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General Biology 1
Quarter 1 - Module 1 Lesson 6
Cell: the basic unit of life

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

1
General Biology 1- Grade 12
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Quarter 1 - Module 1: Cell: the basic unit of life

First Edition, 2020

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 Senior
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General Biology 1
Quarter 1 - Module 1 Lesson 6
Cell: the basic unit of life

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Module 1
Cell: the basic unit life
What This Module is About
This module demonstrates your understanding of the cell theory, cell structure
and functions, prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells, cell types and modifications, cell cycle
and transport mechanisms which are the major topics of cellular biology. Learners
will be looking into the processes that are important to sustain life.

This module will help you explore the key concepts on topics and immersed
you in various activities and hands-on tasks that will help you answer the questions
pertaining to the cell theory, structure and functions, cell types and modifications, cell
cycle and transport mechanisms.
This module has seven (7) lessons:

● Lesson 1- Cell Theory

● Lesson 2- Cell Structure and Functions

● Lesson 3- Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

● Lesson 4- Cell Types and Cell Modifications

● Lesson 5- Cell Cycle

● Lesson 6- Transport Mechanisms

● Lesson 7- Structures and Functions of Biological Molecules-Enzymes

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Explain the postulates of the Cell Theory (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1).

2. Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles

(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2).

3. Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing

features (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-3).

6
4. Classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues) and specify the functions of
each (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-4).

5. Describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specialized
functions (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-5).

6. Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points
(STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-6).

7. Describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-7).

8. Explain the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-

9).

9. Identify disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during
the cell cycle (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-10).

10. Describe the structural components of the cell membrane (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-

h-11)

11. Relate the structure and composition of the cell membrane to its function
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-12)

12. Explain transport mechanisms in cells (diffusion osmosis, facilitated transport,

active transport) (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-13).

13. Differentiate exocytosis and endocytosis (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-14)

14. Describe the components of an enzyme (STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-17)

15. Explain oxidation/reduction reactions (STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-18)

16. Determine how factors such as pH, temperature, and substrate affect enzyme
activity (STEM_BIO11/12-Ii-j-19)

7
How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the learning competencies cited above, you are to do the following:

• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.

• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.

• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
This part connects previous lesson with
What’s In that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be
presented
to you

8
What is It These are discussions of the activities as a
way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order
to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

These are tasks that are designed to

What I can do show-
case your skills and knowledge gained,
and
applied into real-life concerns and
situations.

II

9
 Transport Mechanisms
Lesson

What I Need to Know

● Learning Competencies:

1. Describe the structural components of the cell membrane

(STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-11)
2. Relate the structure and composition of the cell membrane to its function
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-12)
3. Explain transport mechanisms in cells (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
transport, active transport) (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-13)
4. Differentiate exocytosis and endocytosis (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-14)

Performance Standards:
The learners should be able to construct a cell membrane model from
indigenous or recyclable materials.

Introduction

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 With the pandemic today in the Philippines, you can just imagine our
Cagayan de Oro’s front liners and law enforcers at the check points of a city
or security guards at the mall entrances (Fig. 7.a) as plasma membranes (cell
membranes) which have a lot of things to do such as permitting who’ll enter
the establishment (represents the cell) or not and even exiting is checked as
well; Carrying goods in a truck or individuals on a motorcycle towards a
particular cordoned area which depicts different means or ways on how
materials are transported in and out of the cell - thus the transport
mechanisms.

In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of

mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small
molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain
proteins embedded in them.

Plasma membrane (Cell Membrane) plays a vital role in the transport

mechanisms and separates the living cell from its surroundings. To perform
these roles, it needs lipids, which make a semi-permeable barrier between the
cell and its environment. It also needs proteins, which are involved in cross-
membrane transport and cell communication, and carbohydrates (sugars and
sugar chains), which decorate both the proteins and lipids and help cells
recognize each other.

