PROBABILI

TY
MATH 403 – ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS

Mr. MARK JAVE C. GUALBERTO, RME, SO2

Lecturer I
 Understand and describe sample spaces and
events for random experiments

Explain the concept of probability and its

application to different situations.

OBJECTIVES
Define and illustrate the different
probability rules

Solve for the probability of different

statistical data
PROBABILITY
▪
SAMPLE SPACE, EVENT, AND
ELEMENT
▪ Sample Space
▪ is the set of all possible outcomes or results of a random experiment.
▪ is represented by letter S.
▪ Event
▪ is the subset of sample space.
▪ is represented by letter E.
▪ Element
▪ each outcome in the sample space.
▪ Null Space
▪ is a subset of the sample space that contains no elements and is denoted by the symbol Ø.
▪ also called empty space.
SAMPLE SPACE, EVENT, AND
ELEMENT
Example #1:
What are the possible outcomes of showing at least two heads from tossing the coin thrice?

S = all possible outcomes

S=

E=
SAMPLE SPACE, EVENT, AND
ELEMENT
Example #2:
What are the possible outcomes of showing a sum of 7 from a single roll of a pair of dice?
S = all possible outcomes
S

E=
 VENN
DIAGRAM
▪ Is a rectangle (the universal set) that includes circles depicting the subsets.

A
A B

A B

C
C
S S S
 INTERSECTION OF EVENTS
▪ The intersection of two events A and B is denoted by the symbol A ∩ B.
▪ It is the event containing all elements that are common to A and B.
▪ A∩B=Ø
▪ MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS

A
A B

A B

C
C
S S S
INTERSECTION OF EVENTS
Example #1:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}

A∩B=?
INTERSECTION OF EVENTS
Example #2:
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

A∩B=?
 UNION OF
EVENTS
▪ The Union of Events A and B is the event containing all the elements that belong to A or to B or to both and
is denoted by the symbol A ∪ B.

A
A B

A B

C
C
S S S
UNION OF EVENTS
Example #1:
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

A∪B=?
 COMPLIMENT OF AN
EVENT
▪ Compliment of an event A with respect to S is the set of all elements of S that are not in A and is denoted by
Ac.

A
A B

A B

S S S
COMPLIMENT OF AN EVENT
Example #1:
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
B = {1, 5, 9, 13}

A∪B=?

(A ∪ B)c = ?
Venn Diagram Shading
In a class of 40 students, 27 like Calculus and 25 like Chemistry. How
many like both Calculus and Chemistry?

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A survey of 100 fourth year high school students revealed that 42 like mathematics, 62 like Filipino, 44 like
History, 22 like both Math and History, 25 like both Math and Filipino, 17 like Filipino and History, and 10 like
all the three subjects. How many like Math only? Filipino only? History only? How many did not like any of
the three subjects?

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THE ADDITION PRINCIPLE
▪
THE MULTIPLICATION
PRINCIPLE
▪
How many 3-digit number can be formed from the digits 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 9 if each
digit is to be used once.

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How many 4-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 9 if
each digit can be used only once?

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FACTORIAL
NOTATION
▪
PERMUTATION OF ‘n’ DIFFERENT OBJECTS, TAKEN
‘r’ AT A TIME
▪
A locker combination system uses four digits from 0-9, How many different 4-
digit locker combinations are possible if no digits can be replaced in each
combination?

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▪ In how many ways can a IIEE chapter with 15 directors, choose a
president, a vice president, a secretary, a treasurer, and an auditor, if no
member can hold more than one position?

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There are four balls of four different colors. Two balls are taken at a time and
arranged in a definite order. For example, if a white and a red balls are taken,
one definite arrangement is white first, red second, and other arrangement is red
first, white second. How many such arrangements are possible?

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PERMUTATION OF ‘n’ DIFFERENT OBJECTS TAKEN
ALL AT A TIME

▪
Example #1:
Find the number of different 5-letter arrangements that can be made from the
letters of the word ANGLE?

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The number of ways can 4 nurses and 3 engineers be seated on a bench with
nurses seated together is

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PERMUTATION OF ‘n’ OBJECTS OF WHICH SOME
ARE ALIKE
▪
Find the number of permutation that can be formed from the word COMMITTEE.

