Republic of the Philippines

Cebu Technological University - Main Campus

M.J. Cuenco Avenue Corner R. Palma St.,
Cebu City

COMPILED FILES FOR EXPERIMENT

1 to 6
A Partial Fulfillment for ME Laboratory 1

Group 01

Beldad, Andrian S.

Bodiit, Desiree Mae O.

Cahutay, Van Lorens D.

Canama, Joseph C.

Encabo, John Rio M.

Quiachon, John Michael B.

BSME III-I

Engr. Aivan S. Saberon

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to acknowledge and express our sincere

gratitude to our ME Laboratory 1 Professor, Engr. Aivan S.
Saberon. These experiments were made feasible thanks to him. His
direction and counsel helped us through every step of doing our
experiments in our laboratory classes. He also allowed us to
enjoy this time by allowing us conduct real experiments and
provided us with insightful remarks and ideas. We also want to
thank our department's dean, Dr. Ronald M. Galindo, for allowing
us participate in this experiment and for giving us the
confidence and encouragement to do so. Likewise, to Engr. Elvis
M. Arellano for making it possible for us to borrow the equipment
and tools necessary for this experiment and for making it
possible.

In addition, we would want to express our gratitude to our

family for helping us out financially and providing us with
ongoing moral and emotional support as we do this experiment.
Your supplication on our behalf has kept us going thus far.

Last but not least, we want to express our gratitude to God

for guiding us through all of the challenges. Day by day, we have
been obeying your advice. It was you who granted us permission to
do these experiments. For our future, we'll continue to put our
faith in you.
 DEDICATION

We would like to dedicate these fruitful experiments to our

family, who have given us so much, who have given us hope and

strength when we wanted to give up, and who still provide us with

moral, emotional, and monetary support. To our fellow classmates

who took the same journey as us, assisted in a lengthy discussion

that helped us comprehend the experiments better, as well as gave

us wise counsel. We are grateful to our professor, Engr. Aivan S.

Saberon for his encouragement, commitment, and willingness to

allow us experience what it was like to do a real experiment that

is related to our course. Last but not least, we give thanks to

the Almighty God for providing us with the fortitude, wisdom, and

insight needed to complete these challenges.

Name: Bodiit, Desiree Mae O. M.E Laboratory
1
Course/Yr. & Sec.: BSME III-I Instructor: Engr. Aivan Adams V.
Saberon

GROUP 01

Experiment Plate No. 01

FLASH AND FIRE POINTS OF GEAR OIL

OBJECTIVES:
To be able to determine the flash and fire points of gear oil
by open cup method.

THEORY/HYPOTHESIS:
Flash point is defined as the lowest temperature at which an
oil gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable condition.
Flash point can be determined by passing a flame or a quantity of
oil. It is observable due to the ignition of the gas.
A knowledge of the flash point of ISO VG 320, especially
when used in an enclosed surface is considered to be important.
It is only necessary to consider the flash point of ISO VG 320
when the temperature of the enclosed surface contains ISO VG 320
is too close to the flash point of the fluid.
Fire point is the temperature at which the oil ignites and
continues to burn. The fire point is usually from 100 to 150○C
higher than the flash point.
There are two kinds of apparatus used in determining flash
and fire point of fluid to be used, the open type and the closed
type but it is the open type that is commonly used.

LIST OF APPARATUS:
 Ceramic Petri Dish (alternative apparatus for open cup
tester)
 Camp Burner & Butane Canister (alternative apparatus for
Bunsen burner)
 Thermal Imager
 Wire Gauze
 Torch
  Cotton cloth
 ISO VG 320 gear oil

SET-UP OF APPARATUS: [actual set-up of apparatus during

experimentation]

PROCEDURES:

● Place the gear oil to be tested inside the cup.

● Heat the fluid about 280○c.

● Pass a flame at about half an inch over the fluid.

● Upon doing so, greenish vapor is emitted. Get the

temperature and record it as the flash point.
● Continue heating the fluid until it burns. Get the
temperature when it burns and this is the fire
point.
DATA & RESULT/S:

Sample used: ISO VG 320 GEAR OIL

Trials Standard Standard Actual Actual
Flash Fire Point Flash Fire Point
Point(○C) Point(○C)
(○C) (○C)
1 280.5 350.7
2 290-300 350-360 295.8 348.6
3 295.1 368.3
AVERAGE 290.467 355.867

Percentage (%) Error:

We need the max Flash & Fire Point which is 300- &
360-degree Celsius.

DISCUSSION:
In the engineering building's room 602 on the CTU-
Main campus, we carried out the experiment. With the
exception of the oil emitting an offensive stench and
harming our respiratory systems when heated very near
to its flash point, we don't have any issues during the
experiment. We ignored the danger, though, and carried
on with the experiment in order to gain information and
experience. The only experiment that we have so far
found to have a lower proportion of error than the
others is flash and fire spots. Nearly perfect, in
fact.

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:

The nasty stench is damaging to the human
respiratory system; so, for the benefit of the pupils'
health, I urge that we use a mask that filters the odor
it emits. Furthermore, We recommend that you utilize an
isolated room with adequate ventilation because the
adjacent students are complaining about the odor.