.
Fig. 7.a Even in a mall or at the checkpoints, the people and objects move from one
location to another; they cross or are contained within certain boundaries. Analogously, a
cell membrane’s functions involve movement within the cell and across the boundaries in
the process of intracellular and intercellular activities. Just like the law enforcers or security
guards, they allow some substances to pass through, but not others.

What’s In

REVIEW: The Structural Components of the Cell Membrane

The modern understanding of the cellular or plasma membrane is referred to

as the fluid mosaic model or fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins. It is composed of a
bilayer of phospholipids, with their hydrophobic, fatty acid tails in contact with each
other (Fig. 7.d). The landscape of the membrane is studded with proteins, some of
which span the membrane. Some of these proteins serve to transport materials into

11
or out of the cell. Carbohydrates are attached to some of the proteins and lipids on
the outward-facing surface of the membrane (Fig. 7.b.), forming complexes which
function is to identify the cell to other cells. Cell membranes enclose and define the
borders of cells, but rather than being a static bag, they are dynamic and constantly
in flux.

Fig. 7.b. Structural Component of Cellular Membrane

Fig. 7.c. In 1935, Davson-Danielli, the sandwich model of membrane structure stated that the
membrane was made up of a phospholipid bilayer sandwiched between two protein layers.

12
Fig. 7.d. In 1972, S. J. Singer and G. Nicolson proposed that the membrane is a mosaic of proteins
dispersed within the bilayer, with only the hydrophilic regions exposed to water.

The Fluidity of the membrane is due to temperature, the configuration of the

unsaturated fatty acid tails (some kinked or form a sharp twist by double bonds), the
presence of cholesterol embedded in the membrane, and the mosaic nature of the
proteins and protein-carbohydrate combinations, which are not firmly fixed in place.

Key Takes of the Fluid Nature of the CM:

• Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can move within the bilayer (Fig. 7.e)
• Most of the lipids, and some proteins, drift laterally
• Rarely does a molecule flip-flop transversely across the membrane

Lateral movement occurs Flip-flopping across the

107 times per second. membrane is rare (~ once per
month).

Fig. 7.e.

13
• As temperatures cool, membranes switch from a fluid state to a solid state.
• The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on the types of lipids.
•Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acids are more fluid than those rich in
saturated fatty acids. (Fig. 7.f.)
• Membranes must be fluid to work properly; they are usually about as fluid as salad
Oil.

Fluid Viscous

Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails Saturated hydrocarbon tails

(a) Unsaturated versus

saturated hydrocarbon tails

14
(b) Cholesterol within the
Cholesterol
Fig. 7.f. The type of hydrocarbon tails in phospholipids – Affects the fluidity of the cell membrane

• The steroid cholesterol has different effects on membrane fluidity at different

temperatures.
• At warm temperatures (such as 37°C), cholesterol restrains movement of
Phospholipids.
• At cool temperatures, it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing.

Structural Component of the Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

COMPONENT LOCATION FEATURE/FUNCTION

● the most abundant lipid

in the plasma
Phospholipids Main fabric of the membrane membrane
● are amphipathic
molecules
Tucked between the
Dampen effects of
Cholesterol hydrophobic tails of the
temperature
membrane phospholipids

Embedded in the phospholipid

Transport of substance
Integral Proteins bilayer; may or may not extend
through membrane
through both layers
On the inner or outer surface of
the phospholipid bilayer, but not
Peripheral Proteins Cell recognition
embedded in its hydrophobic
core

Attached to proteins or lipids on ● Cell recognition

Carbohydrate the extracellular side of the
● Effective interaction with
Chains membrane (forming
glycoproteins and glycolipids the acqueous
environment

15
Terminology:
Amphiphilic or Amphipathic
● molecule possessing a polar or charged area and a nonpolar or uncharged area
capable of interacting with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments

Fluid mosaic model

● describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components
including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
(sugar chains attached to proteins or lipids, respectively), resulting in a fluid
character (fluidity)