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There are 3 copies each of 4 different books. In how many ways can they be
arranged on a shelf?

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RING OR CYCLIC PERMUTATION
▪
RING OR CYCLIC PERMUTATION
Example #1:
In how many ways can 10 people be seated at a round table?
RING OR CYCLIC PERMUTATION
Example #2:
By stringing together 10 differently colored beads, how many
different bracelets can be made?
COMBINATIO
N
▪
In a certain basketball team of 12 players, how many different starting lineups
are possible?

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A semiconductor company will hire 7 men and 4 women. In how many ways can
the company chose from 9 men and 6 women who qualified for the position?

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COMBINATION OF ‘n’ DIFFERENT THINGS TAKEN
1, 2, 3, …, n AT A TIME
▪
A girl has 7 flowers, each of a different variety. How many different bouquets can
she form?

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PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT
▪
COMPLEMENTARY
PROBABILITY
▪
Find the probability of not getting a sum of seven in one roll of a pair of dice.

1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
3
4
5
6

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Find the probability of not getting a sum of nine in one roll of a pair of dice.

1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
3
4
5
6

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If the probability of winning a certain game is Pw = ¾, then what is the
probability of losing a game?

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If the probability of winning a certain game is P(E) = 2/5, then
what is the probability of losing a game?

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ODDS
▪
The probability of an event that an LPA (Low Pressure Area) will
become typhoon is 0.3. Find the odds in favor of typhoon.

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PROBABILITY OF MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
EVENTS
▪
Find the probability of drawing an ACE or a FACE card in a
single draw from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards.

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In a standard deck of 52 playing cards, what is the probability of
drawing an ACE or a KING in a single draw of one card from the deck?

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Find the probability of drawing a number 2 or a FACE card in a single
draw from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards.

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The probabilities that a student will receive an A, B, C, D and E grade
are 0.35, 0.30, 0.20, 0.10 and 0.05 respectively. What is the probability
that a student will receive at least a C grade?

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Roll a pair of dice once. What is the probability of rolling a sum
greater than 8.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
3
4
5
6

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PROBABILITY OF INCLUSIVE EVENTS
▪
Find the probability of drawing a CLUB or a FACE card in a single draw
from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards.

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Find the probability of drawing a CLUB or a NUMBER card in a single
draw from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards.

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Find the probability of drawing a HEART or a FACE card in a
single draw from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards.

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 PROBABILITY OF INDEPENDENT
EVENTS
▪
An urn contains 6 red marbles and 4 black marbles. Two
marbles are drawn with replacement from the urn. What is the
probability that both marbles are black?

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An urn contains 6 red marbles and 4 black marbles. Two marbles are
drawn in succession with replacement from the urn. What is the
probability that the 1st marble is red, and the 2nd marble is black?

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An urn contains 5 red, 7 white, and 10 blue marbles. If three
marbles are drawn in succession with replacement, find the
probability that the marbles drawn are in the order blue,
white, and red

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An urn contains 8 red, 5 white, and 10 blue balls. If three balls
are drawn in succession with replacement, find the probability
that the balls drawn are in the order blue, blue, and red.

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PROBABILITY OF DEPENDENT
EVENTS
▪
An urn contains 6 red marbles and 4 black marbles. Two marbles are
drawn without replacement from the urn. What is the probability that
both of the marbles are black?

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An urn contains 6 red marbles and 4 black marbles. Two marbles are
drawn in succession without replacement from the urn. What is the
probability that the 1st marble is red and the 2nd marble is black?

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An urn contains 5 red, 7 white, and 10 blue balls. If three balls are
drawn in succession without replacement, find the probability that the
balls drawn are in the order blue, white, and red.

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An urn contains 8 red, 5 white, and 10 blue balls. If three balls are
drawn in succession without replacement, find the probability that the
balls drawn are in the order blue, blue, and red.

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CONDITIONAL
PROBABILITY
▪
Roll a die once. Find the probability that a number less than 4 will
come out given that the roll resulted to an odd number.

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Find the probability that a number less than 5 will result in a
single toss of a die given that the toss resulted is an even
number.

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In the House of Representatives, a certain committee is
composed of six LP’s and five UNA’s. Three of the LP’s are men,
and three of the UNA’s are men. If a man is chosen for
chairman, what is the probability that he is an LP?

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