Definite Integral

Shirin Sultana
Senior Lecturer
Department of GED
Daffodil International University
Integration
Definition: The process of finding anti-derivative is called integration

! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶

The expression ∫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is called the indefinite integral

Type:
Integration

Definite Integration
# Indefinite Integration
! 𝑥 $ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 ! 𝑑𝑥
!"
2
Definite Integral
Upper limit of
Definite Integral: If 𝑓(𝑥) is a continuous function Integration
defined in the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 then the definite Integral with
integral with respect to 𝑥 is defined as, Integral Symbol " respect to 𝒙
" ! 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
"
! 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) ! = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹(𝑎) !
Lower limit of
! Integrand
Integration
Where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are called lower and upper limits of (function we want
to integrate)
integration, respectively

This formula is known as Newton-Leibnitz formula

Note:
"
• The indefinite integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is a function of 𝑥, whereas definite integral ∫! 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is
a number.
" "
• Given ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 we can find ∫! 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 but given ∫! 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 we cannot find ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
3
Geometrical Interpretation
Integration can be used to find areas, volumes, central points and many useful things.
But it is often used to find the area under the graph of a function like this:
𝒚 𝒚

A 𝒇(𝒙) A 𝒇(𝒙)

𝒙 𝒂 𝒃 𝒙
"

! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
!
Indefinite Integral Definite Integral
(no specific values) (from a to b)
Definite integral has start and end values: in other words there is an
interval 𝑎, 𝑏 . We can find out the actual area under a curve 4
Concept of Definite Integral
$
Example: ! 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =?
"
Step 1: we need to find the indefinite integral
Using the rules of integration, we find that ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 $ + 𝐶
$
Step 2: use limit for definite integral: ! 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 $ + 𝐶 $
"
"
Step 3: calculate that at 1 and 2: Step 4: Subtract:
(value at upper limit – value at lower limit)
At 𝑥 = 1: ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1$ + 𝐶 2$ + 𝐶 − 1$ + 𝐶
At 𝑥 = 2: ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2$ + 𝐶 2$ + 𝐶 − 1$ − 𝐶
4−1+𝐶−𝐶 =3
And “C” gets cancelled out… so with Definite Integrals we can ignore C.
$
Final Step: Result: ! 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟑
" 5
Properties of Definite Integral
• The definite integral of 1 is equal to the length of interval of the integral
" %

! 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏 − 𝑎 Example: ! 1 𝑑𝑥 = 3 − (−1) = 4
! #$
• A constant factor can be moved across the integral sign
" " $ $

! 𝑘. 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘. ! 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Example: ! 2𝑥 ' 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ! 𝑥 ' 𝑑𝑥

! ! & &
• Definite integral is independent of variable of integration
" " ' '

! 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ! 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 Example: ! 𝑥 ' 𝑑𝑥 = ! 𝑧 ' 𝑑𝑧

! ! $ $
• If the upper limit and the lower limit of a definite integral are the same, then the integral is zero
! $

! 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 Example: ! 𝑥 ' 𝑑𝑥 = 0

! $ 6
Properties of Definite Integral
• Reversing the limit of integration change the sign of definite integral
" ! ' $

! 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ! 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Example: ! 𝑥 ' 𝑑𝑥 = − ! 𝑥 ' 𝑑𝑥

! " $ '

• If c is any point in the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 then the definite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) over 𝑎, 𝑏 is equal to the
sum of integrals over 𝑎, 𝑐 and 𝑐, 𝑏
" ( " % ' %

! 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ! 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ! 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Example: ! 𝑥 ' 𝑑𝑥 = ! 𝑥 ' 𝑑𝑥 + ! 𝑥 ' 𝑑𝑥

! ! ( $ $ '

! !
• ∫& 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫& 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

! 0 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
• ∫#! 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =C !
2 ∫& 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
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Even Function & Odd Function
Even Function: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is called even function if 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥

For example, y = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 $ is an even function.

Odd Function: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is called odd function if 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥

For example, y = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 # is an odd function.

Determine algebraically the following functions are even, odd, or neither.

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = −3𝑥 ' + 4
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 % − 4𝑥
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 % − 3𝑥 ' − 4𝑥 + 4

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 𝟏
Problem 1: ∫A𝟑 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
$
Given that, ! 6𝑥 ' + 5𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
#%
𝑥 %&"
$
𝑥% 𝑥' ! 𝑥 % 𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑛 ≠ −1
= 6 + 5 − 2𝑥 𝑛+1
3 2 #%

' '
1 −3
= 2×1% + 5 − 2×1 − 2× −3 %
+5 − 2× −3
2 2

5 45 5 51
= 2 + − 2 − −54 + +6 = − −
2 2 2 2
5 51 56
= + =
2 2 2
$
∴ ! 6𝑥 ' + 5𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 28
#% 9
 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒆𝒙
Problem 2: ∫𝟎 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟏J𝒆
)*+ '
Given that, 𝑒, 𝑓- 𝑥
! 𝑑𝑥 ! 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶
1+ 𝑒, 𝑓 𝑥
&

)*+ '
= log 1 + 𝑒 , &

= log 1 + 𝑒 )*+ ' − log 1 + 𝑒 &

= log 1 + 2 − log 1 + 1

= log 3 − log 2
3
= log
2
)*+ '
𝑒, 3
∴ ! ,
𝑑𝑥 = log
1+𝑒 2
& 10
 𝟐
Problem 3: ∫𝟏 𝒙 ln 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑢
Given that, $ ! 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ! 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − ! ! 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
! 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
#

$ $ 𝑑
= ln 𝑥 ! 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ! ln 𝑥 ! 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
# # 𝑑𝑥

$ $ 𝑥
= ln 𝑥 ! 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ! 𝑑𝑥
# # 2

$
𝑥$ 𝑥$ % % # #
= ln 𝑥 ⋅ − = ln 2 ⋅ − − ln 1 ⋅ −
2 4 #
$ % $ %

# #
= 2 ln 2 − 1 + = 8 ln 2 − 3
% %

'
1
∴ ! 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 8 ln 2 − 3
$ 4
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