educational multimedia software package has the added benefit of being:
a) user-driven.
b) presented in a sequential way decided by the author.
c) interesting, combining text and images.
3. What is a major benefit of e-learning?
a) Students like using computers.
b) E-learning products are more informative than traditional learning resources.
c) Students can study at the time and place that suits them, provided they have access to
the Internet and a computer.
4. Why does a company website encourage users to submit their email address?
a) To bombard the customers with spam.
b) To inform customers about current promotions and offers.
c) To keep a note of types of email address.
5. Why do companies allow customers to download free trials or read chapters from their books
online directly from their websites?
a) Resources on the Internet are copyright free.
b) They don't value the product.
c) They want customers to make sure they want this product.
6. What is a virtual reality program?
a) A program that presents the user with multi-sensory information and 3D effects in real-
time.
b) A computer game.
c) A television program that films contestants.
7. What is a common device used to access public information points?
a) Mouse and keyboard.
b) Microphone.
c) Touch screen.

3. Match the words that go together in the text “What is Multimedia?”. Then complete
the sentences below.
1. User a. Reality
2. Virtual b. Requirements
3. Media c. Device
4. To meet d. Friendly
5. Electronic e. Points
6. Access f. Learning
7. Input g. Effects
8. Blue-ray h. Trials
9. Free i. Disc
10. 3D j. Streaming
1. _____ is becoming increasingly important with the growth of the Internet because most
users do not have fast enough access to download large multimedia files.
2. _____ is an environment that is produced by a computer and seems very like reality to
the person experiencing it.
 3. Access to online resources, lectures and other study material 24 hours a day is one of the
major advantages of _____.
4. Many software companies allow their customers to download _____ antivirus
_____ to experience how they can keep PCs secure from viruses, spyware and other
threats!
5. The ubiquity of public Internet _____ makes it easy to get online when you need it no
matter where you are.
6. _____ was developed for recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition video
(HD) as well as storing large amounts of data.
7. An _____ allows users to communicate and feed instructions and data to computers.
8. The use of colors, perspective techniques and lighting helped to create amazing _____ on
flat surface paintings.
9. Menu-driven programs are considered to be more _____ than command-driven
systems.
10. For Google MapsGL to run on a computer your system needs _____ certain system.

4. Using the text given below recommend these people what file format to use. More
than one format may match the statement.
1. I want to create my own unique photo collage with the photos of my family and
friends.
2. I would like to set a song as a ringtone on my smartphone.
3. I keep a lot of information on a hard disk and I want to compress data in order to save
space.
4. I would like to convert my birthday party video from an analogue video to a digital one.
5. I am applying for a job and I need to send a formatted print resume as an attachment to
an e-mail message.
Common text extensions: .pdf (portable document format), .doc (MS Word
document), .rtf (rich text format), .htm or .html (hypertext markup language for
Web files).
Video refers to recording, editing and displaying moving images.
Common formats: .avi (audio video interleave), .mov (Quick-Time movie), .mpg
(mpeg- moving picture experts’ group).

Graphics include charts, photos, drawings, etc. .gif (graphics interchange

format), .jpg (joint photographic experts’ group) ideal for pictures with many
colours, .tif (tagged image file).
Animations are made up of series of independent pictures put together in
sequence to look like moving pictures. Common formats: .gif for pictures
with fewer colours, .swf for Flash files.
You can hear sound such as songs movie, soundtracks and speech. Common
audio formats: .wav (Windows wave audio format), .ra (Real Audiofile), .mp3
(compressed music files).
Files compressed with WinZip have a .zip extension. A popular format
used to compress and distribute movies on DVDs or over the Net is DivX,
a digital video code (Compress, DECompress).

LANGUAGE FOCUS
PROGRESSIVE TENSE FORMS
The Present Progressive is used to describe:
 1. An activity at or around the time of speaking.
At present we are using this system software.
2. A fixed future plan.
Next week we are buying new equipment.
Time words with the Present Progressive: now, right now, at the moment, nowadays etc.
Positive Negative Questions
I / he / they am / is / I / he / they am /is / are Is / Are he / they
Present are compiling a not compiling a compiling a program?
Progressive Active program. program.
A program / the A program / the Is / Are a program / the
Present programs is / are programs is / are not programs being
Progressive Passive being compiled. being compiled. compiled?

