Department of Mechanical Engineering Subject: Theory of Machines III Study Pack This Study Pack contains the following: 1. Course material/lecture notes for Chapters 1-5. Ch 1- Turning Moment Diagrams (T.M.D’s) Ch 2- Analytical Analysis of Cams (Part 1) Ch 3- Analytical Analysis of Cams (Part 2) Ch4 - Balancing of reciprocating and rotating masses Ch5- Free vibrations . Please work through ALL the examples before attempting the tutorial problems. . The timeframes for each chapter is 2-3 weeks 5. Use the past test and exam papers as self-assessment tools when preparing for the exams. Course Facilitator: Mr R. 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Femoqos og tau ot oman ws yo eye ot wm pass oebicy mous maqqoaa muon, SERIO OS TED T I SANIHOVIN JO ANOTHL Gonmremreyoy an MS ASICS HAY 9830 pt gop ay ORE jo sper oxp Feps00 romasy ° ZRSSHP Hom rods oma 333096 51a UPR gf ORY poe Ar Opp were eds conan S054 jan Pir onoge espe sre SHQWD umifeg iemeyy Sar ‘ou wou e sag, 209 om pop “ue ds 0081 we sans aapsce xp 9 paeds 30 won: "HPS 9 80189 pas atoge seare sin 8 CCL 2UL f= em enbaoy any CoeD amseg remap Say yy smijgoda reposny MI SANIHOVIN AO AMOmHL, 1TomS=GyP2 CAMS- ART] ROLLER EDEL FOLLONER “\ OX Angle of Lift \ 2x = Te of Action \ o tol Arle Z “ 2 = Displacement of Follauer ar + Velocily of Fell fo cAccel “of All in Contact. wilh Flonk. (am ricted thr B, fen n of the fllewer colre as) = CQ, - OQ_ 1} = (Ran) coc -(Rin). = Bir) (c0oc6-) a he. de> de~— dx WE = dO dE = us AS tur (Rt ro) see bond pI ~do-— ler fat: GE SE SB ~W (R46) (seP C+ cecO bev’) LW AB = ands dy ealadion oh cous while lee | eves fem Ato @chee Mae Wed wel Creal g-£ 5) Rolle rin focest with Alese (Gor rotated dhew gb ciben of fllowec;) = %_F_O@, OQ (rs releooy )— (Ba r, (i a bed ceagt = TS ainty amd sings Cees) 0, cay i> Ay a then cosy Ji- eee) let SE en So, x =dbemg + Ve sig f ~(oun)i bee < Vie x. mT) se - wae vu = » Fa = fmf + Sbaypilesr)secBtent oles tan Rive xx dices + (w= stg) 3- (Ren) OQ sin 26 __, are curd sind + Cpe ars a sith + nbcosdg¢ f «uid cos +e Tae yea 2 — fete _ singh — n= a sinys ON even Franks , rar- i" : xe (p-R)Li-cos8) Pp Q(R-¢ - oeosa) ar =u (a-R) sin @ se r Q p< uilp-Rleos® sey PO x = (deosp tr)-R ar = curd sing fi -wideosd | Fa =f mf + Sley)f (p-Rsine Greer Cam, FraT-ewoep Foul x = d(i-cos®) ar = udsin® $= wideos® ; Fa = Emp + Slay ldsine41 1.2 124 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.24 125 24 22 224 222 223 Theory Of Machines III Tutorial Problems: Analytical Analysis of Cams- PART1 A flat-ended valve tappet is operated by a symmetrical cam having circular arcs for flank and nose profiles with a base circle radius of 80 mm. The cam rotates at 190 revs.min' and gives a lift of 15 mm to a flat-ended follower. When the follower is in contact with the nose (i.e. at maximum lift) the maximum deceleration is 25 m.s?, The acceleration at the beginning of the lift is @ ms? The mass effect of the valve and tappet is equal to 10 kg concentrated at the tappet. Sketch a diagram showing how the acceleration, velocity and displacement of follower varies when in contact with a cam with curved flanks. Calculate: The flank radius of the cam; [100,2 mm} The nose radius; [ 31,9 mm} The total angle of action; [ 167,6 >] The velocity of the follower just as itis leaving the flank of the cam; and {0,369 m/s} The maximum reaction torque due to the accelerated masses, acting on the camshaft when the cam rotates at 190 revs.min™. [0,81 Nm] A cam with curved flanks operates a flat-ended follower of mass 9,2 kg. The base circle radius of the cam is 84 mm. The cam rotates at 200 rev. min” and gives a total lift of 15 mm to the follower. The maximum positive acceleration experienced by the follower is found to be 9,2 m/s® and the maximum negative acceleration is - 24 m/s? Sketch a diagram showing how displacement, velocity and acceleration vary with cam angle. Determine the flank radius of the cam; the nose circle radius; the total angle of action of the cam; the maximum velocity of the follower;224 225 (ANS: 3. 3.4 32 33 34 35 44 42 43 44 45 the maximum reaction torque. the minimum positive acceleration of the follower. 