Glycolipid
● combination of carbohydrates and lipids

Glycoprotein
● combination of carbohydrates and proteins

Hydrophilic
● molecule with the ability to bond with water; “water-loving”

Hydrophobic
● molecule that does not have the ability to bond with water; “water-hating”

Integral protein
● protein integrated into the membrane structure that interacts extensively with the
hydrocarbon chains of membrane lipids and often spans the membrane; these
proteins can be removed only by the disruption of the membrane by detergents

Peripheral protein
● protein found at the surface of a plasma membrane either on its exterior or
interior side; these proteins can be removed (washed off of the membrane) by a
high-salt wash

What’s New

Visual and Listening Activity:

1. A video link is provided ; “Fluid mosaic model of cell membranes” | Biology | by

Khan Academy (2015), https://youtu.be/cP8iQu57dQo

16
2. Watch and Listen carefully to the video and be able to recognize and relate to
each attributes of the structural components of the membrane.

3. Reflect on your life experiences and relate them to the lesson in the video so that
you will be able to write a story analogous to the structural components of the cell
membrane.

4. Write the story neatly on a long bond paper.

What’s More

Drafting from Visual and Listening Activity:

1. A video link is provided ; “Construction of the Cell Membrane” by Becky Polk-

Pohlman Barbara Liang; https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/natural-science/life-
science/ap1101/construction-of-the-cell-membrane

2. Watch and Listen carefully for you to be able to make a rough draft sketch of the
individual structural components of the membrane through the video clip.

3. Prepare your final draft sketch to me with labels of the indigenous /recyclable
materials you will utilize for each of the structural components for the next activity.

5. Write your sketch neatly on a long bond paper.

What I Can Do

Performance Activity

Direction: Construct a cell membrane model from indigenous or recyclable materials.

1. Prepare your final draft sketch with labels of the indigenous /recyclable materials
that you will utilize for each of the structural components for this activity.

2. Prepare your indigenous /recyclable materials and tools kits to start constructing
the cell membrane model.

3. Set your output on a 2x2 sturdy and used illustration board or any platform.

4. Keep your output in a safe place and submit it on the exact date of submission to
be announced by your teacher.

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 What’s In

REVIEW: The Structure and Composition of the Cell Membrane relation

to its Function

The plasma membrane protects the cell from its external environment,
mediates cellular transport, and transmits cellular signals.

● The principal components of the plasma membrane are lipids (phospholipids

and cholesterol), proteins, and carbohydrates.
● The plasma membrane protects intracellular components from the extracellular
environment.
● The plasma membrane mediates cellular processes by regulating the materials
that enter and exit the cell.
● The plasma membrane carries markers that allow cells to recognize one
another and can transmit signals to other cells via receptors.
The plasma membrane (also known as the cell membrane or cytoplasmic
membrane) is a biological membrane that divides the interior of a cell from its outside
environment. (Figure 7.g)
The primary function of the plasma membrane is to protect the cell from its
surroundings. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, the
plasma membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and
regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells. Plasma membranes must
be very flexible in order to allow certain cells, such as red blood cells and white blood
cells, to change shape as they pass through narrow capillaries.
The plasma membrane also plays a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to
provide shape and integrity to the cell, and in attaching to the extracellular matrix and
other cells to help group cells together to form tissues. The membrane also
maintains the cell potential.
In short, if the cell is represented today as a COVID FREE-CAGAYAN DE
ORO CITY, then the plasma membrane is the checkpoints with the frontliners and
law enforcers that provides protective and territorial structure for the city inside,
depicting separation or barrier, regulates which people leave and enter the city, and
conveys messages to and from neighbouring cities.
Just as an unguarded check point in the surrounding barrier can be a disaster
for the city in today’s crisis, like a rupture in the plasma membrane causes the cell to
lyse and die.

Cellular Signaling/ Recognition’s Relation to the Plasma Membrane

18
 Among the most sophisticated functions of the plasma membrane is its ability
to transmit signals via complex proteins. These proteins can be receptors, which
work as receivers of extracellular inputs and as activators of intracellular processes,
or markers, which allow cells to recognize each other.

Membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like

hormones and growth factors, which then trigger intracellular responses. Some
viruses, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), can hijack these receptors to
gain entry into the cells, causing infections.
Membrane markers allow cells to recognize one another, which is vital for
cellular signaling processes that influence tissue and organ formation during early
development. This marking function also plays a later role in the “self”-versus-“non-
self” distinction of the immune response. Marker proteins on human red blood cells,
for example, determine blood type (A, B, AB, or O).

Terminology:
Receptor- A protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can
be absorbed into the cell.

Cellular Transport Mechanisms’ Relation to the Plasma Membrane

The movement of a substance across the selectively permeable plasma
membrane can be either “passive”—i.e., occurring without the input of cellular
energy —or “active”—i.e., its transport requires the cell to expend energy.
The cell employs a number of transport mechanisms that involve biological
membranes:
1. Passive osmosis and diffusion: transports gases (such as O 2 and CO2) and
other small molecules and ions
2. Transmembrane protein channels and transporters: transports small organic
molecules such as sugars or amino acids
3. Endocytosis: transports large molecules (or even whole cells) by engulfing
them
4. Exocytosis: removes or secretes substances such as hormones or enzymes.

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Fig. 7.g. Detailed Image of Cell Membrane Structure in a Cell

What’s More

Visual and Listening Activity:

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1. A video link is provided ; “Inside the Cell Membrane” by Amoeba Sisters (Feb 28,
2018), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBCVVszQQNs

2. Watch and Listen carefully for you to be able to associate the components and
structures of the cell membrane to your household.

3. Make an analogous reflection paper of your household to the structures and

components of the cell membrane. Prioritize on the function aspect.

4. Write it on a long bond paper.

What I Have Learned

• Learning Process Activity:

1. Provide insights on how the structures and components of the cell membrane is
related to its function with regards to the Cell Signaling/Recognition.

2. Give your Take Aways on Cellular Transport Mechanisms’ relation to the Plasma
Membrane emphasizing more on its function.

3. Write it on a long bond paper.

What I Can Do

Performance Activity

Procedure:

1. Craft a task plan on a long bond paper regarding the tasks on what functions you
can contribute to your household during this time of crisis. Include also listing down
the house members functions contributing in your home.

2. Document this task in a week. Photos included in a separate paper or soft copy.

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 Template (example)
PARENT/GUARDIAN
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
Printed name,
01/21/20 _/_/20 _/_/20 _/_/20 _/_/20 _/_/20 _/_/20 Signature and Date

Portgas D. Ace
-swept -father
-sanitized -ate Sakura
outside Portgas
AM the mopped the
the vertical
bathroom floor with
home planted
disinfectanct
grounds pechay. Sun 1/8/20

-kuya Portgas D. Ace

-mother
Senku
-washed Tsaunade
-threw bathed
PM the dishes sterilized
garbage Penduko
the
our dog
utensils
Sun 1/8/20

3. Keep your output in a safe place and send it on the exact date of submission to be
announced by your teacher.
.

Endocytosis refers to the Exocytosis refers to….

transportation of macromolecules, 6.
Definition large particles, and polar
substances into the cell from the
external environment.
Involved with …. Involved in removing waste from
7. the cell
Process

Occurs by …. Occurs by constitutive and

8. regulated secretory pathway
Type

Internal vesicles like phagosomes Forms….

are formed 9.
Vesicle

10. Involved
Cell Wall Formation

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 11. Releasing of hormones out of the
cell is an example
Example

What’s In

REVIEW: Transport Mechanisms in Cells (Diffusion, Osmosis,

Facilitated Transport, Active Transport) to its Function

Plasma membranes must allow certain substances to enter and leave a cell,
and prevent some harmful materials from entering and some essential materials
from leaving. In other words, plasma membranes are selectively permeable—they
allow some substances to pass through, but not others. If they were to lose this
selectivity, the cell would no longer be able to sustain itself, and it would be
destroyed. Some cells require larger amounts of specific substances. They must
have a way of obtaining these materials from extracellular fluids. This may happen
passively, as certain materials move back and forth, or the cell may have special
mechanisms that facilitate transport. Some materials are so important to a cell that it
spends some of its energy, hydrolyzing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to obtain
these materials. Red blood cells use some of their energy doing just that. Most cells
spend the majority of their energy to maintain an imbalance of sodium and
potassium ions between the cell's interior and exterior, as well as on protein
synthesis.

