NCERT Science Class 10

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Class
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Understanding
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NCERT
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Science
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with QUESTION BANK,
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Comprehensive Explanation Comprehensive Question
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subtopic/activity published of each and every Intext Bank on each chapter
in the NCERT textbook Question and Questions covering all varieties of
along with separate given in the exercise in questions as given in
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each item NCERT with separate along with separate video
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6. How is the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH ) affected when excess base is dissolved in
INTRODUCTION
a solution of sodium hydroxide?
l At present 118 elements are known to us. These elements combine to form a large number
Ans. When excess base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide, the concentration of hydroxide
of compounds. Based on their chemical properties, all compounds can be divided into three
ions increases.
groups: Acids, Bases and Salts
5. How2.3 is the concentration ARE of hydronium +
OR ions (HSOLUTIONS?
3O ) affected when a solution of an acid is
Features of this DIGI SMART Book. . .
Substances HOW withSTRONG
sour taste areACID regarded BASE
as acids. They change the colour of blue litmus
diluted?
l
l A universal indicator is a mixture of several indicators. It shows different colours at different

to red. For example, lemon juice,
Ans. On dilution, the concentration of hydronium ions decreases. vinegar, grapes, fruit juice and curdled milk etc.
concentrations of hydrogen ions in a solution.
l Substances that taste bitter and soapy in touch are considered as bases. They change colour
6. How isl the Anconcentration
easier way to of measure
hydroxide the strength
ions (OH of–an acid or base
) affected whensolution
excess wasbaseworked out byinthe
is dissolved
Based on the NCERT Textbook
of red litmus to blue. For example, caustic soda (NaOH), caustic potash (KOH), slaked
a solutionDanish
lime Ca(OH)2 etc.
Ans. When excess
of sodium
l A scale
biochemist,
basefor
hydroxide?
is measuring
S. Sorensen in 1909.
dissolved hydrogen
in a solution ion of sodium hydroxide,
concentration the known
in a solution concentration of hydroxide
as pH scale (In German
AN
ions increases.
‘p’ stands for ‘potenz’ meaning power). pH means Potenz of Hydrogen ion concentration.
l Indicators – There are many substances that exhibit one colour (or odour) in the acidic
Generally paper impregnated with the universal indicator is used for measuring pH.
medium and another colour (or odour) in the basic medium. Such substances are called
2.3 HOW STRONG l The scale ARE ranges ACID fromOR 0 toBASE14 andSOLUTIONS?
the characteristics of the scale are:
acid-base indicators.
Acids have
l A universal indicator is a mixture of several
 a pH value of less than 7.
indicators. It shows different colours at different
(i) Natural indicator:
Higher the concentration of hydronium ion concentration of an acid, lower is the pH
concentrations of hydrogen ions in a solution.
H
(a) Litmus solution is a purple colour dye obtained from the lichen plant. It is
value.
l An easier way to measure the strength of an acid or base solution was worked out by the
l During the electrolytic reduction of Aluminium, the following reactions occur:
commonly
Danish biochemist, Neutral used as an(e.g.,
solutions indicatorwater)inhave thealaboratory.
pH value of 7.
At Anode: 2O 2– → S. Sorensen
O2 + a4epH – in 1909.
AS
 Alkalis have value of morecolour.
than 7.
In neutral solution, it has a purple
l A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution known as pH scale (In German
At Cathode:Al 3+ + 3e– → Al
As the pH value increases from 7 to 14, there is an increase in OH– ion concentration
‘p’ stands In for
acidic
‘potenz’solution,meaning it turns
power). red and in the Potenz
pH means basic solution,
of Hydrogen it turns
ion blue.
concentration.
in the solution, i.e., increase in the strength of alkali.
3.4.6 Generally
Refining of
paper Metals
impregnated with the universal indicator
(b) Olfactory indicators: Their odour changes in acidic and basic media. Some is used for measuring pH. of the
Study Notes l The
l The processscale ranges from
of purifying
examples are– 0 to
Acidiconion, 14 and
the increasing
nature impure the
vanilla,(crude)
Neutral
characteristics
petunia7metal
flower, of the
is Basic
called
clove. scale
refining
nature are:of the metal.
increasing
on each topic/ 14
AK
0
 Acids have a pH value of less than 7.
l The most (c) Red cabbageemployed
commonly H+ method for the purification of metal is electrolytic refining.
subtopic/activity l A large
 Higher the concentration of hydronium ion concentration OH
(d) number
Turmeric of –metals
reddish-brown
such as copper, colour silver,
in basic medium
gold, nickel,and
of– an acid, lower is the pH
