c`v_©weÁvb

BDwbU t 7
Zi½ I kã
WAVE & SOUND

f‚wgKv
cyKzi ev Rjvk‡qi cvwb‡Z GK UzK‡iv wXj †dj‡j Pvwiw`‡K cvwbi †XD Qwo‡q c‡o| mgy‡`ªi ˆmK‡Z ev wekvj
Rjvk‡qi cv‡o cvwbi †XD AvQ‡o c‡o| GB †XD weÁv‡bi fvlvq Zi½| Avgv‡`i Pvwiw`‡K wewfbœ iKg Zi‡½i
g‡a¨ GKwU n‡jv cvwbi Zi½| Ab¨vb¨ Zi½ n‡jv kã Zi½, Av‡jvK Zi½, †eZvi Zi½, wewfbœ ai‡bi
ZvwoZPz¤^Kxq Zi½ BZ¨vw`| Zi‡½i gva¨‡g kw³ mÂvwiZ nq| cyKz‡ii Zi½ m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i wKQz aviYv Av‡Q
mZ¨, wKš‘ wewfbœ cÖKvi Zi‡½i ch©vß Ges myôz e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j Zi½ m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i AviI wKQz Rvbv
`iKvi| kã GK iKg Zi½| Avgv‡`i g‡bi fve cÖKv‡ki Ges †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb gva¨g kã| Avgiv K_v ewj,
K_v ïwb| MxZ ev`¨, †Kvjvnj, wPrKvi †PPv‡gwP, Bwćbi ûknvm cÖwZw`b KZ iK‡gi k‡ãi †gvKv‡ejv Kwi| kã
Avgv‡`i Rxe‡bi ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y© welq| KZ ai‡bi kãÑ D”P, wbgœ, big, wPrKvi, my‡ijv, wgwó, Zx¶è BZ¨vw`| kã GK
cÖKvi kw³| k‡ãi cÖK…wZ, ˆewkó¨ I Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K© Avgiv hZ †ewk Rvbe ZZ myôz I wbqwš¿Zfv‡e Gi
e¨envi Ki‡Z cvie|
G BDwb‡U cÖ_‡g Zi½ m¤úKx©q wKQz †gŠwjK welq †hgb- ch©ve„Ë MwZ, ¯ú›`b I mij Qw›`Z ¯ú›`b, Zi½
m¤úwK©Z ivwkmg~n, Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ I Zi½ †e‡Mi m¤úK© Ges Zi‡½i cÖKvi‡f` wb‡q Ges c‡i kã I k‡ãi ˆewkó¨,
wewfbœ cÖKvi kã, k‡ãi †eM I Gi Dci ZvcgvÎvi cªfve, cÖwZdjb, cÖwZaŸwb, kÖve¨Zvi mxgv, k‡ãZi, k‡ãvËi
K¤úv¼ -G‡`i cÖ‡qvM, kã `~lY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

cvV-1 Zi½ I Zi‡½i ˆewkó¨ (Wave and Its Nature)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb
1. ch©ve„Ë MwZ I ¯ú›`b MwZ Kx D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. Zi½ Kx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. Zi‡½i ˆewkó¨mg~‡n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

7.1.1 ch©ve„Ë MwZ, ¯ú›`b I mij Qw›`Z ¯ú›`b

Periodic Motion, Oscillation and Simple Harmonic Oscillation
Avgiv Rvwb, cvwicvwk¦©‡Ki †cÖwÿ‡Z Ges mg‡qi mv‡c‡ÿ e¯‘i Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b‡K MwZ e‡j| MwZ wek¦
cÖK…wZ Ges Avgv‡`i Rxe‡bi AZ¨š‘ Nwbô welq| Avgiv me mgqB Pjv‡div KiwQ| KLbI †mvRv Pwj, KLbI
AuvKvevKv c‡_ Pwj| Gme ˆiwLK MwZ| G QvovI Avgiv cÖwZw`b AviI wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii MwZi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nB|
G¸‡jv †KvbwUB mvaviY ˆiwLK MwZ bq|
7.1 bs wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv MwZkxj e¯‘¸‡jv jÿ¨ Kiæb| e¯‘¸‡jv wbw`©ó mgq cici GKB w`K †_‡K GKwU wbw`©ó
we›`y‡K AwZµg Ki‡Q| GB MwZ e„ËvKvi, Dce„ËvKvi, mij ˆiwLKI n‡Z cv‡i| Gai‡bi MwZ‡K ejv nq ch©ve„Ë
MwZ| Avi GKB w`K †_‡K wbw`©ó we›`ywU AwZµg Ki‡Z e¯‘wUi †h mgq jvM‡Q Zv‡K ejv nq ch©vqKvj|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 143

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wPÎ t 7.1 ch©ve„Ë MwZ

msÁv t †Kv‡bv e¯‘ wbwÏ©ó mgq cici GKB w`K †_‡K GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y‡K AwZµg Ki‡j †h MwZ Drcbœ nq
Zv‡K ch©ve„Ë MwZ e‡j|
ch©vq MwZm¤úbœ e¯‘ ev e¯‘ KYvi GKB w`K †_‡K wbw`©ó we›`ywU AwZµg Ki‡Z †h mgq jv‡M Zv‡K ch©vqKvj
e‡j|
ch©ve„Ë MwZ `yÕ ai‡Yi| NyY©b MwZ I ¯ú›`b MwZ| jÿ¨ Kiæb, Nwoi KuvUv, ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv memgq GKB w`‡K
Pj‡Q| Avevi †`vjbvq †`vj LvIqv, †cÛzjv‡gi MwZ, Bwćbi g‡a¨ wc÷‡bi MwZ memgq GKB w`‡K n‡”Q bv|
wKQzÿY cici MwZi w`K cvj&&‡U hv‡”Q| Avgv‡`i ü`¯ú›`b ev i³ bvjxi ga¨ w`‡q i‡³i MwZI ch©ve„Ë MwZ|
hw` ch©ve„Ë MwZm¤úbœ †Kv‡bv e¯‘ ch©vqKv‡ji A‡a©K mgq †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó w`‡K Ges evwK A‡a©K mgq wecixZ w`‡K
P‡j Z‡e H MwZ‡K ¯ú›`b MwZ ev Qw›`Z MwZ e‡j| i³bvjxi ga¨ w`‡q i‡³i MwZ, cvwbi Zi‡½i MwZ, mij
†`vj‡Ki MwZ Gai‡bi Qw›`Z MwZ|
hw` ch©ve„Ë MwZm¤úbœ e¯‘ ev KYvi MwZ mij ˆiwLK nq Ges Gi Z¡iY mvg¨ Ae¯’vb †_‡K Gi mi‡Yi mgvbycvwZK
nq Ges Gi w`K me mgq mvg¨ Ae¯’vb AwfgyLx nq, Zv n‡j e¯‘ KYvi H MwZ‡K mij Qw›`Z MwZ ev mij Qw›`Z
¯ú›`b e‡j| †Kvb w¯úÖs Gi GK cªvšÍ `„p †Kvb Ae¯’v‡b †eu‡a Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ GKwU fvix e¯‘ Szwj‡q †U‡b †Q‡o w`‡j
Zvi Dci-wb‡P MwZ, Zv‡ii ev`¨hš¿- †hgb wMUv‡ii Zvi †U‡b †Q‡o w`‡j Zvi MwZ, †cÛzjv‡gi MwZ, Bwćbi
g‡a¨ wc÷‡bi MwZ BZ¨vw` mij Qw›`Z MwZi D`vniY|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 144

 c`v_©weÁvb

mij Qw›`Z MwZi ˆewkó¨ (Characteristics of simple harmonic motion)

1. GwU ch©ve„Ë MwZ
2. GwU GKwU mij ¯ú›`b MwZ
3. GwU mij ˆiwLK MwZ
4. †h †Kvb mgq Z¡i‡Yi gvb mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K mi‡Yi gv‡bi mgvbycvwZK
5. Z¡iY me©`v GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y AwfgyLx

7.1.2 Zi½ I Zvi ˆewkó¨ (Wave and its Characteristics)

cyKz‡ii g‡a¨ w¯’i cvwb‡Z wXj Qz‡o‡Qb KLbI? wK cv‡ki 7.2 wPÎwU
†Pv‡L fvm‡Q ZvB †Zv? Zi½ ej‡Z G `„k¨UvB †f‡m I‡V Avgv‡`i
g‡b| wKš‘ KLbI wK †f‡e †`‡L‡Qb †Kb Ggb nq?

wXjwU cvwb‡Z †dj‡j H ¯’v‡bi cvwbi KYv¸‡jvi Dci av°v ev Pvc

c‡o, d‡j cvwbi KYv¸‡jv wb‡P †b‡g hvq| Avi Pvicv‡ki KYv¸‡jv
Dc‡iB †_‡K hvq|

wPÎ t 7.2-w¯’i cvwb‡Z m„ó Zi½

wKš‘ G Ae¯’v LyeB Aí mg‡qi Rb¨, gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨ wbgœMvgx KYv¸‡jvi Dci †_‡K wX‡ji Pvc m‡i hvq d‡j
KYv¸‡jv Av‡Mi RvqMvq wd‡i Avmvi Rb¨ wecixZ A_©vr Ea©gyLx av°v †`q| wKQz KYv MwZ RoZvi cÖfv‡e Av‡Mi
mvg¨ve¯’v †_‡K Dc‡i D‡V hvq| Gfv‡e cvwbi KYv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GK ai‡Yi Dci wb‡P MwZkxj mij Qw›`Z ¯ú›`b
m„wó nq| µgk GB ¯ú›`b Zvi cvk¦©eZx© KYvi g‡a¨ mÂvwiZ nq| Gfv‡e cvwbi KYvi DVv bvgv †_‡KB cvwb
Z‡ji IVv bvgv Z_v †XD ev Zi½ m„wó nq (wPÎ 7.3)|

wPÎ t 7.3 cvwbi †XD †hfv‡e GwM‡q hvq

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 145

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Avcwb Aek¨ jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb cyKz‡ii gvSLv‡b Drcbœ GB Zi½ ax‡i ax‡i Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o Ges GK mgq cv‡o
wM‡q AvQ‡o c‡o| G‡Z kw³ GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b mÂvwiZ nq|
ïay cvwb bq †h †Kvb Zij, evqexq, GgbwK KwVb c`v_©-KYvi g‡a¨I Gfv‡e ¯ú›`b ev K¤úb m„wó n‡j Zi½ m„wó
nq| A_©vr Zi½ m„wói Rb¨ Ro gva¨g cÖ‡qvRb nq| Ro gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jvi ¯ú›`‡bi d‡j m„ó| †h ch©ve„Ë
Av‡›`vjb H gva¨‡gi GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b kw³ mÂvwiZ K‡i wKš‘ gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq bv †mB
ch©ve„Ë Av‡›`vjb‡K Zi½ e‡j|
Ro gva¨‡gi KYvi Av‡›`vjb QvovI Zi½ m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Ro gva¨‡gi KYvi Av‡›`vj‡b m„ó Zi½‡K ejv nq
hvwš¿K Zi½| Avgiv K_v ewj, wewfbœ Dcv‡q kã m„wó Kwi ev kã m„wó nq Zv wewfbœ Ro c`v‡_©i K¤úb †_‡K|
ZvB cvwbi Zi½, kã Zi½, f‚wg K¤ú‡bi d‡j m„ó f‚-Zi½ BZ¨vw` hvwš¿K Zi½|
Avgiv m~h© †_‡K Av‡jv Ges Zvc cvB| m~h© †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Av‡jv Ges Zvc Av‡m Zi½vKv‡i| m~h© Ges c„w_exi
g‡a¨ gnvk~b¨, †Kvb Ro gva¨g †bB| Av‡jv, Zvc gva¨g QvovB we‡kl ai‡bi Zi½ AvKv‡i mÂvwiZ nq| G
Zi½‡K ejv nq ZvwoZPz¤^Kxq Zi½| †eZvi Zi½, G·iwk¥, Mvgviwk¥, ZvwoZPz¤^Kxq Zi½ BZ¨vw`| G wel‡q wfbœ
BDwb‡U Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

7.1.3 hvwš¿K Zi‡½i ˆewkó¨ (Characteristics of mechanical waves)

