100%(1)100% found this document useful (1 vote) 117 views8 pagesChapter4QBasic ProgrammingStatements
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SNAP/RECAP
Programming statements can be sequential, conditional or iterational.
IP... THEN ... ELSE is used to execute a statement based on a condition.
END IF is given to end the IF statement.
; ELSEIF allows executing a set of statements if the previous condition is false.
1
2
3.
4.
CEARNING OBJECTIVES
You will learn about:
1. FOR... NEXT 4. WHILE ... WEND
2. DO WHILE ... LOOP 5. EXIT Command
3. DO UNTIL... LOOP
Introduction -
Sometimes there is a need to repeat a set of statements more than once based on a certain
Condition. This process of repetition is called Loop or Iteration in programming,
A loop is, thus, used to repeat a block of statements a specific number of. time:
loops are available in QBASIC:
+ DO WHILE... LOOP
+ FOR... NEXT
+ WHILE ... WEND
* DO UNTIL... LOOP
s. The following
The FOR statements are best used to perform a loop a specific number of times,
However, the DO ... and WHILE ... WEND statements are best used to perform a
loop an undetermined number of times.
Scanned with CamScannerFOR ... NEXT
FOR ... NEXT structure is used when you want to perform a loop a specific nurmber of times,
Ieuses a counter variable which is incremented or decremented with each repetition of the Joop.
Syntax
RK counter_variable =
Start Value TO End Value S'
StepValue
Statement2;
counter_variable
‘The explanation of the syntax is given below:
+ FOR statement is the beginnin
of the loop.
StartValue is the initial value of the counter_variable.
EndValue is the value that the counter_variable must exceed to exit the loop.
StepValue is the amount by which the counter is changed each time through the loop.
NEXT statement is the end of the loop.
STEP statement is given to specify the StepValue. If not specified, STEP defaults to
one. This value can be either positive (when counter increases) or negative (when
counter deer s).
After all the statements in the loop have been executed, Step Value is added to the counter.
At this value point, either the statements in the loop execute again (based on the same test that
caused the loop to execute initially), or the foop is exited and execution continues with the
statement following the NEXT statement.
Sample Program 1:To print multiples of 5 from 0 to 30
The input and the corresponding output for Sample Program | is given in Table 4.1.
‘Table 4.1 Input - Output
CLs 0
FORA =0TO 30 STEP 5S 5
PRINTA 10
NEXTA 15
20
25
30
a a
eet} | tl Or) LD
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Sample in 1 and 10
Pi : betwee
Togram 2:To display even numbers 0° given in Table 4.2,
The i
mput svowram 2
Patand the corresponding output for Sample Progra"
4 — Output
Ree Table 4.2 np
cLs ay
FOR As
PRINT A
NEXT A
TO9 st
a ae
Tf you w: ,
You want to create a countdown loop where the number is decremented with each loop simply
use a negati
‘ative StepValue as shown in the following example.
Sam ;
— wie Program 3: To display countdown from 10 to 1
put and the corresponding output for Sample Program 3 is given in Table 4.3.
i Table 4.3 Input — Output
cLs 0
FORA =10TO1 STEP-1 9
PRINT A '
NEXTA 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
GD» na decrementing loop the starting number is greater tha i
ae n the ending number
Tr.
A. t the square of numbers from 1 to 10 using FOR ... NEXT |
ce loop.
B. Print the odd numbers from 20 to 1 using FOR ++ NEXT loop,
a
eo Bae
Scanned with CamScannerDO WHILE
. LOOP
3 ... LOOP is performed as long : PeaA
ements written within DO ... LOOP will be repeated till the condition is true, Every
loop ends with the LOOP statement. Before the loop is ended, the counter
variable must be incremented or decremented to avoid an infinite loop.
A counter variable is used to control execution of a DO WHILE ... loop. It increments/
decrements each time through the loop. and is tested in the loop expression. A counter is good
to use when you specifically know how many times you need to execute the loop. For example,
in DO WHILE ... loop in Sample Program 1 count is used as a counter.
Syntax
DO WHILE test condition
Statement!
