MARCELINO DOS SANTOS SECONDARY SCHOOL

Used to, First conditional, Reflexive pronous, Reciprocal pronous, Modal verb, Tag Questions,
Past continuous, Connectors, Passive voice, Reported speech, Future tense and Quantifiers.

Name:

Assina Eusébio Teacher: Avaristto Chico

Nampula, September, 2022

 Name: Assina Eusébio

Topic

Used to, First conditional, Reflexive pronous, Reciprocal pronous, Modal verb, Tag Questions,
Past continuous, Connectors, Passive voice, Reported speech, Future tense and Quantifiers.

Assessnt work of discipline of English 11th

grade. Class: A2 C/D, Lectured by the teacher:
Avaristto Chico

Marcelino Dos Santos Secondary School

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 Nampula, September, 2022

Índice
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4

Used to.............................................................................................................................................5

1st conditional..................................................................................................................................5

Reciprocal pronouns........................................................................................................................6

Reciprocal pronouns........................................................................................................................7

Modal verbs.....................................................................................................................................9

Tag Questiona................................................................................................................................13

Connector.......................................................................................................................................15

Possíve voice.................................................................................................................................18

reported speech..............................................................................................................................19

future tense.....................................................................................................................................20

Quantifiers.....................................................................................................................................20

Connclusion...................................................................................................................................22

Bibliophy.......................................................................................................................................23

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Introduction
A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual relationship. Putting it another way,
reciprocal pronouns refer to a situation where someone or something performs an action on
others and receives the same action in return.

For example, the sentence Andrew and Bill helped each other means that Andrew helped Bill
and Bill helped Andrew. As another example, the sentence The members of the team supported
one another means that every member of the team supported every other member of the team.
The people who performed the actions also received them in return.

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Used to
We use used to + infinitive to talk about a past situation that is no longer true. It tells us that there
was a repeated action or state in the past which has now changed.

She used to be a long-distance runner when she was younger.

I didn't use to sleep very well, but then I started doing yoga and it really helps.

be used to and get used to

Be used to means 'be familiar with' or 'be accustomed to'.

She's used to the city now and doesn't get lost any more.

He wasn't used to walking so much and his legs hurt after the hike.

Examples

to see how used to, get used to and be used to are used.

I used to want to be a lawyer but then I realised how hard they work!

How's Boston? Are you used to the cold weather yet?

No matter how many times I fly, I'll never get used to take-off and landing!

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

1st conditional
Creating the First Conditional

To make a sentence in the first conditional, we use,

 If + present simple, will/won’t + verb.

 If I pass this exam, I’ll celebrate.

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  If I pass this exam, I won’t have to do it again.

 Like all conditionals we can also invert this structure:

 Will + verb if + present simple.

 I’ll celebrate if I pass this exam.

 I won’t have to do this exam again if I pass it.

Adding emphasis

 We can add a reflexive pronoun for emphasis when it's unusual or different.

 He wants to pass his driving test so that he can drive himself to work.

 She broke her arm, so she couldn't wash herself very easily.

 We can use reflexive pronouns to emphasise that someone does it personally, not
anybody else.

 The door was definitely locked. I locked it myself.

Reciprocal pronouns
Friends are always ready to help each other. Friends are also willing to lend one another support
through the hard times. Most importantly, friends protect each other from the perils of … bad
grammar and common English mistakes. (Or is that just us?) Truly, friendship is a beautiful
thing, and this is certainly the case when it comes to nouns and pronouns.

What is a reciprocal pronoun?

A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual relationship. Putting it another way,
reciprocal pronouns refer to a situation where someone or something performs an action on
others and receives the same action in return.

For example, the sentence Andrew and Bill helped each other means that Andrew helped Bill
and Bill helped Andrew. As another example, the sentence The members of the team supported
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one another means that every member of the team supported every other member of the team.
The people who performed the actions also received them in return.

Grammar explanation

Reflexive pronouns are words like myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves
and themselves. They refer back to a person or thing.

We often use reflexive pronouns when the subject and the object of a verb are the same.

 I cut myself when I was making dinner last night.

