1(a)

A plate of thickness “L” and thermal conductivity ‘k’ has its boundary
surface x = 0 and x = L respectively to be adiabatic and in contact
with ice melting at atmospheric pressure. The heat generation in the
plate is found to be spatially varying as 𝑞𝑣 (𝑥) = 𝑞𝑣𝑜 cos (𝜋𝑥2𝐿)
W/m3 where 𝑞𝑣𝑜 = constant. Deduce an expression for steady state
1-dimensional temperature distribution in the plate. Also get an
expression for the temperature at adiabatic boundary of the plate.

Ans: Lecture 7
1(b)
Determine the minimum depth at which one must place a water
main below the soil surface to avoid freezing. The soil is initially at a
uniform temperature of 20°C. In severe winter condition it is
subjected to a surface temperature of -15°C for a period of 60 days.
Use the following properties of soil: ρ = 2050 kg/m =3, cp = 1840 J/kg
K, k = 0.52 W/m K and assume solid as a semi-infinite medium
Ans:
2(a)
Steam at 0.065 bar condenses on a vertical plate of 0.6 m size square
plate. If the temperature of the plate surface is maintained at 15°C.
Estimate the condensation rate. Assume the condensate film is
laminar. At steam pressure Ps = 0.065 bar T sat = 37.6 °C, hf g =
2412.7 kJ/kg

Ans: Lecture 26, problem1

2(b)

Air at 2 bar pressure and 200deg C temperature gets heated as it is flows

through 2.5 cm diameter tube with a velocity of 10 m/s. A constant heat flux
condition is maintained at the wall and the wall temperature is 20degC above
the air temperature, all along the length of the tube. CalculateI. Heat transfer
per unit length of the tube. II. Increase in bulk temperature over a 3 m length
of the tube. (Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.4, μ = 2.57 x 10-5 N-s/m2, k = 0.385 W/m °C,
cp = 1025 J/kg K)

Ans: Lecture 25, problem 4

3(a)
A counter flow concentric tube heat exchanger is used to cool the lubricant of
a large industrial gas turbine engine. The oil flows through the tube at 0.19
kg/sec (cp = 2.18 kJ/kg K) and the coolant water flows through the annulus in
the opposite direction at the rate of 0.15 kg/sec (cp = 4.18 kJ/kg K). The oil
enters the coolant at 425 K and leaves at 345 K while the coolant enters at 285
K. How long must the tube be made to perform this duty if the heat transfer
coefficient from oil to tube surface is 2250 W/m2 k and from the tube surface
to water is 5650 W/m2K? The tube has mean diameter of 12.5 mm and its wall
presents negligible resistance to that transfer.

Ans: Lecture 33, problem2

3(b) After a long time in service, a counterflow oil cooler is
checked to ascertain if its performance has deteriorated due
to fouling. In the test a standard oil flowing at 2.0 kg/s is
cooled from 420 K to 380 K by a water supply of 1.0 kg/s at
300 K. If the heat transfer surface is 3.33 m2 and the design
value of the overall heat transfer coefficient is 930 W/m2K,
how much has it been reduced by fouling? Take cp of oil as
2330 J/kg K and cp of water as 4174 J/kg K.

4: In an experiment to determine the thermal conductivity of a long

solid 2.5 cm diameter rod, its base is placed in a furnace with a large
portion of it projecting into the room air at 22°C. After steady state
condition prevail, the temperature at two points, 10 cm apart, are
found to be 110°C and 85°C respectively. The convective heat
transfer coefficient between the rod surface and surrounding air is
28.4 W/m2K. Determine the thermal conductivity of the rod
material. Assuming that the fin is insulated at tip.

Ans: Lecture 10, problem 1

5: Ten radiation shields are placed between two infinitely large

parallel plates of temperature T1 = 2000 K and T2 = 200K. The
emissivity’s of the shields are 0.8. The emissivity of plate one is 0.8
and that of plate two is 0.3. Find the % reduction in heat transfer due
to bringing in of the shields

Ans: Lecture 30, problem 2.