The Past Progressive is used to describe:

1. An activity at a definite time in the past (at 4 pm yesterday, from 3to 5 yesterday, the
whole day yesterday).
He was writing a report at 5 pm yesterday.
2. An activity which is a time frame for another activity.
While we were carrying out the experiment the other team was recording the results.

Positive Negative Questions

Past Progressive He / they was/ were He / they was / were Was / Were he / they
Active compiling a program not compiling a compiling a program?
program.
Past Progressive A program / the A program / the Was / were a program /
Passive programs programs was / were the programs being
was / were being not being compiled. compiled?
compiled.

The Future Progressive is used to describe:

1. An activity at a definite time in the future (at 4pm tomorrow, from3 to 5 tomorrow, the
whole day tomorrow).
We will be discussing multimedia development at 3 o’clock seminar tomorrow.

Positive Negative Questions

Future He / they will be He / they will not Will he / they be
Progressive Active compiling a program. (won’t) be compiling a compiling a program
program.

1. Choose the right tense form of the verbs in the following sentences.
1. A computer is downloading / will be downloading a free trial now.
2. I am listening / was listening to the online radio program while I was going / went
home.
3. We were discussing / are discussing the benefits of e-learning from 2 to 3pm yesterday.
4. Interest in multimedia products is growing / are growing rapidly nowadays.
5. I was searching / were searching the Web for sites on digital cameras while my groupmates
were working / are working on their project.
6. The professor was demonstrating / demonstrated new techniques to students when I
 entered / was entering the classroom.
7. What will you doing / will you be doing in the computing center from 3 to 4 pm
tomorrow?

2. Rewrite the following sentences using the Passive Voice forms.

1. Nowadays new methods are replacing traditional ways of viewing media.
2. He was downloading audio files by native speakers from our website at 5 pm yesterday.
3. Were they setting up the laboratory equipment all day yesterday?
4. They are still considering the engineer’s project.
5. While we were creating an interactive multimedia presentation, our groupmates were
carrying out a very important experiment.
6. Are they compiling a new program now?
7. People are increasingly using multimedia in education, advertising and entertainment.

3. Complete the sentences with the correct tense forms of the verbs in brackets.
1. While Ann (to compile) a program the chief engineer (to speak) to Nick.
2. He (to make) a report on multimedia applications at the moment.
3. What is the e-zine you (to look through) called?
4. Who you (to talk) on the phone just now?
5. The engineers (to carry out) the tests while the assistants (to record) the results.
6. We (to speak) about the difference between DVDs and Blue-ray Discs at 3 o’clock
seminar yesterday.
7. What you (to do) at 9 am tomorrow? – I (to take) the exam on programming languages.
8. Media streaming allows users to listen to an audio file while it (to download).
9. At present he (to train) to be an online teacher as he (to want) to bea specialist in e-
learning.

4. Work in pairs. Ask your partner what these people

a) are doing at the moment;
b) were doing at 5 p.m. yesterday;
c) will be doing at 3 p.m. tomorrow.
1. Phillip (to create a file / to browse the Web / to test a program).
2. Ann (to insert an image / to download music files / to play online games).
3. Vicky and Mark (to connect a device / to surf the Web / to send e-mails).
4. Tim and David (to fix network hardware / to play online games / to edit digital photo).
5. John (to set up a wireless network / to create a photo collage / to download photos).
6. Jenny and Sam (to install anew program / to back up data / to use a library database).

5. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Мультимедиа нь график, текст, видео, хөдөлгөөнт дүрс, дууны эффектийг нэгэн зэрэг
ашигладаг компьютерийн технологийн цогц юм.
2. Цахим сургалтын гол давуу талуудын нэг бол цахим эх сурвалж, лекц болон бусад
сургалтын материалд байнга нэвтрэх боломжтой байдаг.
3. Компьютер одоогоор видео боловсруулах программын үнэгүй туршилтын хувилбарыг
татаж авч байна.
4. - Энэхүү мультимедиа сургалтын талаарх мэдээллийг хаанаас авах вэ? - Би яг одоо танд
имэйлээр илгээж байна.
5. Медиа стриминг нь аудио файлуудыг татаж авах үед сонсох боломжийг олгодог.
6. - Та өчигдөр шөнө онлайн байсангүй. Та юу хийж байсан бэ? -Өчигдөр бүтэн орой
шинэ төслийнхөө танилцуулгыг бэлдэж байлаа.
7. Денис компьютер дээрээ видео засварлаж байх хооронд Павел ухаалаг утсандаа
хөгжмийн файлуудыг оруулж байжээ.
8. Өнөөдөр сэтгүүл, сонин, блог, цахим ном хүртэл бидний мэдээлэл авах арга хэлбэрийг
өөрчилж байна.
9. Бид дараагийн сард шинэ мультимедиа програмаа сурталчлах болно.
10. Файлын өргөтгөл нь хэрэглэгч эсвэл компьютерийн программ хангамжид файлд
хадгалагдсан өгөгдлийн төрлийг тодорхойлох боломжийг олгодог.
11. Өчигдөр 3-4 цагийн хооронд бид багштайгаа видео хурлаар ажилласан.
12. Вэб дизайны шинэ программыг одоогоор туршиж байна. Энэ нь энгийн бөгөөд
хэрэглэгчдэд ээлтэй байх болно гэж найдаж байна.

SPEAKING
1. Work in groups to develop the following ideas:
1. Multimedia is widely used for education purposes.
2. Multimedia has opened a new era for advertising and marketing.
3. Multimedia products entertain the users.
4. Multimedia has influenced publications greatly.

2. Work in groups. Using the information given in the text “What is Multimedia?” and the
prompts in the box make a list of advantages and disadvantages of e-learning. Add your
own ideas of pros and cons. Share your opinions with the class.
To be cost-effective, to be focused on smb., to lack human interaction, to be available online,
to meet one’s interests, to be technology dependent, to be highly self-motivated, to be user-
friendly, to study attimes and in places that suit you, to save time, to be provided with
interactive teaching and multimedia materials.

WRITING
1. Work individually. Make a short summary of the text “What is Multimedia?” (see page
16).
UNIT 7
PROGRAMMING

SWITCH ON
1. Look at the picture (Fig 1) and answer the
following questions.
1. What computer languages do you use
in your studies? What for?
2. What other languages used in
programming can you name?
Fig.1. Programming languages

2. Work in pairs. Have you ever written a program? Discuss withyour partner the steps in
programming listed below 1-6. Fill in the gaps with the missing stages a-c (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Steps in programming

a) Debug and correct the program.
b) Design a flowchart.
c) Write a code and compile a program.

VOCABULARY
1. Match the words to their definitions.
1) demanding a) taking up or involving a great deal of time
2) sophisticated b) requiring much effort and energy
3) time- c) to change a computer program into a machine language through a
consuming compiler
4) tedious d) advanced and complicated
5) to debug e) a set of tags assigned to elements of a text to dictate how they should be
displayed
6) markup f) while activity is ongoing
7) to compile g) a text file that contains a sequence of commands
8) shell script h) to change into a different form
9) to interpret i) too long, slow or dull, monotonous
10) to convert j) a step-by-step diagram for planning a solution model to a given problem

11) on the fly k) to translate a program in a high-level language into a machine

language
12) flowchart l) an instruction written in a high-level language
13) statement m) to identify and remove errors from computer software or hardware
2. Match the words having a similar meaning.
1. To perform a. To keep
2. Expertise b. Boring
3. To interact c. Bug
4. Demanding d. Complicated
5. To interpret e. To use
6. Tedious f. Challenging
7. To maintain g. Competence
8. Sophisticated h. To execute
9. To utilize i. To communicate
10. Error j. To translate

READING
1. Read the text to answer the questions.
1. What is programming?
2. What languages are referred to as low-level languages?
3. What high-level languages are mentioned in the text?
4. What are markup languages used for?