yellow inzinc,
chromium, acidic medium
aluminium,
published in the value.
tin,
(ii) lead etc. areindicators:
purified by the method of electrolysis. The general procedure is as follows:
+ Decrease in H+ ion concentration
Synthetic Increase in H ion concentration
 Neutral solutions (e.g., water) have a pH value of 7. [Courtesy: NCERT]
NCERT textbook (i) The impure metal is taken in the form of a thick strip and made the anode in the
l Synthetic indicators are the compounds which are manufactured in the industry
 Alkalis have a pH value of more than 7.
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along with electrolytic
Activity 2.11: tank,
or prepared inby
To test connecting
the
the pH valuesitoftogiven
laboratory. the positive
solutionsterminal
and identifyof thetheir
– battery.
nature.
 As the pH value increases from 7 to 14, there is an increase in OH ion concentration
(ii) Observations:
A thin strip of pure metal is made the cathode by connecting it to the negative terminal
separate VIDEO in the solution,Indicator i.e., increase in the strength
Colour in the of alkali. Colour in the Colour in the
ofS.No.
the battery. Solution Colour of pH paper pH value (approx.) Nature of substance
EXPLANATION (iii) A suitable
1 water-soluble
Saliva (before meal)
Acidic nature increasing salt neutral
of
Neutral
the solution
metal is taken acidic
as solution
electrolyte.
GreenBasic nature increasing7
basic solution
Neutral
7
for each item 0
l When an 2(a) Phenolphthalein
electric
Saliva current
(after
H+
is passed through
meal) Colourless the solution,Colourless
Yellow the pure 5metal fromPink
14
the anode
Acidic
dissolves3(b) intoLemonthe solution
Methyl orangein the formOrange
juice of the metal ions.OHAn
Orange Red equivalent
2 amount
Yellow of metal
Acidic
ionsIncrease
from 4 the
S –
H+solution
in Colourless are deposited
aerated
ion concentration drink as pure Limemetal on the cathode.
GreenDecrease in H+ ion 6concentration Slightly acidic
l The soluble 5 impurities
Carrot juice present inDo theYou impureKnow?
Lime metal
Green pass into solution [Courtesy:
6 whereas
NCERT] insoluble
Slightly acidic
ER
impurities 6 fall below
Coffee the anode as anode mud. Thus,
Yellow the
l Litmus solution is a purple dye, which is extracted from lichens, a plant in the Thallophyta
electrolysis 5proceeds, the thickness
Acidic
Activity 2.11:7To test thejuicepH values of given solutions and identify their nature.
of the anode keeps
Tomato on decreasing while that of
Beige the cathode
division, and is commonly used as an indicator. When the litmus solution is neither acidic keeps on
4 growing. Acidic
Observations: 8 Tap water Green 7 Neutral
For
nor example:
basic, its colour Electrolyticis purple. refining of copper
S.No. 9 Solution
1M NaOH Colour of pHPurple paper pH value (approx.) 14 Nature ofBasicsubstance
l There are many other natural materials such as red cabbage leaves, turmeric, coloured
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1 Saliva
10 (before
1M HCl meal) Green–
Battery Red
7 1 Neutral
Acidic
petals of some flowers such as Hydrangea, Petunia and Geranium, that indicate the
+
l 2 StrongSaliva
acids and(after meal)
strong number of H+ and OH– ions5 respectively. While, weak
Yellow Acidic
presence of acid or bases
baseproduce a greater
in a solution. These are called acid-base indicators. acids and weak
3bases Lemon
produce juice
a comparatively smaller number Orange
of corresponding ions. 2 Acidic
(iii) Reaction with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates: Ethanoic acid reacts + with carbonates –
4 Colourless aerated drink Lime Green 6 Slightly Science
acidic Class X
and hydrogencarbonates24 to give salt, carbon dioxide and water. The salt produced is
30 5 Carrot juice Lime Green 6 Slightly acidic
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Science Class X
commonly called sodium acetate. This reaction is used as a test for ethanoic acid and as cathode Pure copper
6 Coffee Impure copper Yellow 5 Acidic
other carboxylic acids.
7 Tomato as juice
anode Beige 4
Copper sulphate
Acidic
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INTEXT 8 Tap water

QUESTIONS Green solution 7 Neutral
9 1M NaOHImpurities Purple 14 Comprehensive
Basic
1. How would you distinguish experimentally 10 1M HCl between an alcohol and a carboxylic Red acid? 1 Acidic
Ans. (a) Litmus test : Add la Strong few drops At Anode : Cu(s) →inCu 2+
two (aq) 2e– containing
+tubes Explanation of
acids of andblue
stronglitmus
basessolution
produce a greater test
number of H+ and OH– ions respectively. While, weak acids and weak
2+ – each and every
5. If aethyl
woman alcohol
is usingand acetic
a copper-T,acid.
bases will Its
it help
produce a At
colour Cathode:
will change
in protecting
comparatively herCu to (aq)
from
smaller red in+the2e
sexually
number acid,→ while
oftransmitted it will
Cu diseases?
corresponding ions.
Ans. No,remain unaffected
if a woman in copper-T,
is using alcohol. l itImpure
will notcopper
help inusually
protecting contains
her from the sexually
impurities of iron, silver and gold.
transmitted Intext Question and
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(b) Sodium hydrogencarbonate