REFERENCE/S:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RoAEmsVxrw
Name: Bodiit, Desiree Mae O. M.E Laboratory
1
Course/Yr. & Sec.: BSME III-I Instructor: Engr. Aivan Adams V.
Saberon

GROUP 01

Experiment Plate No. 02.A

GREASE DROP POINT

OBJECTIVES:
To able to determine the melting point of greases.

HYPOTHESIS:
Greases as defined by the American Society of Testing
Materials is a solid to semi-solid or semi-fluid product of
dispersion of a thickening agent in a fluid lubricant.
Greases are classified according to the kind of soap as the
base or lime-base greases. The lime-soap base greases are
emulsion of mineral oils and water, stabilized by the soap base.
The presence of an amount of water in a lime-base grease will
cause a dull or cloudy appearance. If the water content is not
sufficient; the grease will exhibit a granular composition. A
lime base grease should be bright and water resistant and should
be dense so as to permit no oil to separate from the grease while
in storage.
The dropping point of a grease is the temperature at which
it passes from a semi-solid to a liquid state. The dropping point
test determines the cohesiveness of the oil and thickener of a
grease. Dropping point tests are used for quality control to
verify that the soap structure has been formed correctly and will
withstand high temperatures.
The technician monitors the entire test apparatus as it is
slowly heated in order to ensure that the heater block
temperature and the sample temperature remain within 3°C of each
other. As the temperature increases in the test apparatus, a drop
of oil will fall from the cup to the bottom of the test tube at
the temperature at which the thickener can no longer hold the
oil. When this occurs, the technician will record both the sample
and heater block temperatures on the thermometers to the nearest
degree.
To calculate the dropping point of the grease, the recorded
temperature of your sample is subtracted from the heater block
temperature. And that value is added to the sample temperature to
determine the Dropping Point.
A Dropping Point is most often performed on any soap-
thickened grease. Soap thickened greases consist of simple and
complex soaps. Soap-thickened greases are most often used in
bearing applications in the automotive, industrial and aerospace
industries.

LIST OF APPARATUS:
 Test Tube
 Funnel
 Graduated Cylinder
 Torch
 Thermometer
 Grease
 Clock

SET-UP OF APPARATUS: [actual set-up of apparatus during

experimentation]

Procedures:
 Place the grease in the funnel
 Place the funnel in a test tube and
  Place the test tube in a graduated cylinder full of oil
 Observe the grease when it goes down to test tube then it is
the drop point of the grease.

DATA & RESULT/S:

The type of Grease we used is:

Trials Humidity Room temp. Funnel Drop Point

(%) (○C) (○C) (○C)

1 68 31.1 203 108

2 68 31.1 228 116
3 68 31.1 215 110

DISCUSSION: {from obtained results}

During the experiment, the grease underwent heating

until it achieved its drop point at 31.1 oC and 68%
humidity. The drop point was subsequently determined
with an angled funnel. The temperature at the drop
point was determined using an infrared thermometer gun;
as a result, the average temperature recorded over the
course of three trials for low class grease was within
the specified drop point's range with a percent error
of 7.23% based on the specified drop point's maximum
boundary value.
Because it requires observation to know when the
grease gets more liquid and falls to the pot, tiny
inaccuracies in the measured value might be the result
of mistakes made by humans. Errors might also be
brought on by the tools themselves, such as the
funnel's construction material, which affects how
uniformly the grease heated on its surface is
dispersed.

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:

Finally, considering the highest border limit for
grease drop point of 120 oC, the experiment provided a
precise average drop point value of 111.33 oC with an
error percentage of 7.23%. When testing a liquid's drop
point, it is advised that there ought to be a
computerized tool to determine the precise location of
the drop of the liquid. When there isn't, like in these
situations, it is advised that the individual who is
watching the moment of drop remain alert for the
precise moment in which the grease drops and keep track
of the temperature of the moment it drops. To heat the
grease reasonably rapidly, the funnel must also be made
of materials with high thermal conductivity.

REFERENCE/S:
https://www.nyelubricants.com/lubricant-testing-101---dropping-
point#:~:text=The%20dropping%20point%20of%20a,and%20thickener
%20of%20a%20grease.
Name: Bodiit, Desiree Mae O. M.E Laboratory
1
Course/Yr. & Sec.: BSME III-I Instructor: Engr. Aivan Adams V.
Saberon

GROUP 01

Experiment Plate No. 02.B

ISO VG 460 GEAR OIL FOG AND POUR POINT

OBJECTIVES:
To able to determine the fog and pour point of a specific gear
oil.

HYPOTHESIS:
Fog point is useful for estimating the temperature at which
filter screens in the fuel intake system of diesel engines might
become clogged because of wax separation.
Pour point is important from the point of view of fluidity
of the sample at low temperatures.
Cloud point of petroleum oil is the temperature at which
paraffin wax or other solidifable compounds present in oil begin
to crystalize or separate from solution when oil is chilled under
prescribed conditions.
Pour point is the lowest temperature expressed as a multiple
of 3 degrees Celsius at which oil is observed to flow when cooled
and examined under the prescribed conditions.
In actual execution we used a digital inverter and maintain
the freezer temperature at -3 degrees Celsius.
LIST OF APPARATUS:
 Flat bottom container (25-30mm diameter)
 Container for vice or cooling bath or refrigerator
 Thermometer
 Clock
 ISO VG 460 gear oil

SET-UP OF APPARATUS: [actual set-up of apparatus during

experimentation]