 I hope you enjoy yourselves at the party tonight!

 My phone isn't working properly. It turns itself off for no reason.

 We need to believe in ourselves more.

Reciprocal pronouns
Notice the difference between plural reflexive pronouns and reciprocal pronouns (each other, one
another).

 They're buying themselves a new television.

 They're buying each other small gifts.

 We looked at ourselves in the mirror.

 We looked at each other in surprise.

With reciprocal pronouns (e.g. each other), each person does the action to the other
person/people but not to themselves.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Reciprocal pronouns

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Get Better With Grammar Coach

Friends are always ready to help each other. Friends are also willing to lend one another support
through the hard times. Most importantly, friends protect each other from the perils of … bad
grammar and common English mistakes. (Or is that just us?) Truly, friendship is a beautiful
thing, and this is certainly the case when it comes to nouns and pronouns..

List of reciprocal pronouns

Most style guides only consider there to be two reciprocal pronouns, and both of them consist of
two words. These reciprocal pronouns are:

 each other

 one another

Be cautious of each other. The words each and other can be used by themselves as indefinite
pronouns. Additionally, the word each can be used as an adjective or an adverb, and the word
other can be used as an adjective, adverb, noun, or even a verb. For example, the sentence Each
bird in the tree looks different from each other one uses each as an adverb and other as an
adjective.

 What’s the difference between an adjective and adverb? Find out now.

 Examples of reciprocal pronouns

Let’s look at how we use reciprocal pronouns in sentences to express mutual relationships.

Each other

 Romeo and Juliet love each other.

 The coaches spoke to each other about strategy.

 The chimpanzees shared food with each other.

One another

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The members of the board congratulated one another on a successful quarter.

At the roast, the guests took turns making jokes about one another.

The elephants stood close together in order to protect one another.

How to use reciprocal pronouns

There is one important thing to know about reciprocal pronouns that separates them from other
pronouns. Unlike other pronouns, reciprocal pronouns typically only make grammatical sense
when they are used as objects. This means that we usually do not put a reciprocal pronoun as the
subject of a sentence, clause, or phrase.

It is also important to know that reciprocal pronouns have different meanings than reflexive
pronouns. These two types of pronouns usually cannot be used interchangeably because the
meaning of the sentence will change. For example:

 Reciprocal pronoun: Jenny and Kenny hugged each other. (This sentence means Jenny
hugged Kenny and Kenny hugged Jenny.)

 Reflexive pronoun: Jenny and Kenny hugged themselves. (This sentence means that
Jenny hugged herself and Kenny hugged himself.)

It is possible to use each other and one another as possessive words:

 The students looked over each other’s homework.

 The countries agreed to respect one another’strade routes

Modal verbs
Modal verbs are used to express certain hypothetical conditions, such as advice, capability, or
requests (there’s a full list in the next section). They’re used alongside a main verb to change its
meaning slightly. Because they’re auxiliary verbs, they can’t necessarily be used on their own.
(A modal verb should only appear alone if it’s clear from context what the main verb is.)

Consider the difference between these two examples:

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  I swim every Tuesday.

 I can swim every Tuesday.

The first example is a simple factual statement. The speaker participates in a swimming activity
every week on Tuesdays.

The second example uses the modal verb can. Notice how the meaning changes slightly. The
speaker does not swim every Tuesday; they’re saying they are capable of swimming every
Tuesday if they need to. It’s hypothetical.

Modal verbs are quite common in English, and you’ve probably seen them hundreds of times
without actually knowing their name. The most frequently used ones are:

 can

 may

 might

 could

 should

 would

 will

 must

There are more modal verbs, although the ones above are the most common. Some modal verbs
are outdated and rarely used—like shall andought to—while others are more colloquial—such as
got to, need to, or have to. Some express very specific conditions that don’t come up often, like
dare, for example, “I dare say.” The phrase used to, as in “I used to be an English student, too,”
also behaves like a modal verb.

When are modal verbs used?

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What special conditions do modal verbs show? Here’s a list of when to use modal verbs, along
with examples:

Likelihood

Some things seem likely, but we don’t know for sure. In these cases, you can use the modal
verbs should and must to show probability without certainty.