diseases. Copper-T is 30 test
an intrauterine : Brisk
l contraceptive
The impurities effervescence
device of CO
that is and
of silver placed(g)
2 gold is
in theobserved
which uterus when
aretoless
preventreactive than copper, doQuestions
any not undergo
Sciencegiven
Class X
carboxylic acid (Ethanoic acid) reacts with andsodium fall hydrogencarbonate,
below the anode aswhile suchthere
in theis form
no of ‘anode mud’.
YA
pregnancy. oxidation in the exercise in

effervescence with alcohol.
TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
the book published
CH3COOH + NaHCO 3 CH3COONa + H2OINTEXT
+ CO2↑ QUESTIONS
Sodium ethanoate by NCERT with
1. Asexual reproduction takes place 1. Definebudding
through the following
in terms.
separate VIDEO
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(a)
2. What are oxidising agents?
Amoeba (i) Mineral (b) Yeast (ii) Ore (iii) Gangue.
(c) Ans. (i) Mineral:(d) The elements or compounds occurring naturally in the earth’s EXPLANATION
crust are called for
Ans. The chemical substances that tend to oxidise other substances and itself gets reduced. For
Plasmodium Leishmania
Ans. example
(b) Yeastacidified
reproduces
K2Crby2Othe minerals.
process of budding. each question
7 and alkaline KMnO4.
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(ii) Ore: Minerals from which metals can be extracted profitably and conveniently are known
2. Which of the following is not a part of the female reproductive system in human beings?
as ores.
(a) OvaryAND DETERGENTS
4.5 SOAPS (b) Uterus
(iii) Gangue: The impurities (sand, clay, soil, gravel, etc.) present in the ore other than metal
(c) Vas deferens (d) Fallopian tube
Activity 4.10: are calledaction
gangue.
Ans. (c) The vasTodeferens
observe the effect
is present in theofmale
cleansing of soap.
reproductive system and it aids in the transportation
(i)of Take about 10 mL of water each in two test tubes.
sperms.
64 Science Class X
(ii) anther
3. The Add acontains
drop of oil (cooking oil) to both test tubes and label them as A and B.
(iii)sepals
(a) To test tube B, add a few drops of soap solution.(b) ovules
(c)
(iv)pistil
Now shake both test tubes vigorously for(d)the pollen
samegrains
period of time. Observe the
Ans. (d) Pollen grains are formed in the anther.
changes.
15. Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda.
Ans. Washing soda

1. It is often used as common household cleaning agent.
2. It is used to remove permanent hardness of water.
Baking soda
Chapter-wise Question Bank based on the

1. It is used in making baking powder.
2. It is used in making antacid medicines.
latest CBSE Exam Pattern
AN
OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Multiple Choice Questions

