Zsigmond The Amanitaceae in Hungarian Folk Tradition
Zsigmond The Amanitaceae in Hungarian Folk Tradition
Zsigmond The Amanitaceae in Hungarian Folk Tradition
•
moesz1a THE AMANITACEAE IN HUNGARIAN FOLK TRADITION
Erdelyi Gombasz
Vol. 1. pp. 55-68
200.5
Gy6z6 ZSIGMOND
University of Bucharest, Department of Hungarology, RO-Bucharest:,Str. Ed Quinet nr. 7.
Abstract:This study (a novelty in the domain) offers a concise presentation of the presence of this ktnd of
fungi in Hungarian popular terminology, knowledge, tn folklore ~nd tn folk medicine. There are 7 kinds
of Amanitaceae with 53 names known in the Hungarian folk tradition.
The author focuses on the situation roncen,.tng the past and present on the basis of the literature of this
subject and his research has been carried out recently first of all tn Transylvania, south-east Ukraine, in
the regions of the Zempleni-mountain, Ormdnsdg and 6rsegin Hungary and in the west of Moldavia.
The informants were mostly Hungarians. Beliefs and knowledge are compared in time (past-present)
and in space (Hungary, Romania ...). Some of the data of thestudy are interesting not only for anthro-
pologists but probably for linguists and mycologists too.
Resume:LesAmanitesclansla traditionpopulairehongroise
Jelen tanulmany a gal6ciknak a magyar nephagyomanyban betoltott szerepet vizsgalja, a hozzajuk kapc-
sol6d6 ismeretelret, hiedelmeket, elnevezeselret mindenekel6tt. Reszletezi a nepi term.inol6gia, a nepi
taplalkozas, a nepi gy6gyuzat gal6cas yonatkozasait. Kiter a vizsgalt gombak funkci6ira. A tanulmanyt
adattar es a gal6clk nepi neve.inek tajegysegek szerinti jegyzeke egbziti ki. A szerz6 a magyar nyelvteriilet
nagy reszen eddig vegzen terepmunkaja esaz eddigi szakirodalom alapjan osszegez, erdekes emomilrol6-
gi.ai adalekokkal szolgal. Mintegy felszaz neven bet gal6cafele ismert a magyarsag koreben, ezek kiilonfele
felhasznaliisar61 ugyancsak sz6 esik..
INTRODUCTION
The fieldwork was performed from autumn 1992 to spring 2000 in the Carpathian Basin (fransylvania,
in the wider use of the word, Karpatalja, Moldavia, in the Orman.sag, in Vas county, in the 6rseg and the
mountainous region of Zemplen; further areas were covered by data taken from literature). The docu-
mentation, the list of informants and the bibliography are attached in the appendix.
ANALYSES
Galauta§ in Hargita / Harghita county) named after the species of fish but we don't have one named after
mushrooms. This is perhaps because we don't use the expression "gal6ca" by itself we more often use it with
epithets, when relating it to a specific kind of mushroom. On the other hand our Amanitaceae mostly have
other popular names, which do not contain the word "gal6ca ( of uncertain origin). Our most popular
Amanita is undoubtedly the fly agric (Amantta m-uscaria), in other words the "bolondgomba" ('crazy
mushroom'), "mesegomba" ('mushroom of fairy tales'), and "legygomba" ('fly mushroom').
KALMAR et al. (1995) mentions 23 species of Amanita. Hungarian folk tradition takes note of only six or
seven Amanita species: the caesar's mushroom, the fly agaric, the Amanita rubescens (the blusher) and
least of all the panther ( the false blusher, Amanita pantherina ), the two kinds of death cap (Amanita phal-
lotdes, A. vtrosa) and the Amantta vaginata. It occurs exceptionally that the death cap is taken note of and
not just labelled as a toadstool together with the other mushrooms. The fly agaric, the caesar's mu~hroom
and the blusher are in many regions widely known. The fly agaric is to such an extent the symbol of the
toadstool, the poisonous one, that in many regions the term "fly agaric" relates to this species. The Amantta
m-uscaria, called sometimes "legygomba" 'fly mushroom' is considered to be beautiful and dangerous, the
Amanita caesarea, the "urgomba" ('lord mushroom'), honoured in its name by the Romans,_is splendid and
delicious, named also "kinilygomba" 'king's mushroom' in the Hungarian language area. Among the
Romanian popular names the most widely known are those which have the meaning of "urigomba" 'lord
mushroom' or "kicilygomba" 'king's mushroom' (REINHEIMER RiPEANU 1981). In the Vogues the mea-
ning of the French name for the Amantta caesarea is "the king of mushrooms" (ROLLAND 1967).