 Her parents must be so proud.

 My baby brother should be asleep by now.

Possibility

In situations when something is possible but not certain, use the modal verbs could, may, or
might.

 Judging by the clouds, it might rain today.

 She may become the youngest pro soccer player ever.

Ability

The modal verb can shows whether or not the subject is able to do something, such as perform an
action or demonstrate an ability. Likewise, the negative form, cannot or can’t, shows that the
subject is unable to do something.

She can speak three languages, but none of them well.

You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.

Asking permission

If you want to ask permission to do something, start your question with can, may, or could.
Traditionally, in more formal and polite usage, may is better for permission; if you ask “can I go
to the bathroom?” it could be misinterpreted as, “do I have the ability to go to the bathroom?”

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(However, in modern usage may and can are both perfectly acceptable options when describing
possibility or permission.)

Request

Similarly, if you want to ask someone else to do something, start your question with will, would,
can, or could.

Would you get that box off the top shelf?

Will you turn that music down?

Suggestion/advice

What if you want to recommend something, but not command it? If you’re giving suggestions or
advice without ordering someone around, you can use the modal verb should.

Command

On the other hand, if you want to command someone, use the modal verbs must, have to, or need
to.

Obligation or necessity

Modal verbs can express a necessary action, such as an obligation, duty, or requirement.
Likewise, the negative form expresses that an action is not necessary. Use the same modal verbs
as with commands: must, have to, or need to.

 We have to wait for our boss to arrive before we open.

 You don’t need to come if you don’t want to.

Habit

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To show an ongoing or habitual action—something the subject does regularly—you can use the
modal verb would for the past tense and will for the present and future. The phrase used to is also
acceptable if you’re talking about a habit that no longer exists.

 When I lived alone, I would fall asleep with music.

 I will arrive early and leave late to every meeting.

 How to use modal verbs (with examples)

Luckily, using modal verbs in a sentence is pretty simple. For basic sentences—the simple
present tense—just remember these rules:

 Modal verbs always come directly before the main verb (except for questions).

 With modal verbs, use the infinitive form of the main verb without “to”.

So, if you want to brag about your ability to eat an entire pizza, you take the infinitive form of
“eat” without “to”—which is simply “eat”—and add the modal verb “can” in front of it. The rest
of the sentence continues as normal.

Tag Questiona
When we want to ask if people agree with us or if we're right, we can add a short question at the
end of a sentence. These short questions are called tag questions.

Tag questions have only two words: a helping verb and a pronoun. Tag questions have the same
subject and helping verb as the sentence they follow.

For example:

 It's nice, isn't it?

Moby doesn't play the piano, does he?

When the sentence is positive, the tag question is negative and when the sentence is negative, the
tag question is positive. Negative tag questions are always contractions.

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  For example: He's here, isn't he? She isn't here, is she?

 She knows English, doesn't she? He doesn't know English, does he?

Because negative tag questions are always contracted and there is no contraction for am not, we
use aren't I instead of am not I.

 For example: I'm ready, aren't I?

In sentences with there is / there are, we ask the questions with there.

Past Continuous Tense Examples

To make sure that students can identify the past continuous tense examples, they should be
taught about what’s past continuous tense. Past continuous tense is one of the four types of past
tense. This article will talk about the different aspects that are needed to understand past
continuous tense. Let’s have a look at them.

 What is past continuous tense?

 Examples of past continuous tense

 How can past continuous tense be formed?

 FAQs on past continuous tense examples

 What is Past Continuous Tense?

Past continuous tense refers/denotes to those actions/events that were happening for a particular
time in the past. For example, “Sam was writing a letter to his friend.” Here, ‘was writing’ refers
to an action that Sam was doing in the past.

Examples of Past Continuous Tense

The following examples will help students understand better all about past continuous tense.

List of Past Continuous Tense Examples

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  You were working yesterday.

 I was studying last night.

 I was waiting for the cab when I met Raj.

 The children were shouting when the teacher came in.

 It was midnight when it was raining.