1. gva¨‡gi KYvi ¯ú›`b MwZi d‡j Zi½ Drcbœ nq
2. gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jv mvg¨ Ae¯’vb †_‡K Dc‡i wb‡P A_ev mvg‡b †cQ‡b ¯úw›`Z n‡Z _v‡K| gva¨‡gi ga¨
w`‡q GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq bv|
3. Zi½ gva¨‡gi GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b kw³ I Z_¨ mÂviY ev ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i|
4. Zi‡½i KYv¸‡jv wewfbœ †e‡M ¯úw›`Z nq| ¯ú›`‡bi †eM ch©vqµ‡g K‡g ev‡o| wKš‘ Zi½ mylg †e‡M
mÂvwiZ nq| A_©vr KYv¸‡jvi ¯ú›`b MwZ Ges Zi½ †eM GK bq|
5. Zi½ m„wóKvix KYv¸‡jvi ¯ú›`‡bi w`K Ges Zi½ mÂvj‡bi w`K GK bvI n‡Z cv‡i|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:

ch©ve„Ë MwZ : †Kv‡bv e¯‘ wbwÏ©ó mgq cici GKB w`K †_‡K GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y‡K AwZµg Ki‡j †h MwZ
Drcbœ nq Zv‡K ch©ve„Ë MwZ e‡j| ch©ve„Ë MwZ `y' ai‡Yi| N~Y©b MwZ I ¯ú›`b MwZ|
ch©vqKvj : ch©vq MwZm¤úbœ e¯‘ ev e¯‘ KYvi GKB w`K †_‡K wbw`©ó we›`ywU AwZµg Ki‡Z †h mgq jv‡M
Zv‡K ch©vqKvj e‡j|
¯ú›`b MwZ : hw` ch©ve„Ë MwZm¤úbœ †Kvb e¯‘ ch©vqKv‡ji A‡a©K mgq †Kvb wbw`©ó w`‡K Ges evwK A‡a©K
mgq wecixZ w`‡K P‡j Z‡e H MwZ‡K ¯ú›`b MwZ ev Qw›`Z MwZ e‡j|
mij Qw›`Z MwZ : hw` ch©ve„Ë MwZ m¤úbœ e¯‘ ev KYvi MwZ mij ˆiwLK nq Ges Gi Z¡iY mvg¨ Ae¯’vb
†_‡K Gi mi‡Yi mgvbycvwZK nq Ges Gi w`K me mgq mvg¨ Ae¯’vb AwfgyLx nq, Zv n‡j e¯‘ KYvi H
MwZ‡K mij Qw›`Z MwZ ev mij Qw›`Z ¯ú›`b e‡j|
Zi½ : Ro gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jvi ¯ú›`‡bi d‡j m„ó †h ch©ve„Ë Av‡›`vjb H gva¨‡gi GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨
¯’v‡b kw³ mÂvwjZ K‡i wKš‘ gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq bv †mB ch©ve„Ë Av‡›`vjb‡K Zi½ e‡j|
hvwš¿K Zi½ I ZvwoZPz¤^K Zi½ : Ro gva¨‡gi KYvi Av‡›`vj‡b m„ó Zi½‡K ejv nq hvwš¿K Zi½| gva¨g
QvovI we‡kl ai‡Yi Zi½ mÂvwiZ nq| G Zi½‡K ejv nq ZvwoZPz¤^K Zi½|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 146

 c`v_©weÁvb

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.1

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| ch©ve„Ë MwZ †Kgb?
(K) e„ËvKvi (L) Dce„ËvKvi (M) mij ˆiwLK (N) Dc‡ii me¸‡jv
2| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mij Qw›`Z ¯ú›`‡bi ˆewkó¨ bq?
(K) ch©ve„Ë MwZ (L) NyY©b MwZ (M) ¯ú›`b MwZ (N) mij ˆiwLK MwZ
3| †KvbwU hvwš¿K Zi½?
(K) kã Zi½ (L) Zvc Zi½ (M) Av‡jvK Zi½ (N) †eZvi Zi½
4| Ro gva¨‡gi KYvi Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j †Kvb ai‡Yi Zi½ m„wó nq?
(K) Zvwor‡PŠ¤^K Zi½ (L) hvwš¿K Zi½
(M) Zvc Zi½ (N) Av‡jvK Zi½
5| hvwš¿K Zi‡½i Rb¨ †KvbwU Acwinvh© bq ?
(K) Zi½ gva¨g (L) Zi½ m„óKvix KYv
(M) evqy gva¨g (N) gva¨‡gi K¤úb

cvV-2 Zi½ msµvšÍ ivwkmg~n Ges Zi‡½i cÖKvi †f`

(Wave related quantities and types of waves)
D‡Ïk¨

GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb -

1. Zi½ mswkøó ivwkmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. Zi‡½i ˆ`N©¨, K¤úv¼ I †e‡Mi MvwYwZK m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. D`vniYmn AbycÖ¯’ Zi½ I Aby‰`N©¨ Zi‡½i e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡eb Ges AbycÖ¯’ I Aby‰`N©¨ Zi‡½i
cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

7.2.1 Zi½ m¤úwK©Z K‡qKwU ivwk (Few terms related to waves)

c~Y© ¯ú›`b (Complete Vibration) : Zi½ m„wóKvix KYv †Kv‡bv we›`y †_‡K hvÎv ïiæ K‡i GKB w`K
†_‡K cybivq H we›`y‡Z wd‡i G‡j Zv‡K GKwU c~Y© ¯ú›`b e‡j|

7.4 wP‡Î GKwU e¯‘KYv A I B we›`yyi g‡a¨ wbw`©ó mgq

ci ci IVv bvgv Ki‡Q| O we›`y e¯‘KYvwUi
mvg¨ve¯’vb| aiv hvK A we›`y †_‡K KYvwU Ea©gyLx, O
we›`y n‡q B ch©šÍ D‡V wbgœgyLx n‡jv, Avevi KYvwU O
we›`yi ga¨ w`‡q A we›`yy ch©šÍ †b‡g †M‡jv| Gfv‡e A
we›`y †_‡K O n‡q cybivq A we›`y‡Z wd‡i Avmv n‡jv
GKwU c~Y© ¯ú›`b| wPÎ t 7.4 Zi‡½i †jLwPÎ

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 147

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

ch©vqKvj (Time period) : Zi½ mÂviYKvix †Kvb KYvi GKwU ¯ú›`b m¤úbœ Ki‡Z †h mgq jv‡M Zv‡K H
Zi‡½i ch©vqKvj e‡j| ch©vqKvj‡K T Aÿi Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| ch©vqKv‡ji GKK †m‡KÛ (s) |
K¤úv¼ (Frequency) : Zi½ mÂviYKvix †Kv‡bv KYv GK †m‡K‡Û hZ¸‡jv ¯ú›`b m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K H KYvi ev
Zi‡½i K¤úv¼ e‡j| K¤úv¼‡K mvaviYZ f Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| K¯úv‡¼i GKK nvR©| ms‡ÿ‡c †jLv nq, Hz|
we¯Ívi (Amplitude) : Zi½ mÂviYKvix †Kv‡bv KYv mvg¨ Ae¯’vb †_‡K †h †Kv‡bv GKw`‡K me©vwaK †h `~iZ¡
AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K Zi‡½i we¯Ívi e‡j| 7.4 wP‡Î KYvwU mvg¨ve¯’vb O †_‡K m‡ev©”P we›`y B ch©šÍ Dc‡i DV‡Q
A_ev mvg¨ve¯’vb O" †_‡K me©wbgœ we›`y D ch©šÍ O"D `~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡Q| G Zi‡½i we¯Ívi OB ev O'C ev
O"D|
`kv (Phase) : Zi½ mÂviYKvix †Kv‡bv KYvi †h †Kv‡bv gyn‚‡Z©i MwZi mg¨K Ae¯’vb‡K Zvi `kv e‡j|
†Kv‡bv GKwU gyn‚‡Z©i MwZi Ae¯’v ej‡Z H we‡kl
gyn‚‡Z© KYvwUi miY, †eM, Z¡iY BZ¨vw` eySvq|
7.5 bs wP‡Î p I q we›`y‡Z `ywU KYvi mvg¨ Ae¯’vb
†_‡K miY, †eM, Z¡iY mgvb| G‡`i MwZi ev
mi‡Yi w`KI GKB| AZGe KYv `ywU GKB `kv
A_©vr mg`kvq Aew¯’Z ev mg`kv m¤úbœ|
wPÎ t 7.5 Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ I `kv
Abyiƒcfv‡e wP‡Î R I S we›`yi KYv `ywU mg`kv m¤úbœ| wP‡Î Avcwb Giƒc AviI A‡bK mg`kv m¤úbœ we›`y
wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Zi½ kxl© I Zi½ cv` (Wave crest and wave trough) : Zi‡½i mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K m‡e©v”P (abvZ¥K) we¯Ív‡ii
we›`ywU‡K Zi½ kxl© Ges me©wbgœ (&FYvZ¥K) we¯Ív‡ii we›`ywU‡K Zi½ cv` ejv nq| AmsL¨ Zi½ cv` Ges Zi½ kxl©
wb‡q Zi½ m„wó nq|
Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ (Wave length) Zi½ mÂviKvix †Kv‡bv KYvi GKwU c~Y© ¯ú›`b m¤úbœ n‡Z †h mgq jv‡M, †mB
mg‡q Zi½ †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ e‡j| Zi‡½i Dci cici `ywU mg`kv m¤úbœ KYvi ga¨eZx©
`~iZ¡B Zi½ ˆ`N©¨| 7.5 wP‡Î B I C we›`yi g‡a¨i `~iZ¡ BC, D I E Gi g‡a¨i `~iZ¡, DE Zi½ ˆ`N¨©| G‡K
MÖxK eY© λ (j¨vgWv) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Avcwb myweav g‡Zv `ywU mg`kv m¤úbœ we›`y wb‡q Zv‡`i g‡a¨i `~iZ¡
wPwýZ K‡i Zi½ ˆ`N¨© wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cv‡ib| ci ci `ywU Zi½ kxl© ev cici `ywU Zi½ cv‡`i ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡I
GKwU Zi½ ˆ`N©¨|
Zi½ †eM (Wave velocity) : Zi½ wbw`©ó w`‡K GKK mg‡q †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K H Zi‡½i †eM ev
ms‡ÿ‡c Zi½ †eM e‡j| Zi½ †eM‡K v Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|

7.2.2 K¤úv¼ I ch©vqKv‡ji m¤úK© (Relation between frequency and time period)

Zi½ m„wóKvix KYv ev K¤úbkxj e¯‘ cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û hZwU ¯ú›`b m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K K¤úv¼ e‡j| aiv hvK †Kv‡bv
N
e¯‘ t †m‡K‡Û N msL¨K ¯ú›`b m¤úbœ K‡i Zv n‡j K¤úv¼, f= t | Avevi GKwU KYvi GKwU c~Y© ¯ú›`b
m¤úbœ Ki‡Z †h mgq jv‡M Zv‡K ch©vqKvj e‡j| ch©vqKvj T †m‡KÛ A_©vr T ‡m‡KÛ mg‡q 1 wU K¤úb m¤úbœ

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 148

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nq| Avevi 1 †m‡K‡Û m¤úbœ K¤úb msL¨v nj K¤úv¼| AZGe 1 †m‡K‡Û m¤úbœ K¤úb msL¨v ev K¤úv¼ n‡e
1
f  |
T
N
K¤úv¼ f Ges mgq t n‡j, f= t ... ... ... ... (7.1)
1
ch©vqKvj T Ges K¤úv¼ f n‡j, f  ... ... ... (7.2)
T
7.2.3 Zi½ ˆ`N¨© I †e‡Mi m¤úK© (Relation between wave length and velocity)

Zi½ m„wóKvix gva¨‡gi ¯ú›`bkxj GKwU KYv GKwU c~Y© ¯ú›`b n‡Z †h mgq jv‡M, †mB mg‡q Zi½ mvg‡bi w`‡K
GwM‡q hvq| Zi‡½i AwZµvšÍ GB `~iZ¡B Zi½ ˆ`N©¨, λ | Avi c~Y© ¯ú›`‡bi mgq‡K ejv nq ch©vqKvj|
ch©vqKvj‡K T Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
A_©vr Т †m‡K‡Û Zi‡½ AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ λ|

AZGe GK †m‡K‡Û AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ n‡e
T
†Kv‡bv e¯‘i GKK mg‡q A_©vr 1 †m‡K‡Û AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡‡K ‡eM e‡j|

AZGe Gÿ‡Î Zi‡½i †eM v 
T
1 1
ev, v    f  [ †h‡nZz, ch©vqKvj T Ges K¤úv¼ f n‡j, f  ]
T T


Zi½ ‰`N©¨ λ, ch©vqKvj T n‡j, Zi½ †eM, v  ... .... ... (7.3)
T
K¤úv¼ f, ch©vqKvj T n‡j, Zi½ †eM, v  f  .... .. .... (7.4)
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.1
400 Hz K¤úv‡¼ ¯úw›`Z †Kvb w¯úKvi †_‡K Drcbœ kã Zi‡½i Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ 0.8 n‡j evqy‡Z kã Zi‡½i †eM
KZ?
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb , v = f  GLv‡b,
-1
= 400 s 0.8 m K¤úv¼, f = 400 Hz = 400 s-1
= 320 ms-1 Zi½ ˆ`N©¨,  = 0.8 m
-1
DËi t 320 ms Zi½ †eM, v =?
KvR t cvwb‡Z m„ó GKwU k‡ãi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ 8.75 cm| hw` cvwb‡Z k‡ãi †eM 1458.62 ms-1 nq Z‡e, k‡ãi
K¤úv¼ KZ n‡e ?

DËi: 1664.23 Hz

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 149

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

7.2.4 Zi‡½i cÖKvi‡f` (Types of waves)

7.1.2 Aby‡”Q‡` Avgiv †R‡bwQ GK ai‡Yi Zi½ mÂvi‡Yi Rb¨ Ro gva¨g cÖ‡qvRb nq| Ab¨ GK ai‡Yi Zi‡½i
Rb¨ †Kv‡bv gva¨g cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| cÖ_g cÖKvi Zi½‡K hvwš¿K Zi½ Ges wØZxq cÖKvi Zi½‡K ZvwoZPz¤^Kxq Zi½
e‡j| gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jvi ¯ú›`‡bi d‡j †h hvwš¿K Zi½ m„ó nq Zv `yÕai‡Yi| h_v (1) AbycÖ¯’ Zi½ I (2)
Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½|
AbycÖ¯’ Zi½ (Transverse wave)
cvwbi g‡a¨ Zi½ m„wó nq †m †ÿ‡Î cvwbi KYv¸‡jv mvg¨ Ae¯’vb cvwbi Zj †_‡K Dci-wb‡P IVv-bvgv K‡i| wKš‘
Zi½ cvwb c„ô ev cvwbi Z‡ji Dci w`‡q mvg‡b Qwo‡q c‡o| Gai‡Yi Zi½ AbycÖš’ Zi½| A_©vr †h Zi½
gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jvi ¯ú›`‡bi w`‡Ki mv‡_ mg‡Kv‡Y AMÖmi nq, Zv‡K AbycÖ¯’ Zi½ e‡j|