Procedures:
 Place the oil in the flat bottom container
 Place the thermometer inside the container with oil and
cover with cap(make a hole at the center of the cap so that
the thermometer can go through).
 Observe the sample time to time.
  If the sample emits a fog like crystalline structure, then
it is fog point and record the temp.
 If the sample reaches solidification, then it is pour point(
pour point is when the oil ceases to flow).
 Make 3 trials for accuracy

DATA & RESULT/S:

Trials Fog Point (C) Pour Point (C)
1 -4.5 -12
2 -7.9 -12.5
3 -5.8 -13.7
AVERAGE -6.06667 -12.7333

DISCUSSION: {from obtained results}

In order to carry out the experiment, we initially

measured the interior temperature of our freezer for
almost an hour and got a -3 degree C result, indicating
that it was capable of holding that cold. We placed the
oil in the container and examined the sample every 5
minutes. The temperature declines at a consistent pace
of 2 degrees Celsius each 5 minutes throughout the
first 20 minutes. After 20 minutes, the temperature
begins to fall slowly, approaching 10 degrees Celsius.
The oil produces a fog-like form at temperatures
ranging from -4 to -6 degrees Celsius. The oil also
stops flowing around -12 degrees Celsius.

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:

Following a -3-degree Celsius increase in the pour
point, the operating temperature is obtained. This
point shouldn't be deviated from by the fluid. Due to
the fact that lubricating oils are lubricants used in
gears and machinery to increase the productivity of
machines. The lubricant will harden and clog up in the
machine if it reaches its pour point, which will result
in failure of the machine. In order to employ
lubricants that might account for ambient temperature,
this information is therefore crucial. We required a
freezer that was capable of keeping a minimum
temperature of -20 degrees in order to avoid the
mistakes that resulted from the freezer's limited
ability to freeze the oil at -12 degrees. Perhaps as a
result of getting to know the temperature. Since the
thermometer could only handle a minimum temperature of
-12 degrees, we have to use a thermometer that can
handle at least -50 degrees.

REFERENCE/S:
https://youtu.be/S52kp7tjf9M

Name: Bodiit, Desiree Mae O. M.E Laboratory

1
Course/Yr. & Sec.: BSME III-I Instructor: Engr. Aivan Adams V.
Saberon

GROUP 01

Experiment Plate No. 03

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND VISCOSITY OF GLYCERIN & OIL

(BY FALLING SPHERE)
OBJECTIVES:
To be able to determine the viscosity of any liquid.

THEORY / HYPOTHESIS:
The specific gravity of a substance is defined as the ratio
of the weight of that substance to the weight of the water having
equal volume. This is merely a ratio or an abstract number.
Actually, it is quantitatively the same as density as in the case
of metric system since the standard unit, a cubic centimeter of
water, weighs exactly one gram.
Specific gravity of a liquid is determined most accurately
in most
cases where a sensitive chemist balance is available by the use
of a specific gravity bottle. The bottle is provided with a small
ground-glass stopper having a capillary tube or hole drilled
through it, so that when the bottle is filled to the top of
capillary tube it will always hold the same volume of
liquid.
In the determining the specific gravity, the bottle is
filled with the liquid to be tested with care being taken to
avoid the formation of air bubbles.
In commercial practice, the specific gravity of liquids is
usually
determined by an instrument called a hydrometer. The hydrometer
is made
usually of glass and consists of three parts:
(1) the upper part, a graduated stem or fine tube of uniform
diameter
(2) bulb, an enlargement of the tube containing air
(3) a small bulb at the bottom, containing shot of mercury which
causes
the instrument to float in a vertical position.

The graduations are figures representing either specific

gravities or the numbers of arbitrary scale as Baume, API,
Twadell or Beck. Fuels are all combustible substances obtained in
bulb which may be burned in atmospheric air in such a manner that
the heat evolve is capable of being automatically applied to
domestic and industrial uses for heating and the production of
power. Fuels may be primary (natural occurring) or secondary.
Both categories include solid, liquid, and gases. The different
liquid fuels used in these experiments in determining specific
gravity are gasoline, diesel, alcohol, oil for gasoline and
diesel engine, and kerosene.
Commercial Falling-Sphere Viscometers are non-available. One
type
of which is shown in the sketch. The one available is not of the
commercial type. This viscometer makes use of the principles in
case of flow around a small sphere.
Vd
For Laminar Flow ≤ 1 in which d is the diameter of the
2
sphere.

The friction or the deformation drag F d of the sphere moving

at a constant velocity V through a fluid of infinite extend is
given by Stoke’s Law with the following assumptions:
1. The particle must be a sphere.
2. The surface of the particle must be smooth.
3. The resistance to fall or drag force Fd is due to the
viscosity of the fluid.
4. The terminal velocity must be constant.
F d = 3 π μ V d ---------(1)

A free-body diagram of the sphere after it has acquired

constant velocity or terminal velocity is shown in the sketch
where W is the weight of the sphere. Fb is the buoyant force and
Fd, the deformation drag.
F d + F b – W = 0 ----------(2)

or
3 3
3 π μ V d + π d γ L - π d γ S = 0 -------------(3)
6 6

solving for μ :

d 2 (γ s−γ L )
μ = -----------------(4)
18 V o

Equation (4) has to be corrected in actual practice because

the extent of the fluid is not infinite and the influence of
boundary proximity on the sphere is large. The correction is
usually affected by multiplying the observed velocity of fall VS
by a certain constant “K” which is a function of d / Dm the
diameter of the sphere and medium ratio, such that
V o = V s K --------------(5)
2
9d (9)
where K = 1 + +
4 Dm 4 Dm

The equation for viscosity then becomes

2
d (γ s−γ L )
μ =
18 V s K
for which the viscosity can be computed.