14. In the givenChoose the mostDry
experimental
4. Assertion: appropriate
diagram of option. electrolysis of water, the gases produced are
HCl gas does not give litmus test.
1. Reason:
When sodium Acidsbicarbonate
release hydrogen reacts with ions
Plastic dilute
inmug thehydrochloric
presence of acid, water. the gas evolved is: [2023]
H
Ans. (a) Acids
(a) Hydrogen; release it gives
hydrogen pop sound ions inwith burningofmatch
presence water. stick.
9. What could be the reason behind the bending of a potted plant in your drawing room after a
(b)Test Hydrogen;
tube it turns limewater milky.
few days? How is this movement coordinated?
(c) Carbon dioxide; it turns limewater milky.
AS
Ans. The bending 5. Assertion:
of a rod pottedAntacidsplant is area the resultmedicines
ofWater required to prevent
the phototropic movement indigestion.
of the stem, which
(d) Carbon
Graphite dioxide; it blows off a burning match stick with a pop sound.
occurs due Reason:to unequal Antacids
growth are on mild
both sides acids.of stem. The initiation of this unequal growth is
Ans. (c) NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2Rubber O + CO 2↑ excess HCl present in stomach.
stopper
Ans. by
facilitated (c)the Antacids
hormone areauxin.
mild bases The plant which bend neutralise
towards the source of light in room.
Carbon dioxide turns lime water milky due to the formation of calcium carbonate.
10. Pancreas and ovaries are the endocrine glands in human body but they serve other functions
Anode Cathode
AK
Very2. Acid
also. Justify Short
the present
Answer
statement.
Switch in tomato Type is: Questions
6V
Battery [2023]
(a) Methanoic acid [Courtesy(b) : NCert]
Acetic Acid
Ans. Pancreas1.has an endocrine
A student afunction
took Electrolysis
small amount ofof producing
waterof copper insulin
oxideand in aglucagon,
conical flask which andregulate blood hydrochloric
added dilute
sugar (c)It Lactic
levels.acid also
to it has Acidanconstant
with exocrine function
stirring. ofobserved (d)change
releasingthedigestive Oxalicenzymes
inacid
colour that aidsolution.
in the [2023]
(a) hydrogen at anode and carbon dioxide atHe anode of the
Ans. (d)
digestion Oxalic acid is present in tomatoes.
(b) oxygen of at(a)food.
Writeand
anode the nitrogen
name of atthecathode compound formed and its colour.
Ovaries
oxygenhave an endocrine function atofcathode
producing estrogen the and progesterone is nothormones,
because: which
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(c) 3.at(b)
SodiumWrite
anode a balanced
hydroxide
and hydrogen is chemical
termed as equation
alkali while for ferric reaction
hydroxide involved.
regulate the
Ans. (a)
(d) hydrogen female
at Copper(II)
(a) Sodium
anode and reproductive
chloride,
oxygenisatbluish
hydroxide system
a cathode
strong and
green menstrual
base,colour.while ferric hydroxide is a weakanbase.
cycle. They also have exocrine
function of producing female gametes (eggs) for reproduction.
Ans. (c) On electrolytic (b)
(i) WhatCuO(s)
Sodium is +
decomposition 2HCl(dil.)
hydroxide
fertilisation? of →
is awater,
baseCuCl H22(aq)
which gasisis+solubleH2O(l)in water
released at cathode whileand ferricO2hydroxide
(g) is releasedis also a base
at anode. but it is insoluble in water.
Short Answer 2. (ii)
The Where
Type
(c) Sodium
does process
Questions
industrial fertilisation occur?
hydroxide isused a strong for the basemanufacture
while ferric hydroxide of caustic issoda involves
a strong acid electrolysis of an
(iii) What is placenta?
15.1.Which
How do theaqueous
of endocrine
(d) following
Sodium solution
glands is an help
hydroxide of incompound
endothermicmaintaining
and ‘X’.
ferricprocess? In thisboth
feedback
hydroxide process,
control? two gases
are strong bases but ‘Y’ theandsolubility
‘Z’ are liberated.
of sodium‘Y’ Comprehensive
(a) Condensation (iv) What
Ans. The releaseisofliberated
happens
of water
hydroxide
hormones at is cathode
invapourswhen egg‘Z’
water and
regulated
is notliberated
by a is
is comparatively
fertilised?
feedbackhigher mechanism,
S
at anode.
than that ‘Z’
which onferric
of treatment
ensures thewith
hydroxide. timingthe and
dry slaked lime
Question Bank
(b) Ans. forms
Dilution (i) sulphuric
of Thea compound
process of union
‘B’. of male
Name gamete
X, system
Y, Z as and (sperm) and female gamete (egg) to form a zygote
B. onhydroxide. [2023]
amount Ans. (b) Alkali
of hormone areacid
secretion. waterThe soluble bases
endocrine such sodium
relies two types of feedback systems:
is known
water as fertilisation. on each chapter
ER
(c) Evaporation of
Ans. XFeedback:
(i) Negative = NaCl (Sodium This mechanism chloride),inhibits Y = Hydrogen the hormone gas, production
Z = Chlorine gas, B
in body. For= example,
Calcium oxychloride
(d) Combustion 4. (ii)
when blood
Theof Fertilisation
name
or bleaching
LPGof theoccurs
glucose levels
salt used in the oviductpermanent
to remove or Fallopian
powderare low, pancreatic cells are not stimulated to produce insulin.
tube. of water is:
hardness covering all
(a) Sodium
(iii) Placenta hydrogen
is a specialcarbonate tissue which (NaHCO provides 3) nutrition to developing embryo from mother’s blood.
This prevents
Ans. (c) Evaporation The
(iv)
excessive
electrolysis
requires
(b) Sodium
If the egg
heatconversion
Chloride ofenergy.
brine
(NaCl)
is not fertilised,
of glucose
solution produces into glycogen.
caustic soda, hydrogen gas is liberated at cathode
the thick lining of the uterus is no longer required. Consequently,
varieties of
(ii) Positiveand chlorine
Feedback:
(c) Sodium
it gradually gas
These
carbonate is liberated
mechanisms
breaksdecahydrate at
down and (Na anode.
stimulates 2CO3.10H
is expelled the hormone
2O)
through theproduction
vagina in the in body.
form For of blood. This questions as
Assertion-Reasoning
instance,(d)when Based
blood Questions
glucose O electricity
Calcium
process 2NaCl
issulphate
known + 2H as2levels
hemihydrate are(CaSO
menstruation. high, 42NaOH pancreatic
.1/2 H2O) + Hcells (g) produce insulin, which
given in the
TH
2
facilitates Brine solution (‘Y’) (‘Z’)
These consist Ans.
of2.two (c)the transformation
Washing
statements soda is Sodium
– aAssertion of glucose
(A)carbonate
and intoReasonglycogen.
decahydrate
(R). whichgenetic
Answer is used
these to remove
questions bypermanent
selecting hardness
8. Answer the
The
following
nucleus of
: Cl
cell contains chromosomes that carry information from parents to the CBSE Sample
2. You accidentally
the appropriate nextof
option water.
touched
generation
given 2 a+in
below: Ca(OH)
hot object.
the form 2 → ofCaOCl
With DNAthe help +H of2O
2(Deoxyribo a diagramNucleic show Acid)the molecules.
path that leads The toDNA within
(a) (i) aWhich
Both response.
A and hormone
the
R are isnucleus
celltrue responsible
and Rserves is the for the
the changes
ascorrect source
(‘B’)
explanation ofnoticed of in
information A femalesfor proteinat puberty?
synthesis. When the genetic Paper along with
(ii) Dwarfism 5. The results yellowduebut colour theisof
to altered, turmeric of
deficiency changeswhich tohormone?
red on addition of soap solution. When substance
(b)
Ans. Both A and information
R are
P islevel
true
added
is R
toeventually
turmeric,
not it results
the
there
correct
istothe
in
nochanges
the production
explanation of Aof different proteins. These variations in separate VIDEO
3. ofchange inhormone?
colour. Which of the statements:
following is definitely true a
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(c)(iii)
A Blood
is true sugar Write
R is afalse
butproteins chemical
rises
can dueequation leadfor
to deficiency justification
whichin the ofbody's
the following
structure and characteristics. Thus,
about substance P? EXPLANATION for
(d)(iv)
A Iodine
is falseisbut necessary
(a)RSlaked
fundamentalis truefor lime theis synthesis
process an inalkali. of which involves
reproduction hormone? the creation of a copy of DNA. Cells utilise
Message
Ans. (i) Estrogen hormone