Everyone was clapping

Converting from one form to another of tense is a common topic from where tense questions can
be formed. How would one convert a sentence given in any other tense form to past continuous
tense form? This could only be possible if they know how past continuous tenses are formed.
Past continuous tense can be formed in the following way:

Subject + Be form (was/were) + ‘ing’ form of verb.

For example:

“My brother was cooking dinner yesterday.” Here, the subject is ‘my brother’, which is used
with the ‘be’ form, i.e. ‘was’, and with the ‘ing’ form of the verb, i.e. cooking.

This article on past continuous tense examples will prove to be beneficial for students. This
article will help the students understand all about past continuous tense and thus help them to
solve various worksheets. Students can also look for different speech topics and other topics of
English Language at BYJU’S website.

Connector
Connectors are words that demonstrate the connection between ideas in different sentences,
paragraphs, or sections. Connectors add structure and flow to what you’re trying to express.
Specifically, they act as a sort of guide and allow your ideas to be understood more easily by
your audience. What’s more, connectors can add a certain sophistication to your speech or
writing.

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 Difference between conjunctions and connectors?

Conjunctions are words that connect clauses or phrases to make one single sentence. A
connector, is a word that connects the ideas of two different sentences, phrases, or sections.

Examples of conjunctions in use:

 I am cold and hungry.

 I want to leave, but I can’t.

 Examples of connectors in use:

I am cold and hungry. So, I’m going to go inside and have lunch.

I lost my job. Consequently, I will have trouble playing my bills.

What are the different types of connectors?

There are many connectors that are used in the English language. Each of them has a certain
function. For instance, connectors can be used to express addition, sequence, contrast, a result,
and more. Let’s have a look at 6 common uses for connectors

1. Sequence Connectors

Sequence connectors are used to indicate the order of various steps or actions. Imagine you want
to explain to a new customer how to get to your office from the main road. Let’s say that there
are 4 steps in the sequence.

Go straight until you reach the grocery store. Turn left. Drive about 100 metres. Turn right.

Technically, you could say just that to your customer. But, it might sound a little robotic. Instead,
you might use connectors to help your customer understand that the 4 actions are part of a
sequence of actions. Let’s transform the above instructions.

2. Addition Connectors

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Addition connectors help you demonstrate that the idea in one sentence or paragraph supports the
idea in the previous one. As an example, we are going to communicate the great qualities of a
potential job candidate. Here are a list of these qualities without using any connectors.

 She is an expert in strategy.

 She has over 10 years of experience in the industry.

Now, let’s connect the shorter sentences with the use of a conjuction. Then, we’ll add the longer
sentence with the use of a connector. (Did you notice the sequence connectors used? Wink,
wink).

3. Cause & Effect Connectors

If you want to express that an idea is the result of a previous idea, you use cause & effect
connectors. What happens when it rains? How do you feel when you get a pay raise? What is the
result of a new competitor in the market? Let’s express that with some some cause & effect
connectors.

It’s going to be raining all day today. Because of that, the event must be cancelled.

I got a pay raise! Thanks to that, I can finally buy the computer I wanted.

There’s a new competitor in the market. Consequently, we’ll have to be more aggressive with
our marketing.

4. Contrast Connectors

Contrast connectors are used to present a contradiction between ideas. This is where connectors
such as however, although, nevertheless, and in spite of are used.

I think his idea is great. Nonetheless, it’s too expensive.

In this example, the idea is great and, perhaps, we should go with it. However, the second
sentence completely changes the potential course of action. We undertand that the idea is great,

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but we’re probably not going to go with it because it’s too expensive. There’s a visible contrast
or contradiction between the two sentence.

5. Emphasis Connectors

If you want to add emphasis to your idea, this is the type of connector that you’ll use. You don’t
just want to say that your mom’s apple pie is the best. It’s undoubtedly the best! There’s
absolutely no possibility that somebody would say otherwise.

Let’s look at how these emphasis connectors help stress the idea that needs to be conveyed.

I have a difficult time waking up early in the morning. Particularly, in winter.

(It’s difficult for me to wake up. It’s EXTRA difficult in winter.)

He has been late three times this week. Clearly, something is going on.

(There’s no doubt that something is going on with him.)