From the data obtained in the laboratory, compute for each run
d
1. (a) Ratio of sphere diameter to diameter of medium
Dm
(b) Correction constant K
(c) The observed velocity of fall Vs
(d) Dynamic viscosity μ
2. Using the computed value of dynamic viscosity “μ ” compute
for the kinematic viscosity “υ ”.
μ
υ =
ρL

d
3. Plot V s versus .
Dm

LIST OF APPARATUS:
 Stop Watches
 Thermometer
 Caliper
 Steel Balls
 Meter Stick

SET-UP OF APPARATUS: [actual set-up of apparatus during

experimentation]

Procedures:
By Falling Sphere Viscometer

 Determine the temperature and specific gravity of the liquid

whose viscosity is desired.
 Drop cautiously one of the spheres noting whether the sphere
is guided correctly or is off-center.
 Determine the time required for the sphere to travel a
certain distance.
 Repeat the procedure for each sphere.
 DATA & RESULT/S:
Determination of Viscosity By Falling Sphere Viscometer

I. GLYCERIN
I.A MARBLE
Trial Y(m) t Vo d(m) Dm(m) d/Dm K Vs T µ ν
(s) (m/s) (m/s) (C)
1 0.351 2.21 37.89 0.0164 0.0855 0.192 238. 3 0.159 35 0.0045 3.6E-6

2 0.351 2.4 34.79 0.0163 0.0855 0.191 238.27 0.146 35 0.0049 3.9E-6

3 0.351 2.1 39.79 0.01575 0.0855 0.184 238.26 0.167 35 0.004 3.2E-6

4 0.351 1.8 46.46 0.01585 0.0855 0.185 238.26 0.195 35 0.0034 2.7E-6

5 0.351 2.6 32.16 0.01515 0.0855 0.177 238.24 0.135 35 0.0046 3.7E-6

AVERAGE 0.0043 3.4E-6

I.B BALL BEARING

Trial Y(m) t Vo d(m) Dm(m) d/Dm K Vs T µ ν
(s) (m/s) (m/s) (C)
1 0.351 1.92 43.56 0.00635 0.0855 0.0743 238.01 0.183 35 0.0033 2.6E-7
2 0.351 0.7 119.24 0.00635 0.0855 0.0743 238.01 0.501 35 0.001 9.6E-7
3 0.351 0.7 119.24 0.00635 0.0855 0.0743 238.01 0.501 35 0.001 9.6E-7
4 0.351 0.9 92.82 0.00635 0.0855 0.0743 238.01 0.39 35 0.0016 1.2E-6
5 0.351 1.3 64.26 0.00635 0.0855 0.0743 238.01 0.27 35 0.0023 1.8E-6
AVERAGE 0.00184 1.04E-6

II. COOKING OIL

II.A MARBLE
Trial Y(m) t 𝑽𝒐 d(m) Dm(m) d/Dm K Vs T(C) µ ν
(s) (m/s) (m/s)
1 0.324 0.91 83.85 0.0161 0.0865 0.186 235.52 0.356 34 0.0038 4.1E-6
2 0.324 1.23 61.94 0.0161 0.0865 0.186 235.52 0.263 34 0.005 5.5E-6
3 0.324 1.57 48.52 0.0161 0.0865 0.186 235.52 0.206 34 0.0065 7E-6
4 0.324 0.86 88.8 0.0169 0.0865 0.195 235.54 0.377 34 0.0039 4.2E-6
5 0.324 1.01 75.6 0.0161 0.0865 0.186 235.52 0.321 34 0.004 4.5E-6
AVERAGE 0.00464 5.06E-6

II.B BALL BEARING

Trial Y(m) t Vo d(m) Dm(m) d/Dm K Vs T(C) µ ν
(s) (m/s) (m/s)
1 0.324 1.06 71.99 0.00625 0.0865 0.0723 235.27 0.306 34 0.0023 2.5E-6
2 0.324 0.93 81.87 0.00625 0.0865 0.0723 235.27 0.348 34 0.002 2.2E-6
3 0.324 0.87 87.52 0.00625 0.0865 0.0723 235.27 0.372 34 0.0019 2.1E-6
4 0.324 1.05 72.7 0.00625 0.0865 0.0723 235.27 0.309 34 0.0022 2.4E-6
5 0.324 0.95 80.23 0.00625 0.0865 0.0723 235.27 0.341 34 0.002 2.2E-6
AVERAGE 0.00208 2.28E-06

SAMPLE COMPUTATION:
2
d (γ s−γ L )
μ = Vo = Vs K
18 V s K

μ 9d (9)2
υ = K = 1 + +
ρL 4 Dm 4 Dm

K = 1 +
9
(0.192) + (9)2 = 238.274
4 4 x 0.0855
V o = 0.159(238.274)= 37.89 m/s

( 0.0164 )2 (23838.3−12360.6) kg
µ= =0.00453
18(0.159)(238.274) m.s
0.00453
υ = = 3.593x10^-6 m^2/s
1260