Zi½ cÖev‡ni w`K

gva¨‡gi KYvi ¯ú›`‡bi w`K

wPÎ t 7.6 AbycÖ¯’ Zi‡½i w`K wPÎ t 7.7 AbycÖ¯’ Zi‡½i ˆ`N©¨

7.6 wP‡Î GKwU AbycÖ¯’ Zi‡½i gva¨‡gi KYvi K¤úv¼ Ges Zi½ cÖev‡ni w`K †`Lvb n‡q‡Q| 7.7 wP‡Î GKwU
AbycÖ¯’ Zi‡½i A, B, C we›`y¸‡jv Zi½ kxl©| Avevi P, Q, R we›`y¸‡jv Zi½ cv`| GLv‡b ci ci `ywU Zi½
kxl© A, B ev cici `ywU Zi½ cv` Q, R A_ev GKB `kvi cici `ywU we›`yi g‡a¨i `~iZ¡ †hgb b, d ev e, g
wb‡q Zi½ ˆ`N¨© λ MwVZ nq|
G Zi½ gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jvi ¯ú›`‡bi w`‡Ki mv‡_ mg‡Kv‡Y ev AvovAvwo AMÖmi nq e‡j G‡K AbycÖ¯’ Zi½ ev
Avo Zi½ e‡j| Av‡jvK Zi½, †eZvi Zi½, cvwbi Zi½ AbycÖ¯’ Zi½|
Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½ (Longitudinal wave)
GKwU bgbxq w¯úÖs Gi GK cªvšÍ †`qv‡j †eu‡a Ab¨ cÖvšÍ Uvb K‡i a‡i †h †Kvb cÖv‡šÍ g„`y AvNvZ Ki‡j †`L‡Z
cv‡eb w¯úÖswUi wKQz KzÛjxK…Z Ask msKzwPZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ ciewZ© Ask cÖmvwiZ i‡q‡Q| Ges AwZ `ªæZ G
msKzwPZ Ask mvg‡b m‡i wM‡q †cQ‡bi KzÛjx‡Z cÖmvwiZ Ask m„wó n‡”Q| Gfv‡e ms‡KvPb-cÖmviY ch©vqµ‡g GK
cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K GwM‡q hv‡”Q|

wPÎ t 7.8 Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 150

 c`v_©weÁvb

jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`L‡eb, w¯úÖs Gi KzÛjx¸‡jv wbR wbR Ae¯’v‡bi †_‡K mvg‡b †c‡Q‡b Av‡›`vwjZ ev ¯úw›`Z n‡”Q
wKš‘ K¤úb GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ mÂvwiZ n‡”Q| GwU ch©ve„Ë Av‡›`vjb| GB Av‡›`vjb Ro gva¨‡gi GK ¯’vb
†_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b kw³ mÂvwiZ K‡i, wKš‘ gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq bv, GwU GK cÖKvi Zi½| Gi bvg
Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½| ZvB †h Zi½ gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jvi ¯ú›`‡bi w`‡Ki mv‡_ mgvšÍiv‡j AMÖmi nq, †mB Zi½‡K
Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½ e‡j|
Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½ gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jvi ms‡KvPb I cÖmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g AMÖmi nq| GKwU ms‡KvPb Ges GKwU cÖmviY
Ask wb‡q GKwU Zi½ MwVZ nq| 7.8 wP‡Î (R) Ges (C) Ask¸‡jv h_vµ‡g cÖmvwiZ Ges msKzwPZ Ask|
G‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb Zi½ kxl© ev Zi½ cv` _v‡K bv| wP‡Î a †_‡K b ch©šÍ ˆ`N©¨ λ|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
c~Y© ¯ú›`b t Zi½ m„wóKvix KYv †Kv‡bv we›`y †_‡K hvÎv ïiæ K‡i GKB w`K †_‡K cybivq H we›`y‡Z wd‡i G‡j
Zv‡K GKwU c~Y©¯ú›`b e‡j|
ch©vqKvj : Zi½ mÂviYKvix †Kv‡bv KYvi GKwU c~Y© ¯ú›`b m¤úbœ Ki‡Z †h mgq jv‡M Zv‡K H Zi‡½i
ch©vqKvj e‡j| ch©vqKvj‡K T Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| ch©vqKv‡ji GKK †m‡KÛ|
K¤úv¼ : Zi½ mÂviYKvix †Kv‡bv KYv GK †m‡K‡Û hZ¸‡jv ¯ú›`b m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K H KYvi ev Zi‡½i K¤úv¼
e‡j| K¯úv‡¼i GKK nvR©| ms‡¶‡c †jLv nq, Hz|
we¯Ívi : Zi½ mÂviYKvix †Kvb KYv mvg¨ Ae¯’vb †_‡K †h †Kv‡bv GKw`‡K me©vwaK †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K
H Zi‡½i we¯Ívi e‡j|
`kv : Zi½ mÂviYKvix †Kv‡bv KYvi †h †Kv‡bv gyn‚‡Z©i MwZi mg¨K Ae¯’vb (H we‡kl gyn‚‡Z© KYvwUi miY, †eM,
Z¡iY BZ¨vw`) †K Zvi `kv e‡j|
Zi½ kxl© I Zi½ cv` : Zi‡½i mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K m‡e©v”P (abvZ¥K) we¯Ív‡ii we›`ywU‡K Zi½ kxl© Ges me©wbgœ
(&FYvZ¥K) we¯Ív‡ii we›`ywU‡K Zi½ cv` ejv nq|
Zi½ ‰`N©¨ : Zi½ mÂviYKvix †Kv‡bv KYvi GKwU c~Y© ¯ú›`b m¤úbœ n‡Z †h mgq jv‡M, †mB mg‡q Zi½ †h `~iZ¡
AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ e‡j|
Zi½ †eM : Zi½ wbw`©ó w`‡K GKK mg‡q †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K H Zi‡½i †eM ev ms‡¶‡c Zi½ †eM
e‡j|
N 1
K¤úv¼ f, t mg‡q ¯ú›`b msL¨v N Ges ch©vqKvj T n‡j, f= t 
T

K¤úv¼ f, Zi½ ‰`N©¨ λ, Ges ch©vqKvj T n‡j, Zi½ †eM, v   f
T
AbycÖ¯’ Zi½ : †h Zi½ gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jvi ¯ú›`‡bi w`‡Ki mv‡_ mg‡Kv‡Y AMÖmi nq, Zv‡K AbycÖ¯’ Zi½ e‡j|

Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½ : †h Zi½ gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jvi ¯ú›`‡bi w`‡Ki mv‡_ mgvšÍiv‡j AMÖmi nq, Zv‡K Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½
e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.2

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK ( ) wPý w`b|
1| Zi½ mÂviYKvix †Kv‡bv KYv GK †m‡K‡Û hZ¸‡jv ¯ú›`b m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K wK e‡j?
(K) Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ (L) Zi½ †eM

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 151

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

(M) we¯Ívi (N) K¤úv¼

2| ci ci KqwU Zi½ kxl© ev Zi½cv‡`i ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ wb‡q Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ nq?
(K) GKwU (L) `ywU
(M) wZbwU (N) PviwU

3| Zi½ †eM, K¤úv¼ I Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i m¤úK© †KvbwU?

f 1
(K) v  (L) v 
t f
t
(M) v  f  (N) v 
f
4| K¤úv¼ 300 Hz Ges kã Zi‡½i ˆ`N©¨ 1.15m n‡j evqy‡Z kã Zi‡½i †eM/`ªæwZ KZ?
(K) 300 ms-1 (L) 355 ms-1
(M) 260.87 ms-1 (N) 345 ms-1

5| kã †Kvb ai‡bi Zi½?

(K) Aby‰`N©¨ (L) AbycÖ¯’
(M) †eZvi (N) Avo Zi½

6| Aby‰`N¨© Zi‡½i ˆewkó¨ †KvbwU?

(K) e¯‘i K¤úb Dci wb‡P wKš‘ Zi‡½i MwZ Abyf~wgK
(L) e¯‘i K¤úb Abyf~wgK wKš‘ Zi‡½i MwZ Dci wb‡P
(M) e¯‘i K¤úb Ges Zi‡½i MwZ GKB w`‡K
(N) e¯‘i K¤úb Ges Zi‡½i MwZ ci¯úi j¤^

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 152

 c`v_©weÁvb

cvV-3 kã (Sound)
D‡Ïk¨
G cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb
1. kã Kx Ges wKfv‡e k‡ãi DrcwË nq Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. kã mÂviY wKfv‡e N‡U e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. kã †Kb Aby‰`N¨ © Zi½ Zv eywS‡q ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
4. kã Zi‡½i ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

7.3.1 kã I k‡ãi DrcwË (Sound and production of sound)

hv †kvbv hvq ZvB kã| kã GK cÖKvi kw³, hv Avgv‡`i kªeY Bw›`ª‡q †kvbvi Abyf‚wZ RvMvq| kã
kw³ Zi½vKv‡i GK ¯’vb ev we›`y †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b ev we›`y‡Z mÂvwiZ nq| Av‡Mi BDwb‡U D‡jøL
n‡q‡Q kã GK cÖKvi hvwš¿K Ges Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½|
kã wKfv‡e m„wó ev Drcbœ nq Rvbvi Ges eySvi Rb¨ GKwU †QvÆ cix¶v Kiæb| GRb¨ Avcbvi `iKvi n‡e GKwU
Kvmv ev w÷‡ji ‰Zwi cvÎ (_vjv, evwU, †cøU ev Mvgjv), GKwU †h †Kv‡bv mvB‡Ri †QvU PvgP Ges GKwU Nwo|
(Nwo bv _vK‡jI Pj‡e †m‡¶‡Î Av›`vR K‡i mgq wn‡me Ki‡Z n‡e)| j¶¨ ivL‡eb cvÎwU †hb wfRv bv nq|
Gevi †Uwej ev †g‡Si Dci cvÎwU †i‡L PvgPwU w`‡q g„`yfv‡e
cvÎwUi Mv‡q AvNvZ Kiæb (wPÎ 7.9)| GKwU kã ïb‡eb
Sb-b-b-b.....| k‡ãi †ik 20 †_‡K 30 †m‡KÛ ev ZviI
†ewk¶Y _vK‡e| K‡qK evi Gfv‡e kã Kiæb Ges KZ¶Y
k‡ãi †ik _v‡K Zv wj‡L ivLyb|
Gevi kã ïiæ nIqvi 2 †m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨ cvÎwU nvZ w`‡q †P‡c
aiæb| wK †`L‡Qb? nvZ w`‡q aivi mv‡_ mv‡_ kã †_‡g
hv‡e| kã †_‡g †Mj ‡Kb?
wPÎ t 7.9 Dr‡mi ¯ú›`b †_‡K k‡ãi m„wó
Gevi _vjv ev cvÎwU evg nv‡Zi Zvjyi Dci wbb
(evmb †Kvm‡bi †`vKvbx †hgb K‡i)| PvgPwU
Wvb nv‡Z a‡i cvÎwU‡K Av‡Mi g‡Zv g„`yfv‡e
AvNvZ Kiæb (wPÎ 7.10)|
kã ïb‡eb| nv‡Zi Zvjy‡Z K¤úb Abyfe
Ki‡eb| Wvb nvZ w`‡q cvÎwU †P‡c aiæb|
nv‡Zi Zvjy‡Z K¤úb Abyf~wZ †_‡g hv‡e| kã
†_‡g hv‡e| G cix¶v †_‡K cÖgvY nq e¯‘i
K¤úb †_‡K kã Dcbœ nq|
wPÎt 7.10 nv‡Zi Zvjyi Dci K¤ú‡bi Abyf‚wZ
k‡ãi Drm †h e¯‘i K¤úb Zvi A‡bK A‡bK cÖgvY Av‡Q| GKwU cvZjv KvM‡Ri UzK‡iv gy‡Li mvg‡b Lvov K‡i
a‡i †Rv‡i dyu w`‡j cvZvwU Kuv‡c, kã nq| duy †`qv eÜ Ki‡j KvM‡Ri Kuvcv †_‡g hvq, kãI †_‡g hvq| A‡b‡K
Mv‡Qi cvZv w`‡q euvwki myi evRvq|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 153

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Av‡Mi cv‡V Avgiv †R‡bwQ cyKz‡ii cvwb‡Z wXj †dj‡j GKwU we›`y‡Z mvg¨ve¯’v wewNœZ nq| G‡Z cvwbi KYv¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ Av‡›`vjb m„wó nq, Zi‡½i D™¢e nq Ges cvwbi ga¨ w`‡q Zv Pvwiw`‡K mÂvwjZ nq| †Zgwb evZvm ev †Kvb
Ro gva¨‡gi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z ¯’vwcZ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i K¤úb n‡j ev gva¨‡gi †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z weNœ m„wó Ki‡j
gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jv Av‡›`vwjZ n‡q Zi‡½i m„wó K‡i| GB Zi½ Ro gva¨‡gi ga¨ w`‡q mÂvwiZ nq, gva¨‡gi
msjMœ KYv‡KI Av‡›`vwjZ K‡i| AZ:ci GB Av‡›`vjb gva¨‡gi ga¨ w`‡q mÂvwiZ n‡q Avgv‡`i Kv‡b cÖ‡ek
K‡i| Kv‡bi g‡a¨ wewfbœ hvwš¿K †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g gw¯Í‡®‹ k‡ãi Abyf‚wZ m„wó nq| Avgiv kã ïb‡Z cvB|

7.3.2 kã mÂvjb cÖwµqv (Propagation Mechanism of Sound)

Dr‡mi †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z ¯ú›`b ev Av‡›`vjb m„wó n‡j Zv Aby‰`N©¨ Zi‡½i AvKv‡i Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o| Dr‡mi
K¤ú‡b msjMœ evqy ¯Í‡i K¤úb m„wó nq Ges evqyi ga¨ w`‡q Zi½ mÂvwjZ n‡q Avgv‡`i Kv‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i| (Kv‡bi
†Kvb ÎæwU bv _vK‡j) Avgiv kã ïb‡Z cvB| Avgiv evqyi ga¨ w`‡q kã mÂvj‡bi †KŠkj ev cÖwµqvwU Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡ev| GRb¨ Avgv‡`i Av‡M †R‡b wb‡Z n‡e wUDwbs dK© ev myi kjvKv wK ?

myi kjvKv (Tuning Fork)

myi ev wUDb msµvšÍ cix¶v wbix¶vi Rb¨ GwU GK ai‡bi mij hš¿| wPÎ 7.11 †`Lyb, GKwU AvqZvKvi cÖ¯’‡”Q`
wewkó PZz‡®‹vY evi w`‡q ˆZwi U AvK…wZi avZe (†÷b‡jm w÷j) `Û hvi wb‡P euvKv‡bv As‡k GKwU †mvRv nvZj
H mshy³ Av‡Q| U AvK…wZi evû `ywU‡K myi kjvKvi evû ev KuvUv e‡j| kjvKvi †h †Kvb ¯’v‡b AvNvZ Ki‡j evû
`ÕywU Kw¤úZ nq Ges kã Drcbœ nq|

wPÎ t 7.11 myi kjvKv ev wUDwbs dK©

GwU wewfbœ ˆ`‡N©¨i ˆZwi nq| mvaviYZ M‡elYvMv‡i e¨env‡ii Rb¨ 10 †_‡K 20 †mwg ch©šÍ j¤^v Ges evû `ywUi
g‡a¨i `~iZ¡ 1 †_‡K 1.5 †mwg ch©šÍ nq| cix¶vi mgq nvZjwU nv‡Z a‡i ivLv nq ev GKwU Kv‡Vi ev‡·i Dci
`uvo Kiv‡bv nq| kjvKv ev evû `ywUi †h †Kvb GKwU‡Z ivev‡ii nvZzwo w`‡q AvNvZ Ki‡j evû `ywU Kuvc‡Z (mvg‡b
†cQ‡b ¯úw›`Z n‡Z) _v‡K Ges my‡ijv kã Drcbœ nq| mvBR Abymv‡i Gi K¤úv¼ wewfbœ nq| mPivPi cÖ¯‘ZKvix
cÖwZôvb Gi Mv‡q K¤úv¼ wj‡L †`q|