In the case of Amanttaceae too folk terminology refers to different characteristics. Not at all to their
habitat and to the time of appearance (this is one thing of interest, one particularity in the case of
Amanitaceae ), all the more to the most striking marks of these. The colour and characteristics of shape are
more important. Amantta caesarea is "tojasgomba" 'egg mushroom'; Amantta rubescens is "borsgomba"
('pepper mushroom'), "pirula" ('blushing, blusher'), "borshatu gomba" ('pepper back mushroom'), "6z-
gomba" ('roe-deer mushroom'), "6zlab(u)gomba" ('roe-deer leg mushroom'), "szarvasgomba" ('deer mush-
room'); Amanita phalloides and A. verna are "feher csiperke" ('white agaric'); fly agaric is "pottyosgomba"
('flecked mushroom'), "pottyos urgomba" ('flecked lord's mushroom');Amantta pantherina is "barna legy-
gomba" ('brown fly mushroom'), "feher pettyes borsgomba" ('white flecked pepper mushroom');Amanita
vagtnata is "csusz6gomba" (here the word "csusz6" means snake). It is frequent that the name refers to its
ranging according to its consumption. Amanita caesarea is "urigomba, urgomba" ('lord mushroom'),
"kicilygomba" ('king mushroom'), "csaszargomba" .('emperor mushroom'); Amantta m-uscaria is "bogar-
gomba" ('beetkmushroom'), "gebergomba" ('a kind of beetle mushroom'), "legygomba" ('fly mushroom'),
"legy616 gomba" ('fly killer mushroom'), "bolondgomba" ('fool mushroom'), "bukfencgomba" ('somersault,
crazy mushroom'), "merg~ gal6ca" ('toxic mushroom'), "mereggomba" ('poison mushroom'), "tancgom-
ba" ('dance mushroom'), "vackorgomba" ('codling mushroom'), "vadgomba" ('wild mushroom'), "gyilkos
gal6ca" ('killer mushroom'), "any6sgomba" ('mother-in-law mushroom'); "legygomba" ('fly mushroom').
Amantta pantherina is "bolondgomba" ('fool mushroom'); Amanita phalloides and very rarely Amanita
verna are "bolondgomba" ('fool mushroom'), "satangomba" ('devil mushroom'). The name "csusz6gomba"
for Amanita vaginata may be included here because for its users the word "csusz6 "means above all poiso-
nous snake, thus the name indicates that the mushroom is thought to be not edible, that it's regarded as a
toadstool. The blusher (Amantta rubescens) doesn't have a name, which might be.included here (we dis-
regard now the fact that it is labelled a toadstool by those who don't know it). The name "mesegomba"
'tales mushroom' refers partly to its use, to the fact that it is often to be seen in storybooks.
There are cases when the reasons for the naming may not be determined, just presumed: "gal6ca"
(maybe it reminds some people of the fish similarly named), "vatjugomba" ('carrion-crow', not edible,
causing damage like the crow), "bagolygomba" ('owl mushroom'), "darugomba" ('crane'), these may
resemble somehow the mentioned birds, szargomba (?), tulikan(?).
Exceptionally though, the Hungarian popular etymology deals with the names of Amanitaceae too. The
more simple cases are those when the reference to shape, use or likeness is reinforced. The naming of the
fly agaric as "gebergomba" is a good example (I have found an explanation in the 6rseg region that says:
I think this is the name of this mushroom because it was used against a kind of black beetle). The histori-
cal events-based etymology is more sporadic, but perhaps more interesting. This is the case of the caesar's
Gy6z6 Zsigmond - The Amanitaceae in Hungarian folk tradition 57
mushroom (in the Karpatalja region it is brought into connection with empress Maria Theresa), which is
undoubtedly a popular etymology based on the partially scientific name.
It is important to distinguish between the Latin name·of the well-known toadstools and the Hungarian
popular names. Popular names often refer to various species of mushrooms. In the case of the
Amanttaceae the names meaning 'foolish mushroom', 'fly mushroom', 'devil mushroom' exemplify this.
Sometimes in different regions completely different species are named likewise. For example "urigomba"
designates not only caesar's mushroom, but also "sarga korallgomba" (Ramaria jlava) as well in the
Szekelyfold (Szeklerland), in the Barcasag/ TaraBarsei and "'izletes varganya" (Boletus edulis) in Kezdiszek
/ Kezdi county. It is misleading to count the mushrooms that one knows according to this. This is why the
majority of the inhabitants of Sepsikorospatak undervalue their own knowledge of mushrooms: they
count according to the Hm;1garian·popular names, forgetting that these names relate quite often to many
species of mushrooms (ZSIGMOND 1997) •
On the other hand the same mushroom, or the same group of mushrooms often has many different
names. In this respect, in the case of the Amanitaceae there's one single exception (and even that condi-
tionally): the sziirke selyemgomba (Amanita vaginata), because in the Karpatalja region it happens that
"csusz6gomba" refers to Phallus impudicus, even if/moreover it is an exceptive case.