FOR GLYCERIN:
μmarble−¿μ
%error μ= BB
¿x100% =%error μ= 0.0043−0.00184
0.0043
x100%
μmarble

%error μ=¿ 57.2%

V marble−¿V (3.4 E−6)−(1.04 E−6)

%error v = BB
¿x100% = error v = x100%
V marble 3.4 E−6

%error v = 69.4%

FOR COOKING OIL:

%error μ=¿ 55.2%

%error v = 54.94%

DISCUSSION: {from obtained results}

In order to measure the viscosity of the liquid

during the actual execution of this activity, the
spherical balls are dropped into a mixture of cooking
oil and glycerin. However, there are 50–60% mistakes in
the data we collected. I noticed that when the spheres
are tossed in the fluid, it creates a spiral movement,
and I came to the conclusion that this is one of the
sources of mistakes since the spiral movement of the
balls leads it to sink slowly or even quicker than
intended. We want the ball to descend straight down,
but we are unable to stop it from making spiral
motions.
The recording of time is yet another error-prone
component. Although it is ideal, human mistakes can't
be eliminated since the balls move quickly and the
precise moment the ball fell is impossible to
determine. Temperature variations over time are another
effect. Since fluid viscosity is related to the
temperature of its surroundings, as is common
knowledge, fluid density and viscosity decrease as
temperature rises
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:
The numbers are substantially different from one
another when comparing the real data we collected to
the theoretical information, because a significant
portion of our results are erroneous. Given the fact
that if the fluid's viscosity changes, the sphere will
descend quickly, I suggest that the surrounding
temperature be kept consistent for the duration of the
experiment. A cylinder glass that accommodated the
fluid should also be longer than the previous one, in
my opinion. So that we're able (as opposed to exactly,
but with minimum mistake) identify time more precisely.

REFERENCE/S:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOXtQMhEYB0

Name: Bodiit, Desiree Mae O. M.E Laboratory

1
Course/Yr. & Sec.: BSME III-I Instructor: Engr. Aivan Adams V.
Saberon

GROUP 01

Experiment Plate No. 04

CONSISTOMETER MEASUREMENT

OBJECTIVES:
This activity aims to measure the flow rate or viscosity of a liquid
using a consistometer.

HYPOTHESIS/THEORY:
Most fluids offer some resistance to motion, and
we call this resistance “viscosity.” Viscosity arises when there
is relative motion between layers of the fluid. More precisely,
it measures resistance to flow arising due to the internal
friction between the fluid layers as they slip past one another
when fluid flows. Viscosity can also be thought of as a measure
of a fluid’s thickness or its resistance to objects passing
through it.
A fluid with large viscosity resists motion because its strong
intermolecular forces give it a lot of internal friction,
resisting the movement of layers past one another. On the
contrary, a fluid with low viscosity flows easily because its
molecular makeup results in very little friction when it is in
motion. Gases also exhibit viscosity, but it is harder to notice
in ordinary circumstances.
The SI unit of viscosity is Poiseuille (PI). Its other units are
newton-second per square metre (N s m-2) or pascal-second (Pa s.)
The dimensional formula of viscosity is [ML-1T-1].
The viscosity of liquids decreases rapidly with an increase in
temperature, and the viscosity of gases increases with an
increase in temperature. Thus, upon heating, liquids flow more
easily, whereas gases flow more slowly. Also, viscosity does not
change as the amount of matter changes, therefore it is an
intensive property.

Viscosity is the measure of fluid’s friction to its flow. There

are two ways to measure the fluid’s viscosity as follows:

 Dynamic Viscosity (Absolute Viscosity)

 Kinematic Viscosity
One way is to measure the fluid’s resistance to flow when an
external force is applied. This is known as Dynamic Viscosity.
And the other way is to measure the resistive flow of a fluid
under the weight of gravity. We call this measure of fluid
viscosity kinematic viscosity.
Many are confused between the two viscosity measures and consider
them to be one and the same. In reality, they have significant
differences between them. For a few applications, kinematic
viscosity is more useful than absolute or dynamic viscosity.

Consistometer is an instrument used to determine the

consistency of viscous materials by measuring the instance that
the material flows under its own weight in a given time interval.
e instrument allows producers of such viscous products as lies,
preserves, sauces, etc., to predetermine formulas for their
product and to standardize production lots. Consistometer is made
of 316 Stainless Steel (Food Grade) stain-resistant material.
Consists of a trough divided into two sections by a gate. e
smaller section serves as a reservoir for the material to be
tested. he larger has laser etched graduated measurement lines ng
the bottom in one-centimeter divisions beginning at the gate. The
gate is spring-operated and is held by a trigger that emits
instantaneous release. In operation, the gate slides tidally in
the grooves of two posts extending upward from the sides of the
trough. L-shaped trigger release hooks over the top of the gate
to hold it in a closed position. wo levelling screws are located
at the reservoir end of the ugh and a circular spirit level is
located at the other end of the trough. e is fully closed before
filling the reservoir. The reservoir should always be filled
completely to the top. Test sample should always be tested as
quickly as possible after ng removed from the constant
temperature oven or bath to prevent any consistency changes
caused by temperature change or exposure to air.

LIST OF APPARATUS:
 Consistometer
 Hygrometer
 Sample liquids

SET-UP OF APPARATUS: [actual set-up of apparatus during

experimentation]
 Procedures:
 Ensure that the Bostwick consistometer is clean and dry
 Adjust the angle of the instrument by locating the two twist
screws in the rear of the instrument, and adjust until the
leveling bubble on the front of the instrument is centered
 Close the gate by pulling it down and while holding it in
this depressed position, pull the lever arm up as far as it
will go. This puts the product gate in a cocked position
 Pour ketchup sample (refrigerated, room temperature and 50oC
sample) into the sample reservoir and fill the reservoir up
to the top of the product gate
 Release the product by pressing down on the lever arm. Allow
the product to run along the slope for 30 seconds
 Look at how far the ketchup ran down the slope during 30
seconds (use graduation marks on slope) and record this
value as the consistency of the product.
 Clean the Bostwick consistometer with warm soapy water. Dry
the instrument completely before using it again.

DATA & RESULT/S:

SAMPLE TRIALS TIME LENGTH TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY CONSISTENCY MEAN
LIQUID (s) (cm) (ºC) (cm/sec) CONSISTENCY
(cm/s)
1 8.48 17 30.4 58% 2.005
ISO
460 2 12.96 17 30.3 57% 1.312 1.581
3 11.91 17 30.2 58% 1.427
1 11.96 18 30.3 58% 1.505
ISO
320 2 7.85 17 30.3 58% 2.166 1.836
3 9.25 17 30.4 58% 1.838

CALCULATION

ISO 460
 CONSISTENCY

MEAN CONSISTENCY

ISO 320

CONSISTENCY

MEAN CONSISTENCY

DISCUSSION: {from obtained results}

Under 30°C ambient temperature and 57–58%

relative humidity, the Bostwick consistometer was used
in the experiment to measure the consistency of gear
oils ISO 460 and 320. The ISO 460 was found to have a
consistency of 1.581 cm/s, which relates to its
somewhat higher viscosity than the ISO 320, which had a
constancy of 1.836 cm/s.
 Despite the fact that the reading was recorded,
there are a few potential problems that must be
addressed in order to obtain an accurate measurement of
consistency using the Bostwick consistometer. The
initial mistake would result from fluid adherence while
flowing via the length of the consistometer, causing it
difficult to determine the exact length the fluid has
covered, while the subsequent mistake would be human
error resulting from the time watch, because the time
viewer may be unable to respond to exactly when the
fluid attains the point of error, since the fluid fails
to have a consistent edge while flowing. The mixing of
separate sample liquids in the consistometer would be
the final and third mistake.
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:

In summary, the ISO 460 is somewhat thicker

than the ISO 320 sample gear oil. It is recommended to
do so in favor to obtain readings that are more
precise. To eliminate mistakes made by humans, the
timer and consistometer should be automated, and fluid
adhesion can be handled by measuring the consistency at
the point at which a consistent flow of liquids edge
fails, rather than after. The final reported mistake,
fluid mixing, should be prevented if the consistometer
is adequately washed without any additional fluids that
might modify the characteristics of the substance being
tested. If at all feasible, use water to wipe down the
consistometer, and then dry it off. It is preferable to
use a cloth that is dry to wipe down the consistometer
prior using it again in this instance since ISO 460 and
320 are significantly denser than water and are
slightly soluble in water, leaving it difficult to
eliminate them using water.

REFERENCE/S:
https://www.cscscientific.com/consistometer/bostwick-consistometer
Name: Bodiit, Desiree Mae O. M.E Laboratory
1
Course/Yr. & Sec.: BSME III-I Instructor: Engr. Aivan Adams V.
Saberon

GROUP 01

Experiment Plate No. 05

ANEMOMETER MEASUREMENT

OBJECTIVES:
This activity aims to demonstrate the measurement of air
velocity and its gustiness in different temperatures and
altitude.

HYPOTHESIS:
Air is all around us, but we cannot see it. Gravity from the
Earth pulls air down - this is called air pressure. We don't feel
this pressure because our bodies push an equal amount of pressure
outward. Everything is made from molecules; the air also contains
molecules. The temperature outside on any given day is determined
by the speed of air molecules. When the airspeed increases the
temperature increases too due to the increase of air molecules
movement and vice versa. Generally, the larger the temperature
difference, the larger the resulting airspeed will be. The
airspeed is important information for accurate navigation of an
aircraft. To maintain a desired ground track whilst flying in a
moving air mass, the pilot of an aircraft must use knowledge of
wind speed, wind direction, and true air speed to determine the
required heading. So, it is important to measure the airspeed and
this done by an instrument called an anemometer which measures
the airspeed by monitoring the amount of heat removed from a
surface using one or more simple temperature sensors
An Anemometer allows measurement of the wind’s velocity,
temperature and humidity of the environment where the measurement
was taken. One common type of anemometer is the vane anemometer,
The rotating vane anemometer is an instrument that is widely used
in the field by maintenance engineers and inspectors. The
anemometer consists of a vane that is held at right angles to an
airflow. In modem instruments the speed of rotation of the vane
is sensed and measured electronically and the air speed, which is
a function of the speed of rotation of the vane, is indicated on
a meter. This instrument will be used as an instrument to measure
the gustiness of wind in different locations, temperatures and
altitude around Cebu city, M.J. Cuenco. Ave.

