INFOTECH COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES – SUCAT CAMPUS

3rd TERM
FUNDAMENTALS OF DATABASE SYSTEM
MODULE 1
TEACHER: SIR. VINCENT BAYABAY

The history of database systems can be traced back to the 1960s when the need for efficient
data management arose due to the increasing amount of data being generated in
organizations. Here are some key milestones in the development of database systems:

In the 1960s, the first database systems were developed by companies such as IBM and
Honeywell. These systems were known as hierarchical databases, and they were used to
manage large amounts of data in mainframe computers.

In the 1970s, the relational database model was introduced by Edgar Codd of IBM. This
model organized data into tables, with each table containing rows of data and columns
representing the attributes of the data. The relational model was a significant improvement
over the hierarchical model, as it allowed for more flexible and efficient data management.

In the 1980s, the first commercial relational database management systems (RDBMS) were
introduced, including Oracle, IBM DB2, and Microsoft SQL Server. These systems made it
easier for organizations to manage large amounts of data and were widely adopted in
various industries.

In the 1990s, the emergence of the internet led to the development of new database
technologies such as NoSQL databases, which were designed to handle unstructured data
such as documents, images, and videos.

In the 2000s, the rise of cloud computing led to the development of database-as-a-service
(DBaaS) platforms such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure. These
platforms provided organizations with a scalable and cost-effective way to manage their
data.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in blockchain-based databases, which use
distributed ledger technology to provide a secure and transparent way to store and manage
data.

Overall, the development of database systems has been driven by the need for efficient
and reliable data management, and it has played a critical role in the growth of modern
information systems.

A database is an organized collection of data that can be accessed, managed, and updated. A
database system is a software system that manages the storage and retrieval of data in a
database.

The fundamental components of a database system are:

Data:
 - Data is the fundamental building block of a database system. It can be in various forms
such as text, numbers, images, videos, etc. The data is organized into tables or
relations, with each table containing rows of data and columns representing the
attributes of the data. The data should be accurate, complete, and consistent to
ensure the effectiveness of the database.

Database Management System (DBMS):

- A DBMS is a software system that manages the storage and retrieval of data in a
database. It provides an interface for users to interact with the database and perform
various operations such as querying the database, updating the data, creating new
tables, etc. The DBMS provides a layer of abstraction between the users and the
underlying database, allowing users to work with the data without having to worry
about the details of how it is stored or organized.

Database Schema:

- The database schema is the structure or blueprint of the database. It defines the
organization of the data in the database and specifies the relationships between the
different tables in the database. The schema defines the tables, columns, and data
types of the data in the database, as well as the rules for how the data can be accessed
and manipulated.

Data Integrity:

- Data integrity refers to the accuracy and consistency of the data in the database. The
DBMS enforces data integrity rules to ensure that the data in the database is accurate
and consistent. These rules may include constraints such as unique keys, foreign keys,
check constraints, and triggers, which prevent invalid data from being entered into the
database.

Data Security:

- Data security refers to the protection of the data in the database from unauthorized
access, modification, or deletion. The DBMS provides various security measures such
as user authentication, access control, encryption, etc. User authentication ensures
that only authorized users can access the database, while access control regulates
what data each user can access. Encryption ensures that the data is protected from
unauthorized access even if it is stolen.

Data Backup and Recovery:

- Data backup and recovery refer to the process of creating backup copies of the
database and recovering the data in case of a failure or disaster. Regular backups
ensure that the data can be restored to a previous state in case of a hardware failure,
software bug, or other disaster. The DBMS provides various tools and techniques for
backing up and recovering the data, such as transaction logs, point-in-time recovery,
and incremental backups.