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Programming is an important engineering tool. It is a process of writing a computer
program using a computer language. Computer programs are collections of instructions that tell a
computer how to interact with the user and the computer hardware and how to process data. Our
work would have been very demanding and time consuming without programming.
Programming languages can be classified as either low-level languages or high-level
languages. Low-level programming languages or machine languages are the most basic type of
programming languages and can be understood directly by a computer. It is extremely tedious to
program directly in machine language because instructions are written as sequences of 1s and 0s
called bits. Assembly languages are used to make machine- language programs easier to write.
For example, assembly languages use abbreviations such as ADD, SUB, MPY to represent
instructions. The program is then translated into machine language by software called an
assembler.
High-level languages are relatively sophisticated sets of statements utilizing words and
syntax from human language and therefore easier to read, write, and maintain. Examples of high-
level languages are Pascal (widelyused as a beginner or as a teaching language), C (used to
write system software, graphics and commercial programs), C++ (primarily utilized with system
/ application software, drivers, client-server applications), Cobol (popular for business
applications), Fortran (used for scientific and mathematical applications), Java (designed to run
on the Web), Visual Basic (used to create Windows applications) and shell scripting languages
such as those found in the UNIX, Linux and Mac OS X environment. The languages used to
create Web documents are called markup languages, they use instructions (markups) to format
and link text files, for example, HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).
Regardless of what language you use you need to translate it into machine language so
that a computer can understand and process it. There are two ways to do this: to compile the
program and interpret the program.
In a compiled language, the programmer writes more general instructions and a
compiler (a special piece of software) automatically translates these high-level instructions into
machine language. The machine language is then executed by the computer. A large portion of
software in usetoday is programmed in this way. In an interpreted programming language, the
statements that the programmer writes are interpreted as the program is running. This means
they are translated into machine language on the fly and then are executed as the program is
running.
People communicate instructions to the computer in programming languages and the
choice of the language depends on the type of computer, the sort of program, the expertise of the
programmer, etc. [10].

2. Read the text again and decide if the following statements are true or false.
1. The only language a computer can directly execute is machine language.
2. It is not necessary to convert a program into machine language if you use high-level
languages.
3. Machine language uses abbreviations and is easy to write.
4. Low-level programming languages are closer to human languages.
5. A large portion of software in use today is programmed in compiled languages.
6. In compiled languages the statements that the programmer writes are interpreted as the
program is running.
7. Pascal used to create Web documents is one of the popular high-level languages.
8. Markup languages use instructions to format and link text files.
9. HTML is an example of a low-level programming language.

3. Complete the following sentences with the words below.

a compiler, process, machine-language, on the fly,
programming language, application, data, expertise
1. A single statement in a high-level language can represent several _____ instructions.
2. The operating system is the best-known example of _____ software.
3. Each _____ has a unique set of keywords and a special syntax for organizing program
instructions.
4. _____ automatically translates high level instructions into machine language.
5. The software program has a table of values for some results, but calculates others
.
6. Computer can _____ a large amount of _____ in a short period of time.
7. She has considerable _____ in computer programming.

LANGUAGE FOCUS
PERFECT TENSE FORMS
We use the Present Perfect to talk about past events with a connection to the present (focus on
the result but not on the time).
I have already fixed the printer fault (now I can print my report).
Time words with the Present Perfect: just, already, yet, ever, this week, all my life, lately,
recently, since, for.

Positive Negative Questions

Present Perfect They / he have / has They / he haven’t / Have / has they / he
Active translated the program hasn’t translated the translated the program into
into machine language. program into machine machine language?
language.
 Present Perfect The program / programs The program / programs Has / have the program /
Passive has / have been hasn’t / haven’t been programs been translated
translated into machine translated into into machine language?
language. machinelanguage.

We use the Past Perfect to describe an activity that happened earlier than another activity in the past
or an action completed by a certain time in the past.
By the time we arrived they had already installed software.
Time words with the Past Perfect: by, by the time, after, before, as soon as and many of the
time words used with the Present Perfect.
Positive Negative Questions
They had translated They hadn’t translated Had they translated the
Past Perfect the program into the program into program into machine
Active machine language. machine language. language?
The program had been The program Had the program been
Past Perfect translated into hadn’t been translated translated into machine
Passive machine language. into machine language. language?

We use the Future Perfect to describe an action that will be completed by a certain time in the
future.
They will have reinstalled the application by 5 pm tomorrow.
Time words with the Future Perfect: by next year, by tomorrow, by the time, after, before
etc.
Positive Negative Questions
They will have They will not Will they have
Future Perfect translated the (won’t) have translated the program into
Active program into ma chine translated the program machine language?
language. into machine language.
The program will have The program will not Will the program have
Future Perfect been translated into (won’t) have been been translated into ma
Passive machine language. translated into chine language?
machine language.

