Chapter 4
Chapter 4
A group of N stations shares a 56-kbps pure ALOHA channel. Each station outputs a
1000-bit frame on an average of once every 100 sec, even if the previous one has not yet
been sent (e.g., the stations can buffer outgoing frames). What is the maximum value of
N?
ANS:
With pure ALOHA the usable bandwidth is 0.184x56 kbs=10.3 kbps. Each station
requires 10 bps, so N=10300/10=1030 stations.
(Chapter 4, Problem 4)
1000 airline reservation stations are competing for the use of a single slotted ALOHA
channel. The average station makes 36 requests per hour. A slot is 100 µsec. What is the
approximate total channel load?
ANS:
Each terminal makes one request every 3600 sec / 36 request = 100 sec.
Total load is 1000 requests per 100 sec or 10 requests per sec.
There are 1 sec/100 µsec = 1000000 µsec / 100 µsec = 10000 slots in one second.
Hence, G=10/10000=1/1000=0.1%
Sketch and describe the operation of a LAN bridge from 802.11 to 802.3.
ANS:
Host A on a wireless (802.11) LAN has a packet to send to a fixed host, B, on an (802.3)
Ethernet to which the wireless LAN is connected. The packet descends into the LLC
sublayer and acquires an LLC header (shown in black in the figure). Then it passes into
the MAC sublayer and an 802.11 header is prepended to it (also a trailer, not shown in
the figure). This unit goes out over the air and is picked up by the base station, which
sees that it needs to go to the fixed Ethernet. When it hits the bridge connecting the
802.11 network to the 802.3 network, it starts in the physical layer and works its way
upward. In the MAC sublayer in the bridge, the 802.11 header is stripped off. The bare
packet (with LLC header) is then handed off to the LLC sublayer in the bridge. In this
example, the packet is destined for an 802.3 LAN, so it works its way down the 802.3
side of the bridge and off it goes on the Ethernet. Note that a bridge connecting k
different LANs will have k different MAC sublayers and k different physical layers, one
for each type.
Sixteen stations, numbered 1 through 16, are contending for the use of a shared channel
by using the adaptive tree walk protocol. If all the stations whose addresses are odd
numbers suddenly become ready at once, how many bit slots are needed to resolve the
contention?
ANS:
Stations 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 want to send:
Slot 1: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15
Slot 2: 1, 3, 5, 7
Slot 3: 1, 3
Slot 4: 1
Slot 5: 3
Slot 6: 5, 7
Slot 7: 5
Slot 8: 7
Slot 9: 9, 11, 13, 15
Slot 10: 9, 11
Slot 11: 9
Slot 12: 11
Slot 13: 13, 15
Slot 14: 13
Slot 15: 15
15 bit slots are needed.
Sixteen stations, numbered 1 through 16, are contending for the use of a shared channel
by using the adaptive tree walk protocol. If stations 2, 6, 8, 11, and 15 suddenly become
ready at once, how many bit slots are needed to resolve the contention?
ANS:
Stations 2, 6, 8, 11, and 15 want to send:
Slot 1: 2, 6, 8, 11, 15
Slot 2: 2, 6, 8
Slot 3: 2
Slot 4: 6, 8
Slot 5: 6
Slot 6: 8
Slot 7: 11, 15
Slot 8: 11
Slot 9: 15
9 bit slots are needed.
What is the baud rate of the standard 10-Mbps Ethernet which uses Manchester
encoding?
ANS:
The Ethernet uses Manchester encoding, which means it has two signal periods per bit
sent. The data rate of the standard Ethernet is 10 Mbps, so the baud rate is twice that,
20 Megabaud.
What is the baud rate of the Gigabit Ethernet which uses Manchester encoding?
ANS:
The Ethernet uses Manchester encoding, which means it has two signal periods per bit
sent. The data rate of the Gigabit Ethernet is 1Gbps, so the baud rate is twice that,
1Gigabaud.