Numerical:
Lecture 4
#The brick wall of an industrial furnace is constructed
from 0.15-m-thick fireclay having a thermal
conductivity of 1.7 W/m K. Measurements made
during steady-state operation reveal temperatures
of1400K and 1150K at the inner and outer surfaces,
respectively. What is the rate of heat loss through a
wall that is 0.5 m x 1.2 m on a side?
#An electric oven of wall thickness 80mm insulated
with a material. The energy dissipated by electric coil
to make up for the heat loss through heat walls is 50W.
if the temperature inside the wall is 450 K and outside
temperature cannot exceed 320 K. Calculate the
thermal conductivity of insulating material if area of
the wall surface perpendicular to the heat flow is
0.5m2.
Lecture 7

Lecture 10
#An aluminium fin of thermal conductivity 200W/m k and of dimension 3mm
thickness and 7.5 cm length protrude from a wall maintained at 300°C. It is
exposed to an ambient at 50°C that offers a convection heat transfer
coefficient 10 W/m2K.Calculate
1. the rate of heat loss from the fin for unit width.
2. Thermal efficiency of the fin
3. Effectiveness of the fin

#An aluminium fin [k =200 W/mC] 3.0 mm thick and 7.5 cm long
protrudes from a wall. The base is maintained at 300◦C, and the
ambient temperature is 50◦C with h=10 W/m2◦C. Calculate the
heat loss from the fin per unit depth of material.
Lecture 13

Lecture 14
A steel ball c = 0.46 kJ/kg ⋅∘C, k = 35 W/m ⋅∘C 5.0 cm in
diameter and initially at a uniform temperature of
450∘C is suddenly placed in a controlled environment
in which the temperature is maintained at 100∘ 10
W/m2,∘C. Calculate the time C. The convection heat-
transfer coefficient is required for the ball to attain a
temperature of 150∘C.
Lecture 15
#An 18% cr and 8% nickel stainless steel thick plate is initially at a
uniform temperature 300 degC, suddenly its surface temperature is
changed by exposing the surface to am ambient fluid at a
temperature of 100 degC and offering a very large convection heat
transfer coefficient. Calculate the time needed for a temperature at a
depth 3 cm from the surface of the plate to drop down to a
temperature of 200 degC.

# A very thick wall made of a material of k = 0.6 W/m-K at initially at

a uniform temperature -30 degC throughout. The surface of the wall
is suddenly exposed to an ambient at 60 degC offering a very large
convection heat transfer coefficient. The α = 0.002 m2/hr. Calculate
1. The temperature at the depth of 20 cm from the outer surface of
the wall 4 hours after the above exercise.
2. The rate of heat flow per m2 of a plane located at 30 cm from the
outer surface 4 hours after the above exercise.
3. Total quantity of heat entering into the wall in 10 hours of time
per m2 of its surface.

Lecture 17
An iron sphere of diameter 5cm, initially at a uniform temperature of
225 degC, has its surface suddenly exposed to an ambient
temperature of 25 degC with a heat transfer coefficient of 500
W/m2k. Calculate
a) the centre temperature 2 min after the start of cooling,
b) the temperature at a depth 1 cm from the from the surface 2 min
after the start of cooling
c) the energy removed from the sphere during this time
For iron, take k = 60 W/mK, ρ = 7850 kg/m3, c = 460 j/kgK and α = 1.6
x 10-5 m2/sec

# An iron sphere of diameter 5cm, initially at a uniform temperature

of 225 degC, has its surface suddenly exposed to an ambient
temperature of 25 degC with a heat transfer coefficient of 500
W/M2k. Calculate
a) the centre temperature 2 min after the start of cooling,
b) the temperature at a depth 1 cm from the from the surface 2 min
after the start of cooling
c) the energy removed from the sphere during this time
For iron, take k = 60 W/mK, ρ = 7850 kg/m3, c = 460 j/kgK and α = 1.6
x 10-5 m2/sec

Lecture 21
# Within a condenser shell, water flows through 100 thin-
walled circular tubes (diameter = 22.5 mm and length 5 m)
which have been arranged in parallel. The mass flow rate is
65 kg/s and its inlet and outlet temperatures are known to be
12degC and 28 degC, respectively. Predict the average
convection coefficient associated with water flow. Take
thermophysical properties of water at 20 deg C
Lecture 23

# Calculate the convective heat loss from a radiator 0.5 m

wide and 1 m high maintained at a temperature of 84 degC in
a room at 20 degC. Treat the radiator as a vertical plate.