(a) P is anreactions
chemical
(b) Bakingis soda
acid
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changesofbase
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Spinal cord
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DNA.
salt.
P is not to a salt
during puberty.
brain
each question
BR
(c)
(i) P is not a base (d) P is a neutral substance.
1.(ii) Dwarfism
Assertion: is What
Ans.Decomposition
(a) Slakedis due
caused theof
lime importance
to the
issilver
a waterdeficiencyof variation?
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growth
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in black and white photography.
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The substance
mode ‘P’ is
of reproduction not able to turn
does sugar the
not colour
show of
much turmeric
variation? from yellow to red. It is means
(iii) The hormone
Reason: Light provides responsible energy for
water regulating
for this exothermicblood levels
–reaction. is insulin which is produced [2023] by
Ca(OH)
the substance 2 ‘P’ cannot Ca2+(aq) be a +base. 2OHTurmeric (aq) colour changes in the presence of a base.
Ans. (c)the Thispancreas(iii) What
reaction and areexothermic
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in glucose Itreproduction?
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Which mode
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theacid and parent
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of thyroxine of baking and soda are carbonic acid (weak acid) and sodium
why?
hormone.
Science ClassAns. X (i) hydroxide Variation plays (strong base).Motor
a crucial Hence,
role in
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the long-term soda survival
is basic in nature. By introducing diversity
of species. 39
2. Assertion: Combustion within areactions
population, are variation
also called exothermic
enhances its oxidation
ability to reactions.
adapt and withstand changes in the
Case-Based Questions
L
4. these
Reason: Receptors
In What is the difference
environment.
reactions,
(Heat/Pain
oxygen inis using addedbaking and heat soda is and baking powder in preparing cake? Explain.
released.
1. Animals rely
Ans. on nervous
Baking
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muscular
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shows less for
soda or
in no control
Relay neuron
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variation. of coordination
organic acid gas suchwithin their acid.
as tartaric bodies.
in arm) It includes budding, fragmentation, fission etc.
Ans. (a) Combustion
Receptors ofin skin)
any substance takes place presence oxygen and releases large
YA
Effector (Muscle
Whenamount
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ofBaking the urgent
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In sexual
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bitterness. play
3.aAssertion:
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sexual reproduction
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and compost is anByendothermic
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receptors, 5.
we (a) can How perceive
Sexual will youand
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Reason: Decomposition reaction involves breakdown of a single reactant into tosimpler
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(d) What Ans.
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Decomposition the In
a Answer
master acidic
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matter blue litmus
isJustify
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this turns
statement. red and there is no change on red litmus.
process.
Long Type Questions
(ii)The
Which (b)
part of In basic
neuron medium,
receiveatthe red litmus paper turns blue and there is no change on blue litmus.
Ans. pituitary gland is situated the information
base of the first? brain and is connected to the hypothalamus
G
(iii)through 1.
What isnerve Write
a synapse? fibres and blood vessels. It consists of an anterior mode
one main difference between asexual and sexual lobe and of reproduction.
a posterior lobe. Which species
Science Class Science
X (iv)The pituitary is likely to have comparatively better chances gland because it plays a crucial role inasexually 15
of survival – the one reproducing or 43
Mention
Class X the glandfunction is oftenof axon referred and to as the in
dendrite master
a neuron.
the one reproducing sexually? Give reason to justify your answer.
Ans. (i) Dendrite, Ans. The nucleus, axon,between
difference nerve ending asexualand andasexual cell body modes (cyton).
of reproduction can be described as follows:
162 (ii) Dendritic Asexualtip receive the information first. reproduction, gametes (reproductive cells) are not formed,
Science Class X
reproduction: In asexual
(iii) A synapsewhich means that
is a junction fertilisation between
or connection does not two occur. nerveOffspring
cells. The are produced
synapse plays directly from a single
a vital
role in theparent organism,ofand
transmission they inherit
information the exact
within genetic information
the nervous system. of the parent. As a result, there
is no genetic variation among the offspring.
(iv) Axon of the neuron transmit impulse away from cell body, towards the another neuron.
Sexual reproduction: In sexual reproduction, gametes are always formed. These specialised
Dendrites cells, are short such processes
as sperm and thateggs,receive carryimpulse from adjacent
genetic information from neuron
two parentand transmit
organisms. it Fertilisation
to
cell body. occurs when the gametes fuse, resulting in the formation of a zygote. This process introduces
Max. Marks : 80 Time Allowed : 3 hours
General Instructions :
1. [1]
(i) This question paper consists of 39 questions in 5 sections.
(ii) All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some questions.
A student is expected to attempt only one of these questions.
(iii) Section A consists of 20 objective type questions carrying 1 mark each.