104,98 mm; 44,3 mm; 167,5 deg; 0,3937 mis; 0,89 Nm; 4,08 m/s*) A straight-flanked cam with % angle of action of 65° rotates at 785 revs.min". A follower with diameter 30 mm moves vertically and is forced downwards on to the surface of the cam by means of a spring of stiffness “k” N.m’. The mass of the follower is 0,6 kg. The distance between the centres of the nose and base circles of the cam is 47 mm and the base circle radius is equal to three times the ‘nose circle radius. The spring contains an initial compression of 8 mm before the follower begins its period of lft Sketch a diagram showing how the acceleration, velocity and displacement of a follower varies when in contact with a cam with straight flanks. Determiné the nose and base circle radii of the cam. (9,93 mm; 29,79 mm) the maximum velocity of the follower; (4,832 m/s) the total deformation in the spring when the follower reaches the end of the flank; (25,02 mm) the value of the spring constant “k" required to ensure that contact is maintained between the cam and the follower. Include gravitational effects. (36 911 N/m) (Hint: At B, mf =mg + k x wai , where f =max -ve acceleration of follower) A.cam with circular flanks rotating at 205 rpm operates a flat-ended valve tappet. The nose circle radius of the cam is 35 mm and the distance between the centres of the nose and base circles is 84 mm. The follower's acceleration at the beginning of the lift is 19,5 m/s and the total angle of action is 158 degrees, Calculate: the base circle radius of the cam. the flank radius the maximum velocity of the follower the maximum negative acceleration of the follower A spring is now connected to the follower so as to prevent the follower from losing contact with the cam. Together the spring and follower have a combined mass of 12,5 kg. The spring is undeformed when the follower is in its lowest position and only starts to deform once the follower starts to lift. Ignore gravitational effects. Calculate the total lft of the follower and the value of the spring constant, k, required to maintain contact between the cam and follower. RG/BSc.Mech.Eng/MSAIME/Course Facilitator/LecturerTHEORY OF MACHINES III Tutorial Problems: CAMS-Part 2 ‘A cam with convex flanks , operating a fiat-ended follower whose Ii is 18 mm, has a base circle radius of 36 mm and a nose radius of 8,6 mm. The cam is gymmetrical about a line drawn through the centre of curvature of the nose and the centre of the cam shaft. The total angle of action is 420°, The distance from the follower contact point to the lever pivot is 100mm. a. Find the radius of the convex flanks. [187,71 mm] b. Determine the maximum angular velocity and angular acceleration when the camshaft speed is 500 revs.min? [17,2 radls; 4159 radis*] ¢. Determine the maximum angular retardation when the camshaft is running at the same speed as in part b. above [1217.3 rad/s"] ‘Asymmetrical cam has a base circle of 60 mm radius. The total angle of action. is 110 °. The flanks are straight and the tip is a circular arc. The line of action of the follower passes through the centre line of the capishaft. The roller follower has a 4p mm diameter and a lift of 26 mm. The effective, mass of the spring and tappet is 4 kg. Find the maximum ioad to be exerted by the spring to maintain contact between the cam and roller when the cam speed is 500 revs.miry * [460,6 N] ‘A circular cam which has a diameter of 140 mm and eccentricity of 35 mm, rotates about an axis O at a uniform speed. A flat follower of mass of 1 kg is pressed against the cam by a spring of stifiness 12 KN.m?. The intial compression of the spring, when the follower isin the lowest position is 25 mm. Neglect the mass of the spring. When the cam has moved through an angle of 100 ° from its lowest position, contact between the cam and follower is lost (ie. the cam and follower separate) Caloulate the speed (in rev.min’) at which this occurs and the total compression of the spring at this position [ 3449.2 revs.min ; 66,08 mm] RG/BSc.Mech.Eng/MSAIMechE/Course Facilitator/Lecturer& THEMORZI/I2R. CAMS —Paut2 Fri- i “Re Cecurar Can: Fier Eunep Fenowee | = €ccentdaty,Be 180"= foes sa ——S intel 4 ky Ba OL ne Sle Ells MBX VE PLE ot Be —3. Ome with L Steet Flanke fe Alls eae! Flin _ Oe Com wall Caned Flake (et Scho Blew, wt Sey) a fovnwa P. wofone.. Ss spine Reig rites“So iP : CF 2 oussl. LOSO) oe ce : a _ Py 211 . sample 2. Tas Prog] Stave oo Az — nate. kh Fillers, ee . . i) _ 2180 k= _ 2123 2 Recotee — EPO ore ex, ¢ elisd ~ 205) : ul Ths tement A cette rod bet o _ betelnut angler merclaeden CE : = reoling Sh “gyration clot o _ . Le bunenr qeeclevetion 4 road [xls me tent th eed [7 Axis Ta) ‘ameTAIZ ZT reall - a fo N= 332.5 cpm 0) Ab 2, wwe J enF os. : Ss ee — _ use fF. SZ boule - _ — Bo : pent = ee = Se u/s? we) At B ees _ — f= Ib.be a _ <4 A= 104 02 reclls *2 Com. ait Carveol Flake ; fet enceal Ellover 2h Flnk y= (p= -R) (ne 8) _ _— . . = 2) oe fs ip Rose oni -3Crernlnc Comm 4 Flat ended Gilover _ a dllcese) rt rl Ff swolend Meee Deel EB ey Moe Al ot 2 five) oa Vt sO FA M,Example 3 (HS, Eg.3-P108) A flat-ended valve tappet is operated by @ symmetrical cam having circular‘ arcs for flank and nose profiles; the base circle diameter is 30 mm, the nose radius is 4 mm and the lift is 10 mm; the total angle of action is 180 degrees. The mass effect of the valve, spring and tappet is equivalent to a mass of 0.8 kg concentrated at the tappet. Calculate the flank radius