7.3.3 Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½vKv‡i kã mÂvjb (Propagation of Sound as longitudinal wave)

GKwU kã m„wóKvix Dr‡m K¤úb m„wó n‡j Zv evqy‡Z ch©vqµ‡g ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY m„wó K‡i Aby‰`N¨© Zi‡½i
AvKv‡i Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o| e¯‘i K¤ú‡bi d‡j Gi wbKUeZx© evqy KYv¸‡jv mvg‡b-†cQ‡b ¯úw›`Z n‡Z _v‡K|
¯úw›`Z evqy KYv cieZx© evqy KYv¸‡jv‡K Av‡›`vwjZ K‡i, GB Av‡›`vjb Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½ m„wó K‡i mvg‡b mÂvwjZ
n‡q Avgv‡`i Kv‡bi c`©vq AvNvZ K‡i| Kv‡bi c`©v Abyiƒc ¯ú›`‡b ¯úw›`Z nq Ges Avgv‡`i gw¯Í‡®‹ kÖe‡Yi
Abyf‚wZ m„wó K‡i| Gfv‡e kã mÂvwjZ Ges kÖæwZ †MvPi nq| †Kvb Drm †_‡K Drcbœ kã wKfv‡e evqy gva¨‡gi
ga¨ w`‡q mÂvwjZ nq Zv wb‡P eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 154
 c`v_©weÁvb

aiv hvK GKwU myi kjvKvq ivevi nvZzwo w`‡q AvNvZ Kivq
myi kjvKvi evû `ywU‡Z mvg‡b †cQ‡b K¤úb ev ¯ú›`b m„wó
nj| myi kjvKvwUi mvg‡b Ggb GKwU Abyf~wgK evqy ¯Í¤¢
Kíbv Kiv hvK hv mgvb cyiæ‡Z¡i KZ¸‡jv Lvov Z‡j wef³
[wPÎ 7.12 (K)]|
K¤úgvb myikjvKvi evû hLb mvg¨ Ae¯’vb O †_‡K a
Ae¯’v‡b †cuŠ‡Q, ZLb mvg‡bi evqy ¯Í‡ii KYv¸‡jvi Dci
Pvc m„wó nq| d‡j msjMœ evqy KYv¸‡jvi ms‡KvPb N‡U|
7.12(L) wP‡Îi AB As‡k Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
wPÎ t 7.12 evqy‡Z kã mÂvj‡bi †KŠkj
Avevi evû hLb a †_‡K o n‡q b †Z Av‡m ZLb AB As‡ki ¯ÍiwU cÖmvwiZ nq [wPÎ 7.12(M)]| cv‡ki msKzwPZ
Ask mvg‡b GwM‡q hvq| Gfv‡e myi kjvKvi GKwU c~Y© ¯ú›`b Kv‡j Zi½ AC `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i| Gi A‡a©K
As‡ki ms‡KvPb I evwK A‡a©K As‡ki cÖmviY nq|
myi kjvKv hLb mvg‡b †cQ‡b AweiZ Kvuc‡Z _v‡K, ZLb ch©vqµ‡g GKwU ms‡KvPb I GKwU cÖmviY wg‡j †h
`~iZ¡ ev ˆ`N©¨ nq †mB ‰`N©¨‡K Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ e‡j| Gfv‡e ms‡KvPb-cÖmvi‡Yi Øviv m„ó Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½ evqyi ga¨ w`‡q
mvg‡b mÂvwjZ nq|
evqy gva¨‡g kã Zi½ m„wó Ki‡j Zv ïayy GKw`‡K bq Aby‰`N©¨
Zi½vKv‡i Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o (wPÎ 7.13)| GwU †evSvi Rb¨
K¤úb Dr‡mi Pvwiw`‡K GKwU duvcv †MvjK Kíbv Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i hvi c„ô †hb kã Zi½ wb‡q me©`v mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q
hv‡”Q| d‡j †MvjKwU wbw`©ó ‡e‡M Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q co‡Q| GK
mgq GB Zi½ †kÖvZvi Kv‡b †cŠuQv‡e Ges kã Abyf‚wZi m„wó
n‡e|
wPÎ t 7.13 k‡ãi Drm ‡_‡K kã Zi½
†h wbw`©ó †e‡M kã Zi½ GwM‡q hvq ZvB k‡ãi †eM ev `ªæwZ| †MvjK AvKv‡i mew`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o
ïay evZvm bq, mKj Ro gva¨‡gi g‡a¨B kã mÂvwjZ nq| `yB eÜz cyKzi ev Rjvk‡qi cvwb‡Z †b‡g GKRb cvwbi
g‡a¨ `yÕ UzK‡iv BU ev KvV wb‡q ci¯úi VzK‡Z _vKzb| Ab¨Rb LvwbKUv `~‡i cvwb‡Z Wye w`‡q kã ïb‡Z cv‡eb|
GKRb `vjv‡bi †`qv‡ji †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b wb‡Ri GKwU Kvb †P‡c aiæb, Ab¨ Rb †ek `~‡i †`qvjwU‡Z k³ wKQz
w`‡q AvNvZ Kiyb| †Rvivj kã ïb‡Z cv‡eb| covi †Uwe‡j Kvb †P‡c Kjg ev †cbwmj w`‡q †UwejwU‡Z †UvKv
w`b, †Rvivj kã kyb‡Z cv‡eb|

7.3.4 kã Zi‡½i ˆewkó¨ ( Characteristics of Sound Wave ):

Dc‡ii Aby‡”Q`¸‡jv †_‡K Avgiv eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ kã GK ai‡bi Zi½ Ges Gi wKQz ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q| (wKQz ˆewkó¨
B‡Zvg‡a¨ eySv ‡M‡Q, c‡ii cvV¸wj‡Z evwK ˆewk󨸇jv my¯úó n‡e)| ˆewk󨸇jv n‡jvÑ
1. kã GK ai‡bi hvwš¿K Ges Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½|
2. †Kv‡bv e¯‘i K¤ú‡bi d‡j kã Zi½ Drcbœ nq, A_©vr k‡ãi Drm e¯‘i K¤úb|
3. kã Zi½ mÂvj‡bi Rb¨ Ro gva¨g cÖ‡qvRb|
4. kã Zi‡½i †eM gva¨‡gi cÖK…wZ (NbZ¡, ZvcgvÎv, Av`ª©Zv BZ¨vw`)-Gi Ici wbf©ikxj|
5. k‡ãi ZxeªZv Zi‡½i we¯Ív‡ii e‡M©i mgvbycvwZK|
6. kã Zi½ cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY I DcwicvZb m¤¢e|
BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 155
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
kãt kã GK cÖKvi kw³| e¯‘i K¤ú‡bi d‡j kã m„wó nq| kã mÂvi‡Yi Rb¨ Ro gva¨g cÖ‡qvRb| Ro
gva¨‡gi g‡a¨ †Kvb e¯‘i K¤úb n‡j gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jv Av‡›`vwjZ n‡q Zi‡½i m„wó K‡i| GB Zi½ Ro gva¨‡gi
ga¨ w`‡q mÂvwiZ n‡q Avgv‡`i Kv‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i| Kv‡bi g‡a¨ wewfbœ hvwš¿K †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g gw¯Í‡®‹ k‡ãi
Abyf‚wZ m„wó nq| Avgiv kã ïb‡Z cvB|
myi kjvKv t myi ev wUDb msµvšÍ cix¶v wbix¶vi Rb¨ GwU GK ai‡bi mij hš¿| Gi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU K¤úv¼
wewkó kã m„wó nq|
k‡ãi mÂvjb t evqy ev †h †Kvb Ro gva¨‡g kã Zi½ m„wó Ki‡j Zv ïayy GKw`‡K bq Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½vKv‡i
(†MvjKvK…wZKfv‡e) mew`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o|
k‡ãi ˆewkó¨ t kã GK cÖKvi hvwš¿K Ges Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½| kã Zi‡½i †eM gva¨‡gi cÖK…wZi (NbZ¡, ZvcgvÎv,
Av`ª©Zv) Ici wbf©i K‡i| k‡ãi ZxeªZv Zi‡½i we¯Ív‡ii e‡M©i mgvbycvwZK| kã Zi‡½i cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY I
DcwicvZb nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.3

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√ ) wPý w`b|
1| †Kvb NUbv †_‡K kã Drcbœ nq?
(K) e¯‘i cÖmviY (L) e¯‘i K¤úb
(M) gva¨‡gi ms‡KvPb (N) gva¨‡gi cÖmviY
2| †KvbwUi ga¨ w`‡q kã mÂvwjZ nq bv?
(K) KwVb gva¨g (L) Zij gva¨g
(M) evqexq gva¨g (N) k~b¨ gva¨g
3| wKfv‡e gva¨‡gi ga¨ w`‡q kã Zi½ mÂvjb nq?
(K) Aby‰`N¨© Zi½vKv‡i GKw`‡K (L) AbycÖ¯’ Zi½vKv‡i GKw`‡K
(M) Aby‰`N¨© Zi½vKv‡i mew`‡K (N) AbycÖ¯’ Zi½vKv‡i mew`‡K

cvV 4 k‡ãi †eM I cÖwZaŸwb (Velocity of Sound and Echo)

D‡Ïk¨
G cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb
1. k‡ãi †eM, K¤úv¼ Ges ch©vq Kv‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
2. k‡ãi K¯úv¼, Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ Ges k‡ãi †e‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
3. k‡ãi †e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
4. cÖwZaŸwb Kx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
5. e¨envwiK Rxe‡b cÖwZaŸwbi e¨envi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

7.4.1 k‡ãi †eM (Velocity of sound)

Drm †_‡K kã Avgv‡`i Kv‡b †cuŠQv‡Z wKQzUv mgq jv‡M| Avgiv Rvwb kã Zi½vKv‡i mÂvwiZ nq|
Zi½ GKK mg‡q †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K Zi½ †eM ev `ªæwZ e‡j| GKB fv‡e ejv hvq kã Zi½
BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 156
 c`v_©weÁvb

GKK mg‡q †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K k‡ãi †eM ev `ªæwZ e‡j| j¶¨ K‡i‡Qb So-e„wói mgq KLbI KLbI
eRªcvZ nq| nVvr AvKv‡k we`y¨r PgK ev cÖPÛ Av‡jvi SjKvwb †`Lv hvq, Zvi †ek wKQz¶Y c‡i cÖej eRªbv` ev
evR covi kã †kvbv hvq| Avm‡j AvKv‡k `ywU wecixZ w`‡K avegvb †g‡Ni ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Nl©‡Yi d‡j GKB
mg‡q AwMœ õzwj½ Ges kã m„wó nq| Avgiv Av‡jv Av‡M †`wL, kã c‡i ïwb| KviY Av‡jv `ªæZ Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L
†cŠuQvq kã †cuŠQv‡Z †ewk mgq jv‡M| G ‡_‡K Avgiv mn‡RB ej‡Z cvwi k‡ãi `ªæwZ Av‡jvi `ªæwZi †_‡K A‡bK
Kg|
k‡ãi K¯úv¼ Ges ch©vqKv‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK©
Avgiv Av‡Mi cv‡V †R‡bwQ, kã Zi½ m„wóKvix gva¨‡gi ga¨ w`‡q GwM‡q P‡j, Avi gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jv mvg‡b
†cQ‡b ¯úw›`Z n‡Z _v‡K| GKwU c~Y© ¯ú›`b n‡Z †h mgq jv‡M ‡mB mq‡K ejv nq ch©vqKvj| Ges cÖwZ ‡m‡K‡Û
hZwU ¯ú›`b nq Zv‡K ejv nq K¤úv¼ | AZGK K¤ú¼‡K f Ges ch©vq Kvj‡K T ai‡j,
1
f  ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (7.5)
T
k‡ãi K¯úv¼, Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ Ges k‡ãi †e‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK©
Avgiv Rvwb, kã Zi½ m„wóKvix gva¨‡gi g‡a¨ KYvi GKwU c~Y© ¯ú›`b n‡Z †h mgq jv‡M †mB mgq‡K ejv nq
ch©vqKvj| GB mg‡q Zi½ hZUv GwM‡q hvq Zv‡K e‡j Zi½ ˆ`N©¨, cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û hZwU K¤úb nq Zv‡K ejv nq
K¤úv¼| mvaviYZ MvwYwZK wnmv‡ei mgq- K¤úv¼‡K f, Zi½ ˆ`N©‡K  Ges ch©vqKvj‡K T aiv nq|
†Kvb e¯‘i GKK mg‡q A_©vr GK †m‡K‡Û AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡‡K †eM e‡j| AZGe kã Zi‡½i GK †m‡K‡Û
AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡B n‡”Q Zvi †eM ev `ªæwZ|