The most direct forms of membrane transport are passive. Passive

transport is a naturally occurring phenomenon and does not require the cell to exert
any of its energy to accomplish the movement. In passive transport, substances
move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. A
physical space in which there is a single substance concentration range has
a concentration gradient.

Selective Permeability

Plasma membranes lack symmetry: the membrane's exterior is not identical to

its interior (Fig. 7.h). There is a significant difference between the arrangement of
proteins and phospholipids and between the two leaflets that form a membrane. On
the membrane's interior, some proteins serve to anchor the membrane to
cytoskeleton's fibers. There are peripheral proteins on the membrane's exterior that
bind extracellular matrix elements. Carbohydrates, attached to lipids or proteins, are
also on the plasma membrane's exterior surface (Figure 7.b). These carbohydrate
complexes help the cell bind required substances in the extracellular fluid. This adds
considerably to plasma membrane's selective nature.

23
Fig. 7.h. molecular view of the cell membrane. Intrinsic proteins penetrate and bind tightly to the
lipid bilayer, which is made up largely of phospholipids and cholesterol and which typically is between
4 and 10 nanometers (nm; 1 nm = 10 −9 metre) in thickness. Extrinsic proteins are loosely bound to the
hydrophilic (polar) surfaces, which face the watery medium both inside and outside the cell. Some
intrinsic proteins present sugar side chains on the cell's outer surface. 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc.

Fig. 7.i. Structural Component of Cellular Membrane

The plasma membrane's exterior surface is not identical to its interior surface.
Recall that plasma membranes are amphiphilic: They have hydrophilic and
hydrophobic regions. This characteristic helps move some materials through the
membrane and hinders the movement of others. Non-polar and lipid-soluble material
with a low molecular weight can easily slip through the membrane's hydrophobic lipid
core. Substances such as the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K readily pass
through the plasma membranes in the digestive tract and other tissues. Fat-soluble
drugs and hormones also gain easy entry into cells and readily transport themselves
into the body’s tissues and organs. Oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules have no
charge and pass through membranes by simple diffusion.
Polar substances present problems for the membrane. While some polar
molecules connect easily with the cell's outside, they cannot readily pass through the
plasma membrane's lipid core. Additionally, while small ions could easily slip through

24
the spaces in the membrane's mosaic, their charge prevents them from doing so.
Ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride must have special means of
penetrating plasma membranes. Simple sugars and amino acids also need the help
of various transmembrane proteins (channels) to transport themselves across
plasma membranes.

Key Takes of the Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer:

• Hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules, such as hydrocarbons, can dissolve in the lipid
bilayer and pass through the membrane rapidly.
• Hydrophilic (Polar) molecules, such as sugars, do not cross the membrane easily.

Fig. 7.i. Substances highly impermeable to cross membrane like large uncharged polar molecules
(glucose and fructose), charged molecules and finally ALL IONS. But, Transport proteins are used to
transport ions across membrane.

The Transport Mechanisms

The transport of molecules across cell membrane may vary in rates,

depending upon molecular size, structure and composition of membrane, pressure
gradient, and internal and external conditions. The mechanisms fall into these five

25
categories: Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Transport, Active Transport and Bulk
Transport.

Diffusion is passive movement of molecules from a region of high

concentration to a region of low concentration. (Concentration gradient is the
difference in concentration between the two regions). Small, uncharged molecules
like O2, CO2 and H2O can move easily through the membrane. This works well over
short distances. Once molecules enter the cell, the rate of diffusion slows. It limits
cell size.