Test tube containing solution
(iv) Section B consists of 6 Very Short questions carrying 02 marks
of sodium sulphateeach. Answers to these questions
should be in the range of 30 to 50 words.
(v) Section C consists of 7 Short Answer type questions carrying 03 marks each. Answers to these
questions should be in the range of 50 to 80 words.
CBSE Sample Paper and Model Test Papers

(vi) Section D consists of 3 Long Answer typeTest tube containing
questions carrying 05 marks each. Answer to these
solution of barium chloride
AN
(vii) Section E consists of 3 source-based/case-based units of assessment of 04 marks each with
sub-parts.
Identify the product which representsSECTION A in the above reaction.

the solid state
Select and write the most
(a) Barium appropriate option out of the
chloride (b)four options
Barium given for each of the
sulphate
questions 1 - 20. There is no negative mark for incorrect response.
(c) Sodium chloride (d) Sodium sulphate
H
2. The colour of the solution observed after 30 minutes of placing zinc metal to copper sulphate
1. solution is [1][1]
AS
(a) Blue (b) Colourless
(c) Dirty green (d) Reddish Brown
3. Mild non-corrosive basic salt is Test tube containing solution [1]

(a) Ca(OH)2 (b) NaCl
of sodium sulphate
AK
(c) NaOH (d) NaHCO3
SECTION B
QuestionTest
No.tube
21 to 26 are very short answer questions
containing
Science Class X 329
PR
21. “Dil. HCl is added to Zn granules.” How will you prove that chemical change has taken
place here? Support your response with two arguments. [2]
Identify the product which represents the solid state in the above reaction.
(a) Barium chloride (b) Barium sulphate
22. State the post-fertilisation changes that lead to fruit formation in plants. [2]
The latest CBSE
S
SECTION C
Sample Paper solution is
Question
23. What is the purposeNo. 27 to
of making 33urine
are short
in the answer questions
human body?
[1]
Name the organs that stores and
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and Model Test (a) Blue
releases the urine.
(b) Colourless
[2]
(c) Dirty green (d) Reddish
OR Brown
Papers with 27. The given reaction shows one of the processes to extract the metals like Iron and
Why do arteries have thick and elastic walls whereas veins have valves?
VIDEO 33. State Manganese.
3. the
Mildrule to determine
non-corrosive the salt
basic direction
is of force experienced by a current carrying conductor [1] [3]
in a magnetic field. How MnO will 2this (s) + ofAl(s)
force get→ Mn(l)
affected +given
on: Al2O3below: [3]
EXPLANATION (a) 24.
Ca(OH)
The 2refractive indices three media (b) are
NaCl (s) + Heat [2]
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(a) NaOH
(c)
(a) Doubling Give thereason
magnitudewhy of thecurrent?
above reaction(d)is NaHCO known 3 as a thermite reaction.
of each question (b) Identify the substance Medium oxidised Refractive Index
(b) Reversing the direction of A current flow?and reduced in the above 1.6
reaction.
(c) Give a reason why Aluminium is preferably used in thermite reactions.
Science Class X B 1.8 329
28. An element ‘M’ with
(iii) Explain with properelectronic
C SECTION configuration
calculations which lamp 2 8 glows
3 combines
the separately with Cl–, SO42–
1.5brightest?
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O
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Findthe out chemical
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circuit.
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36
bond areformed
Long
fromanswer
OR questions.
Abytoelement
B and another
‘M’ inray is travelling
general. How will fromtheB to C.
electrical
(a) In which of the two cases the refracted ray bends towards the normal?
PQ is aof
conductivity current-carrying
the compounds conductor
formedinvary the plane
withofrespect
the paper as shown in the figure below. [3]
to ‘M’?
BR
34. (a) What do (i) (b)Find