6. Comparison Connectors

Comparison connectors help you show that there is similarity between two ideas. For instance, if
you want to explain that both smartphones and tablets are useful for your business activities, you
could say:

My smartphone is essential for my business. Similarly, my tablet is critical for building reports.

Possíve voice
Passive voice is when the subject of a sentence receives the action of the verb rather than
performing the action.

In grammar, voice indicates the relationship between the subject of the sentence and its verb.
English has two voices. In active voice, the subject performs the verb, as in Toni bake cakes. In
this example Toni is doing the action of the verb (baking cakes).

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In passive voice, a subject the verb’s action performed on it. It receives the action, as in: Cakes
are baked by Toni. Here, Toni is still doing the action, but cakes is the subject. They are
receiving Toni’s action.

A sentence written in the passive voice often uses the verb be. Also the performer of the action is
also in a preposition phrase, as in I was hit by snowballs.

The simplest way to determine if a sentence is in the passive voice is to read the sentence and
think about who is doing what. If the performer of the action comes after the verb, the sentence is
most likely in the passive voice and not active.

passive voice

One of the two “voices” of verbs (see also active voice). A verb is in the passive voice when the
subject of the sentence is acted on by the verb.

Example

in “The ball was thrown by the pitcher,” the ball (the subject) receives the action of the verb,
and was thrown is in the passive voice.

The same sentence cast in the active voice would be, “The pitcher threw the ball.”

reported speech
Reported speech is speech which tells you what someone said, but does not use the person's
actual words:

example

'They said you didn't like it', 'I asked her what her plans were', and ' Citizens complained about
the smoke'.

 Reporting and reported speech

 How do you write speech in English?

 How do you write direct speech in English?

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  How do you write reported speech in English?

 How do the words change when ..

Future tense
Future tense is the verb form you use to talk about things that haven't happened yet. When you
say, "The party will be so fun!" "will be" is in the future tense.

Whenever you write or talk about things that you expect to happen later, you use the future tense.
If your grandmother says, "We will bake cookies tomorrow," she is using the future tense to
make it clear that nobody's baking cookies today — you'll have to wait until tomorrow. The
future tense can be more complicated than this simple form, but it always signifies an intended or
expected future action.

Future tense

In grammar, the future tense is the verb form you use to talk about things that haven't happened
yet. When you say, "The party will be so fun!" "will be" is in the future tense.

Whenever you write or talk about things that you expect to happen later, you use the future tense.
If your grandmother says, "We will bake cookies tomorrow," she is using the future tense to
make it clear that nobody's baking cookies today — you'll have to wait until tomorrow. The
future tense can be more complicated than this simple form, but it always signifies an intended or
expected future action.

Examples

If you’re uncomfortably on the spot about something in the past, move to the future tense.

Quantifiers
A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used before a noun to indicate the amount or quantity:

'Some', 'many', 'a lot of' and 'a few' are examples of quantifiers.

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Quantifiers can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

Examples:

 There are some books on the desk

 He's got only a few dollars.

 How much money have you got?

Examples of quantifiers

With Uncountable Nouns

 much

 little/little/very little *

 bit (of)

 great deal of

 large amount of

 large quantity of

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Connclusion
Future tense is the verb form you use to talk about things that haven't happened yet. When you
say, "The party will be so fun!" "will be" is in the future tense.

Whenever you write or talk about things that you expect to happen later, you use the future tense.
If your grandmother says, "We will bake cookies tomorrow," she is using the future tense to
make it clear that nobody's baking cookies today — you'll have to wait until tomorrow. The
future tense can be more complicated than this simple form, but it always signifies an intended or
expected future action.

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Bibliophy
Barwise, Jon; and Etchemendy, John, 2000. Language Proof and Logic. CSLI (University of
Chicago Press) and New York: Seven Bridges Press. A gentle introduction to first-order logic by
two first-rate logicians.

Frege, Gottlob, 1879. Begriffsschrift. Translated in Jean van Heijenoort, 1967. From Frege to
Gödel: A Source Book on Mathematical Logic, 1879-1931. Harvard University Press. The first
appearance of quantification.

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