On the basis of literature, and chiefly on the basis of my own research I found that Hungarians use 53
names, versions of names and of pronunciations for 7. species of Amanttaceae. The Amanita muscaria
has the greatest number of popular names (16 names refer expressedly to it, 2 versions of pronunciations
and 6 names designating a toadstool =24), in a decreasing order of succession follows the Amanita
rubescens (14), the Amanita caesarea (7), the Amanita pantherina ( 4), the Amanita phalloides some-
times together with theAmanita verna (3), and theAmanita vaginata (1). I recorded one single popular
appearance of the official name (in the case of Amanitaceae ): the fly agaric. No doubt that the Hungarian
scientific name of this Amanita is used more often than that of the other one, because it is widely known,
more mediatized, and not least because it has been felt proper. •
of view. Those for whom the mushroom is a means of subsistence,. ~annot form a judgment of its beauty
without taking into account its usefulness. The mushroom-symbol of the story books - as far as I know -
isn't considered by anyone to be the most beautiful, though we can see it again and again as ornamental
motives on Hungarian wall-hangings and peasant embroideries (SANTHA 2000). I have recently seen in
Kolt6 / Coltau such a wall hanging, the result of needlework (see also KESZEG 1991). The sketch of this
poisonous, but still beautiful toadstool is used with predilection on table-clothes as well. From among the
agarics the Amanita caesarea and the Amanita rubescens are considered to be beautiful in some regions
of Hungarian language area. The first, for example in the 6rseg / Burgenland, Szilagysag / Salaj, the latter in
Haromszek county/ judeµtl Covasna and the Karpatalja, where these species are well and widely known.
A particular way of making use of the fly agaric is known in the Gyimes. It lends the cheese a beautiful
yellow colour, as the people from the Gyimes assert and prove (Pal P.ALFALVI'spersonal notification).
Accordip.gly the functions and meanings gf the mushrooms in Hungarian ethnomycology and especial-
ly that of Amanita species can be summarized as follows:
1. food (ingredient; delicacy); 2. poison; 3. merchandise (pecuniary resource); 4. row material for paints
OACCOTTET 1973, Pal P.ALFALVI's personal notification); 5. ornamental motive (SINKO 1980); 6. symbol
of fertility (TOPOROV 1988); 7. hallucinatory, stupefying drug (TOPOROV 1988: 83.; WASSON 1986);
8. adulticide.
Other functions and meanings of mushrooms that are not valid in the case of Amanitaceae with the
Hungarian people:
1. row material for producing ornamental pieces, articles of consumption, toys, for kindling fire;
2. vaccine (GUNDA 1966); 3. symbol- representing masculine sexuality (as an iconic sign); symbol of
immortality (TOPOROV 1988), of the soul (CHEVALIER-GHEERBRANT1991) 4. medicament 5. weather
indicator 6. purifier, antiseptic 7. perfume Oaccottet 1973) 8. fishermen's indicator of flood (they use
kindled tinder for this purpose along the Danube for example in Dees (ANDRA.SFALVY1975) 9. lubricant
(DO MOTOR 1952) 10. blackboard duster (Moldavia, Bahana / Bahana) 11. indicator of the direction of the
wind (the hunters from the Szeklerland sometimes find out the direction of the wind from the spores of
so called puff-balls, Lycoperdon and Calvatia) .
There is information which tells us that edible mushrooms (Amanita caesarea for example) have been
known since pre-historical times. The Romans first used the name of "Boletus" for edible mushrooms. The
· epigram of Martial said that you could let the servant take care of silver and gold, but not of caesar's mush-
room (MAGGIULI 1977). The Amanita caesarea was preferred by the Romans (VERESS 1982) and since
then it has been considered a delicious food.
In the Carpathian Basin the northeastern Hungarian populations use mushrooms for food in the fasting
period. In the countryside, close to Nyitra, only at Christmas time, they added in the soup dry plums and
mushrooms and in Ledec they prepared mushroom soup and poppy croissant (TATRAI 1990). Among the
Hungarian population tjie mushroom is considered,to be a fasting food. The Romans celebrated many reli-
gious events and in the fasting periods they used mushrooms (DRAGULESCU 1981). In the fasting soup
the people of Mogyor6ska (region of Zemplen) like to add Amanita muscaria or Boletus edulis.