ANS:
Bit
Stream: 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
Binary
Encod.
Manch.
Encod.
(Chapter 4, Problem 19)
ANS:
The round-trip propagation time of the cable is 10 µ sec . A complete transmission has
six phases:
1) Transmitter seizes cable (10 µ sec )
2) Transmit data (25.6 µ sec )
3) Delay for last bit to get to the end (5.0 µ sec )
4) Receiver seizes cable (10 µ sec )
5) Acknowledgement sent (3.2 µ sec )
6) Delay for last bit to get to the end (5.0 µ sec )
The sum of these is 58.8 µ sec . In this period, 224 data bits are sent, for a rate of about
3.8 Mbps.
Consider building a CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)
network running at 1 Gbps over a 1-km cable with no repeaters. The signal speed in the
cable is 200,000 km/sec. What is the minimum frame size?
ANS:
For a 1-km cable, the one-way propagation time is 5 µ sec , so 2τ = 10 µ sec . To make
CSMA/CD work, it must be impossible to transmit an entire frame in this interval. At 1
Gbps, all frames shorter than 10,000 bits can be completely transmitted in under 10
µ sec , so the minimum frame is 10,000 bits or 1250 bytes.
Consider building a CSMA/CD network running at 10 Gbps over a 2.5-km cable with no
repeaters. The signal speed in the cable is 200,000 km/sec. What is the minimum frame
size?
ANS:
For 2.5-km cable, the one–way propagation time τ=12.5 µ sec , so 2τ=25 µ sec .
At 10 Gbps, 250,000 bits can be completely transmitted in under 25 µ sec .
So minimum frame is 250,000 bits or 3125 bytes.
(Chapter 4, Problem 30)
An 802.16 network has a channel width of 10 MHz. How many bits/sec can be sent to a
subscriber station? (Evaluate for QAM-64, QAM-16 and QPSK methods).
ANS:
It depends how far away subscriber is.
If the subscriber is close in, QAM-64 is used for 60 Mbps.
For medium distance, QAM-16 is used for 40 Mbps.
For distant stations, QPSK is used for 20 Mbps.
Define which devices are in which layers and give a short definition for each of them.
ANS:
(Chapter 4, Problem 40)
A switch designed for use with fast Ethernet has a backplane that can move 10 Gbps.
How many frames/sec can it handle in the worst case? Hint: the worst case is an endless
stream of 64-byte frames.
ANS:
The worst case is an endless stream of 64-byte 64 byte = 512 bits frames.
If the backplane can handle 10 Gbps = 109 bps.
The number of frames it can handle is 109 bit / 512 bit
This is 1,953,125 frames / sec.
(Chapter 4)
There are 4 contention slots. In 1st cycle of frame transmition the stations 1 and 3, in the
2nd cycle of frame transmition the station 0 and 2, in the 3rd cycle of frame transmition
the station 3 and in the 4th cycle of frame transmition all stations have frames to send.
Sketch these cycles for the basic bit-map protocol.
ANS:
Cycles: 1st cycle 2nd cycle 3rd cycle 4th cycle
Slots: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Frames: 1 1 F1 F3 1 1 F0 F2 1 F3 1 1 1 1 F0 F1 F2
F3
(Chapter 4)
Given 8 stations and their data to send using single channel. Find the number of station
and data sent. Use binary countdown protocol.
ANS:
Bit time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Station 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Station 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
Station 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
Station 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
Station 5 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
Station 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
Station 7 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
Station 8 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
A LAN uses Mok and Ward’s version of binary countdown. At a certain instant, the ten
stations have the virtual station numbers 8, 2, 4, 5, 1, 7, 3, 6, 9, and 0. The next three
stations to send are 4, 3, and 9, in that order. What are the new virtual station numbers
after all three have finished their transmissions?
ANS:
(Chapter 4)
Sketch the differential Manchester encoding for the bit stream 0001110101. Assume the
line is initially in low state.
ANS: