FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OWERRI.

P.M.B 1526, OWERRI, IMO STATE.

A TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME
(SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT
EMYTEX ENGINEERING WORKSHOP.
22, EMMAOZUBA STREET, AWADA OBOSI, ANAMBRA STATE.

WRITTEN BY
ENOCH CHIZARAM EMMANUEL
20171047093

SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, SCHOOL
OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (SEET)
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING (B.Eng.) DEGREE IN MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

AUGUST, 2021.

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 DEDICATION

I dedicate this report first and foremost to Almighty God who has

been there right from the beginning to this very point.

Special dedication also to my ever supportive parents, for their

relentless support and compassion towards me during the course

of my SIWES training.

To God be the glory.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My appreciation goes to the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) for putting

up this program in place and also to the Mechanical Engineering
Department, Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO), for
providing a platform on which I was engaged on the training.

I am grateful to Emytex Engineering Workshop for providing me with

an opportunity to be exposed to Atomotive engineering. I also want to
say a big thank you to my industry based supervisor Mr. Okafor
Chiemela for guiding throughout the experience.

To the manager and staff in general, I want to say Thank you in the
various ways in which you have assisted me. I am deeply indebted to
God almighty; without whom I would have achieved nothing at all.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page 1
Dedication 2
Acknowledgement 3
Table of Contents 4

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction to SIWES

1.1 About SIWES 5

1.2 Duration of SIWES 6
1.3 Roles of the Federal Government 7
1.4 Roles of ITF (Industrial Training Fund) 7
1.5 Objectives of SIWES 7
1.6 Importance of SIWES 8
1.7 Demerits of SiWES 8

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 About the company

2.1 Brief history of the company 10
2.2 Mandate 10
2.3 Organogram of the company 10
2.4 Areas of activity/Major products 11
2.5 Departments in the company 12
2.6 Code of conduct in the workshop 12

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Workshop machines, equipments and tools

3.1 Workshop machines and equipments 13

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CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Workshop activities I took part in

4.1 Routine car service 19
4.1.1 Drainage of old engine oil 20
4.1.2 Replacement of old oil filter 20
4.1.3 Refilling and gauging of new engine oil 21
4.1.4 Replacement of old fuel filter 22
4.1.5 Replacement of old and worn out brake pads 22
4.1.6 Servicing of fuel injection system 24
4.2 Repair and replacement of faulty parts 24
4.2.1 Examining and working on a faulty steering system 25
4.2.2 Automotive engine replacement 26

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Problems encountered, Recommendation and Conclusion 28

5.1 Problems encountered 28
5.2 Recommendations 29
5.3 Conclusion 30

REFERENCES 31

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SIWES

1.1 ABOUT SIWES

In 1973, the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme was

introduced under the Federal Government of Nigeria by the Industrial
Training Fund (ITF) and is supported by the Ministry of Education and
National Board of Technical Education to bridge the gap between theory
and practice among students of engineering and technology in
Institutions of Higher Learning in Nigeria. . It provides for on-the-job
practical experience for students as they are exposed to work methods
and techniques in handling equipment and machinery that may not be
available in their Institutions. The scheme has provided a platform for
effective learning and a foresight into what a student is expected to
experience in an industrial setting. The scheme helps students acquire
proper education and knowledge on their field of study and also provides
a lot of benefits to students as it exposes and help to bridge the perceived
gap between theory and practice of science and technology. It also helps
them to acquire knowledge about the structure and working environment
of the organizations in preparation for the outer world after graduation.

Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a human

capital formation programme through industrial attachment for which
students are expected to have a practical experience on the basis of
theories and principles acquired in teachinglearning process. The
Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is an accepted
skills training programme, which forms part of the approved minimum
Academic Standards in the various degree programmes for all Nigerian
Universities. It is an effort to bridge the gap existing between theory and
practice of Management and other professional educational programmes
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 in the Nigerian tertiary institutions. The Scheme exposes students to
industry based skills necessary for a smooth transition from the
classroom to the world of work. It affords students of tertiary institutions
(e.g. FUTO) the opportunity of being familiarized and exposed to the
needed experience in handling machinery and equipment which are
usually not available in the educational institutions.