Gÿ‡Î kã Zi‡½i †eM, v   f  ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (7.6)
T
k‡ãi †e‡Mi cwieZ©b
cix¶v K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q Av‡jvi `ªæwZ k~b¨¯’v‡b me mgq 3×108 ms-1 wbwÏ©ó| wKš‘ k‡ãi `ªæwZ memgq mgvb bq|
0°C ev 273 K ZvcgvÎvq Ges cÖgvY evqyPv‡c, ky®‹ evZv‡m k‡ãi `ªæwZ 332 ms-1| ZvcgvÎv evo‡j k‡ãi `ªæwZ
†e‡o hvq| evZv‡mi Av`ª©Zv evo‡jI k‡ãi `ªæwZ †e‡o hvq| wnmve K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q cÖwZ 1°C ev 1 K ZvcgvÎv
evo‡j k‡ãi `ªæwZ cªvq 0.6 ms-1 cwigvY †e‡o hvq|
gva¨g †f‡` k‡ãi `ªæwZi cwieZ©b nq| gva¨g hZ Nb I w¯’wZ¯’vcK nq k‡ãi `ªæwZ Zv‡Z ZZ †ewk nq| †hgb
evqy gva¨‡g k‡ãi `ªæwZ 332 ms-1, cvwb gva¨‡g 1450 ms-1 Ges †jvnvi g‡a¨ 5220 ms-1|
evqexq c`v‡_© k‡ãi `ªæwZ me‡P‡q Kg, Zij c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ Zv †_‡K †ewk| KwVb c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ k‡ãi `ªæwZ
me‡P‡q †ewk| evqy Pv‡ci cwieZ©‡b evZv‡m k‡ãi †eM cÖfvweZ nq bv|
7.4.2 k‡ãi cÖwZdjb I cÖwZaŸwb (Reflection of Sound and Echo)
Avgiv Rvwb Av‡jv evqy ev ¯^”Q gva¨‡gi ga¨ w`‡q Pjvi c‡_ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv A¯^”Q gva¨‡g evav cÖvß n‡j `yB gva¨‡gi
we‡f` Zj †_‡K cÖ_g gva¨‡g wd‡i Av‡m| G‡K Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb e‡j| GKB fv‡e, †h †Kv‡bv Zi½ GKwU mylg
gva¨‡gi ga¨ w`‡q Pjvi c‡_ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv gva¨‡g evav †c‡j Av‡Mi gva¨‡g wd‡i Av‡m G NUbv‡K Zi‡½i
cÖwZdjb e‡j| kã GK cÖKvi Zi½| kãI Pjvi c‡_ evav cÖvß n‡j c~‡e©i gva¨‡g wd‡i Av‡m| G‡K k‡ãi
cÖwZdjb e‡j| KLbI KLbI cÖwZdwjZ kã Avgv‡`i kÖæwZ †MvPi nq, g~j k‡ãi Abyiƒc kã wØZxq evi †kvbv

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 157

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

hvq| wØZxq evi †kvbv GB kã‡K Avgiv ewj cÖwZaŸwb| A_©vr, †Kv‡bv Drm †_‡K m„ó kã hw` †Kv‡bv `~ieZx©
gva¨‡g ev Z‡j evav †c‡q Dr‡mi Kv‡Q wd‡i Av‡m ZLb g~j aŸwbi †h cybive„wË nq Zv‡K cÖwZaŸwb e‡j (wPÎ
7.14)|
†h gva¨g ev Z‡j evav †c‡q kã Zi½ cÖwZdwjZ nq
Zv‡K cÖwZdjK Zj e‡j| Zij I KwVb c`v‡_©i
we¯ÍxY© Zj †hgb, ce©Z MvÎ, Kswµ‡Ui †`qvj, cvwb
c„ô BZ¨vw` k‡ãi cÖwZdjK Zj|
kvšÍ, bxie, †Kvjvnjgy³ cwi‡e‡k DuPz Kswµ‡Ui
†`qvj, eo nj Ni, Lvov cvnv‡oi cv‡k `vwuo‡q ev
e× ¸nv A_ev K‚‡ci gy‡L gyL †i‡L wPrKvi Ki‡j
cÖwZaŸwb †kvbv hvq|
wPÎ t 7.14 kã Zi½ cÖwZdwjZ n‡q cÖwZaŸwb m„wó
Z‡e me †¶‡Î k‡ãi cÖwZaŸwb †kvbv hv‡e Ggb bq| cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi GKwU kZ© Av‡Q|
†Kvb kã †kvbvi ci cÖvq 0.1 †m‡KÛ ch©šÍ Gi †ik Avgv‡`i gw¯Í‡®‹ _v‡K| GB mgq‡K kãvbyf~wZi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj
e‡j| GB mg‡qi g‡a¨ cÖwZaŸwb n‡j Zv †kvbv hv‡e bv| AZGe cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi Rb¨, g~j kã Ges cÖwZaŸwb
†kvbvi ga¨eZx© mg‡qi cv_©K¨ 0.1 †m‡KÛ ev Zvi †ewk n‡Z n‡e| myZivs cÖwZdjK Ges k‡ãi Dr‡mi g‡a¨
`~iZ¡ Ggb n‡Z n‡e †hb kã Zi½ Dr‡mi Kv‡Q wd‡i Avm‡Z 0.1 †m‡KÛ ev Zvi †ewk mgq jv‡M|
†`Lv hvK GB mg‡q kã KZUv `~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i| aiv hvK, k‡ãi `ªæwZ v, Drm I cÖwZdj‡Ki g‡a¨
`~iZ¡ d, Zvn‡j k‡ãi †gvU AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ n‡e 2d | aiv hvK GB `~iZ¡ AwZµ‡gi Rb¨ k‡ãi t †m‡KÛ mgq
jv‡M (wPÎ 7.14)|
2d vt
Zvn‡j, G‡¶‡Î `ªæwZ, v  ev, d  ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (7.7)
t 2
evZv‡m k‡ãi `ªæwZ ZvcgvÎvi mv‡_ cwiewZ©Z nq| 0°C ev 273 K ZvcgvÎvq k‡ãi `ªæwZ 332 ms-1 |
(7.7) mgxKi‡Y v =332 ms-1 Ges t = 0.1 s ewm‡q MYbv Ki‡j cvIqv hvq -
332 0.1
d= m = 16.6 m |
2
A_©vr 0°C ev 273 K DòZvq cÖwZdwjZ kã †kvbvi Rb¨ kã Drm Ges cÖwZdj‡Ki g‡a¨ b~¨bZg `~iZ¡ 16.6 m
n‡Z n‡e| ZvcgvÎv †ewk n‡j cÖwZ wWwMªi Rb¨ `~iZ¡ 0.3 m †ewk n‡Z n‡e|
ZvB cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi kZ©wU n‡jv,- †kÖvZv ev Drm Ges cÖwZdjK Z‡ji g‡a¨ b~¨bZg `~iZ¡ 16.6 m (0°C ev
273 K ZvcgvÎvq) eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e|

7.4.3 e¨envwiK Rxe‡b cÖwZaŸwbi e¨envi (Use of Echo in practical life)

cÖwZaŸwbi mvnv‡h¨ K‚‡ci MfxiZv wbY©q
cÖwZaŸwbi mvnv‡h¨ mvaviYZ `~iZ¡ cwigvc Kiv nq| †hgb mgy‡`ªi MfxiZv, K‚‡ci MfxiZv BZ¨vw`| GLv‡b K‚‡ci
MfxiZv cwigv‡ci c×wZwU eY©bv Kiv n‡jv| K‚‡ci MfxiZv ej‡Z f‚wg Zj †_‡K K‚‡ci g‡a¨ cvwb c„‡ôi `~iZ¡‡K

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 158

 c`v_©weÁvb

eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avgiv Rvwb K‚‡ci gy‡L †Kvb kã Ki‡j †mB kã cvwb c„‡ô cÖwZdwjZ n‡q wd‡i G‡j cÖwZaŸwb
†kvbv hvq| †Kvb K‚‡ci gy‡L kã Drcv`b Ges cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi ga¨Kvi mgq e¨eavb cwigvc Kiv hvq|

aiv hvK GB mgq e¨eavb t †m‡KÛ| K‚‡ci MfxiZv h Ges

cix¶vKvjxb mg‡q k‡ãi †eM v| Zvn‡j,
2h vt
v mgxKiY †_‡K cvIqv hvq, h  ... .... (7.8)
t 2
cix¶v cÖvß †WUv (7.8) mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q MYbv Ki‡j K‚‡ci
MfxiZv cvIqv hv‡e|

GB cix¶‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU _vgv Nwo ev ÷c IqvP cÖ‡qvRb| wPÎ t 7.15 cÖwZaŸwbi mvnv‡h¨
K‚‡ci MfxiZv cwigvc
K‚‡ci MfxiZv 16.6 wgUv‡ii Kg n‡j (0°C ZvcgvÎvq) cÖwZaŸwb †kvbv hv‡e bv| ZvcgvÎv wfbœ n‡j GB
MfxiZvI Kg †ekx n‡e| wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq k‡ãi †eM we‡ePbv K‡i G c×wZ‡Z K‚‡ci MfxiZv cwigvc Kiv hvq|
GKB c×wZ‡Z mgy‡`ªi cvwbi MfxiZv cwigvc Kiv hvq †m †¶‡Î mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡Z k‡ãi †eM Rvbv _vK‡Z nq|
GB c×wZ‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q evZvm ev cvwb‡Z k‡ãi †eM ev `ªæwZI cwigvc Kiv hvq| cvnv‡oi `~iZ¡ wbY©q Kiv
2h
hvq| Gme †¶‡Î cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g `~iZ¡ h Ges mgq t †g‡c wb‡Z nq| Ges v  mgxKi‡Y h I t -Gi
t
gvb ewm‡q v Gi gvb MYbv Ki‡Z nq|
wPwKrmv weÁv‡b cÖwZaŸwbi e¨envi
cÖwZaŸwb‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q wPwKrm‡Kiv gvby‡li ü`wc‡Û i‡³i cÖevn I ü`¯ú›`b cwigvc K‡i ü`‡ivM wbY©q ev
mbv³ K‡ib, G‡K B‡Kv-KvwW©I MÖvg e‡j|
Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwYi Rxe‡b cÖwZaŸwbi e¨envi:
A‡bK cÖvwY †hgb ev`yi , wZwg gvQ, Wjwdb, gvKomv Zv‡`i Rxeb hvÎvq cÖwZaŸwb Kv‡R jvMvq e‡j Rvbv †M‡Q|
†hgb ev`yi, Giv †`L‡Z cv‡i bv| ev`yi c_ Pj‡Z, Lv`¨e¯‘ Ges Zvi Ae¯’vb mbv³ Ki‡Z k‡ãvËi Zi‡½i
cÖwZdjb e¨envi K‡i| Giv wewfbœ K¤úv‡¼i k‡ãvËi Zi½ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| Ges G‡`i Pjvi c‡_, Pvwiw`‡K
Gai‡Yi Zi½ Qwo‡q w`‡Z w`‡Z P‡j| GB Zi½ mvg‡b †Kv‡bv cÖwZeÜK _vK‡j Zv‡Z evav †c‡q cÖwZdwjZ n‡q
Zi½ m„wóKvix ev`y‡ii Kv‡b wd‡i Av‡m (wPÎ 7.16)| ev`yi cÖwZdwjZ Zi‡½i cÖK…wZ Ges mg‡qi e¨eavb †_‡K
cÖwZe܇Ki AvK…wZ, cÖK…wZ Ges Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ cvq hv Zv‡`i c_ Pj‡Z Ges Lv`¨e¯‘ msMÖ‡n
my‡hvM K‡i †`q|

wPÎ t 7.16 ev`y‡ii wkKvi aiv wPÎ t 7.17 wZwgi wkKvi aiv

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 159

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

GKBfv‡e wZwg kã Zi½ Qwo‡q †`q †Kvb cÖwZe܇K cÖwZdwjZ n‡q cÖwZaŸwb wd‡i Av‡m (wPÎ 7.17)| GB
cÖwZaŸwb ï‡b wZwg wkKvi a‡i Ges PjvPj I †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| GK ai‡Yi gvKomv k‡ãvËi Zi½ e¨envi
K‡i wkKvi a‡i|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
kã Zi½ ev k‡ãi †eM t GKK mg‡q Zi½ †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K Zi½ †eM ev `ªæwZ e‡j| kã
Zi½ GKK mg‡q †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K k‡ãi †eM ev `ªæwZ e‡j|
k‡ãi †e‡Mi cwieZ©b t 0°C ev 273 K ZvcgvÎvq Ges cÖgvY evqyPv‡c, ky®‹ evZv‡m k‡ãi `ªæwZ 332 ms-1
evZv‡mi ZvcgvÎv A_ev Av`ª©Zv evo‡j k‡ãi `ªæwZ †e‡o hvq| cÖwZ 1°C ZvcgvÎv e„wׇZ k‡ãi `ªæwZi
e„w× 0.6 ms-1|
cÖwZaŸwb t †Kvb Dr‡m †_‡K m„ó kã †Kvb `~ieZx© gva¨‡g ev Z‡j evav †c‡q Dr‡mi Kv‡Q wd‡i G‡j g~j
aŸwbi †h cybive„wË nq Zv‡K cÖwZaŸwb e‡j|
kãvbyf~wZi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj t †Kvb kã †kvbvi ci cÖvq 0.1 †m‡KÛ ch©šÍ Gi †ik Avgv‡`i gw¯Í‡®‹ _v‡K, GB
mgq‡K kãvbyf~wZi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj e‡j|
cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi kZ© t 0°C ev 273 K DòZvq cÖwZdwjZ kã †kvbvi Rb¨ kã Drm Ges cÖwZdj‡Ki
g‡a¨ b~¨bZg `~iZ¡ 16.6 m n‡Z nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.4.