Fig. 7.j. Diffusion through a permeable membrane moves a substance from a high concentration area
(extracellular fluid, in this case) down its concentration gradient (into the cytoplasm).

Osmosis is diffusion of the solvent across a semi-permeable membrane

separating two solutions (Diffusion of water). Water molecules move from a region of
high concentration to a region of low concentration. Direction depends on the relative
concentration of water molecules on either side of the cell membrane. External and
internal conditions arise from a variety of concentrations of solutes and solvent in
and out of the cell. Such conditions may be the following:
Isotonic: Water inside the cell equals the water outside the cell and equal
amounts of water move in and out of the cell.

Hypotonic: Water outside the cell is greater than that inside the cell, water
moves into the cell, may cause cell to burst (lysis)

Hypertonic: Water inside the cell is greater than outside. Water moves out of
the cell, may cause the cell to shrink (plasmolysis)

26
Fig. 7.k. Movement of water molecules from high concentration to low concentration, through a semi-
permeable membrane
Facilitated Transport (Also Known as Facilitated Diffusion or Passive-
Mediated Transport) assists with the movement of large molecules like glucose into
or out of the cell by means of carrier proteins, which transports noncharged
molecules with a specific shape or channel proteins, which serve as tunnel shape
that transports small charged molecules. This usually happens when molecules
move from high to low regions of concentration and it does not require water
molecules for other molecules to transfer.
.

Fig. 7.l. Facilitated diffusion in cell membrane, showing ion channels and carrier proteins.

Active Transport is the process of moving substances against their

concentration gradients. Thus, it requires energy.
Examples:
• Kidney cells pump glucose and amino acids out of the urine and back
into the blood.
• Intestinal cells pump in nutrients from the gut.
• Root cells pump in nutrients from the soil.
• Gill cells in fish pump out sodium ions.

27
Fig. 7.m. Active transport: Requires the use of chemical energy to move substances across a
membrane, against a concentration gradient. Active transport proteins may be uniports, symports, or
antiports.

A sodium-potassium pump is an active transport pump where 3 sodium

ions inside the cell and 2 potassium ions outside the cell bind to . This allows the
release of energy from ATP and causes the protein complex to change shape. The
change in shape allow the Na+ and K+ ions to be transported in and out of the cell.

Fig. 7.n. In Primary active transport, energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used to move ions into or
out of cells against their concentration gradients. The sodium-potassium pump is an important
example

28
Fig. 7.o. Secondary active transport couples the passive movement of one substance with its
concentration gradient to the movement of another substance against its concentration gradient.
Energy from ATP is used indirectly to establish the concentration gradient that results in the
movement of the first substance

Bulk Transport Mechanisms are needed by cells when large particles are
moved across the cell membrane. There are different modes of bulk transport such
as
endocytosis and exocytosis.
Endocytosis happens when the cell membrane folds inward, traps and
encloses a small amount of matter from the extracellular fluid.
Exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis, in which, a vesicle from inside the
cell moves to the cell membrane. The vesicle fuses to the membrane and the
contents are secreted.

Fig. 7.p. Exocytosis and Endocytosis

Difference between Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Endocytosis refers to
Exocytosis refers to the
the transportation of
transportation of
macromolecules, large
molecules or particles
Definition particles, and polar
from the cell to the
substances into the cell
outside of the cell
from the external
environment

29
 Involved with up taking Involved in removing
Process
nutrients into the cell waste from the cell

Occurs by both Occurs by constitutive

Type phagocytosis and and regulated secretory
pinocytosis pathway

Internal vesicles like Secretory vesicles are

Vesicle
phagosomes are formed formed

Cell Wall
Not involved Involved
Formation

Engulfing bacteria by Releasing of hormones

Example phagocytes is an out of the cell is an
example example

Endocytosis can be further subdivided into the following categories:

Pinocytosis: The intake of a small droplet of extracellular fluid. This

occurs in nearly all cell types.
Phagocytosis: The intake of a large droplet of extracellular fluid. This
occurs in specialized cells.
Receptor-assisted endocytosis: The intake of specific molecules that
attach to special proteins in the cell membrane. These
proteins are uniquely shaped to fit the shape of a
specific molecule.

Fig. 7.q. Secondary active transport couples the passive movement of one substance with its
concentration gradient to the movement of another substance against its concentration gradient.
Energy from ATP is used indirectly to establish the concentration gradient that results in the
movement of the first substance.

30
 What’s New

• Visual and Listening Activity:

1. A video link is provided ; “Cell Transport” by Amoeba Sisters (2016),

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ptmlvtei8hw

2. Watch and Listen carefully for you to be able to determine and differentiate the
types of transport mechanism in a cell.

3. Make a reaction paper of the video clip.

4. Write it on a long bond paper.

What’s More

• Crafting Activity:

1. Choose one (1) Transport Mechanism in a cell and make a relatable analogy
based on your experience recently.

2. Illustrate and explain your work on a long bond paper.

3. Write your sketch neatly on a long bond paper.

4. Keep your output in a safe place and submit it on the exact date of submission to
be announced by your teacher.

What I Can Do

Performance Activity:

1. Choose what you think will be the Transport Mechanism you need to create a
story that reflects what our country is experiencing now.

2. Write your draft on a piece of paper and after you’re done, transfer it in a long
bond paper.

31
3. Keep your output in a safe place and submit it on the exact date of submission to
be announced by your teacher

References
(Sample only)

Source Noting

A. Books / Manuals / Other Printed Material

M. Olivares, et. al., Science and Technology for the Modern World, Social
Expenditure Project, Department of Education Phil.: Diwa Scholastic Press
Inc., 2003, (lack page number)

B. Websites

(Sample only)

Bibliography

A. Books / Manuals / Other Printed Material

Olivares, M.,Veranio Ma. Loisa and Cruz, Juanita. Science and Technology
for the Modern World, Social Expenditure Project: Deped Philippine Diwa
Scholastic Press Inc., 2003

B. Websites
“Sexual and Asexual Reproduction of Plants,” Fuse School- Global Education,
last modified December 11, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=R8_ScKzLAfE

● GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 SPECIALIZED SUBJECT | ACADEMIC-STEM,

The Commission on Higher Education, Philippine Normal University
(2016) https://bit.ly/2DCe9kz (Restrictions are imposed)
● DEPED Learning Modules Grade 7-10

● General Biology 1, Authors: Connie Rye, Robert Wise, Vladimir

Jurukovski, Jean DeSain, Jung Choi, Yael Avissar,
localized by Giselle Magcamit-Belardo,
● The Cell Membrane, Geonyzl Alviola, (2009) pdf,
https://www.slideshare.net/geonyzl/the-cell-membrane-2639139

32
● Membrane Transport, wikipedia.org
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport
● Structural components of Cell Membrane, A-LevelBiology (2020)
https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/plasma-membrane-structure-and-
functions/
● Structure of the Plasma Membrane, www.khanacademy.org (2020)
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-
the-cell-membrane/a/structure-of-the-plasma-membrane
● Chapter 5. Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes, OpenStax
(2015)
https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:QOGUelqL@9/Components-
and-Structure
● Fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, Khan Academy (2015)
https://youtu.be/cP8iQu57dQo
● Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes,
courses.lumenlearning.com
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/compone
nts-and-structure/
● Cell Membrane Function and Structure, Reece, Jane B., and Neil A.
Campbell. Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings, (2011)
https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-membrane-373364
● Inside the Cell Membrane, Amoeba Sisters (Feb 28, 2018)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBCVVszQQNs
● Membrane Structure and Function , CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, 9th Edition
| Pearson, Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A.
Wasserman, Peter V Minorsky, Robert B Jackson (2011)
● Osmosis image, M4533791, Toluna Influencers,
https://uk.toluna.com/opinions/4233889/OSMOSIS
● Osmosis image, Sagar Aryal (2020),
https://microbenotes.com/osmosis-and-diffusion/
● Active transport, kaiserscience.wordpress.com,
https://kaiserscience.wordpress.com/biology-the-living-environment/
cells/active-transport-across-cell-membranes/
● Endocytosis, Mariana Ruiz Villarreal (2007)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocytosis

33
● Difference Between Endocytosis and Exocytosis, Lakna ( 2017)
https://pediaa.com/difference-between-endocytosis-and-exocytosis/
● Active, Passive, and Bulk Cell Transport, RicochetScience (2016)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGeSDI03aaw
● Alzheimer's disease By Mayo Clinic Staff (2018)
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/symptoms-
causes/syc-20374373#:~:text=Leukemia%20is%20cancer%20of
%20the,involves%20the%20white%20blood%20cells
● Leukemia By Mayo Clinic Staff (2018)
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/symptoms-
causes/syc-20374373#:~:text=Leukemia%20is%20cancer%20of
%20the,involves%20the%20white%20blood%20cells
● Errors in cell division by The law of science (2013)
https://www.slideshare.net/thelawofscience/errors-in-cell-division
● Membrane transport by wikipedia.org
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport
Structural components of Cell Membrane by A-LevelBiology (2020)
https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/plasma-membrane-structure-and-
functions/
● https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-
the-cell-membrane/a/structure-of-the-plasma-membrane
● Fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, Khan Academy (2015)
https://youtu.be/cP8iQu57dQo
● Curation and Revision. Provided by: Boundless.com. License: CC BY-
SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/compone
nts-and-structure/
● Active transport https://kaiserscience.wordpress.com/biology-the-living-
environment/cells/active-transport-across-cell-membranes/
● Mariana Ruiz Villarreal 27 July 2007
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocytosis
● Difference Between Endocytosis and Exocytosis 2017 by Lakna
https://pediaa.com/difference-between-endocytosis-and-exocytosis/
● GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 SPECIALIZED SUBJECT | ACADEMIC –
STEM by The Commission on Higher Education and Philippine Normal
University (2016) pp 78-85;

34
● Enzymes review 2020 Khan Academy
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-energy-
and-transport/hs-enzymes/a/hs-enzymes-review
● Enzyme structure and function by wikiversity.org (2020)
https://bit.ly/2CgCMCB
● https://www.livescience.com/45145-how-do-enzymes-work.html

● https://www.britannica.com/science/enzyme

● Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism, Melinda Grant (2018)

https://slideplayer.com/slide/12502012/
● Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme/Cofactors by en.wikibooks.org (2019)
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Enzyme/Cofactors
● Oxidation-Reduction Reactions, Christopher Spohrer (UCD), Christina
Breitenbuecher (UCD), Luvleen Brar (UCD) (2020)
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Suppleme
ntal_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/
Redox_Chemistry/Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions
● Chapter 8 redox reactions ppt for class 11 CBSE, ritik (2015)
https://www.slideshare.net/deepikajonnes/chapter-8-redox-reactions-
ppt-for-class-11-cbse
● Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity, Charles C. Worthington, Von
Worthington, Andrew Worthington, Ph.D. (2019) http://www.worthington-
biochem.com/introbiochem/factors.html#:~:text=Several%20factors
%20affect%20the%20rate,of%20any%20inhibitors%20or%20activators.
● https://www.britannica.com/science/enzyme/Factors-affecting-enzyme-
activity
● Factors affecting enzyme activity
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-energy-
and-transport/hs-enzymes/a/hs-enzymes-review
● Factors-Affecting-Enzymatic-Activity-Notes-PDF by
easybiologyclass.com https://bit.ly/2W3SFU9
● Factors affecting enzyme activity by www.khanacademy.org
https://bit.ly/3iL9XPr

35
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang
Cagayan de Oro
Telephone Nos.: (08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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