Participation in SIWES has become a necessary pre-condition for the

award of Diploma and Degree certificates in specific disciplines in most
institutions of higher learning in the country, in accordance with the
education policy of government.

1.2 DURATION OF SIWES

SIWES (Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme) is a scheme for

the duration of 24 weeks (6 months). SIWES is done after the first year in
polytechnics (ND1); and done after Second year or third year in
Universities depending on the institutions.

The effective management of Student’s Industrial Work Experience

Scheme (SIWES) has been as a result of the cooperation and well played
roles of the Federal Government, ITF and Supervising agencies.

Here are the roles played by the managements of this scheme.

1.3 ROLES OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

Federal Government being the major party in the establishment of

SIWES; has ever since been involved in the management of SIWES. Some
of the roles played are:

i. To make it mandatory for all ministries, companies and parastatals to

offer places of attachment for students in accordance with the
provision decree of No 47 of 1971 as amended in 1990.

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ii. To provide necessary and adequate funds to ITF through the Federal
ministries of industries.

1.4 ROLES OF ITF (INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND)

i. To provide logistics and materials needed to administer the scheme

ii. To supervise students through its Area offices.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

1. Industrial training (I.T) provides an avenue for students in higher

institutions to acquire skills and experience in their course of study.
2. It exposes students to work methods techniques in handling
equipment and machines that may not be available in the educational
institution.
3. The programme teaches the students how to interact effectively with
workers and supervisors under various conditions in the organization.
4. The students will have the chance to evaluate companies for which
they might wish to work.

5. To prepare students for various responsibilities and challenges of the

outside world which they are likely to meet after graduation.
6. To expose students to other field outside theirs making them to
become broad in their knowledge scope and experience.
1.6 IMPORTANCE OF SIWES

i. SIWES expose students to skills and techniques in handling

equipment and machinery that may not be available in their
respective institution in relation to their course of study.
ii. SIWES not only establishes contact with students and industries but
enhances job placement for students on graduation thus bridging the
gap between institutions and industries.
iii. It also provides opportunities for students to apply theoretical
knowledge to practical work thereby bridging the gap between theory
and practical and as well it tests student’s ability to relate
fundamental principles with practical work.

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iv. It encourages and enhances involvement of the employers in the
entire educational processes of preparing graduates that are
employable. Minimization of the bewilderment experienced by
students. Particularly those from non-technological background,
pursuing courses in science, engineering and technology with regard
to different equipment, processes, tools etc. available in industry.
v. Provision of an enabling environment where students can develop and
enhance personal attributes such as critical thinking, creativity,
initiative, resourcefulness, leadership, time management,
presentation skills and interpersonal skills, amongst others .

1.7 DEMERITS OF SIWES

As much as the SIWES programme was created with the sole objective to
the industrial work capacity of Nigerian students, there are certain flaws
that still curtail the aim of the programme. Hence, some of the
disadvantages of the SIWES programme are:

1. The industrial infrastructure in Nigeria is so appalling to support the

technological advancements in the world.
2. Recently, it has been quite difficult to secure an Industrial Training
(IT) placement.
3. Most of the college courses do not have an appropriate corresponding
placement area or company.
4. There is also an argument of paying part-time students during the
course of their Industrial Training.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 ABOUT THE COMPANY

2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF EMYTEX ENGINEERING WORKSHOP

I had the privilege to carry out my Industrial Training programme at

Emytex engineering workshop. It started from inception as a mobile car
servicing company. It was founded by Engr. Emeka Kizito in the year
2009 at 22, Emmaozuba Street, Obosi, Awada, Anambra State which was
beforehand a garage used as a mini mechanic workshop. Presently, it
has a staff strength of six and a workshop capacity of only 3 cars. It is
gradually and effectively working towards its growth and expansion.

2.2 MANDATE OF EMYTEX ENGINEERING WORKSHOP

The main purpose of Emytex Engineering Workshop is to provide high

quality auto repairs and superior customer services. Gaining trust and
exceeding customers’ expectations is at the heart of our establishment as
we give all customers an exceptional experience while having their
vehicles serviced. We continue to strive to be a leading example in the
auto repair industry.

Our greatest desire is to expand our manufacturing capacity and in the

near future start producing quality cars suitable for African terrain and
also to produce the best qualified and well equipped auto technicians.

2.3 ORGANOGRAM OF EMYTEX ENGINEERING WORKSHOP

The hierarchy of the firm ranges from the Managing Director to the
Technicians including those on part time contracts like the IT students.

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 EMYTEX
ENGINEERING
WORKSHOP

Managing Director

Service Accounts
Admin Clerk
Manager Officer

Customer
Supervisor Store Manager
Service

Technicians

Car Washers

Fig. 1 Organogram of Emytex Engineering

Workshop

2.4 AREAS OF ACTIVITY AND MAJOR PRODUCTS

Emytex engineering workshop services is Japanese inclined and Toyota

Specialized. Its major areas of activity encompass general automobile
servicing and repair which includes the following:

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o Routine car servicing

o Vehicle fault analysis

o Auto-diagnosis and repair

o Chassis maintenance and

repair o General vehicle
maintenance.

2.5 DEPARTMENTS IN THE COMPANY

The departments in Emytex Engineering Workshop include the following:

o Management

o Workshop

o Accounts

o Store Management and

control

o Logistics and o Security

2.6 CODE OF CONDUCT IN THE WORKSHOP

1. Always listen carefully to your instructors and follow instructions.

2. Always use a safely guard when working on a machine.

3. Keep hands away from moving/rotating machinery.

4. Report any damage to machine/equipment as this could be a hazard if
ignored.

5. Eating and drinking in the mechanical workshop areas are strictly

prohibited.

6. Any oil spillage or grease should be cleaned off immediately.

7. Safety boot or enclosed shoes must be worn in workshops.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 WORKSHOP MACHINES, EQUIPMENTS AND HAND TOOLS

3.1 WORKSHOP MACHINES AND EQUIPMENTS

1. CAR LIFT: At EJAAS, the two post car lift, often powered hydraulically
for raising a vehicle so that the underside is accessible for inspection
and repair is used.

Fig. 2: Hydraulic Car Lift

2. WHEEL BALANCER: This is equipment used to check the wheel and
tire assembly for static and dynamic balance.

Fig. 3: Twin Busch Wheel balancer machine

3. TIRE CHANGER: This is a machine which helps the tire technicians
dismount and mount tires on automobile wheels.

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 Fig. 4: Tyre Changer Machine
4. AUTOMOTIVE JACK: This is equipment that uses the power of
hydraulics to lift up part of a vehicle allowing the user access to
change a tire or perform repairs and routine maintenance.

Fig. 5: Hydraulic Car Jack

5. OBD II HAND SCANNER: The on board diagnostic hand scanner v2.0
is a diagnostic hand-held device that is used to scan and read on
board diagnostic codes in vehicles.

Fig. 6: OBD-II hand scanner

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6. HYDRAULIC PRESS: This is equipment that uses a hydraulic cylinder
to generate a compressive force.

Fig. 7: Hydraulic Press Machine

7. JUMP LEADS: This is a pair of thick wire for starting the engine of one
vehicle with electricity from battery of another vehicle.

Fig. 8: Jumper Cables with +ve and –ve cords

8. TRANSMISSION JACK: This is workshop equipment that is used to
remove, install and transport a vehicles transmission safely.

Fig. 9: Automatic Transmission Jack

9. AIR COMPRESSOR: This is a machine that converts power into
potential energy stored in pressurized air cylinders.

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 Fig. 10: Mechanical Air Compressor for pumping tyres
10.A/C RECHARGE STATION: This is a device that is used to retrieve or
recharge the refrigerant gas in a vehicles air conditioning system.

Fig. 11: Air Condition Refrigerant Gas recharger

11.CAR CREEPER: This is a flat form on four or six caster wheels that
allows you to move around easily while lying on your back under a
vehicle.

Fig. 12: Car Creeper

12.OIL CHANGER MACHINE: This is a machine that is used to collect
bad oil from a vehicle for proper disposal or recycling.

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 Fig. 13: Oil changing Machine
13.BATTERY CHARGER: This is an electrical machine used to put
energy into a secondary cell or rechargeable battery by forcing an
electric current through it.

Fig. 14: Automobile Battery Charger

14.ENGINE CRANE: This is a common repair tool used in vehicle repair
shops to remove or install gasoline or diesel engine in small and
crowded vehicle engine compartments.

Fig. 15: Automobile Engine Crane

15.JACK STAND: This is a stand whose height may be adjusted and
which is used to support a vehicle that has been raised by a jack.

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 Fig. 16: Jack Stands (Parking Supports)
16.DIGITAL MULTIMETER: This is a test tool used to measure two or
more electrical values. Principally voltage (volt), Current (amps) and
resistance (ohms). It combines several measurement functions in one
unit.

Fig. 17: Digital Multi-meter

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 WORKSHOP ACTIVITIES I TOOK PART IN

The major workshop activities carried out at Emytex engineering

workshop can be classified into two different categories namely:

− Routine car service

− Car repair and replacement of faulty parts.

4.1 ROUTINE CAR SERVICE

Routine car service is a series of maintenance procedures carried out at a

set time interval or after the vehicle has covered a particular mileage.
This service intervals are usually specified by the vehicle manufacturer in
a service schedule, while some modern cars display the due date for the
next service electronically on the instrument panel of the dashboard. At
Emytex engineering workshop, customers are notified about their next
service mileage or date using a service sticker placed within the driver’s
eye reach after each service.

It involves the following activities:

1. Drainage of old engine oil

2. Replacement of old oil filter
3. Refilling and gauging of new engine oil
4. Replacement of old fuel filter (for some specific cars)
5. Replacement of worn out brake pads
6. Servicing of fuel injection system (optional depending on the state of
the engine).

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4.1.1 DRAINAGE OF OLD ENGINE OIL

Drainage of old engine oil is a basic routine car service operation usually
done beneath the car for most cars. This is because it is done on the
engine sump which is usually located beneath the engine.

The drainage in the engine sump is usually either a 14 sized bolt for most
cars or 17 sized bolt for some cars. This drainage bolt can be loosed with
either a 14 or 17 sized socket connected to a T-rod (or spanner)
depending on the size. After the oil is totally drained out, the drainage
bolt is carefully tight back.

It is worthy to note that as easy as this particular operation may seem,

enough care and caution should be taken while doing this especially
when tightening the drainage bolt to avoid derailing or miss-threading
which can easily cause the thread to wear out thus leading to leakage of
engine oil from the sump.

4.1.2 REPLACEMENT OF OLD OIL FILTER

Oil filter is a component of the engine that strains or sieves off debris
from the oil and prevents them from entering into engine as their
presence could be hazardous to the engine and affect its longevity.

This simply entails removing the old and faulty oil filter (which may be
stuck with debris from the old engine oil) and allowing the engine oil
there to drain off before replacing it with a new oil filter.

This operation is usually done with an oil filter cup or oil filter chain. The
size of the oil filter cup has to be equivalent with the size of the oil filter.
If one is using the oil filter chain, there is no need for size however,
enough expertise is required.

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 Fig. 42 Iron and Net Oil Filters

4.1.3 REFILLING AND GUAGING OF NEW ENGINE OIL

Refilling of new engine oil is usually done through an opening or nozzle

on top of the engine valve cover. After refilling, it is required that it is
gauged to ensure the engine has the adequate amount of oil for its
perfect working condition. Some good brands of engine oil are Mobil XHP,
Mobil 1, Conoil and Total. The prevalent brand at Emytex engineering
workshop where I had my industrial training was Mobil engine oil (i.e.
Mobil XHP and Mobil 1).

A good engine oil should be viscous enough to lubricate all the parts of
the engine without leaving any deposit. However, it required that the
engine oil be replaced on time to avoid much carbon deposit on the
internal parts of the engine.

Fig. 43 Mobile 1 Engine Oil

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 4.1.4 REPLACEMENT OF OLD FUEL FILTER

Fuel filter is a component in the car that filters off dirt and debris from
the fuel whose presence could be dangerous to the I.C engine.

During routine car servicing, the fuel filter should be replaced for cars
having their fuel filter visible in the bonnet except for cars having theirs
inside the fuel tank.

4.1.5 REPLACEMENT OF OLD AND WORN OUT BRAKE PADS

Brake pads are the components of the brake system that transmits the
braking force to the brake discs when the brake is actuated.

It is however very important that the brake system of a car is in perfect

working condition and one way to ensure this during routine service is to
check all the brake pads for wear due to friction between the surfaces of
the brake pad and disc. If the brake pads are still in order, some auto
mechanics still rub their surfaces against the tarred road to make it
rough and work well.

Brake pads are replaced by first loosening the wheel stud nuts and then
the caliper bolts (usually size 14) pressing the caliper against the brake
pad.

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FIG: BRAKE PADS

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4.1.6 SERVICING OF FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM

The fuel injection system ensures that fuel is supplied in the right ratio
and proportion to the cylinder/combustion chamber.

The carburetor is the part of an engine that supplies a mixture of air and
fuel (in an adequate air/fuel ratio) to the combustion chamber.

Servicing of fuel injection system is not compulsory for every routine

service. It depends on the state of the engine. Servicing of the fuel
injection system involves using a carburetor/injector cleaner (such as
ABRO CARBURETOR/INJECTOR CLEANER) to clean the
carburetor/injector mouth and the fuel injectors/nozzles. It can also be
done using an injector machine.

4.2 REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT OF FAULTY PARTS

The replacement activity has to do with the total and thorough change of
a particular automobile device/unit that have no useful life left in them.
This can be due to wear and tear or improper handling. Poor servicing
techniques ca also reduce the lifespan of the certain mechanisms in an
automobile. Examples of replacement activities include;

− Replacement of a faulty steering rack

− Replacement of a faulty transmission gear box

− Replacement of a faulty radiator

− Replacement of a faulty alternator

− Replacement of a faulty suspension system component, etc.

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4.2.1 EXAMINING AND WORKING ON A FAULTY STEERING SYSTEM

To examine a faulty power steering system and successfully detect the

fault, carefulness, expertise and experience are required. During the
period of my industrial training some I understood that:

TO CHECK FOR A FAULTY TIE-ROD SOCKET

During test driving you may notice some noise during galloping.
Although some other things could cause this noise however, you can
confirm this when the vehicle is at rest. Jack the vehicle up (specifically
the front wheels) and with your fingers, try to check for wobbling by
shaking the tire horizontally left and right. Make sure the stud nuts are
still firmly tight before doing this.

CHECKING FOR A FAULTY POWER STEERING RESERVOIR AND

POWER STEERING PUMP DURING THE CASE OF HARD STEERING

When there is a case of hard steering, there could be some other causes
of this, however, to confirm that the power steering pump is faulty
ensure that the ATF in the reservoir is well gauged. Then with the engine
on turn the steering. If the ATF in the reservoir overflows, it simply
means that fluid is only entering back the reservoir via the return hose
from the steering rack and not flowing out (or being sucked by the pump)
because it ought to be sinking not overflowing.

However, before attempting to lose out the pump first loose out the
reservoir and check if the ATF flows out easily from the supply and
return outlets. If it doesn’t flow out from the supply, it simply means that
the filter inside the reservoir is blocked with dirt and debris. This can be
cleaned by washing the reservoir with fuel and gently tapping it on the
ground upside down to remove the dirt. If the filter is torn, it is advisable

25
you replace the reservoir to avoid dirt from entering into the power
steering pump because that is the purpose of the filter.

If however, the supply and return outlets are free then it simply implies
that the power steering pump is faulty and may require replacement.

CHECKING FOR A FAULTY PRESSURE HOSE

To identify a faulty pressure hose, we simply check for leakages in the

hose. If there are possible leakages, the pressure hose has to be replaced.