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√ ) wPý w`b|

1| 273K ZvcgvÎvq k‡ãi `ªæwZ KZ?
(K) 330ms-1 (L) 340ms-1
(M) 344ms-1 (N) 332ms-1
2| 30°C ZvcgvÎvq k‡ãi `ªæwZ KZ?
(K) 332ms-1 (L) 330ms-1
(M) 350ms-1 (N) 372ms-1
3| k‡ãi cÖwZdjb †KvbwU?
(K) Abybv` (L) cÖwZaŸwb
(M) cÖwZdjb (N) exU
4| kãvbyf‚wZi ¯’vqxZ¡Kvj KZ?
(K) 0.01s (L) 0.1s
(M) 1.0s (N) Amxg
5| 0°C DòZvq cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi Rb¨ kã Drm Ges cÖwZdjK Z‡ji g‡a¨ b~¨bZg `~iZ¡ 16.6 m n‡Z nq-
(K) KwVb gva¨‡g (N) evqy gva¨‡g
(M) Zij gva¨‡g (N) †h †Kvb gva¨‡g|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 160

 c`v_©weÁvb

cvV-5 kÖve¨Zvi mxgv, k‡ãvËi I k‡ãZi Zi‡½i e¨envwiK cÖ‡qvM

(Audibility Range, use of Infrasonic and Ultrasonic waves )
D‡Ïk¨
G cv‡Vi †k‡l AvcwbÑ
1. k‡ãi kªve¨Zvi mxgv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
2. k‡ãvËi K¤úv‡¼i k‡ãi e¨envi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
3. k‡ãZi K¤úv‡¼i k‡ãi e¨envi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
7.5.1 kÖve¨Zvi mxgv, k‡ãZi I k‡ãvËi Zi½
(Audibility Range, Infrasonic and Ultrasonic waves)
k‡ãi Drm e¯‘i K¤úb| wKš‘ K¤úb n‡jB kã †kvbv hv‡e Zv mZ¨ bq| gvby‡li kÖeY h‡š¿i mxgve×Zv
Av‡Q| Dr‡mi K¤úb cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 20 wUi wb‡P n‡j †h kã Drcbœ nq Zv Avgiv kyb‡Z cvB bv| Avevi Dr‡mi
K¤úb hw` cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 20,000 wUi †ewk nq Zv n‡j †h kã Drcbœ nq ZvI Avgiv ïb‡Z cvB bv| Avm‡j
Avgv‡`i (gvby‡li) kÖeY Bw›`ªq 20 Hz †_‡K 20, 000 Hz K¤úv‡¼i kã ïb‡Z cv‡i| ZvB ejv nq gvby‡li
kÖve¨Zvi mxgv 20 †_‡K 20,000 Hz K¤úv‡¼i g‡a¨| GB mxgvi wb‡Pi K¤úv‡¼i Zi½‡K ejv nq (kã †_‡K
Kg) k‡ãZi (Infrasonic) Zi½ Ges Dc‡ii K¤úv‡¼i Zi½‡K ejv nq (kã †_‡K †ewk) k‡ãvËi
(Ultrasonic) Zi½| Aek¨ mevi kÖve¨Zvi cvjøv mgvb bq| gvbyl †f‡` Gi ZviZg¨ Av‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi
†¶‡ÎI kªve¨Zvi cvjøvi ZviZg¨ Av‡Q| Avcwb wK ÕWM ûB‡mjÕ ev Õbxie euvwkiÕ K_v ï‡b‡Qb? GK ai‡bi euvwk
KzKzi ev weovj‡`i †Uªwbs †`qvi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq| GB euvwk‡Z dy w`‡j †h K¤úb nq gvbyl Zvi †Kvb kã
ïb‡Z cvq bv, wKš‘ KzKzi, weovj wVK ïb‡Z cvq| KviY Zv‡`i kÖve¨Zvi cvjøv wfbœ| K‡qKwU cÖvYxi Mo kÖve¨Zvi
cvjøv wb‡Pi Q‡K D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|

gvby‡li kÖve¨Zvi cvjøv 20 Hz ~ 20,000 Hz

KzKz‡ii kÖve¨Zvi cvjøv 4 Hz ~ 45,000 Hz
weov‡ji kÖve¨Zvi cvjøv 45 Hz ~ 64,000 Hz
B`y‡ii kÖve¨Zvi cvjøv 1,000 Hz ~ 91,000 Hz
ev`y‡ii kÖve¨Zvi cvjøv 2,000 Hz ~ 110,000 Hz wPÎ t 7.18 GKwU we‡kl ai‡Yi WM ûB‡mj

kã Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| k‡ãZi Zi½ Ges k‡ãvËi Zi½I Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq| c‡ii Aby‡”Q‡`
G‡`i e¨envi D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|

7.5.2 k‡ãZi Zi‡½i e¨envi (Uses of Infrasonic waves):

gvby‡li kÖve¨Zvi cvjøvi wb‡Pi (≤ 20 Hz ) K¤úb wewkó Zi½‡K k‡ãZi Zi½ ejv nq| k‡ãZi Zi‡½i wewfbœ
e¨envi cwijw¶Z nq| Zv n‡jv-
1. cvigvYweK we‡õviY I †ZRw®Œq KwYKvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ gwbUwis cÖ‡KŠk‡j|
2. cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© c~e©vfvm w`‡Z| (wKQz wKQz cÖvYx cÖK…wZK wech©q c~e© k‡ãZi Zi½ †_‡K wech©q
m¤ú‡K© AwMÖg mZK©Zv cÖ`k©b K‡i G †_‡K f~wgK¤ú I mvgyw`ªK S‡oi c~e©vfvm cvIqv hvq|)
3. wPwKrmv weÁv‡b †_ivwci Kv‡R|
4. †QvU wkï wK‡kvi‡`i †Pv‡Li gvBIwcqv ÎæwUi wPwKrmvq|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 161

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

5. Gw›Ue¨vK‡Uwiqvj WªvM wnmv‡e e¨vK‡Uwiqv RwbZ Kvi‡Y †Pv‡Li cÖ`vn wPwKrmvq|

6. evqygÛ‡ji Ae¯’v (AvenvIqv) gwbUwis Kv‡R kã Zi½ e¨eüZ nq|

7.5.3 k‡ãvËi Zi‡½i e¨envi (Uses of Ultrasonic waves) :

gvby‡li kÖve¨Zvi cvjøvi Dc‡ii (≥ 20 KHz ) K¤úb wewkó Zi½‡K k‡ãvËi Zi½ ejv nq| Gi wewfbœ e¨envi
cwijw¶Z nq| Zv n‡jv-
1. †`‡ni big wUmy¨ Ges †ivM wbY©‡qi Rb¨ wPwKrmKMY †`n Af¨šÍ‡ii wewfbœ A‡½i Qwe Zzj‡Z k‡ãvËi
Zi½ e¨envi K‡ib, G‡K AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd ejv nq|
2. i‡³i MwZ Rvb‡Z ü`‡ivM mbv³ Ki‡Y, gvZ… M‡f© Rb¥-c~e© wkïi Ae¯’v mbv³ Ki‡Z (AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd)|
3. mgy‡`ªi MfxiZv wbY©q, Wz‡ev RvnvR, wng‰kj BZ¨vw`i Ae¯’vb Rvb‡Z|
4. avZe cvZ ev avZe L‡Ûi g‡a¨i m~² dvUj AbymÜv‡b|
5. m~² hš¿cvwZ cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z|
6. ¶wZKviK e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸs‡mi Kv‡R|
7. mvaviYfv‡e wg‡k bv Ggb (†hgb cvwb-cvi` ev cvwb-†Zj) Zijmg~‡ni wgkªY ˆZwi‡Z|
8. gvbyl QvovI Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxivI k‡ãvËi Zi½ e¨envi K‡i| †hgb ev`yi c_ Pj‡Z Ges Lv`¨ e¯‘i
AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨, wZwg ci¤ú‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ges g‡bvfve Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ k‡ãvËi Zi½ e¨envi
K‡i| ejv nq k‡ãvËi Zi½B wZwgi fvlv|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
kÖve¨Zvi mxgv : gvby‡li kÖeY Bw›`ªq 20 Hz †_‡K 20, 000 Hz K¤úv‡¼i kã ïb‡Z cv‡i| ZvB ejv nq gvby‡li
kÖve¨Zvi mxgv 20 ~ 20,000 Hz |
k‡ãZi Zi½ : kÖve¨Zvi mxgvi wb‡Pi K¤úv‡¼i Zi½ k‡ãZi Zi½| cvigvYweK we‡õviY I †ZRw®Œq KwYKvi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ gwbUwis cÖ‡KŠk‡j, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© c~e©vfvm w`‡Z| wPwKrmv weÁv‡b †_ivwci Kv‡R,
Gw›Ue¨vK‡Uwiqvj WªvM wnmv‡e e¨vK‡Uwiqv RwbZ Kvi‡Y †Pv‡Li cÖ`vn wPwKrmvq, wkï wK‡kvi‡`i †Pv‡Li
gvBIwcqvi wPwKrmvq, evqygÛ‡ji Ae¯’v (AvenvIqv) gwbUwis cÖf„wZ Kv‡R k‡ãZi Zi½ e¨eüZ nq|
k‡ãvËi Zi½ : kÖve¨Zvi mxgvi Dc‡ii K¤úv‡¼i Zi½ k‡ãvËi Zi½| †`‡ni big wUmy¨ Ges ‡ivM wbY©‡qi Rb¨
wPwKrmKMY †`n Af¨šÍ‡ii wewfbœ A‡½i Qwe Zzj‡Z, i‡³i MwZ Rvb‡Z, ü`‡ivM mbv³ Ki‡Y, gvZ… M‡f© Rb¥-c~e©
wkïi Ave¯’vb Rvb‡Z, mgy‡`ªi MfxiZv wbY©q, Wz‡ev RvnvR, wng‰kj BZ¨vw`i Ae¯’vb Rvb‡Z, avZe cvZ ev avZe
L‡Ûi g‡a¨i m~² dvUj AbymÜv‡b, m~² hš¿cvwZ cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z, ¶wZKviK e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸs‡mi Kv‡R,
mvaviYfv‡e wg‡k bv Ggb (†hgb cvwb-cvi` ev cvwb-†Zj) Zijmg~‡ni wgkªY ˆZwi‡Z k‡ãvËi Zi½ e¨eüZ nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.4

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| †Kvb cÖvYx wkKvi aivi Rb¨ k‡ãvËi Zi‡½i cÖwZaŸwb Kv‡R jvMvq ?
(K) gvbyl (L) nvZx
(M) wZwg (N) wkKvix KzKzi

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 162

 c`v_©weÁvb

2| k‡ãvËi Zi‡½i K¤úv¼ KZ?

(K) 20 Hz (L) 20 Hz ~ 20,000 Hz
(M) 20,000 Hz (N) 20,000 Hz †_‡K †ekx

3| KzKz‡ii kªve¨Zvi DaŸ©mxgv KZ?

(K) 20,000 Hz (L) 25,000 Hz
(M) 30,000 Hz (N) 45,000 Hz

4| †Kvb cÖvYxi kªve¨Zvi EaŸ© mxgv 45,000 Hz cÖvq?

(K) ev`yo (L) KzKzi
(M) gvbyl (N) gvKomv

5| m~² B‡jKUªwb· hš¿cvwZ cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z †KvbwU e¨envi nq?

(K) †Zj I MÖxR (L) mvevb I wWUvi‡R›U
(M) kã Zi½ (N) k‡ãvËi Zi½

cvV 6 t myihy³ kã Ges kã `~lY (Musical Sound and Soud pollution)

D‡Ïk¨

G cv‡Vi †k‡l AvcwbÑ

1. k‡ãi cxP, Zx²Zv I myihy³ kã e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. myihy³ k‡ãi ˆewkó mg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. kã `~lY wK ? kã `~l‡Yi KviY I djvdj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
4. kã `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

7.6.1 my‡ijv kã I †Kvjvnj (Musical sound and Noise)

Avgiv Rvwb gvbyl 20 Hz †_‡K 20, 000 Hz K¤úv‡¼i kã ïb‡Z cv‡i| gvby‡li Kɯ^^i, cvZvi
gg©i, cvwLi KvKjx †_‡K wewfbœ ev`¨h‡š¿i kã, hvbevn‡bi kã AviI KZ kã| †Kvb †Kvb kã Kv‡b
†cŠuQv‡j Avgv‡`i Lye fvj jv‡M, Avgiv ewj kÖæwZgayi kã| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb kã Kv‡b †M‡j AZ¨šÍ weiw³Ki
Abyf~wZ nq Avgiv ewj kÖæwZKUz kã| †h mg¯Í kã kÖæwZ gayi †m¸‡jv‡K myihy³ ev my‡ijv kã (Musical
sound) Ges †h¸‡jv weiw³Ki, kÖæwZKUz †m¸‡jv‡K myiewR©Z kã ev †Kvjvnj (Noise) e‡j|
hw` †Kvb k‡ãi Drm mij Qw›`Z MwZ‡Z Kuvc‡Z _v‡K Ges Zv †_‡K GKwU gvÎ K¤úv‡¼i kã m„wó nq Z‡e Zv‡K
myi e‡j| †hgb myi kjvKv ev wUDwbs d‡K©i K¤úb, nvi‡gvwbqv‡gi GKwU wiW †P‡c a‡i †eøv Ki‡j †h kã nq ev
wMUv‡ii GKwU Zv‡i GKevi gvÎ AvNvZ Ki‡j †h K¤úb nq Zv GK GKwU myi|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 163

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wPÎ t 7.19 K‡qKwU my‡ijv hš¿

myihy³ k‡ãi g‡a¨ wewfbœ K¤úv‡¼i GKvwaK myi wgwkÖZ _vK‡j Zv‡K e‡j ¯^i| ZLb k‡ãi Drm RwUj ch©ve„Ë
MwZ‡Z Kuvc‡Z _v‡K | Avm‡j K‡qKwU my‡ii mgwó nj ¯^i| wMUvi, †envjv ev nvi‡gvwbqg hLb evRv‡bv nq Zv
†_‡K G ai‡bi †hŠwMK myi ev ¯^i wbM©Z nq|
¯^i m„wóKvix myi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †hwUi K¤úv¼ me‡P‡q Kg _v‡K Zv‡K e‡j g~j myi| †h¸‡jvi K¤úv¼ †ewk _v‡K
†m¸‡jv Dcmyi| †h Dcmyi¸‡jv gyjmy‡ii mij ¸wYZK †hgb 2 ¸Y, 3 ¸Y, 4 ¸Y ..... Ggb nq Zv‡`i ejv nq
mg‡gj ev nvi‡gvwbK| g~j my‡ii mv‡_ Dcmyi¸‡jv mg‡gj _vK‡j †h kã Drcbœ nq Zv ïb‡Z fvj jv‡M,
Avivg`vqK, kÖæwZgayi ev myihy³ kã| cÿvšÍ‡i g~j my‡ii mv‡_ Dcmyi¸‡jvi mg‡gj bv _vK‡j my‡ii Miwgj
nq, ïb‡Z fvj jv‡M bv, Gai‡Yi kã‡K ejv nq kÖæwZKUz ev myiewR©Z kã|