Statement2
as the condition being tested is true. It means
LOOP
Sample Program 4:To print numbers 1 to 10
The input and the corresponding output of Sample
Program 4 is given in Table 4.4. °
cLs 1
count = 1 2
DOWHILE coump<= 19g ot 3
count =count +P —~ Pv ral Coun 4
LOOP 5
6
7
8
9
10
Try and observe the output for the
as Try and observe the output for the
following:
a following:
az! LETa=1
DO WHILE a>= 1 DO WHILE a<=10
PRINT a PRINT a+a
aza-l Earl
LOOP LOO!
Scanned with CamScannerDO UNTIL
aie atements until the condition
Do
ist UNTIL ... is different from DO WHILE... as it executes the st it exits the loop if
Tue. In other words, it executes the statement if the condition is false and it ex ,
the condition is true,
Syntax
DO UNTIL test condition
Statement!
Statement2
LOOP
Let us write a sample program using DO UNTIL ... LOOP.
Sample Program 5: To print numbers 1 to 9
‘The input and the corresponding output of Sample Program 5 is given in Table 4.5.
Table 4.5 Input - Output
a |
CLs
count = | veTze
DO WHEE count = 10
count = count #1
Loop
——— Print count
Coed Anew ne
D> 10 is not printed in this program as the statements get executed only till the condition
is false. As soon as the value of count becomes 10, statement is true and the Joop ends.
WHILE ... WEND
While...wend works just like any other loop. It executes a series of statements as long as
specified condition is true.
Syntax
WHILE test condition
Statements
WEND
a
Ba
Scanned with CamScannerSample program 6: To generate multiples of 5 from 5 to 50
The input and the corresponding output of Sample Program 6 is given in Table 4.6,
Table 4.6 Input - Output
cLs 5
LET num =5 10
WHILE num <=50 15
PRINT num 20
num = num +5 25
WEND 30
© 35
40
45
50
EXIT
Exit command is used to come out of a loop before the expected number of executions. EXIT
command is used followed by either FOR or DO.
Sample Program 7: To exit after 3 while printing 1 to 5
‘The input and the corresponding output of Sample Program 7 is given in Table 4.7.
Table 4.7 Input - Ouput
Lie > a Sa
cLs
FORM=1TOS
PRINT M,esptatttd
IF M=3 THEN EXIT FOR
wre
NEXT M
A. Print multiples of 10 from 10 to 100 using WHILE ... WEND.
B. Print the sum of 1 to 5 natural numbers using DO WHILE ... LOOP.+ The FOR ... NEXT structure is used when you want to perform! pe
number of times. It uses counter variable which is incremented Or
with each repetition of the loop. .
+ ADO WHILE... LOOP is performed as long as the conditio
+ DO... UNTIL LOOP is different from DO WHILE as it executes the statements
until the condition is true.
+ The purpose of DO ... LOOP and WHILE ... WEND is similar except for the
syntax.
+ To come out of a loop before the expected number of execution,
is used followed by either FOR or DO.
n being tested is true.
EXIT command
€ @ Fillinthe blanks.
1. FOR... NEXTisa type of QBASIC Statement.
is used to end DO loop.
works similar to DO ... WHILE.
is used to repeat certain steps a fixed number of times.
2.
3
4,
5. The DO... LOOP can be used either with WHILE statement or .. statement.
: © Answer the following questions.
: 1. Whatis an iteration in QBASIC? Give examples.
When do you use FOR... NEXT? Write a small code to support your answer
What is the purpose of WHILE ... WEND in QBASIC? Write a small code.
latnhababbaeahaehcadanheanteateahetaabtabenbalobtebtnahstehatesbteen”
What is the difference between a DO WHILE and a DO UNTIL statement?
Why do you use EXIT command? Give example.
Scanned with CamScanner@ Find out the errors in the following programs: 41>
1
A=1 2. FORX=10T01
DO UNTILA <= 10 PRINT X
PRINT A x
A=A+1 LOOP
Loop
© © Give the output of the following programs:
1.
TEACHER'S NOTES
Tell the students that two loops can be used together. We can Nest one loop inside another. The outside
Joop is evaluated first and then the nested loop is processed and evaluated. Demonstrate with an example.
cls 2. M=1
FORY=1TO50step5 DO until M>=10
PRINT Y, Print M
NEXTY M=M+1
LOOP
.. Sarah wants to generate an even number series from 10 to 20, Which loop should
she use? Write the code for this program.
Write program to generate an odd number series from
. Rita has been given a task of writing the multiples of 7
statements should she write to display these on the QBASIC screen?
STEP -1
100 to 130.
from 70 to 140. What
@
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