Addis Ababa Science and Technology University (AASTU)

College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics II
Work Sheet and Group Assignment II (Chapter Three & Four)

Deadline: 25/09/2014 E.C

Theory Part (Part One)

1. What is the speed of sound for a perfectly incompressible fluid?

2. Define and explain briefly about Fanno flow and Rayleigh flow also drive the property
ratios (pressure temperature and density) for both flows?
3. Define zone of action and zone of silence with neat sketch for subsonic, sonic and
supersonic flow?
4. What is chocked flow? State the necessary conditions for this flow to occur in a nozzle.
5. What is the normal shock? Explain it with relation to compressible flow and types of
flow ( Subsonic, sonic, and supersonic)
6. What is the difference between normal and oblique shock.(Explain using diagrams)
7. Show a normal shock in h-s diagram with the help of Rayleigh line and Fanno line
8. What are the basic principles governing the behavior of shock waves?

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Calculation Part (Part II)

1. For isentropic flow of an ideal gas with constant specific heat values (k), derive the
following commonly used relations (Isentropic property ratio).
𝑘
𝑃2 𝜌2 𝑘 𝑇2 𝑘−1
=( ) =( )
𝑃1 𝜌1 𝑇1
2. In driving speed of sound equation, we did not make use of the energy equation. Show that
it gives the same result.
3. In two dimensional flow, show that the potential lines and the stream lines are
perpendicular to each other.
4. An airplane is cruising at a speed of 900 km/hr at an altitude of 10 km. Atmospheric air at
-60 0c comes to rest at the tip of its pitot tube. Determine the temperature rise of air.
5. Consider compressible, frictionless adiabatic (Isentropic) flow of air as an ideal gas from
the free stream and brought to rest isentorpically, express the following ratios as a function
of Mach number and plot their graphs using Matlab programming in a single plane.
𝑇 𝑃 𝜌 𝑐
𝑇0 𝑃0 𝜌0 𝑐0
6. At a given instant of time two of the pressure waves, each moving at the speed of sound,
emitted by a point source moving with constant velocity in a fluid at rest are shown below.
Then based on the given information determine the mach number involved and indicate
with a sketch the instantaneous location of the point source.

7. Show that the flow after the shock should be subsonic, i.e. 𝑀𝑎𝑦 < 1
8. Air travelling at a Mach number of 1.8 undergoes a normal shock wave. Stagnation
properties before the shock are known as 𝑃0𝑥 = 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝑇0𝑥 = 350 𝐾.

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 Determine:- 𝑃𝑦 , 𝑇𝑦 , 𝑀𝑎𝑦 , 𝑉𝑦 , 𝑇𝑜𝑦 , 𝑃𝑜𝑦 , 𝑆𝑦 − 𝑆𝑥
9. Supersonic air flow inside a diverging duct is slowed by a normal shock wave. Mach
number at the inlet and exit of the duct are 0.2 and 0.3. Ratio of the exit to inlet cross
sectional areas is 2. Pressure at the inlet of the duct is 40 kPa. Determine the pressure after
the shock wave and at the exit of the duct.
10. Air is supplied to a C-D nozzle from a large reservoir where stagnation pressure and
temperature are known. Determine:-
a) The Mach number, pressure and temperature at the exit
b) The mass flow rate.

11. Air flows in a C-D nozzle with an exit to throat area ratio of 2:1. Properties at converging
section are given on the figure below. Determine:-
a) The ranges of back pressure for subsonic, non isentropic (with shock),
overexpansion and under expansion flow regimes.
b) Back pressure if there is a shock wave where there is twice of the throat area.

12. Air flows isentropically through a duct. At section 1 the area is 0.05 m2 and V1 =180 m/s,
P1 =600kPa, and T1 = 480 K. Compute (a) Tt , (b) Ma1 , (c) Pt , and (d) both A* and 𝑚̇.
If at section 2 the area is 0.036 m2, compute Ma2 and P2 if the flow is (e) Subsonic or (f)
Supersonic. Assume k = 1.4.

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13. A supersonic flow at Mach 3.0 is to be slowed down via a normal shock in a diverging
P Pe
channel. For the conditions shown on the fig. below, find P2 and
1 P1

14. Air expands from a storage tank through a C-D nozzle as shown below.

Under certain condition it is found that a normal shock exists in the diverging section of
the nozzle at an area equal to twice the throat area, with the exit area of the nozzle equal to
four times the throat area. Assuming isentropic flow except for shock waves that the air

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 behaves as a perfect gas with constant ˠ=1.4, and that the storage tank pressure and
temperature are 200 kPa and 300 K, determine the following:-
a) 𝐴∗ for flow from inlet to shock
b) 𝐴∗ for flow from shock to exit
c) Mach number at the nozzle exit plane
d) Stagnation pressure at nozzle exit plane
e) Exit static pressure.
f) Exit plane velocity.
15. Air enters a rectangular duct at T1 = 300 K, P1 = 420 kPa, and Ma1 = 2. Heat is transferred
to the air in the amount of 55 kJ/kg as it flows through the duct. Disregarding frictional
losses, determine the temperature and Mach number at the duct exit.