# A vertical pipe of 10 cm outer diameter, at a surface

temperature of 100°C is in a room when the air is at 20°C.
The pipe is 3 m long. What is the rate of heat loss per meter
length of the pipe?

# Water at 20°C flows through a 2.5 cm inner diameter, 1 m

long pipe, whose surface is maintained at a constant
temperature of 50°C, at velocity of 5 cm/sec, Determine the
average value of heat transfer coefficient, assuming fully
developed hydrodynamic boundary layer. Take the
properties of water at bulk mean temperature of 24°C.
Take properties:
cp = 4.18 kJ/kg°C, ρ = 997.1 kg/m3, μ = 0.8908 x 10-3 kg/m-s,
k = 0.6076 W/m°C
# Air at a pressure of 8 kN/m2 and a temperature of 250°C flows over
a flat plate 0.3 m wide and 1 m long at a velocity of 8 m/s. If the plate
is to be maintained at a temperature of 78°C.
1. Estimate the rate of heat to be removed continuously from the
plate.
2. Estimate the drag force exerted on the plate using the Reynolds
analogy

# Air stream at 27°C is moving at 0.3 m/s across a 100 W electric bulb
at 127°C. If the bulb is approximated by a 60 mm diameter sphere.
Estimate the heat transfer rate and the percentage of power lost due
to convection.

# Air at 30°C is flowing across a tube with a velocity of 25 m/s. The

tube could be either a square with a side of 5 cm or a circular
cylinder of diameter 5 cm. Compare the rate of heat transfer in each
case if the tube surface is 124°C.

Lecture 27
Determine the heat transfer per m2 area of a brass plate at
125°C, submerged in a water at atmospheric pressure. Also
calculate the heat transfer coefficient of boiling when water
is boiling at100°C.
Take the following properties of water:
Cpl = 4254 J/kg-°C, hfg = 2189 kJ/kg, μl = 0.22 x 10-3 kg/m-s,
Prl = 1.36, ρl = 934.6 kg/m3, ρv = 1.3
kg/m3, Csl =0.006 and σ = 535 N/m
Suffix l represents water and suffix v represents vapour
(steam)

Lecture 30
Two very large parallel plates with emissivities 0.3 and 0.8
exchange heat by radiation. Find the % reduction in heat
transfer, when a polished aluminium radiation shield of
emmisivity = 0.04 is placed between them.

# Assuming sun as a black body, calculate its temperature if

the average radiant energy flux which incident upon the
earth’s atmosphere (solar constant) = 1200 W/m2. Let radius
of the sun =7 x 108 m and distance between the sun and
earth = 15 x 1010 m.

# Calculate the heat flux due to radiation between the two

black discs arranged parallel and opposite to each other. The
two discs are maintained at T1 = 500°C and T2 = 250°C. The
two discs are of the same size D1 = D2 = 25 cm and they are
placed 50 cm apart.
Lecture 33

In a parallel flow double pipe heat exchangers water flows

through the inner pipe and is heated from 20°C to 70°C. Oil
flowing through the annulus is cooled from 200°C to 100°C. It
is desired to cool the oil to a lower exit temperature by
increasing the length of the heat exchangers. Determine the
minimum temperature to which the oil may be cooled.

Lecture 34

Water (c = 4186 J/kgK) enters a counter flow, double pipe

heat exchangers at 15 degree C, flowing at a rate of 1300
kg/hr. It is heated by oil (c = 2000 J/kgK) flowing at a rate of
550 kg/hr from the inlet temperature of 94-degree C. For an
area of 1 m2 and U overall = 1075 W/m2k. Determine the
total heat transfer and outlet temperatures of water and oil.

# Exhaust gas (cp=1.12 kJ/kgK) flowing through a tubular heat

exchanger at the rate of 1200 kg/hr are cooled from 400°C to
120°C. The cooling is affected by water (cp=4.18 kJ/kgK) that
enters the system at 10°C at the rate of 1500 kg/hr. If the
overall heat transfer coefficient is 500 kJ/m2-hrK. What heat
exchange area is required to handle the load for:
1. Parallel flow arrangement
2. Counter flow arrangement