1

LECTURE 1
Introduction to DBMS.
What is DBMS? Application, Types,
Example,
Advantages.
1. Introduction to Database
Systems
2. Data Models
3. ER Diagram Representation
 Introduction

Database is a collection of
related data and its
metadata organized in a
structured format for
optimized information
management
 Introduction

Database Management
System (DBMS) is software
that enables the easy creation,
access, and modification of
databases for efficient and
effective database management
 Introduction
 Database System
🞑 isan integrated
system of hardware,
software, people,
procedures, and data that
define and regulate the
collection, storage,
management, and use of
data within a database
environment
 Database Management System
 Manages interaction between end users and
database
Database System
 Hardware
 Software
🞑 OS
🞑 DBMS
🞑 Applications
 People
 Procedures
 Data
User
 Administrators
🞑 maintain the DBMS and are responsible for administrating the
database
 Designers
🞑 thegroup of people who actually
work on the designing part of the
database
 End Users
🞑 arethose who actually reap
the benefits of having a
User
DBMS
Database:
 Purpose of
databases
🞑 Optimizes
data
management
🞑 Transforms data
into information
Database:
 Importance of Database Design
🞑 Defines the database’s expected use
🞑 Avoid data redundancy & ensure data
integrity
🞑 Poorly designed database generates errors
Database:
 Functions of DBMS/Database System
🞑 Stores data and related data entry forms,
report definitions, etc.
🞑 Hides the complexities of relational
database model from the user
🞑 Enforces data integrity
🞑 Implements data security management
🞑 Provides backup and data recovery
Database Development Life Cycle
Business
 Definition: Brief, precise, and
unambiguous descriptions of operations in
an organization
🞑 based on policies, procedures, or principles within a
specific organization
🞑 help to create and enforce actions within that
organization’s environment
🞑 apply to any organization that stores and uses
data to generate information
Business
 Sources
🞑 Interviews
 Company managers
 Policymakers
 Department managers
 End users
🞑 Written documentation
 Procedures, Standards, Operations
manuals
🞑 Observation
 Business operations
Business
 Purposes
🞑 Enhance understanding & facilitate communication
 Standardize company’s view of data
 Constitute a communications tool between users and
designers
 Allow designer to understand business process as
well as the nature, role, and scope of data
🞑 Promote creation of an accurate data model
Database
 1) Real-world entity
🞑A modern DBMS is more realistic and uses
real- world entities to design its architecture
 2) Relation-based tables
🞑 DBMS allows entities and relations among
them to form tables
Database
 3) Isolation of data and application
🞑A database system is entirely different than its data
🞑 A database is an active entity, whereas data is
passive
(allowing change without resistance)
 4) Less redundancy
🞑 DBMS follows the rules of normalization, which
splits a relation when any of its attributes is having
redundancy in values
Database
 5) Consistency
🞑 Consistency is a state where
every relation in a database
remains consistent
 6) Query Language
🞑 DBMS is equipped with query language, which
makes it more efficient to retrieve and
manipulate data
Database
 7) ACID Properties
🞑 DBMS follows the concepts of Atomicity,
Consistency, Isolation, and Durability (ACID)
🞑 These concepts are applied to transactions,
which manipulate data in a database
🞑 ACID properties help the database stay
healthy in multi-transactional environments
and help prevent failure
Database
 8) Multi User and Concurrent Access
🞑 DBMS supports multi-user environment and
allows them to access and manipulate data in
parallel
 9) Multiple views
🞑 DBMS offers multiple views for different users
Database
 10) Security
🞑 Features like multiple views offer security to
some extent where users are unable to access
data of other users and departments
🞑 DBMS offers methods to impose constraints
while entering data into the database and
retrieving the same at a later stage
Advantages of

 Improved data sharing

 Minimized data inconsistency

 Improved data access

 Improved decision making

 Increased costs
 Management complexity

 Maintaining currency

 Frequent upgrade/replacement
cycles
Summary
 Database System
🞑 is an integrated system of hardware, software, people, procedures, and
data
🞑 that define and regulate the collection, storage, management, and use
of data within a database environment
 Business rules
🞑 Brief, precise, and unambiguous descriptions of operations in an
organization
 Users: administrators, end users, and designers
 Advantages of DBMS: improved data sharing, improved data security,
minimized data inconsistency , improved data access, improved decision
making
 Disadvantages of DBMS: increased costs, management
complexity, maintaining currency, frequent upgrade/replacement
cycles
Data
 Data models define how the logical
structure of a database is modeled
🞑 Are fundamental entities to introduce
abstraction in a DBMS
🞑 Define how data is connected to each other
and how they are processed and stored in the
system.
Data Models: Entity-Relationship
 Entity-Relationship (ER) Model is
based on the notion of real-world entities
and relationships among them
🞑 While formulating real-world scenario into the
database model, the ER Model creates an entity
set, a relationship set, general attributes, and
constraints
Data Models: Entity-Relationship