of the cam anc the maximum reaction torque, due to the accelerated masses, acting on the camshaft when [U.Lond} the cam rotates at 1200 rpm. 0.02985oo ES UWs.cilk Nes BIS . ike . - so Note: It Yast Ss 624 fTSreaieHt wee foLtow! x. = (REG) secO—(R+R) y ar = (Re te)sec® ton ew z f uf (Ree \( sed O- secB) ; fa = fmf + Slesy)iRvg)secBbind ol sin ton = Rte wee lfeccg + (P= sig) *3- (Ren) sin 2p wre mudsng + BGaaraes a wth + ntcos2: f ~ ~ubd Scosd + (go akg 3 ne i siny et — VE ! ANKS. LAT= oN Lk. ‘. rtd 2Rd eos a * x= (p-R)li-ees0) Pp 2(R-- ~ oles x ) ar =u (o-R) sth 6 - sinyy = por fb euble-R)eos6 x = (deosp tr) -R ar = -ud sing r = -wdeosd > Fazimfs SGery)i (p-R)sin® CGreuvare Cam, far-eupep Fou xe dli-cos®) ay = udsin® fr urdeos® » Fa =imf+ Slew ident7 RG THEM O31 RE oo bette ° BaLAncinee CHAP notes tOnertin ES 3 (Ros) \ Rivipesd Bip) hme ef strake 9? 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Pre hie Cr) (awe 22 e | ~ Lua x BE) ~ wie alFee Hl pean, couple vl be crnk lee eu Sf fe 198° Low art fesitom decker os will he A lee pokey. te PAX LBB My. enol He “pofetling. masse. Specol i 2.200" role 1k . : eek OL. ee sagged—- ly) 0.3 1350 _Ip00.__0,8 0,3. “HS —705 ) (ge) (apd to ae ber & + cdbraener x (P Rime be Sn cdma. LRrx) Se— fia2s20 = 2440 keg _ os O-6 | ate uiigg = Lovo 204 Nay. —Seconpary (Rex) oe aeOsi- Te __ a Rey) Mlig) c = (eee L Pre (Data)ree a RSP 1000 9, — OS = 2.5 71625 i a 10875 oo 2595 a \ =3s25 - \ tIOS7= TOS 1990 03 Los a £25 172-5. — . | = . 9 | Bi I sy SEY - |— 6 ——_A= 55 > Te Fit - eixlsau) = 2 207 We! See FRE = 5 S3hu@ ) {) (2) THEORY OF MACHINES III TUTS: BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MACHINES A siv-c/linder two-stroke cycle engine operates at 1400 revs.min'®, The engine cylinders are equally spaced over a distance of 1,4 m. The crank radius is 170 mm and the connecting rod length is 510 mm. Pistons 1 to 5 each have @ reciprocating mass of 2,8 kg while the reciprocating mass of piston 6 is X (unknown). There are no rotating masses. ‘The firing order is 1—4~5—2—3+6 and there is no unbalance in the primary couple, Calculate the primary and secondary crank intervals; (60 & 120 deg) Determine graphically the reciprocating mass X of piston 6; (X= 2,8 kB) {Use the sealer kgm? = 240 mm} Determine the magnitude of the secondary couple unbalance. (6628 Nm) ‘A A-cylinder, two-stroke cycle engine operates at 165 rev.min® and has a firing order deeed2. The distance between cranks 1 and 2 is 640 mm, between cranks 2 and 3, the distance is 850 mm and between cranks 3 and 4, the distance is 910 mm. The reciprocating masses of cylinders 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 145 kg; 170 ke, 180 kg and X kg respectively. ‘There is en overall imbalance of 30 457 Nm in the primary couple. The crank radius is constant at 350 mm and each connecting rod length is 680 mm. Taking moments about ntre-line of the crankshaft: .¢ primary couple polygon and determine the value of X. 00,8 Nm} ary couple imbalance. (6 13EN A six-cylinder two-stroke cycle engine operates at 1400 revs.min*. The engine cylinders are equally spaced over a distance of 1,4 m, The ratio of the connecting rod length to crank radius is 3:1 and the connecting rod length is 510 mm. Pistons 1 to 5 each have a reciprocating mass of 2.8 kg while the reciprocating mass of piston 6 Is X (unknown). There are no rotating masses. The firing order is 1—4—5—2—3—6 and there is no unbalance in the primary couple, 3, Write down an expression for the total inertia force (primary and secondary) that acts on a reciprocating mass-crank system. (2) b. Calculate the primary and secondary crank intervals; Ge" j 120° (2) c Determine graphically the reciprocating mass X of piston 6; =2, 10) f (Use the scale: 1 kgm? = 240 mm for Q 4.3 and Q4.4) pakalenced color E6273 d. Determine the magnitude of the secondary couple unbalance (6) 4a A S-cylinder two-stroke cycle engine operates at 750 revs.min®, The engine cylinders are equally spaced over a distance of 1,0 m. The reciprocating masses per cylinder from 1 through to 5 are: Tkg, 8 kg, 5 ke, 10 kg and 6 kg. There is @ constant rotating mass of 3 kg per cylinder. ‘The crank radius is 0,1 m, the connecting rod length is 0,4 m and the firing order is 1-8-2-3-4. ee; eye a. Calculate the primary and secondary crank interval angles. ( Taking moments about the centre line of the crankshaft, determine: b. the magnitude and direction of the primary and secondary couple imbalances (27) c. the reciprecating m 2 mini im.Theory of Machines ‘Additional Problems on Balancing 1. A-dstroke, Scylinder marine diesel engine has reciprocating masses of 25 kg per cylinder and rotating spasses of $ kp per eylinder. The ratio of the connecting rod to crank Jength is 4:1 and the erank length is 150 mum, The cylinders are evenly pitched over a distance of 1680 mm and the engine runs at 350 rev.min". Two possible firing orders are given : Flo A: Max UPC = 4634, 6 Nia , er Firing Order A 123+ 4-2-8 7-5-5 Firing Order B L234 8765 ple Flo As Me USC= 604, ENy 06540 180,246" By examining the primary and secondary couple imbalance for both firing orders, determine which of the two firing orders is better. Explain your answer. Fro B Zener , mio UNBAWINCE [ Note: Use the scale: | kg.m? = 20 min for both the Primary and Secondary Couple Polygons} F+SEC- 2.1 Write down an expression for the total inertia force (primary and secondary) that acts on reciprocating mass-crank system. 