Usually the mushroom food is considered to be heavy food, but this impression is exaggerated because
the Amanita caesarea is really light for the stomach (KALMAR & MAKARA 1976).
There is no Amanitaceae to be eaten uncooked. The Caesar's Amanita is used for soup. The Amanita
rubescens is fried in the pan but after that it is added to the omelet or to the stew. The soup prepared
with Caesar's Amanita is a very traditional one among Hungarians. It is a well known story of Clusius
(ISTVANFFI 1900): .
"I remember when in 1584 in vintage period I was the guest of Boldizsar Batthyany because he sent a
couch for me in Vienna to take me to him in his palace of Nemetujvar / Giissing (Austria). We were having
lunch when he brought a soup in which there was a Caesar's Amanita. I don't usually eat mushrooms, but
at that time, without knowing that the liquid of the soup was the result of boiling the mushroom,
I asked the landlord in French about the gold yellow colour of the soup. He smiled and turning to the
Hungarian guests, he told them what had happened to Clusius, he thought that it was because of the
saffron that the soup was so yellow (ISTVANFFI 1900)."
The recipe: "The Hungarians prepare the mushrooms like this: after piling and cutting them into small
pieces they put them in sour/cream adding parsley and pepper."
Gy6z6 Zsigmond - 'TheAmanttaceae in Hungarian folk tradition 59
Another recipe: "after piling them and cutting tlieir stalks they are a little bit fried in live coal and in
yolk. Other recipe: the stalks are cut off and the mushrooms are mixed with eggs and fried in butter, and
this is called in German Eyerschmalz. This kind of mushroom can be used also dried and after that they
are boiled like the eggs (like in the case of Boletus bulbosus) and from their liquid with toast a sauce is
boiled to which the following are added: vinegar, pepper, ginger and clove (ISTVANFFI1900)."
Of the preservation of Amanitaceae we have little data. We have knowledge that in Karpatalja (south-
eastern part of Ukraine), in Muzsaly / Muzsijevo the Amanita caesarea was dried, then used in soup. The
other Amantta - used sometimes for meals - the Amantta rubescen.s is used exclusively freshly prepared.
It is a well-known belief among the Hungarians, the Romanians and others, that the mushrooms eaten
by snails are edible. Again, it is thought that the mushrooms changing their colours are poisonous, but
these latter, objectionable beliefs aren't taken for granted by any of the persons questioned. And this-
mainly in the case of the death cap and Amantta pantherlna - is a streak of luck. There still exists a funny,
,but infallible and universally valid way of recognizing toadstools: "The toadstool is that one which is stan-
ding at the skirts of the forest, throwing its hat to the ground" - I have heard from many people in
Sepsik6rospatak/ Valea Cri§ului (Romania).
Differences of mushroom poisonings are not usually scored in the Carpathian basin. In case of Amanita
poisonings the recommendation is to drink milk and to make the person vomit, before taking him to hos-
pital. We still know, that a maddening effect is attributed to the fly agaric. This is supported by two stories
from Felcsik and respectively Gyimes / Ghime~. The latter one I have heard from the researcher of ballads,
Zoltan Kall6s, in 1994: "Two old men ran mad of this toadstool and began to dance, while they kept saying:
ripszom, ripszom. If I remember well Erzsi Financ (from Kozeplok / Lunca de Jos) related this to me."
Books dealing with popular therapeutics do not or scarcely touch upon mushrooms (HOPPAL 1990,
OLAH 1986, VASAS1985, MAKAY& KIS 1988, DANTER1994). Nevertheless the use of mushrooms in cur-
ing may have had a noticeable tradition.
Our Ural-altaic or Finno-ugric relatives practice shamanism also in the present, shaman ancestors of
Hungarians may have used toadstools on behalf of the healing for giving rise to the ecstatic state needed
for doctoring. They used surely Amantta muscaria (called 'fool mushroom', 'fly mushroom') (DI6SZEGI
1967, ELIADE1988, VOIGT 1975, VERTES1990).
Mushrooms have been used in therapeutics for a long time (seeJACCOTTET 1973). Though the cura-
tive effect of the mushrooms hasn't totally been forgotten yet, we do not attach such an importance to
them, as people in the antiquity and in the Middle Ages used to. The apothecaries of the turn of the cen-
tury still used to mushrooms as medicine, but this doesn't happen any more in our country.
The muscarin - a hallucinatory element contained in the fly agaric, which has probably been the basic
element of the soma - is being used in shamanistic cultures in preparing hallucinatory drinks. In the
Hungarian language area several mushrooms are used to induce hallucinations, to cause trance, stupefac-
tion etc. It is· still used as a fly-poison, i.e. as an insecticide. In popular therapeutics it is also used as a
diuretic remedy and against edema (VETTER1993), but this is not the case with Hungarians.