LIST OF APPARATUS:
 Digital Anemometer

SET-UP OF APPARATUS: [actual set-up of apparatus during

experimentation]

Procedures:
 Check the functionality of the digital anemometer.
 Turn on the digital anemometer
 Hold the digital anemometer and face it to the wind direction
 Record the air velocity indicated in the digital anemometer where
it stabilized and the temperature of the environment.
 Repeat the procedure in different locations and altitude in the
area.
 DATA & RESULT/S:

Location Trial Wind Time Temperatur Altitud Mean

s velocit e e wind
(s)
y velocit
(°C) (m)
y
(m/s)
(m/s)
2.7 9.02 30.4
1
Engineerin 2.3 16.8 30.1
g Building 7
2 20 2.57
6th floor
2.7 17.2 30.3
2
3
2.7 9.38 30.5
Engineerin 1
g Building
2.3 13.6 30.5
4th floor
0
2 17 2.47
2.4 7.08 30.5
3
 2.3 8.97 30.4
Engineerin 1
g Building
2.2 7.61 30.1
3rd floor
2 14 2.33
2.5 8.26 30.5
3

ACTUAL SPEED IN CTU-MC = 3.2 (Based on the forecasted weather

in April 25, 2023)

FORMULA FOR CALCULATING PERCENT ERROR

FORMULA FOR MEAN WIND VELOCITY

CALCULATION:

Engineering Building 6th floor

Engineering Building 4th floor

Engineering Building 3rd floor

DISCUSSION: {from obtained results}

The study was carried out across the CTU-Main campus,

and it was discovered that the squalls of the wind on that
particular day changes somewhat depending on location and height.
The first location took place on the 6th floor of the engineering
building, where an average air velocity of 2.57 m/s was measured,
and the second and third locations were below a floor below the
first location in the building, where an average air velocity of
2.47 m/s and 2.33 m/s was determined, accordingly. All air
velocity measurements were smaller than the expected wind squalls
of 3.2 m/s, which served as the foundation for inaccuracy in the
experiment. As a consequence, it was hypothesized that the air
velocity dropped before being detected by the vane anemometer due
to impediments of buildings in the region, resulting in a lower
value in the velocity of the air.
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:

The entire average air velocity, which was used as the

foundation for the experiment, was observed to be 2.45 m/s lower
than the predicted wind speed of 3.2 m/s. The impediments of the
different structures encompassing the area in which the
experiment took place were initially believed to be the primary
problem and reason of such low results because they would block
and redirect air, hindering it from reaching its full speed prior
to striking the vane anemometer. To fix this, it is suggested
that measurements should be made near the coastline, where there
is barely any obstacle and in which the measurement of air
velocity will be more precise.

Name: Bodiit, Desiree Mae O. M.E Laboratory

1
Course/Yr. & Sec.: BSME III-I Instructor: Engr. Aivan Adams V.
Saberon

GROUP 01

Experiment Plate No. 06

TACHOMETER MEASUREMENT

OBJECTIVES:
This activity aims to demonstrate the measurement of rotation speed
using the tachometer.

HYPOTHESIS:
A tachometer (revolution-counter, tach, rev-counter, RPM gauge) is
an instrument measuring the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a
motor or other machine. The device usually displays the revolutions
per minute (RPM) on a calibrated analogue dial, but digital displays
are increasingly common. The word comes from Greek (tachos "speed")
and metron ("measure"). Essentially the words tachometer and
speedometer have identical meaning, a device that measures speed. It
is by arbitrary convention that in the automotive world one is used
for engine and the other for vehicle speed. In formal engineering
nomenclature, more precise terms are used to distinguish the two.
The first mechanical tachometers were based on measuring the
centrifugal force, similar to the operation of a centrifugal governor.
The inventor is assumed to be the German engineer Dietrich Uhlhorn; he
used it for measuring the speed of machines in 1817. Since 1840, it
has been used to measure the speed of locomotives.
Every now and again we come upon the need to know the “speed”
of something. In the electro-mechanical field, we usually want to know
the Revolutions per unit of time, usually in minutes; which gives us
the term; RPM or Revolutions per Minute. At slow speeds we can put a
mark on the shaft and count the marks for a minute. Simple enough but
above 60/sec it can get tedious to count. The advent of the LASER/LED
Photo Tachometers the need for speed became much easier. Basic aim,
press the trigger, hold for a few seconds and read the display, but
here again there are a few basic things to understand about LASER
Tachometer operation. They are a light source, light detector, a
counter and an accurate time gate. The LASER/LED provides a light
source, the detector receives the reflected light and the time gate
enables the counter for a precise amount of time. How we get these
light pulses back to the detector can be a challenge. If the moving
surface is too uniform in contrast and reflectance, we get no pulse to
count, so we need to make part of shaft a non-reflecting, or
contrasting surface. If the shaft is readily available say sitting on
the bench, you just color part of the shaft an even, contrasting
color. We use a black marker to color half or more of the shaft. Now
we have an on/Off reflectance of the LASER/LED light that can be
counted. As long as you can get a uniform reflectance sequence, the
LASER Tachometer will read it. With a small Axial fan, we just stick a
piece of aluminum foil on the edge of the rotating motor hub. If the
hub is not reachable then stick foil to a blade. Sometimes sticking
something is not possible, so then we put something reflective or
contrasting behind the blades. We just divide the displayed RPM by the
number of blades. Be sure that you have enough contrasting surface so
that most of the light spot from the LASER Tachometer is within the
area of the contrasting mark(s) or space on the rotating part.
Be sure the light beam is at its most focused point on the
rotating object. With most of today’s economical LASER Tachometers
this focus distance is around 6-12 inches. Remember that the LASER/LED
Photo tachometer must be able to “See” the rotating object. It can’t
read through an opaque cover or around a corner! Flickering ambient AC
Powered lights can have an affect so less interfering light the
better.
On motor engine reading, the standard speed is in KPH which we
desire to have RPM unit. To get the RPM reading for motor;