2.2 Give two practical applications in engineering which use rotating balancing to maintain their characteristics. 23. The beylinders of a 2-sroke marine diesel engine at Transnet Port Terminals are evenly spaced over & distance of 4 m, The reciprocating mass per Tine is 0,98 Mg and the rotating mass per ine is 0.72 Mg. ‘The ratio of the connecting rod to crank length is 4.5:1, the crank length is 200 mm end the engine rans 218 rev.min” 2.3.1. Determine the primary and secondary crank intervals Get; 28 232 Investigate the out-of-balance couple effects (primary and secondary) when the firing order is 1—S— 3624, giving the maximum values and the angles at which they occur. [Use the scale: 10 mm = 37,239 kg. a for the Primary Couple Polygon and 10 mm = 50 kg. mm’ for the Secondary Couple Polygon.] MAX UPG= 484 05bNm © 207; Zio” Ne WBA AcE ins SEGND CouPle 3.1 Write down an expression for the total inertia force (primary and secondary) that acts on a reciprocating mass-crank system. 3.2 What effect do firing orders have on multi-cylinder engines? 3.3. In anincine six oylinder engine working on a 2-stroke eyele, the cylinder centre lines are spaced at 600 ‘mm. In the end view, the cranks are 60° apart and in the order 1-4-5-2-3-6. The stroke of each piston is 4400 mm end the connecting rod length is 1 m. The mass ofthe reciprocating parts is 200 kg per cylinder and that of the rotating parts 100 kg per erank, The engine rotates at 300 revs. min? Examine the engine for the balance of primary and secondary forces and couples. Find the maximum unbalanced forces and couples. Ro UNBALANCE In) FRie Gon FeUVEcNs RG. DEPT OF MECH. ENG. MUT/Course Facilitetor/Lectureri2016 VOL USG = 33 \4oNmy (mee)seat ma orm (9) SRR em Dx yt om #7 = bs Def Cenparpat) (y Oe = segerprrsa mera Re Meee» $ wenparroay Orx wm 2 mg po 5 G27 = dwyswe 2 a a & BPC = Prep phony ( al aren i) yee = have 2x paneronlng i (?) 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(s99}o0001 = gag = tya(ED) oi eee i te nee! tet y 138 i a u T wasitig wontnce WBM'LF BOR + sos ene + sorsie mower mie Bat bee aes seposwie he. 2 pees ory two + pz 4 ee 4 aushst + eons + Genes = sYarO% + (weyaoute » (sa)g0r» « (orgbee toy soy e i [AR WORT. (arco. yg LANTBRE (artojoum Lg ge nay bendy sea avossh ty Gay ray v3 = op fp mpeg: © is) psu ease erika CFoOsMUT MANGOSUTHU UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY eee Department of Mechanical Enginee SUBJECT ‘THEORY OF MACHINES III DATE —: MAR-2020 LEVEL : SH ‘TEST 1 MARKS : 35 TIME —: 80 MIN EXAMINER: __R. GAYAPERSHAD MODERATOR : E. ZAWILSKA ‘Question 1 [21 marks] 1, The output torque produced by a 2-stroke engine is given by T [Nm] =(4500 -1500 sin 6) where @ is the crank angle in radians. The engine delivers a mean power output of 79 kW and drives a load which demands a torque given by T[Nm]= (4500 + 2000 sin26). All the rotating parts have an equivalent mass of 102 kg and a radius of gyration of 1,4 m. 1.1 _ Sketch and label the engine and load torque curves on the same set of axes. @ Determine the: 1.1.1 mean engine speed in rev.min*; @) 1.1.2 coefficient of fluctuation of speed; (8) 11.3 maximum engine speed; @ 1.1.4 angular acceleration of the crankshaft, when @= 80°. a) Question 2 [14 marks] 2. A cam with tangent flanks rotates at 200 rev.min and operates a roller-ended follower of @ 24mm. The total angle of action is 112 %®. The nose circle radius of the cam is 8 mm and the distance between the centres of the nose and base circles is 36 mm. Determine the: 24 base circle radius, if the follower experiences a displacement of 6,2 mm when it is in contact with the flank and the cam has turned through 30% (2) 2.2 acceleration of the follower at the start of the flank, @ 23 acceleration of the follower at the end of flank, while still in contact with the flank. (3) 24 maximum deceleration experienced by the follower ” TOTAL: 35 MAX....Good Luckl te B Gayapershad. P.T.O ‘ormula sheet -Quest 2..Soluti fer to June 2019 Main paper Department of Mechanical Engineering SUBJECT THEORY OF MACHINES IIT DATE : 02-10-19 LEVEL S4 TEST : #2 MAX 40 TIME : 90MIN EXAMINER MR R. GAYAPERSHAD MODERATOR: PROF. E ZAWILSKA, INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: 1. Attempt both questions. 