Seminar report on

McClelland’s Human
Motivation Theory

Submitted by:
Sujitha Chaturvedula
Roll No: 140619672107
McClelland’s theory of needs is one such theory that explains this process
of motivation by breaking down what and how needs are and how they
must be approached. David McClelland was an American Psychologist who
developed his theory of needs or Achievement Theory of Motivation which
revolves around three important aspects, namely, Achievement, Power
and Affiliation.

This theory was developed in the 1960s and McClelland points out that
regardless of our age, sex, race or culture, all of us possess one of these
needs and are driven by it. This theory is also known as the Acquired Needs
as McClelland put forth that the specific needs of an individual are
acquired and shaped over time through the experiences he has had in life.
Understanding McClelland's Theory

In the early 1940s, Abraham Maslow created his theory of needs . This
identified the basic needs that human beings have, in order of their
importance: physiological needs, safety needs, and the needs for
belonging, self-esteem and "self-actualization".
Later, David McClelland built on this work in his 1961 book, "The Achieving
Society." He identified three motivators that he believed we all have: a
need for achievement, a need for affiliation, and a need for power. People
will have different characteristics depending on their dominant motivator.
According to McClelland, these motivators are learned (which is why this
theory is sometimes called the Learned Needs Theory).

McClelland says that, regardless of our gender, culture, or age, we all have
three motivating drivers, and one of these will be our dominant motivating
driver. This dominant motivator is largely dependent on our culture and
life experiences.
These characteristics are as follows:

Achievement:

• Has a strong need to set and accomplish challenging goals

• Takes calculated risks to accomplish their goals
• Likes to receive regular feedback on their progress and
achievements
• Often likes to work alone
Affiliation:
• Wants to belong to the group
• Wants to be liked and will often go along with whatever the rest of
the group wants to do
• Favours collaboration over competition
• Doesn't like high risk or uncertainty
Power:
• Wants to control and influence others
• Likes to win arguments
• Enjoys competition and winning
• Enjoys status and recognition

Note:
Those with a strong power motivator are often divided into two groups:
personal and institutional. People with a personal power drive want to
control others, while people with an institutional power drive like to
organize the efforts of a team to further the company's goals. As you can
probably imagine, those with an institutional power need are usually more
desirable as team members!

Psychologist David McClelland advocated Need theory, also popular as

Three Needs Theory. This motivational theory states that the needs
for achievement, power, and affiliation significantly influence the
behaviour of an individual, which is useful to understand from a
managerial context.

This theory can be considered an extension of Maslow’s hierarchy of

needs. Per McClelland, every individual has these three types of
motivational needs irrespective of their demography, culture or wealth.
These motivation types are driven from real-life experiences and the views
of their ethos.
Need For Achievement:

The need for achievement as the name itself suggests is the urge to
achieve something in what you do. If you are a lawyer it is the need to win
cases and be recognized, if you are a painter it is the need to paint a
famous painting. It is the need that drives a person to work and even
struggle for the objective that he wants to achieve. People who possess
high achievement needs are people who always work to excel by
particularly avoiding low reward low-risk situations and difficult to achieve
high-risk situations.
Such people avoid low-risk situations because of the lack of a real
challenge and their understanding that such achievement is not genuine.
They also avoid high-risk situations because they perceive and understand
it to be more about luck and chance and not about one’s own effort. The
more the achievements they make the higher their performance because
of higher levels of motivation.

These people find innovative clever ways to achieve goals and consider
their achievement a better reward than financial ones. They take
calculated decision and always appreciate feedback and usually works
alone.

The individuals motivated by needs for achievement usually have a strong

desire of setting up difficult objectives and accomplishing them. Their
preference is to work in a results-oriented work environment and always
appreciate any feedback on their work. Achievement based individuals
take calculated risks to reach their goals and may circumvent both high-
risk and low-risk situations.

They often prefer working alone. This personality type believes in

a hierarchical structure derived primarily by work-based achievements.

Need For Power:

The need for power is the desire within a person to hold control and
authority over another person and influence and change their decision in
accordance with his own needs or desires. The need to enhance their self-
esteem and reputation drives these people and they desire their views and
ideas to be accepted and implemented over the views and ideas over
others.

These people are strong leaders and can be best suited to leading
positions. They either belong to Personal or Institutional power motivator
groups. If they are a personal power motivator, they would have the need
to control others and an institutional power motivator seeks to lead and
coordinate a team towards an end.

The individuals motivated by the need for power have a desire to control
and influence others. Competition motivates them and they enjoy winning
arguments. Status and recognition are something they aspire for and do
not like being on the losing side.
They are self-disciplined and expect the same from their peers and teams.
They do not mind playing a zero-sum game, where, for one person to win,
another must lose, and collaboration is not an option. This motivational
type is accompanied by needs for personal prestige, and better personal
status.

Need For Affiliation:

The need for affiliation is the urge of a person to have interpersonal and
social relationships with others or a set of people. They seek to work in
groups by creating friendly and lasting relationships and has the urge to be
liked by others. They tend to like collaborating with others to competing
with them and usually avoids high-risk situations and uncertainty
The individuals motivated by the need for affiliation prefer being part of a
group. They like spending their time socializing and maintaining
relationships and possess a strong desire to be loved and accepted. These
individuals stick to basics and play by the books without feeling a need to
change things, primarily due to a fear of being rejected.

People in this group tend to adhere to the norms of the culture in that
workplace and typically do not change the norms of the workplace for fear
of rejection. Collaboration is the way to work for the competition remains
secondary. They are not risk seekers and are more cautious in their
approach. These individuals work effectively in roles based on social
interactions, for instance, client service and other customer interaction
positions.

Using the Theory

McClelland’s theory can be applied to manage the corporate teams by

being identifying and categorizing every team member amongst the three
needs. Knowing their attributes may certainly help to manage their
expectations and running the team smoothly.

The following two steps process can be used to apply McClelland’s theory:

Step 1: Identify the Motivational Needs of the Team

Examining the team to determine which of the three needs is a motivator

for each person. Personality traits and past actions can help in this process.
For example, someone who always takes charge of the team when a
project is assigned. The one who speaks up in meetings to encourage
people, and delegates responsibilities in order to facilitate achieving the
goals of the group. Someone who likes to control the final deliverables.
This team member is likely being driven by power.

Another team member who does not speak during meetings, and is happy
agreeing with the team thoughts, is good at managing conflicts and may
seem uncomfortable while someone talks about undertaking high-risk,
high-reward tasks. This team member is likely being driven by affiliation.

Step 2: Approaching Team According To Their Need Type

Based on the motivating needs of the team members, alter your leadership
style to assign projects according to the type of the need of each individual
team member. Challenging projects would be a part of a work portfolio of
someone who enjoys power while relatively simpler projects go to the kitty
of someone derived from affiliation.

Conclusion:

• McClelland’s theory is very useful in helping managers identify how

they can motivate individuals to perform better.

• According to him all individuals possess all these needs however one
of them is more dominant.