 ER Model is based on
🞑 Entitiesand their attributes
🞑 Relationships among entities
Data Models: Relational
 The most popular
data model in
DBMS is the
Relational
Model
🞑 Based on first-
order predicate
logic and defines
a table as an n-
ary relation
Data Models: Relational
 Data is stored in tables called relations
 Relations can be normalized
 In normalized relations, values saved are
atomic values
 Each row in a relation contains a unique
value
 Each column in a relation contains values
from the same domain
Data Models: Relational
Data Models: Relational
 Entity-Set and
 Key is an attribute or collection of attributes that uniquely identifies
an entity among entity set.
 Types:
🞑 Primary Key (PK)
 an attribute of the table that uniquely identifies every row in that table
 value cannot be a NULL
 function is to guarantee entity integrity
 doesn’t allow to appear the same value more than once
🞑 Foreign key (FK)
 a field in the table whose values match the primary key of related table
 may accept multiple null values
 might be many foreign keys in a table
 Database
 Is the skeleton structure that represents
the logical
view of the entire database
 Defines its entities and the
relationship among them
Database
 Physical Database Schema
🞑 Pertains to the actual storage of data and its
form of storage like files, indices, etc.
🞑 It defines how the data will be stored in secondary
storage
 Logical Database Schema
🞑 Defines all the logical constraints that need to
be applied to the stored data
🞑 It defines tables, views, and integrity constraints
Database Schema
Summary
 Data models define how the logical structure of
a database is modeled.
 Entity-Relationship (ER) model is based on the
notion of real-world entities and relationships among
them.
 The Relational model is based on first-order
predicate logic and defines a table as an n-ary
relation.
 Database schema is the skeleton structure that
represents the logical view of the entire
database
ER Diagram Representation:
 Entity is a person, place, thing, or event
about which data will be collected and stored.
 Entity is an object of interest to the end user
 Entities are represented using rectangles
 Rectangles are named with the entity set
they represent
ER Diagram Representation:
 Attributes are the properties of entities
🞑 Every
attribute is defined by its set of values called
domains
 A required attribute is an attribute that must have a
value, and it cannot be left empty
 An optional attribute is an attribute that does not
require a value, it can be left empty.
Types of
 Simple attribute
 Composite attribute
 Derived attribute
 Single-value attribute
 Multi-value attribute
ER Diagram Representation:
 If the attributes are composite, they are
further divided in a tree-like structure
 Every node is then
connected to its
attribute
 Composite attributes are
represented by ellipses that
are connected with an ellipse
ER Diagram Representation:
 Multivalued attributes are depicted by a
double ellipse
ER Diagram Representation:
 Derived attributes are depicted by a dashed
ellipse
ER Diagram Representation:
 Relationship − the logical association among entities
• 🞑 Relationships are mapped with entities in various ways.
• 🞑 Mapping cardinalities define the number of association between
two entities.
 In Chen model, relationships are represented by a diamond-

shaped box
• 🞑 The name of the relationship is written inside the diamond-box
• 🞑 All the entities (rectangles) participating in a relationship, are
connected to it by a line
Relationship

 Cardinality
🞑 thenumber of instances of an entity from
a relation that can be associated with the
relation
Relationship
 One-to-one − when only one instance of an
entity is associated with the relationship, it is
marked as '1:1'.
Relationship
 One-to-many − When more than one instance of
an entity is associated with a relationship, it is marked
as '1:N'.
Relationship
 Many-to-many − more than one instance of an
entity on the left and more than one instance of an
entity on the right can be associated with the
relationship.
Participation
 Total Participation
🞑 Where each entity is involved in the relationship.
🞑 Total participation is represented by double lines.

 Partial participation
🞑 Not all entities are involved in the relationship.
🞑 Partial participation is represented by single lines.
ERModel Notations
Generalizatio
 The process of generalizing entities, where the
generalized entities contain the properties of all the
generalized entities, is called generalization.
 In generalization, a number of entities are brought
together into one generalized entity based on their
similar characteristics.
Specializatio
 Specialization is the
opposite of generalization
 In specialization, a group
of entities is divided into
subgroups based on
their characteristics
Inheritanc
 Inheritance is an
important feature of
Generalization and
Specialization
 It allows lower-level
entities to inherit the
attributes of higher-level
entities
Summary
• Entity is a person, place, thing, or event about which
data will be collected and stored.
• Attributes are the properties of entities.
• Relationships are the logical association among entities.
• The process of generalizing entities, where the generalized
entities contain the properties of all the generalized
entities, is called generalization.
• In specialization, a group of entities is divided into
sub- groups based on their characteristics.
• Inheritance allows lower-level entities to inherit
the attributes of higher-level entities.