Killing the flies was made on a medical purpose as flies were the cause of many diseases and infections.
In 1601 Clusius mentioned that in Frankfurt the women in the countryside used to sell fly agarics on this
purpose (ISTVANFFI1900). In 1680 the role of fly agaric is known in Hungary as well (HOFFMANN 1989).
It is widely known that fly agaric can be prepared for this purpose with sugar, milk, soup or honey. Except
for Moldavia and Szeklerland fly agaric is known only for its name and its role in killing the flies. The same
is true in Kalotaszeg / Ca.late region (PENTEK & SZAB6 1985:307). Fly agaric is also known in Vas,
Zemplen and many other parts of Hungarian language area. In Csi.k/ Ciuc county and Haromszek / judeµtl
Covasna the brown (Amantta pantherlna) and the red (A. muscaria) fly agaric are both known, it is also
possible that panther amanita should have the same effects as fly agaric.
It is well known that fly agaric kills the flies (ZSIGMOND 1999). In 6rseg region people used to use it
for other insects as well.
It is obvious that in traditional medicine the role of macro fungi is known in some other areas as well,
but science still has got some answers to give in this respect. For example the French, the Romanians, the
60 Moeszia • Erdelyi Gombdsz
Hungarians and the Transylvanian Saxons know about the role of the fly agaric (that it kills flies), but
the ostiak people don't have information about it (ROLLAND 1967, DRAGULESCU 1992, 1995,
Z5IGMOND 1997, SAAR1991).
In the ancient times Hungarians' knowledge on mushrooms (on Amanitaceae too) used to be over-
valued. On the basis of Clusius' descriptions in his codex, Hungary was thought to be a country of great
mushroom consumers. I believe that F. Gregor undervalued the Hungarians' knowledge on macro fungi
as compared to that of the Slavic and Latin people (in the case of the Romanians living in Transylvania the
South-Slavic influence was very important). In Hungarian villages it is quite a tradition to gather mush-
rooms, but there are great differences in the case of different regions (GREGOR 1973, GUNDA 1976).
OIBERDATA
Am.anita
20. In a plate they put sugar onto the fly mushroom, and it's good against flies. (Uj 1)
21. In a plate they put milk and sugar or honey onto the fly mushroom. Flies die because of it. (Bo 1)
22. They used to sugar the fly mushroom against the flies. (Koz 3)
23. There is a red toadstool with white spots on it, people call it fly-killing mushroom. (Szp 3)
24. It happened with a married couple. They danced madly because of the dance mushroom, the crazy
mushroom. This happened in the village around (19)32-33. It was because of the fly mushroom. (Bo 1)
25. The Saxons believe that it brings luck and they draw it beside the greetings for the New Year. (Hol).
26. We call the bad mushrooms with red .hat 'vackorgomba'. (Ko3)
27. I think it was called like this because that cockroach-like beetle was killed with it. (Szf4)
28. They used to pour milk and dust sugar on it. It killed the flies. (Vell)
29. I remember that an old lady usecl to have a bottle, with an edge and she put there the fly mushroom
with water. She put sugar on it as well It is known by most people as a toadstool. It is very beautiful, but
the beautiful tin6ru mushroom is peerless. (Mogy3)
30. The song starting with Tegnap a Gytmesben jdrtam, / Bolondgombdt vacsordztam ... (Yesterday
I was in the Gyimes / I had crazy mushroom for dinner) is known in the village. I heard it sung in Csik-
szentdomokos too. (Szp5)
31. They sew geber mushroom 'a kind of a beetle mushroom' on cloths and ornamental cushions.
Formerly they used to put milk on the geber mushroom, the flies flew onto it and died. (Szf2)
!!A. pantlierlna, parducgal6ca; popular terminology: barna legygomba (Gyergy6),feher pettyes bors-
gomba (Haromszek), legygomba (Csik, Haromszek). Ethnographical data: it is very toxic. The majority of
the people calls it bolondgomba 'toadstool, crazy mushroom'.
32. The pepper mushroom with white spots or the fly mushroom, sugared, is good against flies. (Ko 6)
* A. rubescens, pirul6 gal6ca; popular terminology: bagoly gomba (Dunantul, historical datum), bors-
gomba (Haromszek), borsosgomba (Haromszek), borshdtu gomba (Haromszek), darugomba (Szilagysag,
Bihar), 6zgomha (Karpatalja), 6zlab (Karpatalja), 6zlabgomba (Karpatalja), 6zlabu (gomba) (Karpatalja),
piru/a (Vas megye), szdrgomba (Szaszfold), szarvasgomba (Karpatalja), tulikdn (Erdelyi-szigethegyseg),
ro. Bor§gombii (Haromszek).