1. Complete these questions using the Present Perfect tense form of the verb in brackets.
1. _____ you _____ (run) the laptop in the battery mode?
2. How long _____ you _____ (have) the iPad?
3. _____ he _____ (open) the file?
4. _____ they _____ (change) the Internet Service Provider yet?
5. _____ she _____ (enter) her username and password?
6. _____ you _____ (detect) logic errors?
7. _____ he _____ (check) the remaining disc space?
8. _____ anyone ever _____ (hack) into your computer system?
9. How many e-mails _____ you _____ (write) today?
10. _____ Peter ever _____ (be) to the IT forum?

2. Rewrite the following sentences using the Past and Future Perfect (Active or Passive)
and the appropriate time words.
 1. The operating system has been upgraded recently.
2. They haven’t detected the bugs yet.
3. Has the flowchart been designed yet?
4. The charger has already stopped working.
5. Have you defined the purpose of the program?
6. I have already made my own website.

3. Complete the sentences with the correct tense form of the verbs in brackets.
a. Active Voice
1. They (to test) the program and (to detect) the bugs by 3 p.m. tomorrow.
2. This company (to play) an important role in multimedia development since its very
inception.
3. She never (to be able) to fix the problem.
4. They (not to install) the updates yet.
5. You ever (to watch) TV on the Internet?
6. He (to study) some high-level computer languages by next year.
b. Passive Voice
1. After the program (to be improved) it (to be published) as an updated version.
2. All the articles on programming languages (to be translated) by next Friday.
3. Five networks for large companies (to be set up) recently.
4. The program already (to be translated) into machine language.
5. A flowchart (to be designed) by 3 pm yesterday.
6. The printer fault (not to be fixed) yet.

4. Work in pairs. Interview your partner. Ask general and special questions. Make sure
you use the correct tense in your questions.
Example: Download music from the Internet (what site)
A: Have you ever downloaded music from the Internet?
B: What site did you use?
1. Make your own website (when)
2. Write a program (which language)
3. Detect program errors (what type)
4. Send a video e-mail attachment (who to, when)
5. Replace a hard disk (what model)

5. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Хэдэн жилийн турш бид вэб дээр ажилладаг программ бичихдээ Java програмчлалын
хэлийг ашиглаж байна.
2. Манай програмистууд уг программын схемийг аль хэдийн боловсруулсан. Долоо
хоногийн эцэс гэхэд тэд үүнийг гипертекст тэмдэглэгээний хэлний код болгон хөрвүүлэх
зааварчилгааг бичнэ.
3. Орчуулагч программыг гүйцэтгэх явцад шууд машины хэл рүү хөрвүүлдэг.
4. Програм хангамж боловсруулах үе шатанд янз бүрийн төрлийн програм хангамжийн
алдаа гарч болно.
5. Программыг боловсруулсны дараа программист алдааг илрүүлэхийн тулд туршилт
хийж эхэлсэн.
6. - Та энэ вирусны эсрэг програмын туршилтын хувилбарыг татаж авсан уу? – Тийм ээ,
гэхдээ би программыг худалдаж авах эсэхээ хараахан шийдээгүй байна.
7. Хөрвүүлэгч өндөр түвшний хэлнээс доод түвшний хэл рүү програмыг хөрвүүллээ.
8. Програмчлалын хэлний сонголт нь компьютерийн төрөл, програмын төрөл, түүнчлэн
програмистын туршлагаас хамаарна.
9. Үйлдлийн систем шинэчлэгдсэний дараа түүний хэврэг байдал багассан.
10. - Си ба С++ хоёрын ялгаа юу вэ? – C++ нь объект хандалтат програмчлалыг агуулсан
Си хэлний хувилбар юм. Энэ тохиолдолд программист нь объект бүрт програмыг бүхэлд
нь өөрчлөхгүйгээр өөрчлөх боломжтой функцийг өгдөг.
11. Семестрийн төгсгөлд бид Python хэл дээр хэрхэн програмчлах талаар сурах болно.

