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2-Few Basics Related To Complex Variable (Cont.) - 27!07!2023

1. The document defines various mathematical terms related to complex functions and limits, including the unit circle, neighborhoods, domains, continuity, and limits. 2. It provides examples of expressing complex functions in polar coordinate form and using De Moivre's formula to expand complex expressions. 3. The key concepts are that a function is continuous if its limit exists and equals the function value as the input approaches a point, and that a limit equals a value if the output can be made arbitrarily close to that value by taking the input sufficiently close to the given value.

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28 views7 pages

2-Few Basics Related To Complex Variable (Cont.) - 27!07!2023

1. The document defines various mathematical terms related to complex functions and limits, including the unit circle, neighborhoods, domains, continuity, and limits. 2. It provides examples of expressing complex functions in polar coordinate form and using De Moivre's formula to expand complex expressions. 3. The key concepts are that a function is continuous if its limit exists and equals the function value as the input approaches a point, and that a limit equals a value if the output can be made arbitrarily close to that value by taking the input sufficiently close to the given value.

Uploaded by

sggrfgf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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De Moivre’s formula

•
Some Basic Definitions
1. Unit Circle: The circle of radius 1 unit and center at the origin, is briefly called the unit circle with the
equation that .
2. General Circle: A general circle of radius and center , has the equation . Accordingly,
its interior (“open circular disk") is given by , its interior plus the circle itself (“closed
circular disk") by An open circular disk is given as : Let and then

3. Neighborhood: An open circular disk is also called a neighborhood of or, more


precisely, a .
4. Annulus: An open annulus (circular ring) is . This is the set of all whose
distance from is greater than but less than . Similarly, the closed annulus
includes the two circles.
5. Interior Point: A point is called an interior point of a set if we can find an such that
. We denote set of all interior points of by .

6. Open Set: A set is called open if every point of has a neighborhood consisting entirely of points that
belong to .

7. Connected Set: A set is called connected if any two of its points can be joined by a chain of finitely many
straight-line segments all of whose points belong to .

8. Domain: An open and connected set is called a domain. Thus an open disk and an open annulus are
domains. An open square with a diagonal removed is not a domain since this set is not connected.

9. Boundary point: A boundary point of a set is a point every neighborhood of which contains both points
that belong to and points that do not belong to . For example, the boundary points of an annulus are the
points on the two bounding circles. Clearly, if a set is open, then no boundary point belongs to ; if is
closed, then every boundary point belongs to . The set of all boundary points of a set S is called the boundary
of S .

10. Region: A region is a set consisting of a domain plus, perhaps, some or all of its boundary points.
• A function of the complex variable is a rule that assigns to each value in
a set one and only one complex value . We write

and call the image of under .


The set is called the domain of definition of and the set of all images
is called the range of .
Just as can be expressed by its real and imaginary parts, , we
write , where and are the real and imaginary parts of ,
respectively.
This gives us the representation
Since and depend on and , they can be considered to be real functions
of the real variables and ; that is, and
Example: Write in the form

Solution Using the binomial formula, we obtain

Exercise: Express 2 in the form

Example: Express in the polar coordinate form


Solution: We obtain
Limits and Continuity
Let be a complex function of the complex variable that is defined for all
values of in some neighborhood of , except perhaps at the point .
We say that has the limit as approaches , provided that the value
gets close to the value as gets close to ; and we write

Since the distance between the points and can be expressed by , we can
give a precise definition of limit:
For each positive number , there exists a
such that , whenever

In order that exists and equals , we require that approach the


same complex number along every possible curve.
Example: Compute the following limit if it exists:
Exercise: Show that the function is continuous on .

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