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Mathematical Logic MMW

The document discusses sentential connectives, which are words or phrases that join together two or more propositions. The five main logical connectives are negation, conjunction, disjunction, implication, and biconditional. Negation reverses the truth value of a proposition. Conjunction joins two propositions that are both true. Disjunction joins two propositions where at least one is true. Implication relates a conditional proposition. Biconditional relates a double conditional statement. Examples of how each connective functions are provided.

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53 views63 pages

Mathematical Logic MMW

The document discusses sentential connectives, which are words or phrases that join together two or more propositions. The five main logical connectives are negation, conjunction, disjunction, implication, and biconditional. Negation reverses the truth value of a proposition. Conjunction joins two propositions that are both true. Disjunction joins two propositions where at least one is true. Implication relates a conditional proposition. Biconditional relates a double conditional statement. Examples of how each connective functions are provided.

Uploaded by

Lharvae
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sentential Connectives

Sentential Connectives

Connective, also called Sentential


Connective, or Propositional
Connective, in logic, a word or group of
words that joins two or more
propositions together to form a
connective proposition.
Sentential Connectives
Commonly used connectives include “but,” “and,” “or,” “if . . . then,” and “if and
only if.” The various types of logical connectives include conjunction (“and”),
disjunction (“or”), negation (“not”), conditional (“if . . . then”), and biconditional
(“if and only if”). In a conjunction, two or more propositions that are stated as
true at the same time are joined by the connective “and,” as in the statement “Life
is short, and art is long.” In a sentence such as “If the weather remains mild and
there is no frost, then there will be a good harvest,” the connective is “If . . . then.”
The premises and conclusion of a syllogism are also joined by connectives, as in
“All men are mortal and no gods are mortal, therefore no men are gods.”
The Five (5)
Common Logical Connectives or
Operators
The Five (5) Common Logical Connectives or
Operators

❖ Logical Negation
❖ Logical Conjunction (AND)
❖ Logical Disjunction (Inclusive OR)
❖ Logical Implication (Conditional)

❖ Logical Biconditional (Double Implication)


1
Logical Negation
❖ Logical Negation

The negation of a statement is also a


statement with a truth value that is exactly
opposite that of the original statement. For
instance, the negation of the statement is
written symbolically as
❖ Logical Negation
❖ Logical Negation
Example 1

It is raining.
Negation

It is not raining.
Example 2

The food is healthy.


Negation

The food is not healthy.


Example 3

I am active in class
Negation

I am not active in class


Example 4

Mathematics is boring.
Negation

Mathematics is not boring.


Example 5

I am excellent in Mathematics.

Negation

I am not excellent in Mathematics.


2
Logical Conjunction (AND)
Logical Conjunction (AND)

A conjunction is a type of
compound statement that is
comprised of two propositions (also
known as simple statements) joined
by the AND operator.
❖ Logical Conjunction (AND)
❖ Logical Conjunction (AND)
Example 1
It is raining.
I am indoors.
Conjunction
It is raining and I am indoors.
Example 2
The food is healthy.
The food is delicious.
Conjunction
The food is healthy and delicious.
Example 3
I am active in class.
I am good in class.
Conjunction
I am active and good in class.
Example 4
Mathematics is boring.
Mathematics is uninteresting.
Conjunction
Mathematics is boring and uninteresting.
Example 5

I am excellent in Mathematics.

I am interested in Mathematics.

Conjunction

I am excellent and interested in Mathematics.


3
Logical Disjunction
(Inclusive OR)
Logical Disjunction (Inclusive OR)
❖ Logical Disjunction (Inclusive OR)
❖ Logical Disjunction (Inclusive OR)
❖ Logical Disjunction (Inclusive OR)
Example 1

It is raining.
I am indoors.
Disjunction

It is raining or I am indoors.
Example 2

The food is healthy.


The food is delicious.
Disjunction

The food is healthy or delicious.


Example 3

I am active in class.
I am good in class.

Disjunction

I am active or good in class.


Example 4

Mathematics is boring.
Mathematics is uninteresting.

Disjunction

Mathematics is boring or uninteresting.


Example 5

I am excellent in Mathematics.
I am interested in Mathematics.

Disjunction

I am excellent or interested in Mathematics.


4
Logical Implication
(Conditional)
An implication (also known as
conditional statement) is a type of
compound statement that is formed by
joining two simple statements with the
logical implication connective or
operator.
❖ Logical Implication (Conditional)
❖ Logical Implication (Conditional)
❖ Logical Implication (Conditional)
❖ Logical Implication (Conditional)
❖ Logical Implication (Conditional)
❖ Logical Implication (Conditional)
Example 1

It is raining.
I am indoors.
Conditional

If it is raining then I am indoors.


Example 2

The food is healthy.


The food is delicious.
Conditional

If the food is healthy the it is delicious.


Example 3

I am active in class.
I am good in class.

Conditional

If I am active then I am good in class.


Example 4

Mathematics is boring.
Mathematics is uninteresting.

Conditional

If Mathematics is boring then it is uninteresting.


Example 5
I am excellent in Mathematics.
I am interested in Mathematics.
Condtional
If am excellent then I am interested in
Mathematics.
5
Logical Biconditional
(Double Implication)
Logical Biconditional (Double Implication)

● a type of compound statement that is formed by


joining two simple statements with the
conditional operator.

● It is a combination of a conditional statement


and its converse.
Logical Biconditional (Double Implication)

it is denoted by a double-headed arrow.


Logical Biconditional (Double
❖
Implication)
When you join two simple statements (also known
as molecular statements) with the biconditional
operator, we get:
❖ Logical Biconditional (Double Implication)
❖ Logical Biconditional (Double Implication)
Example 1

It is raining.
I am indoors.
Biconditional

I am indoors if and only if it is raining


Example 2

The food is healthy.


The food is delicious.
Biconditional

It is delicious if and only if the food is healthy.


Example 3

I am active in class.
I am good in class.

Biconditional

I am good in class if and only if I am active.


Example 4

Mathematics is boring.
Mathematics is uninteresting.

Biconditional

Mathematics is uninteresting if and only if if is boring.


Example 5

I am excellent in Mathematics.
I am interested in Mathematics.

Biconditional
I am interested in Mathematics if and only if I am
excellent.

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