2. Marks will be assigned only where candidates express themselves clearly and legibly. Untidy, illegible work will not be marked. QUESTION 1 [20 marks] A circular cam with eccentricity 20 mm rotates about point O and operates a flat-ended follower that is held against the cam surface by means of a spring of stiffness *S’. When the 0.5 kg follower is in its lowest position, the spring contains an initial compression of 5 mm. CALCULATE: a. the displacement of the follower at its highest point of travel; @) b. the rotational speed of the cam if the maximum velocity of the follower is 3.5 m.s"!; @ c. the maximum acceleration and deceleration of the follower; © 4. the maximum total deflection in the spring; @ €. the value of the spring stiffness *S’ required to maintain contact between the cam and follower. Ignore ‘g? effects here] (4) QUESTION 2 [20 marks} The 8 cylinders of a 4-stroke in-line marine diesel engine are symmetrically spaced either side of the central plane. The centre lines of cylinders 1 and 8 are 1.05 m apart. Cylinders 2 and 7 are 0.75 m apart, cylinders 3 and 6 are 0.45 m apart and cylinders 4 and 5 are 0.15 m apart. The reciprocating ‘mass is constant at 0.53 kg per cylinder and the average engine speed is 3500 rev.min"', Assume that there are no rotating masses. The connecting rod and stroke lengths can be taken as 0.6 m and 0.48 m respectively. The firing order is 6—4—2—_5—7_3_8 in the anticlockwise direction. Take cylinder #1 in the vertical position for all diagrams. [ Hint: crank radius = % stroke length] a. Show clearly the arrangement of the cylinders and calculate the primary and secondary crank intervals. @) b. Examine the engine for primary and secondary couple unbalance. Determine the maximum values of these couples and their positions relative to crank 1. a?) IN.B. : USE THE SCALE 100 mm = 0,1 kg.m? for both Primary and Secondary Couple Polygons] TOTAL MARKS: 35a Quest + Memeo. . Mangosuthu . UMLAZI KWAZULU NATAL University of Technology «3 siin,5 "ciara a Sih Aihara est [Rea RSP, Sem2/2018: Nair ERUPT ARES 021 907 7171 Fax 091 907 2002 SUBJECT AND LEVEL THEORY OF MACHINES Ill (S4) SUBJECT CODES THEMO31 + THEM 138 (ECP) DATE 1a. NOVEMBER 2018 (MAIN PAPER) NUMBER OF PAGES VENUE DR SEME HALL {including the front 4 page) TIME | 09:00-12:00 DURATION 3 hours: FULL MARKS | 100 | TOTAL MARKS 400 | j EXAMINER MRR. GAYAPERSHAD [Mangosuthu University of Technology] [MODERATOR MR M.K. MOUTLANA [Durban University of Technology] FACULTY ] ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT | MECHANICAL ENGINEERING COURSE NATIONAL DIPLOMA: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Attempt ALL 4 questions. A formulae sheet is attached to the last page. INSTRUCTIONS TO | Take gravitational acceleration as g = 9,81 m.s? NDIDATES = Marks will be assigned only where the candidate expresses themselves clearly and legibly. Untidy, | illegible work will NOT be considered. REQUIREMENTS DRAWING EQUIPMENT AND CALCULATORS DO NOT TURN OVER UNTIL PERMISSION 1S GIVEN! | | aeQUESTION 14 [25 marks] 1.1. If the kinetic energy of rotation of a crankshaff, for a given average angular velocity of w, is given by «.E, = %1 w®, then show that the Fluctuation Energy, U, can be expressed as: U=Iw (wi-wz) [J] / where w: and w2 are the maximum and minimum cyclical angular velocities respectively. 8) 1.2. Explain briefly why an engine crankshaft is fitted with a flywheel. 2) 1.3 The crank effort of a 2-stroke engine is given by the expression: Teng = 45 + 5 sin2@ - 4 cos2© [k-Nm] where © is the angular position of the crank. The engine runs at a mean rotational speed of 235 rev.min’! against a resisting torque of: Tres= 45 - 10 sin20 [k-Nm] 1.3.1. Sketch and label the engine and resisting torques on the same set of axes for the interval [0 360°] (3) 1.3.2 Calculate the power output of the engine in kW. 3) 1.3.3 Calculate the moment of inertia of the flywheel that will imit the fluctuation of speed to 3 % of the mean. (10) 1.3.4 Determine the angular acceleration of the flywheel when the crank is positioned at 45° from the I.D.C (4) QUESTION 2 [25 marks] 2.1 What is the function of a camshaft in an I.C. engine? (2) 22 Fora circular arc cam with a flat-ended follower, sketch a neat diagram showing how displacement, velocity and acceleration of the follower vary according to the angular rotation of the cam. 3 Bn 2 “ redo 23 Acircular arc cam has a base circle radius 6P'36 mm and a nose circle diameter of 19.2 mm. It operates a flat-ended follower whose lift is 18 mm and equivalent mass of 0, 5 kg. The initial compression of spring is 6 mrg and the rotational speed of the camshaft is 590 rev.min’ If the total arc of action ig’120°, ) determine: Yeo. elas Nig ecpe j- 204 the flank radius, ‘O° °° 270) 2.3.2 the maximum velocity. AKzIA" (5) 2.3.3. the maximum acceleration and deceteration of the follower; be. & 2.3.4. the maximum permissible spring stress if the reaction torque is limited to 10 NR ~_ Leck (7) P.T.0...Q3/BALANCING... z b- eli cus 6) PC Atos 12,404) 19] Bef - 3 en vQUESTION 3 [25 marks] The five cylinders of a single-acting two-stroke in-line engine are symmetrically arranged about the midpoint of the crankshaft. The reciprocating and rotating masses for each cylinder are given in the table below. The ratio of the connecting rod to crank length is 2 :1 and the ‘connecting rod length is 340 mm. The engine runs at 1450 revs.min"! and the firing order is 1—4—2—5—3. 