16. Air enters a 5-cm-diameter adiabatic duct at Ma1 = 0.2, T1 = 400 K, and P1 = 200 kPa.
The average friction factor for the duct is estimated to be 0.016. If the Mach number at the
duct exit is 0.8, determine the duct length, temperature, pressure, and velocity at the duct
exit.

17. Air in a room at T0 = 290 K and P0 = 95 kPa is drawn steadily by a vacuum pump through
a 1-cm-diameter, 50-cm-long adiabatic tube equipped with a converging nozzle at the inlet.
The flow in the nozzle section can be assumed to be isentropic, and the average friction

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 factor for the duct can be taken to be 0.018. Determine the maximum mass flow rate of air
that can be sucked through this tube and the Mach number at the tube inlet.

18. If the fluid particle moves under the laser Doppler Velocity meter (LDV) measuring
system, the speed of light in vacuum is 3x108m/s and the angle between the two beams is
100 with the frequency of 1000MHz. according to this condition determine.
a) The velocity of the particle and
b) The wave length of laser light
19. An aero plane weight 100kN has a wing area of 45m2 and a drag coefficient based on wing
area CD= 0.03+0.04CL2. Assume the density of air is 1.2kg/m3. Determine
a) The maximum flight speed
b) The drag force
c) The minimum power required to propel the aircraft
20. A race car is fitted with an inverted aerofoil of length 1.2m and chord 0.85m at such angle
that CD=0.3 and CL=1.3 as shown below. The car length is 4.6m, the body surface area is
11.5m2 and the skin friction is given by 0.07ReL-0.2 where Re is based on the car length.
The car weight is 12.75kN and the rolling resistance is 40N per kN of normal force between
the tires and road surface. Assuming that the form drag on the car is 500N when the car
maintains a constant speed of 60m/s. Assume for air: Density= 1.2kg/m 3, μ=1.8x10-5
kg/ms. Determine:-
a) The total aerodynamics drag force on the car
b) The total rolling resistance , and
c) The power required to drive the car

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21. Consider the two-dimensional incompressible velocity potential Ø = xy + x2 – y2.
a. Is it true that Ø = 0, and, if so, what does this mean?
b. If it exists, find the stream function ψ(x, y) of this flow.
c. Find the equation of the streamline which passes through (x, y) = (2, 1).
22. If the Ethiopian “Boeing 787” airplane is flying in two dimensional potential flow principle
and it has the fluid contact enclosed area of 10 m2 with the stream function of 𝜓 = (xy)2.
The airplane’s velocity vector magnitude and direction are 100 m/s and 1350 with x-axis
respectively. Then
a. Find the location of the airplane which attain this resultant velocity
b. Determine the circulation of the system where the airplane locate at question ‘a’
c. Determine the vorticity of this system
d. Is the system rotational? If yes, find the rotation
23. The flow field of a fluid is given by V=xyi+2yzj-(yz+z2)k
a. Show that it represents a possible incompressible continuous flow
b. Is it rotational or irrotational? If rotational, determine at point (2,2,2)
i. rotation
ii. vorticity
24. In vortex flow system the tangential velocity is 30 unit with the angle of 60 0 and the
external stream line is 2 unit from the center. Then determine
a. The velocity potential
b. The stream function and draw with direction in x-y plane
25. The stream lines are represented by: a. 𝜓 = x2-y2 b. 𝜓 = x2+y2, , then
a. Determine the velocity and its direction at (1,1)
b. Sketch the streamlines and show the direction of flow in each case.