Ethnographical data:
33. We fry it just like the 6zlab 'deer-leg'. We don't preserve it for the winter. It is usually red underneath.
(Ko7). I heard the name borosgomba 'pepper mushroom' from a few children and youth in K6rospatak.
34. A lot of people gather it and eat it but it is not allowed to be sold in the market. (Szhl).
35. In Szeplak the gypsies regularly peddle with the darugomba. (Bszl)
!! A. phalloides, gyilkos gal6ca, !! A. verna, feher gyilkos gal6ca; popular terminology: feher csiperke
(Haromszek), bolondgomba (Haromszek), sdtdngomba (S6videk). The majority of the people simply calls
it bolondgomba 'toadstool, crazy mushroom'.
REFERENCES
ANDRAsFALVYB. (1975): A Duna mente nepenek arteri gazdalkodasa Tolna es Baranya megyeben az arm.entesites befejezeseig. In:
Tanulmanyok Tolna megye torteneteb61 VII. Szekszard.
BALAZSJ. (1954): A magyar saman reiilete. Ethnographia 65/3-4: 416-440.
BENKO J. (1780): Phytologicon. Index I. Vegetabilium. Fungi. Budae, 83-84.
BOD EI J. (1943) Adatok Zalabaksa gyujt6get6 gazdalkodasahoz. A Neprajzi Muzeum Ertesit6je, XXXV.2.sz. 70-73.
CHEVALIER}.,GheerbrantA. (1991): Dictionnaire des symboles. Paris.
CLUSIUS,c. (1601) Fungorum in Pannoniis observatorum brevic historia et Codex Clusii. Antwerpen
CZIGANY, L.G. (1980) The Use of Hallucinogens and the Shamanistic Tradition of the Finno-Ugrian people. The Slavonic and East
European Review, Univ. of London, Vol. 58, Nr. 2.: 212-217.
DANTER I. (1994): Nepi gy6gyitas a Kisalfold eszaki reszen. Komarom-Dunaszerdahely.
DI6SZEGI V. (1967): A pogany magyarok hitvilaga. Budapest.
DOMOTOR S. (1952) Domotor Sandor gyujtese. Farkasfa, 1952.majus 22-26. Savaria Muzeum, Szombathely, Neprajzi Osztaly
Keziratt:ira, K-189.IV.3-4., 15.
DR.AGULESCUC. (1981): Date etnomicologice din sudul Transilvaniei. Studii 11iComuniciri, Sibiu, 41-48.
DR.AGULESCUC. (1992): Botanidi populara in marginimile Sibiului. Sibiu.
DR.AGULESCUC. (1995): Botanica populara in TaraFagar311ului.Sibiu.
EUADE M. (1988): Le chamanisme et Jes techniques archad'ques de I' extase. Ile ed., Paris.
GREGOR F. (1973): Magyar nepi gombanevek. Budapest. Nyelvtud.Ertekezesek 80.
GRYNAEUST. (1996): Isa por ... Budapest.
GUBJ. (1996): Erd6-mez6 novenyei a S6videken. Korond.
GUNDA B. (1966): Ethnographia Carpathica. Budapest.
GUNDA B. (1976): Nehany megjegyzes a szlav erederu magyar gombanevekhez. Ethnographia LXXXVII. 1-2.sz. 226-228.
HOFFMANN G. (szerk. 1989): Medicusi es borbelyi mesterseg. Regi magyar ember- esallatorvosl6 konyvek Radv.inszky .Bela
gyujteseb61 (XVII-XVIII.sz.-i gyujtemeny). MTA Irodalomtudomanyi Intezete.
HOPPAL M. (1990): Nepi gy6gyitas. Magyar Neprajz VIl.k. Budapest, 693-724.
ISTVANFFI Gy. (1900): A Clusius-Codex mykologiai meltatasa, adatokkal Clusius eletrajzahoz. Budapest.
JACCOTTET J. (1973): Les champignons dans la nature, Neuchatel.
KALMARZ., MAKARAGy. (1976): Ehet6 es merges gomb:ik. Budapest.
KALMARZ., MAKARA Gy. RIM6CZI I. (1995): Gombaszkonyv. Budapest.
KARDOS L. (1943): Az 6rseg nepi taplalkozasa. Budapest.
KESZEG V. (1991): A folkl6r hatar.in. Kriterion, Bukarest.
KICSI S. A. (2002): A legy616 gal6ca reviiletkelt6 szerkent val6 felhasznalas:ir6I. Moeszia Vol.I., -.