Or

V kph
RPM motor = , where: V kph = speed of motor, kph
( D ) (0.001885)
 D = diameter of wheel, cm hhh

RPM motor = speedometer reading from

the motorcycle, rpm gdjh
After obtaining the necessary data, compare the speed of
motorcycle from RPM motor to RPM tachometer . Then, get the average reading of
both speeds.

LIST OF APPARATUS:
 Tachometer
 A functional AC Motor
 Gasoline Engine motor from motorcycle

SET-UP OF APPARATUS: [actual set-up of apparatus during

experimentation]
Procedures:
 Check the tachometer to make sure it is working.
 Aim for the rotating parts that you will measure.
 Press the trigger of tachometer, and hold for exactly a minute
and read the display, make sure that the laser is pointing to the
parts that needed to be read.
 Repeat reading speed in different materials.

DATA & RESULT/S:

TYPE/S OF TRIALS READING AVE.

ROTARY MOTOR (RPM) READING
(RPM)
1 1792.8
AC
MOTOR 2 1791.6 1793.3
(1728 rpm)
3 1795.6

TRIALS READING READING READING AVE. READING (RPM)

(KPH) (RPM) (RPM)
Digital Obtained from
Tachometer the motor RPM motor RPM tachometer
MOTORCYCLE
ENGINE 1 15 149.33 153.73
(51.76 cm –
wheel 2 14 146.95 143.49
diameter) 153.74 151.93
3 16 159.52 163.99

SAMPLE COMPUTATION:
AC MOTOR

 AVE. READING RPM

1792.8 Rpm+1791.6 Rpm+1795.6 Rpm

AVE. RPM = =1793.3 Rpm
3

 PERCENT ERROR

1793.33 Rpm−1728 Rpm

Percent Error= X 100=3.78 %
1728 Rpm

MOTORCYCLE ENGINE

 ANGULAR VELOCITY FORMULA

V
W= Where:
r
 V = Linear velocity
R = Radius
W = Angular velocity, R

First Trial

1 hr 1000 m 1 Rev
(14 km/hr )( )( )( )
60 mins 1 km 2 π rad
W= =153.74 Rpm
( 51.76 cm
2 )( 1m
100 cm)

Second Trial

1 hr 1000 m 1 Rev
(15 km/hr )( )( )( )
60 mins 1 km 2 π rad
W= =143.49 Rpm
( 51.76 cm
2 )( 1m
100 cm)

Third Trial

1 hr 1000 m 1 Rev
(16 km/hr )( )( )( )
60 mins 1 km 2 π rad
W= =163.99 Rpm
( 51.76 cm
2 )( 1m
100 cm)

 AVE. READING RPMmotor

153.74 Rpm+143.49 Rpm+163.99 Rpm

AVE . RPM motor= =153.74 Rpm
3
  AVE. READING RPMTachometer

149.33 Rpm+146.95 Rpm+159.52 Rpm

AVE. RPM tachometer= =151.93 Rpm
3

 PERCENT ERROR

𝟏𝟓𝟏. 𝟗𝟑 𝑹𝒑𝒎 − 𝟏𝟓𝟑, 𝟕𝟒 𝑹𝒑𝒎

𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖 %
𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟕𝟒 𝑹𝒑𝒎

DISCUSSION: {from obtained results}

According to the experiment's findings, the rpm

readings from the motor and non-contact tachometer
varied somewhat from one another, with the non-contact
tachometer recording a higher rpm than the reported
motor rpm of the AC motor and an estimated error
percentage of 3.7%. The exact same thing happened when
the motorcycle's measured rpm was compared to the
calculated rpm based on the speedometer reading, but in
this case, the recorded rpm and calculated rpm result
in an error percentage of 1.18%, which is much lesser
than the error percentages of the AC motor and the
tachometer, respectively. A tachometer with an
incorrect calibration, a short circuit, or a low
battery level are potential reasons of the inconsistent
findings. Yet based on the data, it is more probable
that the incorrect tachometer adjustment before the
measurement was taken is what caused the differing
readings.

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION:

 By utilizing a non-contact digital tachometer and
running the motorbike at an average speed of 15 km/h
(143.49 rpm) and a wheel diameter of 51.76 cm, the
experiment successfully recorded an average rpm of
1793.3 from the AC motor and 151.93 from the
motorcycle. With an error rate of 3.7% and 1.18%,
respectively, the recorded values utilizing non-contact
tachometer in AC motors and motorcycles are marginally
higher than their reported rpms. It is strongly advised
to check the digital tachometer's performance before
doing any readings since it is thought that the
uncalibrated, shorted, and/or low battery digital
tachometer that was utilized in the reading is where
the mistakes are believed to have originated. Using a
multimeter, the digital tachometer has to be frequently
calibrated and examined.

REFERENCE/S:

pdfcoffee.com_experiment-no-tachometer-measurement-objectives-pdf-free.pdf