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26. Consider the flow field represented by the stream function 𝜓= - A/ [2𝜋(x2 +y2)], where A =
constant. Is this a possible two-dimensional, incompressible flow? Is the flow irrotational?
27. A useful approximation for the x layer is a cubic variation from u = 0 at the surface (y = 0)
to the free-stream velocity, U, at the edge of the boundary layer (y =𝛿). The equation for
the profile is u/U = 1.5(y/𝛿) – 0.5(y/𝛿) 3, where 𝛿 = c*x1/2 and c is a constant. Derive the
simplest expression for v/U, the y component of velocity ratio. Plot u/U and v/U versus
y/δ, and find the location of the maximum value of the ratio v/U. Evaluate the ratio where
δ = 5 mm and x = 0.5 m.
28. The x component of velocity in a steady, incompressible potential flow field in the x-y
plane is u = A/x2, where A = 2 m3/s and x is measured in meters. Find the simplest y
component of velocity for this flow field. Evaluate the acceleration of a fluid particle at
point (x, y) = (1, 3).
⃗ = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑖 − 𝐴(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑗 in x-y plane, where A is
29. Consider the velocity field 𝑉
0.25m-1.s-1, and the coordinates are measured in meters. Then
a. Is this a possible incompressible flow field?
b. Is the flow rotational or irrotational? If rotational find vorticity and rotation.
c. Calculate the acceleration of the fluid particle at point (x,y)= (2,1)
30. In the potential flow theory the velocity field is give as: u= xy and v=2yz, then examine
where these velocity component represent two or three dimensional incompressible
flow. If the flow is three dimensional, determine the third component of the velocity field.
31. For each of the following stream functions, with units of m2/s, determine the magnitude
and the angle the velocity vector makes with the x-axis at x = 1 m, y = 2 m. Locate any
stagnation points in the flow field. a) Ѱ = xy b) Ѱ = -2x2 + y
32. The velocity components of an incompressible, two-dimensional velocity field are given
by U = 2xy V = x2 –y2, Show that the flow is irrational and satisfies conservation of mass.
33. A two-dimensional, incompressible flow is given by u = y and v = x. Show that the
streamline passing through the point x = 10 and y = 0 is a circle centered at the origin.
34. The radial velocity component in an incompressible, two-dimensional flow field is
Determine the corresponding tangential velocity component, v required to satisfy
conservation of mass.

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 vr = 2r + 3r2sinɵ
35. The stream function for an incompressible flow field is given by Ѱ = 3x 2y–y3, where Ѱ is
the stream function has the units of m2/s with x and y in meters. (a) Sketch the streamline(s)
passing through the origin.
36. The stream function for a two-dimensional, in viscous, incompressible flow field is given
by the expression where the stream function has the units of ft 2/s with x and y in feet. (a)
Is the continuity equation satisfied? (b) Is the flow field irrational? If, so, determine the
corresponding velocity potential. (c) Determine the pressure gradient in the horizontal x
direction at the point x =2 ft, y =2 ft. Ѱ = -3(x–y)
37. The streamlines in a particular two-dimensional flow field are all concentric circles, as
shown in Fig. the velocity is given by the equation vɵ = ɷr where ɷ is the angular velocity
of the rotating mass of fluid. Determine the circulation around the path ABCD.

38. The velocity potential for a spiral vortex flow is given by ѱ = (Γ/2π) θ - (m/2π) ln r, where
Γ and m are constants. Show that the angle, α, between the velocity vector and the radial
direction is constant throughout the flow field

39. One end of a pond has a shoreline that resembles a half-body as shown in Fig. a vertical
porous pipe is located near the end of the pond so that water can be pumped out. When

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 water is pumped at the rate of 0.08 m3/s through a 3-m-longpipe, what will be the velocity
at point A? Hint: Consider the flow inside a half-body

40.
41. Consider a uniform flow in the positive x direction combined with a free vortex located at
the origin of the coordinate system. The streamline passes f=o through the point x = 4, y=
0. Determine the equation of this streamline.
42. Consider two sources having equal strengths located along the x axis at x = 0 and x = 2 m,
and a sink located on the y axis at y = 2 m. Determine the magnitude and direction of the
fluid velocity at x = 5 m and y = 0 due to this combination if the flowrate from each of the
sources is 0.5 m3/s per m and the flowrate into the sink is 1.0 m3/s per m.
43. Water flows around a 6-ft-diameter bridge pier with a velocity of 12 ft/s. Estimate the force
(per unit length) that the water exerts on the pier. Assume that the flow can be approximated
as an ideal fluid flow around the front half of the cylinder, but due to flow separation the
average pressure on the rear half is constant and approximately equal to 1/2 the pressure at
point A

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44. A Rankine oval is formed by combining a source–sink pair, each having a strength of 36
m2/s and separated by a distance of 12m along the x axis, with a uniform velocity of 10 m/s
(in the positive x direction). Determine the length and thickness of the oval.
45. The velocity potential for a cylinder rotating in a uniform stream of fluid is
𝑎2 𝛤
ϕ = 𝑢𝑟(1 + )cosθ + 𝜃
𝑟2 2л

where 𝛤 is the circulation. For what value of the circulation will the stagnation point be
located at: (a) point A; (b) point B?

Assignments
Group 1: Theory Part: 1, 2, Calculation Part: 5, 6, 9, 10, 21,22,23,24,25
Group 2: Theory Part: 3, 4, Calculation Part: 1, 2, 11, 12, 26,27,28,29,30
Group 3: 5, 6, Calculation Part: 3, 4, 13, 14,31,32,33,34,35
Group 4: 7, Calculation Part: 7, 8, 15, 16, 36,37,38,39,40
Group 5: 8, Calculation Part: 17, 18, 19, 20, 41,42,43,44,45

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