7.6.2 myihy³ k‡ãi ˆewkó¨ (Charectaristics of Musical Sound)

myihy³ k‡ãi wZbwU cÖavb ˆewkó¨ _v‡K| h_v-
1| ZxeªZv ev cÖvej¨ (Intensity)
2| ZxÿèZv (Pitch)
3| ¸Y ev RvwZ (Quality)

k‡ãi cÖÖvej¨ ev ZxeªZv : cÖvej¨ ev ZxeªZv ej‡Z kã KZUv †Rv‡i n‡”Q Zv eySvq| kã we¯Ív‡ii Awfgy‡L j¤^fv‡e
KwíZ GKK †ÿÎd‡ji ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û †h cwigvY kã kw³ cÖevwnZ nq Zv‡K k‡ãi ZxeªZv e‡j| k‡ãi
ZxeªZvi GKK Wm-2 | k‡ãi cÖvej¨ hZ evo‡e kã ZZ †Rviv‡jv n‡e| kã Zi‡½i K¤úv¼, we¯Ívi, Dr‡mi
AvKvi, gva¨‡gi NbZ¡, Drm †_‡K †kÖvZvi `~iZ¡ wewfbœ wel‡qi Ici k‡ãi cÖvej¨ ev ZxeªZv wbf©ikxj|

k‡ãi cÖvej¨ ev ZxeªZvi gvÎv cwigv‡ci cÖPwjZ GKK nj †ej| 1000 Hz K¤úv¼ wewkó 10-12 Wm-2
ZxeªZv‡K cÖgvY ZxeªZv aiv nq| cÖgvY ZxeªZv †_‡K 10 ¸Y ZxeªZv m¤úbœ k‡ãi ZxeªZv †j‡fj‡K 1 †ej (B)
e‡j| GK †e‡ji GK `kgvsk‡K GK †Wwm‡ej (db) e‡j| †Wwm‡ej kã `~l‡Yi gvÎv cwigv‡c e¨eüZ nq|

k‡ãi ZxÿèZv : †h ˆewkó¨ w`‡q †Kvb myi Pov ev miæ Ges †Kvb myi †gvUv ev Lv‡`i Zv eySv hvq Zv‡K k‡ãi
ZxÿèZv e‡j|

k‡ãi ZxÿèZv kã m„wóKvix e¯‘i K¤úv‡¼i Ici wbf©i K‡i| Kcv¼ hZ †ewk n‡e k‡ãi ZxÿèZv ZZ e„w× cv‡e|
ÿz`ª Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ wewkó k‡ãi ZxÿèZv †ewk I eo Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ wewkó k‡ãi ZxÿèZv Kg| cyiæl A‡cÿv gwnjv I
wkï‡`i KÚ¯^‡ii K¤úv¼ †ewk e‡j Zv‡`i ¯^iI Pov nq| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e ZxÿèZv K¤úv‡¼i mgvbycvwZK n‡jI
`ywU GK wRwbm bq| K¤úv¼ n‡jv hvwš¿K Av‡›`vjb hv wbLyuZfv‡e gvcv hvq Avi ZxÿèZv kÖeY Bw›`ª‡qi Abyf~wZ |
K¤úv¼ KviY, Avi ZxÿèZv Zvi dj|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 164

 c`v_©weÁvb

¸Y ev RvwZ : †h ˆewkó¨ Øviv `ywU wfbœ Drm n‡Z wbM©Z k‡ãi ZxeªZv Ges ZxÿèZv GK n‡jI Zv‡`i GKwU‡K
Ab¨wU †_‡K c„_K Kiv hvq Zv‡K Zvi RvwZ e‡j| G ˆewk‡ó¨i Øviv GKB kã ev myi evuwk ev †mZvi †_‡K evRv‡j
†kvbv gvÎ Zv †evSv hvq Ges †KvbwU euvwki, †KvbwU †mZv‡ii Zv mbv³ Kiv hvq| †mZvi, MxUvi, euvwk BZ¨vw`
K‡qwU ev`¨ hš¿ hLb GK mv‡_ evRv‡bv nq Ges wbM©Z myi¸‡jvi ZxÿèZv I cÖvej¨ hw` GK nq ZLb `~i †_‡K
†Kvb myiwU †Kvb ev`¨ h‡š¿i Zv ejv hvq| KviY Avjv`v Avjv`v ev`¨ h‡š¿i wbM©Z my‡ii GKUv wbR¯^ ˆewkó¨
Av‡Q| G‡KB k‡ãi ¸Y ev RvwZ ejv nq|

7.6.3 kã `~lY (Sound Pollution)

kã Avgv‡`i †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g| Avgv‡`i g‡bvfve Av`vb cÖ`vb, wb‡R‡K A‡b¨i Kv‡Q cÖKvk Ges Ab¨‡K Rvbvi
I †evSvi Ab¨Zg Dcvq| kã Avgv‡`i g‡bi ¶zav †gUvq| kãnxb RM‡Zi K_v fvev hvq wK? cvwLi WvK, my‡ijv
K‡Úi Mvb, wcÖq R‡bi wgwó K_v| †iwWI †Uwjwfk‡bi kã meB wbtm‡›`‡n Avgv‡`i Avb›` †`q| Avevi KLbI
KLbI †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv kã Avgv‡`i Kó ev †e`bviI D‡`ªK K‡i| ZeyI kã Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘ kã A‡bK
mgq Avgv‡`i wewfbœ fv‡e ¶wZ K‡i| †hgb cix¶vi iv‡Z cv‡ki evwo‡Z D”P i‡e gvB‡K Mvb| mvDÛ e‡· AwZ
D”P ¯^‡i wgDwRK| Gme kã Avgv‡`i g‡bv‡hv‡M weNœœ NUvq| †gRvR Lvivc K‡i †d‡j| Mvwoi nY,© †g‡Ni MR©b,
hvbevn‡bi weKU AvIqvR, nvU evR‡ii nƇMvj, wewfbœ hš¿ KjKviLvbvi kã, †cø‡bi kã, †Rbv‡iU‡ii kã,
Gai‡Yi AwZ kã Øviv cwi‡ek bô nq| G Ae¯’v‡K ejv nq kã `~lY|

wPÎ t 7.20 weiw³Ki ev Amnbxq kã

AweiZ D”P k‡ã Kv‡bi †fZ‡ii c`©v †d‡U hvq, ev AšÍtc`©vi †Kvl¸‡jv ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq, d‡j gvbyl ¯’vqxfv‡e ewai
n‡q hvq| wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v (WHO) -Gi g‡Z mvaviYZ 60 †Wwm‡ej kã GKRb gvbyl‡K mvgwqKfv‡e Ges 100
†Wwm‡ej kã cy‡ivcywi ewai K‡i †d‡j| cwi‡ek Awa`߇ii g‡Z AwZ-kã gvby‡li gvbwmK Ges ˆ`wnK ÿwZi
KviY|
cix¶v wbix¶vi gva¨‡g wbwðZfv‡e Rvbv †M‡Q D”P kã gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‹ mœvqweK Pvc m„wó K‡i| A_©vr mœvqyi
¯^vfvweK ms‡hvM e¨nZ K‡i, Kv‡R g‡bv‡hvM Kwg‡q †`q, †gRvR wLUwL‡U K‡i, Kg©`ÿZv Kwg‡q †`q, cwicvK
BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 165
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wµqv e¨nZ K‡i| cvK¯’jx I cwicvK Z‡š¿i cxov ev e¨vwa m„wó K‡i| Avjmvi I Avwš¿K cxovq AvµvšÍ nIqvi
AvksKv evwo‡q †`q| hviv wbqwgZ D”P k‡ã wówiI ev †Uwjwfkb Pvjvb, hviv mviv¶Y Kv‡b gvB‡µv‡dvb jvwM‡q
D”P ¯^‡i Mvb †kv‡b Zv‡`i †c‡Ui cxov I Kv‡bi AmyL †`Lv †`q, we‡kl K‡i kÖeY kw³ ax‡i ax‡i K‡g hvq|
d‡j Aí eq‡mB ewaiZv Avm‡Z cv‡i| M‡elYv K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q †h me wkí KviLvbvq h‡š¿ D”P kã Drcbœ nq
†mLvbKvi kÖwgK‡`i kÖeY kw³ `k eQ‡i cÖvq A‡a©K n«vm cvq| M‡elYvq Rvbv hvq 97% wkÿv_x©i gšÍe¨ D”P
k‡ãi Kvi‡Y covïbvq weNœ N‡U| 86% mvaviY gvby‡li gšÍe¨ D”P k‡ã gv_v e¨_v, †gRvR wLwP‡q hvIqv, Ny‡gi
e¨vNvZ, Kv‡b Kg †kvbvmn Gai‡bi gvivZ¥K ÿwZ nq| R¨v‡g AvU‡K cov Mvoxi nY© I kã hvÎx Ges WªvBfvi‡`i
Rb¨ kvixwiK I gvbwmK w`K w`‡q AZ¨šÍ ÿwZKviK|

7.6.4 kã `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †KŠkj

D”P MÖv‡g kã ev kã `~lY mKj †ckvi mKj eq‡mi gvby‡li Rb¨ ÿwZKi G wel‡q †Kvb wØgZ bvB| ZvB
mKj‡KB kã `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ mw¤§wjZ D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e| D”PMªv‡g †iwWI †Uwjwfkb, ev jvDW w¯úKvi,
gvBK bv evRv‡bv| Zvi¯^‡i gvB‡K wbe©vPbx cÖPviYv, ivR‰bwZK e³…Zv, K¨vbfvwms, agx©q Abyôvb, we‡q evwo‡Z
MxZ ev`¨ wPrKvi ˆn njøv K‡i A‡b¨i Amyweav m„wó †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e| kã `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ wb¤œiƒc
wZbwU †KŠkj †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wb‡R‡K Ges Avcbvi M„n cwi‡ekwU †Kvjvnj gy³ ivLyb: hLb k‡ãi Drm Avcbvi wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i ZLb Avcwb
wb‡Ri evwo ev Ni¸wj kã wb‡ivaK Kiæb| M„n wbg©v‡Y kã wb‡ivaK wbg©vY mvgMªx I †KŠkj e¨envi Kiæb| GRb¨
kã wb‡ivaK BU,†dv‡gi wkU, fvwi c`©v, †`qv‡j eyK †mjd BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv hvq| †hme hš¿cvwZ †_‡K kã nq
†m¸‡jv emev‡mi ev †kvevi Ni †_‡K `~‡i ivLyb| †Kvjvnj ev kãhy³ ¯’vb †_‡K `~‡i _vKzb| Kv‡Ri Rb¨ A‡bK
mgq nq‡Zv Zv m¤¢e bvI n‡Z cv‡i| ZeyI hZUv m¤¢e †Kvjvnjgy³ ¯’v‡b mgq KvUv‡bvi †Póv Kiæb| a¨vb gMœZv
ev †hvM Af¨vm ØvivI A‡bK mgq kã `~lY †_‡K wb‡R‡K gy³ ivLv hvq| hLb Lye A¯^w¯Í †eva Ki‡eb ZLb
PzcPvc e‡m Mfxi k¦vm wbb Ges GKvMÖ g‡b kã‡K Zz”Q Ávb K‡i ax‡i ax‡i wb:k¦vm †djyb| Gfv‡e `k evi
Kiæb| Avcbvi A¯^w¯Í †eva †K‡U hv‡e| evB‡ii kã †_‡K wb‡R‡K gy³ ivL‡Z b‡qR K¨v‡Ýwjs †nW †dvb ev Bqvi
cøvM e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡eb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Ily‡ai †`vKv‡b G¸‡jv wKb‡Z cvIqv hvq| A_ev Zzjv ev Kvc‡oi `jv
cvwK‡q wb‡Ri Kv‡bi wQ`ªwU eÜ K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ib|
Avcbvi wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡ii Drm m¤ú‡©K KiYxq : kã `~l‡Yi KviYwU eySvi †Póv Kiæb| wbg©vYvaxb GjvKv, wegvb
e›`i, †ij †÷kb, e¨¯Í ivRc_ D”P k‡ãi Drm| GwU Avcbvi GjvKvq n‡j Avcwb G m¤ú‡K© fvj eyS‡eb|
Avcwb `~lY GjvKvq emevm Zz‡j wbb| Avcbvi GjvKvq ev gnjøvq kã `~lY wbqš¿Y msµvšÍ †Kv‡bv wewa weavb
Av‡Q wKbv †R‡b wbb| mvaviYZ wbg©vY Kv‡Ri fvix hš¿cvwZ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ w`‡bi g‡a¨ wKQz mgq †e‡a †`qv
_v‡K| †mB mg‡q hv‡Z KvR nq Zv wbwðZ Kiæb| weavb f½ n‡j AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯’vi mvnvh¨ wbb|
wbR GjvKv I GjvKvevmx‡`i kã `~lYgy³ ivLvq KiYxq: jÿ¨ K‡i _vK‡eb Avcwb †h GjvKvq ev gnjøvq ev
cvovq emevm K‡ib cÖvqk †mLv‡b wbe©vPbx cÖPviYv, ivR‰bwZK e³…Zv, K¨vbfvwms, agx©q Abyôvb, we‡q evwo,
R¤§w`b, Lrbv wewfbœ mvgvwRK Drm‡e mviv ivZ AZ¨šÍ †Rvivj k‡ã gvBK evRv‡bv nq| A‡bK mgq †Kvb mvs¯‹…Z
Abyôvb ev KbmvU© Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| gvÎ GK iv‡Zi Rb¨ n‡jI G‡Z †ewki fvM mg‡qB cixÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨
gvivZ¥K ÿwZ nq| GwU ü`‡ivMx, AwZ e„× I wkï‡`i Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ÿwZKi n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB G ai‡Yi `~lY
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvi cÖ‡qvRb| G e¨vcv‡i ¯’vbxq Rb cÖwZwbwa‡`i m¤ú„³ Kiæb, Zv‡`i kã `~l‡Yi
ÿwZKi w`K¸‡jv eywS‡q w`b| GjvKvq Rb mvaviY‡K G m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Kiæb| Gici cÖ_g KvR n‡e mK‡j
wg‡j KwgDwbwU †m›Uvi ev kã Dr‡mi Rb¨ Ggb GKwU ¯’vb wbe©vP‡bi mw¤§wjZ wm×všÍ MÖnY hv‡Z GjvKvevmx Rb¨
kã `~lY me©wb¤œ nq| wØZxqZ jvDW w¯úKvi e¨env‡ii GKwU mgq mxgv (†hgb mKvj 9Uv †_‡K ivZ 9Uv) Ges