4.2.2 AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE REPLACEMENT

AIM: The main purpose of changing a vehicle engine is to remove an

engine that has knock or an engine which has a reduced performance.

TOOLS/EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: Jack, jack stand, engine crane, and

wrenches.

CASE STUDY: Mitsubishi (Montero)

MATERIALS REQUIRED: New engine, engine oil, oil filter and coolant.

Fig. 46 Faulty Overhauled Sequia V8 Engine Being Replaced

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PROCEDURES

− Park the vehicle on a level surface and engage the parking brakes.

− Open and remove the hood (bonnet).

− Jack the vehicle where the engine is located and support with a jack
stand.
− Drain all fluids (engine oil, radiator coolant and power steering fluid)
from the engine.

− Disconnect the radiator and all coolant lines.

− Disconnect the intake and exhaust gas manifolds. And also

disconnect the fuel engine lines.

− Disconnect all the electrical wire harness.

− Unbolt the flywheel from the torque converter.

− Loosen the engine mount nut or bolt and remove it.

− Unbolt the surrounding bolt that holds the engine and transmission
together.

− Connect the engine crane and gently raise and remove the old
engine.

− Visually inspect the old and new engine to ensure that there is no
difference.

− Connect the engine crane to the new engine.

− Raise the new engine and carefully guide it into the engine
compartment.

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− Guide, fasten and tighten the engine mount bolts and also the gear
box to the engine simultaneously to avoid any complications.

− Re-connect any disconnected component and if need be, replace any

damaged one.

− Start the vehicle and allow to idle for several minutes’ (about 10-
20mins)

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED, RECOMMENDATION AND

CONCLUSION

5.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

During my 6-month SIWES industrial training, I encountered a lot of

problems which include;

1. DIFFICULTY IN SECURING AN I.T. PLACEMENT:

I had most of problem searching for a place of attachment for my

industrial training because most companies rejected my request giving
one reason or the other that they do not take IT students.

2. RESTRICTION TO USE MACHINES:

The IT students were not given the opportunity or permission to operate

most of their machine they will rather ask you to watch the operator and
learn and most of the machines require electricity to be operated.

3. FINANCE

There was no provision to pay IT students nor to draft any allowance

packages to take care of the expenses for the six months programme. For
a couple of participants, who reside quite far from the company, this
posed a lot of problems.

4. INADEQUATE FACILITIES: Some companies do not provide enough

facilities and equipment which make the programme to be difficult
because the company or the establishment didn't provide
accommodation for IT students.

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5.2 RECOMMENDATION

I hereby recommend that students should be given placements if possible

by the school to enable them learn under the supervision of the school.

I also recommend that it should be an obligation for companies not just

to accept students but also to give then financial incentives to serve as in
encouragement not just to learn but also to contribute to the success of
the company

5.3 CONCLUSION

The experience I got during this training exposed me to the challenge in

my chosen field of study. . This training helped me appreciate my
classroom knowledge and breach the gap between my classroom
knowledge, practical and on field / life experience.

I saw most of the tools I only heard of, handled them, knew areas they
fitted rightly into and where they are limited to in the cause of using
them which saves time and enables the tools last longer.

The training has personally exposed me to a lot of practical experience

that one will need to carry on his / her chosen career.

I would use this medium to recommend SIWES to all students in the

higher institution because it has proven to be worth the time it consumes
and also it presents knowledge to anyone who is willing to make a good
out of it.

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 REFERENCES

Emytex engineering workshop Hand Book and Code of Conduct.

MyAutoRepairAdvice.Com

Motormedics Hand Book

Automotive Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology

Nwaji, E. C. (2017-2018). Automotive Engineeering Technology I. ATE

403.

Ofria, C. (2010). Automotive Cooling System. CarsPart.com.

Payne, C. (2009). What is Turbocharging. Internet: Quora.

Science, E. (2013). Understanding Automotive Electronics. Manchester.

theMAG. (2015). Explained! The different types of Petrol Engine. Avon:

Team BHP Support.

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