KOVACSA. (1987): "J:irok-kelek gyongyharmaton." Noveny- es illatnevek a Fels6-Szigetkoz tajnyelveben. In: Mosonmagyar6v.iri
Helytorteneti Fiizetek VI., Mosonmagyar6v.ir ·
MAGGIUW G. (1977): Nomenclatura micologica Iatina. Genova.
MAKAYB., KISS J. (1988): Nepi gy6gyitasok Szatm:irban. Budapest.
MOESZ G. (1944) A matrai gomb:ik nepies nevei. Botanikai Kozlemenyek, XLI. 109-114.
OLAH A. (1986): "Ujhold, uj kiraly!" A magyar nepi orvoslas eletrajza. Budapest.
PENTEK}., SZAB6 A. (1985): Ember es novenyvil:ig. Bukarest.
REINHEIMER Ripeanu S. (1981): Denumirile romane11ti ale ciupercilor. Limba Romana, XXX. noi.-dec. 585-595.
ROLLAND E. (1967): Flore populaire de la France ou Histoire naturelle des plantes clans leurs rapports avec la linguistique et le
folklore. Tome X., Paris.
SAARM. (1991): Fungi in Khanty Folk Medicine. Journal ofEthnopharmacology, 31., 175-179.
SANTHA T. (2000): Gelence nepi gombaismerete. Kezirat.
SINK6 Kall6 K. (1980): Kalotaszegi nagyirasos. Bukarest.
TATRAI Zs. (1990): Jeles napok - iinnepi szokasok. In: Magyar neprajz 7.k. 102-328.
TOPOROV V. Sz. (1988): Gomb:tk. In: Mitol6giai enciklopedia (Szerlc. Tokarev, Sz.A.) 1-11.Budapest, 82-83.
T6TH I. (1987) Ipoly menti pal6c tajsz6t:ir. MNyTK 176. sz. Budapest.
VAJKAIA. (1941) A gyujtoget6 gazdalkodas Cserszegtomajon. Neprajzi Ertesit6 XXXIII. 231- 258.
VASASS. (1985): Nepi gy6gyaszat. Bukarest.
VERESSM. (1982): Gombaskonyv. Bukarest.
VERTESE. (1990): Sziberiai nyelvrokonaink hitvilaga. Budapest.
VEITERJ. (1993): Gy6gyit6 gomb:ik. Gy6gyszereszet. 37. 945-949.
VOIGT V. (1975): A sziberiai samanizmus. Nyelvtudomanyi Kozlemenyek 77.k.1.sz. Budapest.
WASSON R. G. (1971): Soma of the Aryans: An Ancient Hallucinogen? Journal of Psychedelic Drugs \'.ol.3 (No.2}Spring 40-46.
WASSON R. G. (1986): Persephone's Quest : Entheogens and the Origins of Religion New Haven and London, 17-81.,83-94.
ZSIGMOND Gy. (1997): A gomba helye nepi kulrur.inkban. Egy falu (Sepsik6rospatak) etnomikol6giai vizsgalata. In: Neprajzi
tanulmanyok, Editura Universitaµi din Bucure11ti, Bukarest, 64-132.
ZSIGMOND Gy. (1999): Les champignons dans la medecine populaire hongroise. Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr., Paris, 79-90.
ZSIGMOND Gy. (2001): Gal6c:ik (Amanitaceae) a magyar nephagyomanyban. Mikol6giai Kozlemenyek Vol. 40. No. 1-2. p.: 123-144.