SPEAKING
1. Work in pairs. Use the text below to complete the dialogue on the steps in writing a
program. Arrange the words in questions in the correct order.
To write program software developers usually follow these steps:
✓ First, they try to understand the problem and define the purpose of the program.
✓ They design a flowchart, a diagram which shows the successive logical steps of the
program.
✓ Next, they write the instructions in a high-level language. This is called coding. The
program is then compiled.
✓ When the program is written they test it. They run the program to see if it works and use
special tools to detect bugs, or errors. Any errors are corrected until it runs smoothly. This
is called debugging or bug fixing.
✓ Finally, software companies write a detailed description of how the program works,
called program documentation. They also have a maintenance program. They get
reports from users about any errors found in the program. After it has been improved it
is published as an updated version.
A: program / to write / software / any /developers / follow / don’t / steps / they / certain?
B: You are absolutely right. And / you / know / what / do / is / a program / the first / in / step /
writing?
A: First of all, it is necessary…What / and / software / developers / do / next / do?
B: Well, secondly … By the way, you / do/ a flowchart / what / is / know?
A: If I’m not mistaken, it is… As far as I know, then / the programmers / the instructions / write /
language / in / a machine / they / don’t?
B: I’m afraid, you are wrong. The instructions are written …
A: Well, I see. But when the program is written…
B: Moreover, software companies…

2. Read the statements below. Which do you agree with more? Why?
1. I think learning a programming language is like learning any human language, you just
communicate with a computer instead of another person.
2. Obviously, programming languages and human languages have almost nothing in
common. They can’t be compared.

WRITING
1. Work individually. Make a short summary of the text
“Programming Languages” (see page 16).
REFERENCES
Demetriades, D. Information Technology Workshop / D. Demetriades. – Oxford: Oxford Univ.
Press, 2010. – 39 p.
Evans, V. Career Paths: Information Technology / V. Evans, J. Dooley, S. Wright. – Express
Publishing, 2014. – 40 p.
Evans, V. New Round-Up 6 Student’s Book / V. Evans, J. Dooley.–Pearson Education Limited,
2015. – 256 p.
Glendinning, E. H. Oxford English Information Technology Stu- dent’s Book / E. H.
Glendinning, J. McEvan. – 2nd ed. – Oxford: OxfordUniv. Press, 2011. – 222 p.
Glendinning, E. H. Technology 1 Student’s Book / E. H. Glendinning, A. Pohl. – Oxford:
Oxford Univ. Press, 2012. – 135 p.
Glendinning, E. H. Technology 2 Student’s Book / E. H. Glendinning, A. Pohl. – Oxford :
Oxford Univ. Press, 2012. – 135 p.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English / Pearson EducationLimited, 2007. – 1949 p.
Ricca-McCarthy, T. English for Telecoms and Information Technology / T. Ricca-McCarthy,
M. Duckworth. – Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press, 2007. – 95 p.
Academic Tutorials : quick and easy learning [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа :
http://www.academictutorials.com.
BBC [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа : http:// www.bbc.co.uk./education.
Britanica [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа : http://
www. britanica.com/technology/automation.
Byte-Notes : computer science learning platform [Электронныйресурс]. – Режим доступа :
http:// www.byte-notes.com.
Difference Between [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа :http:// www.
differencebetween.net.
Electronics Teacher [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа :http://
www.electronicsteacher.com.
GCF Learn Free [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа :http:// www.gcflearnfree.org.
How stuff works [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа :http://
www.howstuffworks.com.
Robots and Androids [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа :http:// robots-and-
androids.com.
TARGETpostgrad [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа :http:// targetpostgrad.com.
TechTutorials : free tutorials for the IT professional [Электронныйресурс]. – Режим доступа :
http:// www.techtutorials.net .
Webopedia [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа : http://
www. www.webopedia.com .
Карневская, Е.Б. Английский язык: на пути к успеху: пособиедля учащихся старших
классов. общеобразовательных. школ, гимна-зий, колледжей / Е. Б. Карневская, З. Д.
Курочкина, Е. А. Мисуно. – 6-е изд., перераб. – Минск: Аверсэв, 2009. – 429 с.
Учебное издание

ВАНИК Ирина Юрьевна

ЛАПКО Олеся Александровна
СУРУНТОВИЧ Наталья Викторовна

АНГЛИЙСКИИЙ ЯЗЫК. ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ

ENGLISH FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Учебное пособие
для студентов технических
и инженерно-экономических специальностей Редактор Е. С. Кочерго
Подписано в печать 28.10.2016. Формат 60 84 1/16. Бумага офсетная. Ризография.

Усл. печ. л. 9,18. Уч.-изд. л. 7,18. Тираж 200. Заказ 860.

Издатель и полиграфическое исполнение: Белорусский национальный технический
университет. Свидетельство о государственной регистрации издателя, изготовителя,
168
распространителя печатных изданий № 1/173 от 12.02.2014. Пр. Независимости, 65.
220013, г. Минск.