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 166

 c`v_©weÁvb

kã ZxeªZvi m‡e©v”P gvb (†hgb 50 †Wwm‡ej) †eu‡a w`‡Z n‡e| GwUI mw¤§wjZ wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b AvBbx
ev AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯’vi mnvqZv wb‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ G‡ÿ‡Î GKv bq eis K‡qKRb wg‡j mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póv
†b‡eb|
GjvKvq e„ÿ‡ivcb Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Kiæb| e„ÿ evqy `~lY, f~wg ÿq, Zvc cÖwZ‡iv‡ai mv‡_ mv‡_ kã `~lY
cÖwZ‡iv‡aI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L|

wKš‘ mevi Av‡M wb‡Ri Mvwoi kã wbqš¿Y Kiæb, wb‡Ri n‡Y©i kã Kgvb, wb‡Ri evwo‡Z, wcKwbK cvwU©‡Z
gvBK evRv‡bv eÜ Kiæb| wb‡R N‡ii D”P kã hv cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i GgbwK Avcbvi cwiev‡ii Rb¨ ÿwZKKi Zv
m„wó †_‡K weiZ _vKzb|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
myihy³ ev my‡ijv kã : †Kvb †Kvb kã Kv‡b †cŠuQv‡j Avgv‡`i Lye fvj jv‡M, Avgiv ewj kÖæwZgayi kã| †h mg¯Í
kã kÖæwZ gayi †m¸‡jv‡K myihy³ ev my‡ijv kã ejv nq|
†Kvjvnj: †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv kã Kv‡b †cŠuQv‡j AZ¨šÍ weiw³Ki Abyf~wZ nq Avgiv ewj kÖæwZKUz kã| †h mg¯Í kã
weiw³Ki, kÖæwZKUz †m¸‡jv‡K myiewR©Z kã †Kvjvnj (Noise) e‡j|
k‡ãi cÖÖvej¨ ev ZxeªZv : cÖvej¨ ev ZxeªZv ej‡Z kã KZUv †Rv‡i n‡”Q Zv eySvq| kã we¯Ív‡ii Awfgy‡L j¤^fv‡e
KwíZ GKK †ÿÎd‡ji ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û †h cwigvY kã kw³ cÖevwnZ nq Zv‡K k‡ãi ZxeªZv e‡j|
k‡ãi ZxÿèZv : †h ˆewkó¨ w`‡q †Kvb myi Pov ev miæ Ges †Kvb myi †gvUv ev Lv‡`i Zv eySv hvq Zv‡K k‡ãi
ZxÿèZv e‡j|
¸Y ev RvwZ : †h ˆewkó¨ Øviv `ywU wfbœ Drm n‡Z wbM©Z k‡ãi ZxeªZv Ges ZxÿèZv GK n‡jI Zv‡`i GKwU‡K
Ab¨wU †_‡K c„_K Kiv hvq Zv‡K Zvi RvZ e‡j|
kã `~lY : AwZ D”P kã Avgv‡`i g‡bv‡hv‡M weNœ NUvq, †gRvR Lvivc K‡i †d‡j Gai‡Yi AwZ kã Øviv cwi‡ek
bó nq| G Ae¯’v‡K ejv nq kã `~lY| D”P kã gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‹ mœvqweK Pvc m„wó K‡i| A_©vr mœvqyi ¯^vfvweK
ms‡hvM e¨nZ K‡i, Kv‡R g‡bv‡hvM Kwg‡q †`q, †gRvR wLUwL‡U K‡i, Kg©`ÿZv Kwg‡q †`q, cwicvK wµqv e¨nZ
K‡i| cvK¯’jx I cwicvK Z‡š¿i cxov ev e¨vwa m„wó K‡i| Avjmvi I Avwš¿K cxovq AvµvšÍ nIqvi AvksKv
evwo‡q †`q| mviv¶Y Kv‡b gvB‡µv‡dvb jvwM‡q D”P ¯^‡i Mvb kyb‡j †c‡Ui cxov I Kv‡bi AmyL †`Lv †`q,
we‡kl K‡i kÖeY kw³ ax‡i ax‡i K‡g hvq| d‡j Aí eq‡mB ewaiZv Avm‡Z cv‡i|
kã `~lY cÖwZ‡iva: D”P MÖv‡g kã ev kã `~lY mKj †ckvi mKj eq‡mi gvby‡li Rb¨ ÿwZKi G wel‡q †Kv‡bv
wØgZ bvB| ZvB mKj‡KB kã `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ mw¤§wjZ D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e| D”PMªv‡g †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, ev
jvDW w¯úKvi, gvBK bv evRv‡bv| Zvi¯^‡i gvB‡K wbe©vPbx cÖPviYv, ivR‰bwZK e³…Zv, K¨vbfvwms, agx©q Abyôvb,
we‡q evwo‡Z MxZ ev`¨ wPrKvi ˆn njøv K‡i A‡b¨i Amyweav m„wó †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e| kã `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai
Rb¨ wZbwU †KŠkj †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i| (1) wb‡R‡K Ges Avcbvi M„n cwi‡ekwU †Kvjvnj gy³ ivLv| (L) Avcbvi
wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡ii `~lY Drm m¤ú‡©K mZK© _vKv I Gwo‡q Pjv| (3) wbR GjvKv I GjvKvevmx‡`i kã `~lY gy³
ivLvq mw¤§wjZ Kvh©µg MªnY|
e¨w³MZ KiYxq: mevi Av‡M wb‡Ri Mvwoi kã wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e, wb‡R n‡Y©i kã Kgv‡Z n‡e, wb‡Ri evwo‡Z,
wcKwbK cvwU©‡Z gvBK evRv‡bv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡R N‡ii D”P kã hv cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i GgbwK wbR cwiev‡ii Rb¨
ÿwZKi Zv m„wó †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 167

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.6

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√ ) wPý w`b|
1| myihy³ k‡ãi ˆewk󨸇jv †KvbwU ?
(K) myi, ¯^i I mg‡gj (L) ZxeªZv, cÖvej¨ I MyY
(M) myi, ZxeªZv I cÖvej¨ (N) cÖÖvej¨, ZxÿèZv I RvwZ
2| †Kv‡bv kã Drm mij Qw›`Z MwZ‡Z †Ku‡c GKwU gvÎ K¤úv‡¼i kã m„wó Ki‡j Zv‡K wK e‡j?
(K) myi (L) ¯^i
(M) mg‡gj (N) RvwZ
3| k‡ãi `~l‡Yi gvÎv cwigv‡ci cÖgvY ZxeªZv KZ ?
(K) 1000 Hz (L) 1 B
(M) 1 db (N) 10 -12 Wm-2
4| †h ˆewkó¨ w`‡q †Kv‡bv myi Pov ev miæ Zv eySv hvq Zv‡K wK e‡j ?
(K) k‡ãi ZxÿèZv (L) k‡ãi RvwZ ev ¸Y
(M) k‡ãi cÖvej¨ (N) k‡ãi ZxeªZv
5| †KvbwU kã `~lY bq?
(K) †ij Mvwoi ûB‡mj (L) †mZvi ev`‡bi myi
(M) eRªcv‡Zi mv‡_ †g‡Ni MR©b (N) gvB‡K nviv‡bv weÁwß cÖPvi

P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-7
K. mvaviY eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√ ) wPý w`b|
1| cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi Rb¨ Drm I cªwZdj‡Ki ga¨eZx© b~¨bZg `~iZ¡ KZ nIqv DwPr ?
(K) 10 m (L) 16.6 m
(M) 18.8 m (N) 26.6 m
2| †KvbwU Aby‰`N¨© Zi‡½i D`vniY?
(K) kã Zi½ (L) †eZvi Zi½
(M) Zvc Zi½ (N) Av‡jvK Zi½
3| †KvbwU k‡ãvËi Zi‡½i e¨envi bq?
(K) †ivM wbY©q (L) B‡jKUªwb· hš¿cvwZ cwi®‥vi Kiv
(M) kã `~lY n«vm Kiv (N) e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm Kiv
4| gvKomv KZ K¤úv¼ ch©šÍ kã Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡i?
(K) 45,000 Hz (L) 35,000 Hz
(M) 30,000 Hz (N) 25,000 Hz
5| †KvbwU kã `~l‡Yi D`vniY?
(K) e„wói kã (L) MxUv‡ii myi
(M) †Uwj‡dv‡bi Avjvc (N) Ggwcødvqv‡i e¨vÛ m½xZ

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 168

 c`v_©weÁvb

L. eûc`x mgvwß m~PK eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ

1| kã Zi‡½i ˆewkó¨ n‡jv-
i. Zi½ cÖevn Ges gva¨‡gi K¤úb GKB w`‡K nq
ii. Zi‡½i †eM gva¨‡gi cÖK…wZi Ici wbf©i K‡i
iii. Zi‡½i K¤úv¼ †ewk n‡j k‡ãi ZxÿèZv †ewk nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) ii I iii
M) iii I i N) i, ii I iii

2| gvby‡li kÖve¨Zvi mxgv wbf©i K‡iÑ

i. k‡ãi K¤úv‡¼i Ici
ii. kã Zi‡½i ˆ`‡N©¨i Ici
iii. kÖeY Bw›`ª‡qi mvg‡_©i Ici
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) ii I iii
M) iii I i N) i, ii I iii

M. Awfbœ Z_¨ wfwËK cÖkœ t

wb‡Pi e‡·i Z_¨¸wj co–b Ges 1-4 b¤^i cª‡kœi DËi w`b|

gvby‡li Mjvi ¯^ih‡š¿ `y‡Uv c`©v Av‡Q| G‡`i ejv nq †fvKvj KW©| †fvKvj K‡W©i K¤ú‡bi d‡j kã wbM©Z nq
Gfv‡e gvbyl K_v e‡j| mvaviYZ eq¯‹ cyiæl‡`i †fvKvj KW© †gvUv Ges bvix I wkï‡`i †fvKvj KW© cvZjv|
d‡j eq¯‹ cyiæ‡li Mjvi ¯^i †gvUv, cÿvšÍ‡i †g‡q I wkï‡`i Mjvi ¯^i Zxÿè ev miæ| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gwnjvi
KÚ¯^i cyiæ‡li g‡Zv Avevi A‡bK cyiæ‡li KÚ¯^i miæ|

1| gvby‡li KÚ¯^‡ii K¤úv¼ †Kvb wel‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i

(K) †fvKvj K‡W©i AvKvi (L) eqm
(M) wj½ (N) Zi‡½i we¯Ívi
2| †fvKvj KW© cvZjv n‡j KÚ¯^i †Kgb nq|
(K) KK©k (L) †gvUv
(M) M¤¢xi (N) miæ
3| MvqK MvwqKv‡`i Mvb MvIqvi mgq K‡Úi IVv bvgvi KviY
(K) †fvKvj K‡W©i wewfbœZv (L) †fvKvj K‡W©i IVv bvgv
(M) K¤úv‡¼i wbqš¿Y (N) MvqKx Vs
4| wfbœ wfbœ kãvsk ˆZwi‡Z †fvKvj K‡W©i mv‡_ KvR K‡i
(K) evZvm (L) wRnev I `uvZ
(M) KÚ I Iô (N) Ic‡ii me¸‡jv
N. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t
m¤úÖwZ Awfivgcyi gva¨wgK ¯‹z‡ji gv‡Vi cwðg w`‡Ki mxgvbv †N‡m ‰Zwi n‡q‡Q DËiv †Kvì †÷v‡iR| Gi cuvP
Zjvi mgvb wekvj DPz cÖk¯Í †`qvj| cÖwZ eQ‡ii g‡Zv GeviI ¯‹y‡ji evwl©K wµov cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ïiæ n‡Z hv‡”Q|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 169

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

GeviI gv‡Vi c~e©w`‡K cyi¯‹vi weZiYx g mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q| gvB‡Ki n‡Y©i (†Pv‡Oi) gyLwU †mvRv cwðg w`‡K|
Abyôvb ïiæ n‡jv| mgm¨v †`Lv †Mj gvB‡K wewfbœ †NvlYv †`qvi mgq| hLbB †Kv‡bv †NvlYv †`qv n‡”Q, ev K_v
ejv n‡”Q ZLbB mgm¨v|
†Nvl‡Ki ev e³vi K‡Úi cÖwZaŸwb n‡q †Kv‡bv K_vB †evSv
hv‡”Q bv|
cÖavb AwZw_, Af¨vMZ mevB wei³ n‡q †M‡jb, cÖavb wk¶K
Ges Ab¨vb¨ wk¶Kiv LyeB AcÖ¯‘Z I weeªZKi Ae¯’vq
co‡jb| gvBK Lvivc e‡j gvBKg¨vb‡K eKvewK Ki‡Z
jvM‡jb| gvBKg¨vb QzU‡jb bZzb gvBK Ges j¤^v Zvi
Avb‡Z| Abyôvb †_‡g †Mj|
wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b|
(K) cÖwZaŸwb Kx?
(L) Abyôv‡b cÖwZaŸwb m„wói KviY Kx? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(M) gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi nY©wUi †Kvì †÷v‡i‡Ri †`qvj †_‡K 100m `~‡i n‡j kã Ges cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi mg‡qi
cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiæb| (k‡ãi †eM 332 ms-1 a‡i wbb)|
(N) cÖwZaŸwbi Rb¨ gv‡V Abyôvb cwiPvjbv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv G Ae¯’vq AbyôvbwU cwiPvjbvq Avcwb †Kv‡bv civgk© ev
mgvavb w`‡Z cv‡ib wK? wKfv‡e? e¨vL¨v mn eY©bv Kiæb|

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœmg~‡ni DËigvjv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.1 1| (N) 2| (L) 3| (K) 4| (L) 5| (K)

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.2 1| (N) 2| (L) 3| (M) 4| (N) 5| (K)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.3 1| (L) 2| (N) 3| (M)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.4 1| (N) 2| (M) 3| (L) 4| (L) 5| (N)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.5 1| (M) 2| (N) 3| (N) 4| (L) 5| (N)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.6 1| (N) 2| (K) 3| (M) 4| (K) 5| (L)
P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb 7

K. mvaviY eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ t 1| (L) 2| (K) 3| (M) 4| (K) 5| (N)

L. eûc`x mgvwß m~PK eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ t 1| (N) 2| (M)
M. Awfbœ Z_¨ wfwËK eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ t 1| (K) 2| (N) 3| (M) 4| (N)
N. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t (K) cvV-4 mvivs‡k †`Lyb (L) 7.4.2 cvV¨vs‡k †`Lyb (M) 0.6 s (cÖvq)
(N) wb‡R Kiæb, wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m wkÿK‡K †`Lvb|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv # 170