Gy6z6 Zstgmond - The Amanttaceae in Hungarian folk tradition 65
INFORMANTS: Bii
Gyimesbiikk / Ghimq-Fliget, judeµ.tl Baciiu
(1) Antal Maria, 1939
Ce
Ah Krasznacegeny, Szatmar / Teghea, judetul Satu Mare
Kezdialbis, Haromszek / Albi~, judeµ.tl Covasna (1) Szanisz.16Ilona, 1903
(1) Mihaly Erzsebet 1920 Cse
(2) Mihaly lstv.in 1916 Csernaton / Cernat, judetul Covasna
Ar (1) Gajd6J6:zsef, 1955
Arapatak, Felso-Feher megye (Haromszek) / Araci, judeµ.tl Csk
Covasna Csomak6ros / Chiuru~, judep.il Covasna
(1) Lorinczi Etelka, 1927 (1) Antal Imre
Ba Csr
Bahana, Bak:6megye / Bahna, judep.il Baclu Csikrakos / Racu, judetul Harghita
(1) Kozsokar Andras, 1933 (1) Gyorgy Mihaly
(2) Kozsokarne J6zsa Anna, 1933 (2) Lasz.16Istv.in (Utasz)
Be Da
Belafalva, Haromszek / Belani, judetul Covasna Dalnok, Haromszek / Dalnic, judetul Covasna
(1) Biro Erzsebet, 1919 (1) Bangyan lldik6, 1942
(2) Orban Lazar, 1905 (2) Bangyan Sandor, 1944
Ber (3) Bangyan Sandor, 1969
Bereck, Kezdiszek / Bretcu, Judetul Covasna ( 4)Kicsi Sandor, 1919
(1) F6ris Ferenc, 1926 (5) Marton Eva,1913
(2) Kel Odonne, 1933 (6) Marton Lasz.16,1947
Bi (7) Marton Lasz16, 1973
Bikafalva, Udvarhelyszek / Taureni, judep.il Harghita (8) Marton Magdolna, 1950
(1) Bed6 Lajos, 1914 (9) Mikl6s lstv.in, 1919
Bo (10) Mikl6s Maria, 1924
Csikborzsova, Felcsik / Blirzava, Judeµ.tl Harghita (11) szasz Imre, 1912
(1) Eross Antal, 1921 (12) Szasz Mikl6s, 1900
(2) Eross Enik6, 1958 De
(3) Gered Margit,1919 Szekelyderzs, Udvarhelyszek / Dlirjiu, judeµ.tl Harghita
Bor (1) Bartha Balint, 1926
Borszek / Borsec, judetul Harghita Deb
(1) IGsJanos, 1954 Debrecen, Hungary
(2) Kis Borba.la, 1929 (1) Kepes Karoly (1951)
(3) Salamon Maria, 1917 Do
(4) Tamas Maria, 1929 (5) Tamas Sz6raJ6zsef, 1912 Dofteana, Bak6 megyc / judeµil Baclu
Bot (1) Cambei, Vasile, 1958
Bothaza, Mez6seg /Boteni, judetul Cluj Ef
(1) Nagy Sandor 1934 Etfalvawltan / Zoltan, judep.il Covasna
(2) Nagy Sandorne K..Ilona 1936 (1) Gall Peter, 1940
Bsz El
Beretty6szeplak, Bihar / Suplacu de Barclu, judeµ.tl Bihor El6patak, Vfilcele
(1) Buzas Mihay Barna, 1935 (1) Scurtu Doru, 1955
Bu (2) Scurtu Elisa.beta, 1909
Bunyaszekszard / Bunea mica (a village existing between Esz
1870-1980 in the Bansag/ Banat region) Esztelnek / Estelnic, judeµil Covasna
(1) lhaszJanos, 1923 (1 )Cserei Piroska, 1965
(2) lhasz Terez, 1923 (2) Cserei Piroska's notices
Bu Fe
Barcaujfalu, Barcasag / Satu Nou, judep.il Br~v Gyimesfels61ok, Gyimes / Lunca de Sus, judetul Harghita
(1) So6s Anna, 1932 (1) Peter Karoly, 1935
Buj Fi
Beregujfalu, Beregi jaras / Novoje Szelo, Ukraine Fintahaza, Marosszek (Nyarad mente) / Cinta, judeµ.tl Mure~
(1) Baratne Csete Tiinde , 1974 Cl) Bordi Andras, 1945
(2) Csete Tivadar, 1935 Fr
(3) Csetene Molnar lren, 1941 Fels6r6na, Maramaros / Rona de Sus, judeµil Maramu~
( 4) Fiizesi Csaba, 1949 (1) Fetko Pavel, 1952
(5) Kozmeda Olena Ivanyevna, 1946 (2) Poljancsuk Juljana, 1959
(6) LlhtejneJask6 Anna, Miki~. 1923 (3) Poljancsuk Nyikolaj, 1928
(7) Mate Andras, 1920 (4) Szenderszk!Janos, 1938
(8) Matene Molnar Erzsebet, 1926 Ge
(9) Matene Pallagi Kornelia, 1963 Gernyeszeg / Gorne~ti, judetul Mu~
(10) Tibor Sandor, 1955 (1) Szab6Judit
(11) Tihorne Mate Iwlda, 1958 Gi .
(12) T6thne Bak Erzsebet, Istv:ine, 1923 Gid6falva, Sepsiszek (Haromszek) / Ghidfalau, judetul
Buk Covasna
Bukarest / Bucure~ti (1) T6th Lajos
(1) Molnar Szabolcs, 1943, egyet. tanar (from Mez6telegd / Go
Tileagd, judeµ.tl Bihor) Gorzafalva, Bak6 megye / Oituz, judetul Badiu
66 Moeszia • Erdelyi Gombdsz