1 7,2 2 72 5 3 96 5 4 96 5 5 96 5 3.1 Write down an expression for the total inertia force (primary and secondary) that acts on a reciprocating mass-crank system 2) 3.2. What effect do firing orders have on multi-cylinder engines? 2) 3.3 Balancing goes hand-in-hand with performance engine building. Why is "balancing" of an engine important to the automotive engineers? (2) 3.4 Caloulate the primary and secondary crank intervals in degrees. 2) 3.5 Determine the maximum imbalance in the primary and secondary couples. (17) {Use the scale: 1 kg.m? = 100 mm for the Primary and 4 kg.m? = 200 mm for the Secondary Couple Polygons} [25 marks] QUESTION 4 4.1 Develop, from 1 principles, an expression for the frequency of oscillation ofa flywheel as a compound Pendulum; if the radius of the wheel is h and the radius of gyration is k. Include a sketch 6) 42 A uniform rod of mass 2 m and length 4r pivots freely at its center O. To one end is attached a uniform disc of mass m and radius r. Midway along the lower half ofthe rod is attached a spring of stiffness S, such that $ r= 6 mg. The system oscillates in a vertical plane as shown in the figure below. 4.2.1 Taking counter-clockwise moments as Positive, show that the frequency for small oscillations about the vertical position shown is given by, n= 4/r V3g/73r (12) 4.2.2 If the disc is now replaced by a concentrated mass, m, show that the frequency for small oscillations is d by ac now given by n= 4/2rr Vég/35r @ 3Formula sheet Vay _ ab as ~ 0B AB ac_ AC ab AB ae = V2/r wr a, = ar Ocgr = 2V0 Veor w= 2nN Pin = Pout => FinVin = FoutVout PE =mgh sin?@ + cos?*@ = 1 sin 26 = 2 sin cos8 cos 26 = 1~2 sin*6 cos 26 = 2cos*@—1 sine cosa 78 feos eae = sing f sin @ d8 = —cosé 1 feos 26 de = 5sin 26 x =dcos6 = dcos wt wy a? —x? = wasinwt a, = wdcos 6 = wx = wdcoswt +r-R (1. cos a) w(R +7) sec tan 2(R + 1))(2sec? @ — sec) tang, = #52 BEmax = RE) Tangent cem— rote foower BC (nose) r+t nay = d(cosp + yr? —sinty) — (R +7) sin2p ) 2,/n? = sin2o, a=a7d{ cos + sin*g + n? cos 2 = See ste (n? — sin?g)? 1 -walta2 w a(1+2) Ta = {mat S(x + y)}IR + 1] sec tan 8 = Omar + Prnax Cured flank cam ~ fal face follower AB (Sank) fz @=R)G ~ cos)] 2 — 7? + d? — 2Rd cosa 2(R =r —dcosa) dsina por sin Soe = Curved flank cam — fiat faced follower BC (Nose) (deosg+r)-R -wdsing —w?d cos ~wd Tp = {ma + S(x + y)}Ip — R] sind Circular cam ~ fat faced follower x= d(1~cos6) wd sind 2d cos 8 {ma + S(x+y)}dsin@$ oR Se ae eee = alee = Sz a — _. eS fy ews t EE C . = mar [bas = aus = . ze aise = ae SS SE Say - — | eters Seay oe Sue peewee aoe ga —— — ST = { —. [PF += BESS | : oo Sse russ t = ae ee, tits a ———— hb, oS RP OL aIhe) SS = a S% Pe b= Wa) — a — — _. PT sme vie _ _ SNP “ -@O- Rg Sowa —_ 2-f — rete Gpalp ey ee RUSE So us = Rig, oY eas sO Sy BP wee som, wi La) sg 4% 2 PST = C2988? hh = 94 ~ 95) y 9 SH GKR) NTE ts Te Qes@p-5-y)5 lad ae ae QP weno = oD “nny = Pi+9b- a = Bt 2-7 =~ a-74+ Pea © 5p ass 25 = 22 , ER¥0as -~ WA =~ ga ™ Os ay fang) 24 =I \ GNQS They +s S tee - ay = oo) 252 WS (2806- sey x (Coe ss2ee'098 weer? ® “ass (97U! $99 — 199 - 20s) = @t>-1)@-g) . mey @ sf 2U1 2 2 fe oft nbn (5645) - OSD? pio - won v W Br 2 pm np my © “sf Lah = f° Ge asi) use'zs - 2 > ny ne S30 (y -L£)ymr =m, ore 2 Xy Tab or Pee f2 x20 whe xy Ve pape ay @ sw BHid' = | 2 ws a) : OQ ous LH {Greys , ou? 2a. ; PPS) WS Cos — [Lal ) BbS3 2S = =) EUS (y - -F) a = nuh alTotal TE: Rrorose” + ROWS 2 6) 6 (3 y Question 3 Frain testes ltecr the b Zhe of inher - ~ desrhac“Eeee uy Frvnomy Crumb Trtenel = Pw Vi - Geroedlany Comm Thlenel - 0 =m! @) ¥ KD rence sch anjcall vlad ow LQ Was ' 2 3 4 5s | po) * eu ont 2 eas on ‘ e ‘ Pe e fa dr fe [ae = | ee @ oe Chg) | lbs) | Gon) | Cogs) | Ces) | Ceger*) | Cdgnt) 1 | 72 s 0,7 | 1,224 | 2,0% | ~0, 50 |-o, 612 | ~, “> 2 | 12 | 5S | Qn | 1,224 | 2,074 | 0,25 |-0,306 |-0,5185 3 ae 5 OM | 1,632 [2/482 ° oO °o 4 [> 5 0,7 | 1,632 |2,4ea | +025 10,.408]0,6205 s tae 1s Ton Fiosalayea} 19.8010,8 16 | eo h2H iM iy Ww & Frmag. Onkec + [-4~ 2-5-3 Q 2 a: -s\ = 9,d oes ode’ 2% r= Dr (ME%e) = 151,34 mal — a . Max Urbalancecl Couple | a qi = (0,315) isi,gu)* ~ 