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Statistics Interval

This document discusses statistical intervals, including confidence intervals, prediction intervals, and tolerance intervals. It provides formulas and examples for calculating confidence intervals for means when the population standard deviation is known or unknown. The key points are: - Confidence intervals provide an estimated range of values that is believed to contain the true population parameter. The confidence level indicates the probability the interval contains the true value. - When the population standard deviation is known and the sample size is large (n≥30), the formula for a confidence interval for the mean uses the standard deviation and z-score. - When the population standard deviation is unknown or the sample is small (n<30), the t-distribution is used instead of the

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Hanna Joy Lasi
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19 views16 pages

Statistics Interval

This document discusses statistical intervals, including confidence intervals, prediction intervals, and tolerance intervals. It provides formulas and examples for calculating confidence intervals for means when the population standard deviation is known or unknown. The key points are: - Confidence intervals provide an estimated range of values that is believed to contain the true population parameter. The confidence level indicates the probability the interval contains the true value. - When the population standard deviation is known and the sample size is large (n≥30), the formula for a confidence interval for the mean uses the standard deviation and z-score. - When the population standard deviation is unknown or the sample is small (n<30), the t-distribution is used instead of the

Uploaded by

Hanna Joy Lasi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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STATISTICAL

INTERVALS
MATH 403 – ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVES

1.Construct confidence intervals using single sample and


multiple sample
2.Construct a prediction for a future observation
3.Construct a tolerance interval for a normal distribution
4.Explain the three types of interval estimates; confidence
intervals, prediction intervals and tolerance intervals
INTRODUCTION
▪ Engineers are often involved in estimating parameters. Statistical intervals
represent an uncertainty that exists in the data because we work with samples
that are obtained from a larger population or process.
▪ Statistical intervals are staples of the quality and validation practitioner’s
statistical tool box. Statistical intervals can manifest as plus or-minus limits on
test data, represent a margin of error in a scientific poll, or indicate the level of
confidence associated with a predicted value.
▪ This chapter will discussed a two part series written to help validation and
understand the three most common intervals; namely, the confidence interval,
the prediction interval, and the tolerance interval. In this part, confidence
intervals are discussed.
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
• An interval containing the most believable
values for a parameter
• Also called as interval estimate
• The probability that this method produces an
interval is called the confidence level
• This is a number chosen to close to 1, most
commonly 0.95
• A confidence interval always specifies a
confidence level, usually 90%, 95%, or 99%,
which is a measure of the reliability of the
procedure
CONFIDENCE LEVEL
▪ Confidence Level of an interval estimate of a parameter is the probability that the
interval estimate will contain the parameter.
▪ The confidence level has its corresponding coefficient which is called confidence
coefficients. These coefficients are used to find the margin of error.

Confidence Level 99% 98% 96% 95% 92% 90% 85% 80% 70%

ZC or zα/2 2.58 2.33 2.05 1.96 1.75 1.645 1.44 1.28 1.04

▪ Confidence Interval is a interval estimate constructed with a confidence level. This


estimate may or may not contain the true parameter value.
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE MEAN WHEN
σ IS KNOWN OR LARGE SAMPLE SIZE
▪

This is the formula when standard deviation σ is known and


the sample size is 30 or more, or the population is normally
distributed if sample size is less than 30.
▪ A survey of 30 adults found that the mean age of a person’s primary vehicle is 5.6
years. Assuming the standard deviation of the population is 0.8 year, find the
96% confidence interval of the population mean.
Confidence Level 99% 98% 96% 95% 92% 90% 85% 80% 70%
ZC or zα/2 2.58 2.33 2.05 1.96 1.75 1.645 1.44 1.28 1.04
▪ A study of 40 students showed that their average score on EDA Midterm Exam was 95. The
standard deviation of the population is 10. Find the 99% confidence interval of the mean score
for all students.
Confidence Level 99% 98% 96% 95% 92% 90% 85% 80% 70%
ZC or zα/2 2.58 2.33 2.05 1.96 1.75 1.645 1.44 1.28 1.04
SAMPLE SIZE
▪
▪ A scientist wishes to estimate the average depth of a river. He wants to be 99% confident that
the estimate is accurate within 2 feet. From a previous study, the standard deviation of the
depths measured was 4.38 feet. What is the least number of sample measurements?
Confidence Level 99% 98% 96% 95% 92% 90% 85% 80% 70%
ZC or zα/2 2.58 2.33 2.05 1.96 1.75 1.645 1.44 1.28 1.04
▪ A pizza shop owner wishes to find the 95% confidence interval of the true mean cost of large
plain pizza. How large should the sample be if he wishes to be accurate within ₱8.00? A
previous study showed that the standard deviation of the price was ₱17.00.
Confidence Level 99% 98% 96% 95% 92% 90% 85% 80% 70%
ZC or zα/2 2.58 2.33 2.05 1.96 1.75 1.645 1.44 1.28 1.04
CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR THE MEAN
WHEN σ IS UNKNOWN or SMALL SAMPLE SIZE
▪

This is the formula when the sample size is less


than 30.
▪ Ten randomly selected people were asked how long they slept at night. The mean time was 7.1 hours,
and the standard deviation was 0.78 hour. Find the 98% confidence interval of the mean time.

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