2390 Nu . wi PA ges ce sn" OS > O,R25taps nee = We = Me Unleancad See. “Seuels 02 )%% = Ong (EEF) Wan me egg (1S, sora Tiel. G4 fos] AA Restionag Me rent alt peisto mgh sme mghe Y Gorinette Toe 164 mh? (Y- a's thm). Row ) Smeae) = mkt 4 mh? = m(k'th?) Restorng Moweit = Reatonry Tre Smgre ~Sngro (Se Sey) BT) (2) = 2mgre Pe 3) Moment o¢ Inertia of Dises abt Piveto : Te esise) Par? + m(3r)* v Goan thus) mre 4 mr? now14) Moment of Tretia % rod abt p vat o: Te (rey = zt mb = be (2m) (4r)? = BSmr* = Emp 4 3] Fecmy 2 Teceo) + Tagore) = Barty Var 2 = ier +57 me? 1S md 6) 7 — a tory Tory. Mo S eng = a mr? Ko= © ene = 124 2 ° 3a aE I$ - J oe y tne, ne eae ae : A - EY Br te, tho Moment sf Pnetia ot Conc “S abt pivet, Th cece) = mee m (3r)* = dure! : (wry : Tecegs Toceens) = Bayer daar = 35uy2 LE Mod4 2 Ton/ Zmgre = BE me Gygr@ = 36 ria, (e s * K = 63 J (9). e J 356 poo . a rz bg |v voncie lds aeN HE byQuest + Meno. Mangosuthu UMLAZI - KWAZULU NATAL University of Technology Semester 1: 20195 Main:Examinatiomsoss 907 7111 Fax (031) 907 2892 SUBJECT AND LEVEL THEORY OF MACHINES II! (S4) SUBJECT CODES - THEMO31 + THEM 138 (ECP) DATE — ‘S JUNE 2019 (MAIN PAPER) NUMBER OF PAGES | VENUE DR SEME HALL (including the front | 4 page) | TIME 09:00-12:00 DURATION 3 hours FULLMARKS | 100 TOTAL MARKS 107 “| 1 | EXAMINER: MR R. GAYAPERSHAD [Mangosuthu University of Technology} | MODERATOR | MR M.K. MOUTLANA [Durban University of Technology] [racuuty | ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT MECHANICAL ENGINEERING COURSE NATIONAL DIPLOMA: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Attempt ALL 4 questions. A formulae sheet is attached to the last page, INSTRUCTIONS TO | Take gravitational acceleration as g = 9,81 m.s2 CANDIDATES Marks will be assigned only where the candidate expresses themselves clearly and legibly. Untidy, | illegible work will NOT be considered. T REQUIREMENTS, | DRAWING EQUIPMENT AND CALCULATORS DO NOT TURN OVER UNTIL PERMISSION IS GIVEN ! 1 at“QUESTIONT 14 [32 marks] If the Kinetic energy of rotation of a crankshaft, for a given average angular velocity of w, is given by KE. = %1 wi, then prove that the Fluctuation Energy, U, can be expressed as: U=1w(wi-w) [) where wh and we are the maximum and minimum cyclical angular velocities respectively 3) 4.2. Explain briefly why an engine crankshaft is fitted with a flywheel. 2) 4.3. A two-stroke engine running at 2 mean angular speed of 600 rev.min“ drives a machine whose torque requirement is given as [2000 + 270 sin ©] [Nm]. The output torque of the engine is represented by {2000 + 875 sin 26] [Nm] and the moment of inertia of the rotating pars is equivalent to 120 kg ata radius of éyration of 0.3m. Kem, 4.3.1 Sketch a neat diagram of the curves cleary identifying all the values on the axis, the maximum and minimum fluctuation energy and other relevant points. © 4.3.2. Calculate the coefficients of fluctuation of speed and that of energy. (12) 13.3 Caleulate the maximum and minimum angular accelerations and the positions at which these occur. (9) QUESTION2 {30 marks] 21 Acircular cam with eccentricity d rotates with constant angular speed w about O. If the displacement of the follower is given by x = d (1- cos ©) {ml, develop expressions for the velocity and acceleration of the follower as a function of © (4) 22 For acircular cam with a flat-ended follower, sketch a diagram showing how displacement, velocity and acceleration of the follower vary according to the angular rotation of the cam. (3) 23. Acircular cam with eccentricity 20 mm rotates about point O and operates a flatencded follower that is hold against the cam surface by means of a spring of stifress 'S'. When the 600 g follower is in its lowest position, the spring contains an initial compression of § mm, CALCULATE: 2.3.1 the displacement of the follower at its highest position of travel, (3) 33.2 the rotational speed of the cam if the maximum velocity of the follower is 3.5 m.s"s (4) 2.3.3. the maximum acceleration and deceleration of the follower; ) 2.3.4 the maximum total deflection in the spring; (4) 2°35. the value of the spring stiffness 'S' required to maintain contact between the cam and follower: [[N.B. Gravitational effects must be taken into consideration here} ©) P.T.0...Q3/BALANCING....“QUESTION3 [25 marks} ‘The eight cylinders of a four-stroke in-line marine diesel engine are symmetrically spaced either side of the central plane. The centre-lines of cylinders 4 and 8 are 1050 mm apart. Cylinders 2 and 7 are 750 mm apart, cylinders 3 and 6 are 450 mm apart and cylinders 4 and 5 are 150 mm_ apart. The reciprocating mass is fixed at 0.53 kg per cylinder and the average engine speed is 3500 rev.min’. There are no rotating masses. The Connecting rod and stroke lengths are 600 mm and 480 mm respectively. The firing order is 1—6—4—2—5— 7—3—8 in the anticlockwise direction. Take cylinder # 1 in the vertical position for all diagrams. [ Hint: stroke tength = 2 x crank radius] s on a reciprocating mass 3.1 Write down an expression for the primary and secondary inertia force that act (2 crank system. 3.2 Calculate the primary and secondary crank intervals Q 3.3 Whatis the effect of firing orders on multi-cylinder engines? () 3.4 Examine the engine for primary and secondary couple unbalance. Determine the maximum values of these couples and the position of crank 4 when these maximum values occur. (20) IN.B. : USE THE SCALE 100 mm = 0,1 kgm? for both Primary and Secondary Couple Polygons} ‘QUESTION 4 [20 marks] 4.4 Develop, from first principles, an expression for the frequency of oscillation of a flywheel as a compound pendulum: if the radius of the wheel is h and the radius of gyration is k. Include a sketch. (6) ‘A uniform disc of mass M kg and radius 0.3 m oscillates about point O with a concentrated mass of 2,45 kg attached at point A. If the disc undergoes a small angular displacement in the clockwise direction and then released, the system oscillates in the vertical plane with a natural frequency of 3 Hertz. ‘Sketch a neat F.B.D. of the system in its displaced state showing all relevant forces, angles and displacements and determine the value of the unknown mass M. (14) LLL 4a 300.N/m TOON/m P.T.O...page 4/FORMULAE SHEET....Theory of Machines Ill (THMC301) M3 = Formula sheet Van _ ab oan = 4B OB ac AC Aor = 2000 Veer w =2nN Pin = Pout => FinVin FoutVout _ 2aNT “60 la mk? mr a 1 an , (Ws = 2 Pay [a KE=3 “2 i 2 @ mv? 2 2 KE = 510 “PE =mgh sin?@ + cos*@ =1 sin 26 = 2 sind cos0 cos 26 = 1~2sin°@ cos 20 = 2 cos?@ 1 sin8 <*. = tané cos [cos@ao-=sino J sind dé = ~ cos® 1 [cos 20.49 = 5sin28 x = dcosé = acoswt wasing = wa? =x? = wasinot @7Ac0s8 = wx = w* dcoswt ae Re on 2 son = on fe aranfie nf w_ 1 [s_ 1 2019 Mid-Year Main Examination Tangent cam — roller follower AB (flank) dtr-R d(1~ cosa) ‘w(R +7) sec6 tan @ @?(R + t9)(2sec? 6 — sec8) tana, = sine an max ~ (RT) Tangent cam - roller follower BC (nose) T+% a = d(cosp + yn? —sin®g) - (R+7%) v sin 2 -o (sng + Se) 2yn? = sin?g, - sintp +n? cos 2 “pd (sxe pe tm cose n z (n?—sintg)? / L = wt a=-wa (+7) Ty = {ma + S(x + y)}[R + ro] sec tan8 @= Gmax + Omax ‘Curved flank cam ~ flat faced follower AB (flank) (p- R)G ~c0s8) (p — R)sin@ w2(p- R)cos8 R? —r? +d? ~ 2Rd cosa P= —FR-7— dcosa) dsina sin Bax por Curved flank cam flat faced follower BC (Nose) : o x=(dcosp+r)—R wd sing wd cos -w'd {ma + S(x +y)}[o~ R}sin8 Circular cam — flat faced follower x = d(1—cos6) v=qdsind a=«dcos6 Ty = {ma + S(x+ y)}dsin®a essa = no Bre = Zh Bor = #e9'0 = Ae? “eek = 2329 gh 2 DIY =] 335577 in a) 5 | _ 99 9 IPs E829 = —a5xEB = NED zm ——— AC e3 sy, —- = 23 ty a Ls ~ Vk S48p- = [boiss9 2 t (portee2) so ff fox SmoL2, +795? Gee -| = LO1e8 Teonp eomds-] woisp Serene eorsis) won! = (mPa) = a) 2™0 pe tole HG J be7aiz »Tto7es0 J ‘QO 22 QSL! = oom Q= omy Spe OF (9f2-48 Smasz) ) OW i i i j o= ore 7 Ps 8 asp O= Or OZ - (asm anv z) SEE oer abe = = OY SEB + Pox BG ag PY Po ayy = Boy yay te im sae @y ew gra Bae | tae} | $ OY OkZ + 9900 O27 SEB + 999 men) Se . Gor s % so’ Slory = x“ WM - xOW ng = NeW bee SME eonaLLie (at ony 728% 57215 f In 209% (941) Cn OR = | 02S YM EID ort Seu 2 ae panes el = (SE) * HOF = IN + See Sb ao (pbooyn = se + pms Obs pm =p w= mye BaP TD AMM Eee € fae 2 (oz=npe = | ver 18 (sober + =P SPD ON pO) GATE AB = AB 2d =p ak. SP. MV aprem (9m P) L ep 8 8. a (93m) )p ex Vz [os] 207 222 9 Oma Aes baa tis 62 <(axkrizy~ss1a > (.tM1y) Pay 82%" 26] = @ DUSEK A721 9 Porro = asm va bre = 9s LSby Foe = oof Gsn1-)(o5e )y - EAI) HVE = O50 OF WAI 7WS7ORZ ~ 259 BOSE ae oe — (1-952) aSkI O= @5QR2- 9250 (2x54) Y ap oO= Pea pS omy oe — MMPSEQ = cay Fray = Beem 3 WN EOE = 2s 221Hive - g 27 9IE*VAO = I FINO Layla +99°0 ASO “ 3 3x00 8189 L beo Osteo 2 \O'o Stoo . = \O'O- SEO- v Geo O- sccco- . = 2209) BypQ O- HE O- * ct (610°9) #90 O- S0- esi? \ Cerny 2a] “0 St su Seo =) 2 - 0% = GRE = “Node wrgey cb Mg oi { = 25 ~ dehy {1 we t aa MEO % rhe £99 = b e SPSALSE = 2 RE = (270%)s + F0p'y DL ames we laps) S pos M0521 P 2% BQ yr 8720 “PhaaHTap BE xo ff? / 935 @ yo Coma BH my SH oF TID = wo’ox, Ski ~ = oP Parep en =f vo50220 + Syo'o for Syd + 20-WE awe twee = (s%0-2. J 20 Oe IN 9b = Qfox ME = mre =%y [For = Romo = @ QO sic? AVREI = i 72 “ ee & 2 u | | 34 99€ xtyl'O 290. + | cel = 30 » AL 7 ig Le Ge = aybh-- ) ** spin oe avis "9 geen 2% + Ly | aes 2? nite | | ome 1 \ (00/9! et = / ) “0 2 Yt 2} . Pp | aaa yr | —_— | SBYJNOD javane7ae ae, 0 97) | mA v2 7p | : = > | asMh JOELZo = 3072 'otw57 2° mye ot p37 99 PESSE — bee n¢ ) = ( Sore'oey 57089 J! a? Ait “Smz'otWS?9'O be 28 ~ » GorzetwSreo) = @ bt’ a g sit - BET + AS9 “S72 - SOx BOL eee ‘4 oF poten + aKly + *¢ /