you In which
understand case
the directions by does
the the speed
of term 'hydrated
the magnetic
offields
light
salt'?increase in the second medium?
produced by it at points R and S? [5]
OR P
(b) Give two Give
(ii)examples
Given reasons
r1 >ofrfor your will
,hydrated
where answer.
salts which are
the strength coloured
of the magneticand state
field their chemical
be larger? Give
2
formula. R
A reddish-brownreasons.metal ‘X’, when heated in air, gives a black compound ‘Y’, which when
25. A piece of wire of resistance R is cut into three equal parts. These parts are then connected r1
(c) Give
heatedtwo inexamples
(iii) presence of
If the polarity
in parallel. of hydrated
If the of H gas gives
salts
2 the battery
equivalent ‘X’
which back.
are
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white
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moisture magnetic
turns field for The
sticky. Q
Identify ‘X’ straight
and ‘Y’.current-carrying
Draw a well-labelled diagram to represent the process of refining ‘X’.
compound isaalso formed by chlor-alkali process. OR
conductor. Write chemical name and formula of X. solenoid
YA
Describe chlor-alkali
Refer to theprocess
29. We are advised to take iodised salt SECTION
image with
below balanced
and in our dietEequation.
chemical
state how the magnetic
by doctors. Name the type
Justify it’s ofimportance
reaction in our
occurs
body. whenfieldQ.
Xpattern
is treatedindicates
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no. 37 to 39 are case- based/data -based questions with 2 to 3 short
the chemical equation. [3]
(b) While diluting
is strongersub-parts.
an acid, why
outside Internal choice is What
istheit magnet?
recommended provided
that in
theone
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to these
the sub-parts.
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35. (a) Draw37.a When

diagram fatsofandhuman excretory
oils are oxidised,system and labelrancid
they become ureterandandtheir
urethra.
smell and taste[5]change.
30.State
(b) WhatinisUsually,
the probability
brief thesubstances
functions ofwhich
a girl
of : or a boy
prevent being (antioxidants)
oxidation born in a family? Justify
are added your containing
to foods answer. [3]
26. fats
Study the food chain food
and oil. Keeping
given below and answer the questions that follow: [2]
(i) Renal artery (ii) Kidney in airtight containers
(iii) Ureter (iv)helps to slow
Urinary down oxidation. Chips
bladder
G
manufacturers usually flush bags of chips with a gas such as nitrogen to prevent the chips
OR
from getting oxidised. [4]
(a) Draw diagram of human Leaf
alimentary canalCaterpillar
andfollowing Chameleon
label thequestions.
following:
Based on the above passage answer the
31. (i) Explain why the refractive index of any material with respect to air is always greater
(i) Part(a)in What
whichis starch digestion starts
rancidity?
than 1. [1+1+1]
(ii) Part(b)in What
whichpurpose
bile isare
stored
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(ii) Part
(iii) In(c)the figure
in What
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role of lightin ray
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of food?
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much energy
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theAllresistance of the new wire. What normal
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living cells require energy for various activities. This
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the fourth
breakdown of simple carbohydrates either using oxygen or without using oxygen. [5] [4]
trophic level? Justify
plastic block your answer.
Read the above passage and answer OR the following questions.
SECTION A : TEXTBOOK & QUESTION BANK
CONTENTS l Study Notes on each topic/subtopic/activity published in the NCERT textbook along with separate
video explanation for each item
AN
l Comprehensive Explanation of each and every Intext Question and Questions given in the
exercise in the book published by NCERT with separate video explanation for each question
l ComprehensiveQuestion Bank on each chapter covering all varieties of questions as given in
the CBSE Sample Paper along with separate video explanation for each question
H
AS
1. Chemical Reactions and Equations ... ... ... 1-23
• Chemical equations • Types of chemical reactions • Have you observed
the effects of oxidation reactions in everyday life? • Textbook Questions
AK
• Other Important Questions
2. Acids, Bases and Salts ... ... ... 24-50
PR
• Understanding the chemical properties of acids and bases • What do all
acids and all bases have in common? • How strong are acid or base solutions?
• More about salts • Textbook Questions • Other Important Questions
3. Metals and Non-Metals

S ... ... ... 51-81
• Physical properties • Chemical properties of metals • How do metals
ER
and non-metals react? • Occurrence of metals • Corrosion
• Textbook Questions • Other Important Questions
4. Carbon and its Compounds ... ... ... 82-114

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• Bonding in carbon – The covalent bond • Versatile nature of carbon

• Chemical properties of carbon compounds • Some important carbon
compounds – Ethanol and Ethanoic acid • Soaps and detergents
O

BR
5. Life Processes ... ... ... 115-145

• What are life processes? • Nutrition • Respiration • Transportation • Excretion
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6. Control and Coordination ... ... ... 146-165

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• Animals — Nervous system • Coordination in plants • Hormones in animals

7. How do Organisms Reproduce? ... ... ... 166-185

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• Do organisms create exact copies of themselves? • Modes of

reproduction used by single organisms • Sexual reproduction
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8. Heredity ... ... ... 186-198
• Accumulation of variation during reproduction • Heredity
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9. Light – Reflection and Refraction ... ... ... 199-231
• Reflection of light • Spherical mirrors • Refraction of light
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10. The Human Eye and The Colourful World ... ... ... 232-251
• The human eye • Defects of vision and their correction • Refraction of light through
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a prism • Dispersion of white light by a glass prism • Atmospheric
refraction • Scattering of light • Textbook Questions • Other Important Questions
AK
11. Electricity ... ... ... 252-289
• Electric current and circuit • Electric potential and potential difference
• Circuit diagram • Ohm's law • Factors on which the resistance of a conductor
PR
depends • Resistance of a system of resistors • Heating effect of electric
current • Electric power • Textbook Questions • Other Important Questions
12. Magnetic Effects of Electric Current ... ... ... 290-312

• Magnetic field and field lines • Magnetic field due to a current-carrying
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conductor • Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field
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• Domestic electric circuits • Textbook Questions • Other Important Questions
13. Our Environment ... ... ... 313-328

• Ecosystem- What are its components? • How do our activities affect
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the environment? • Textbook Questions • Other Important Questions
SECTION B : CBSE SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER

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(RELEASED BY THE CBSE FOR THE BOARD EXAMINATION

BR
TO BE HELD IN 2024)
WITH VIDEO EXPLANATION OF EACH QUESTION
l CBSE Sample Question Paper ... ... ... 329-336

L
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SECTION C : MODEL TEST PAPER

(AS PER THE LATEST CBSE SAMPLE PAPER)
WITH VIDEO EXPLANATION OF EACH QUESTION
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l Model Test Paper 1 ... ... ... 337-345

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1 Chemical Reactions and Equations
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INTRODUCTION
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l We often observe the situations of daily life in which the nature and the identity of the
substance changes. These changes may involve physical and chemical changes.
AS
l For example
(a) The milk sours quickly if not kept at low temperature.

(b) The wood on burning produces a large amount of heat and leaves ash behind.
(c) Food is cooked
AK
(d) Rusting of iron
(e) Digestion of food
(f) Fermentation of sugar
PR
l Whenever energy is supplied to or taken out of matter, it always brings about one or the
other kind of change.

l Whenever a chemical change occurs, a chemical reaction has taken place.
l When one or more substances (elements or compounds) undergo a chemical change with the
absorption or release of energy, to form one or more new products, then the change taking
S
place is collectively called a chemical reaction.
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Activity 1.1: Burning of magnesium ribbon in air
Reaction involved: 2Mg(s) + O2(g) ∆ 2MgO(s)
Observation: Magnesium ribbon burns with a dazzling white flame and changes into a white powder.
TH
Note: Magnesium ribbon must be cleaned using sandpaper in order to remove the magnesium oxide layer from its
surface, formed on exposure to air.
Activity 1.2: Reaction of lead nitrate solution with potassium iodide solution
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Reaction involved: Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s)↓ + 2KNO3(aq)

BR
Observation: Yellow precipitate of lead iodide is observed.
Activity 1.3: Reaction of zinc granules with sulphuric acid

Reaction involved: Zn(s) + H2SO4(dil) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Observation: The flask becomes hot and there is release of some gas.
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l Changes that occur during a chemical reaction are:

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(i) Change in state (ii) Change in colour (iii) Evolution of a gas

(iv) Change in temperature (v) Precipitate formation
1.1 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

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l The simplest way to write a chemical equation in words is known as word equation. For
example, burning of magnesium ribbon can be written as:

G
Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide

Reactants Product
Science Class X 1
l The chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical change in terms of
symbols and formula.
l The substance/substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
l The substances formed as a result of chemical change during a chemical reaction are called
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products.
Reactants → Products
1.1.1 Writing a Chemical Equation

l Count and compare the number of atoms of each element on both the sides of an equation.
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l An equation, in which number of atoms of various elements towards the side of reactants
AS
is not equal to number of atoms of various elements towards the side of products, is called
unbalanced chemical equation or skeleton chemical equation.
1.1.2 Balanced Chemical Equations
AK
l A chemical equation in which number of atoms of each element is same on the side of
reactants and products is called balanced chemical equation.

l We balance a chemical equation in order to obey law of conservation of mass i.e., mass
can neither be created nor be destroyed in a chemical reaction.
PR
l Following steps are followed to balance any chemical equation:
(a) Write the skeletal equation for a word equation.
(b) Count the number of atoms of different elements on both sides of the arrow.
(c) Balance atoms of reactants and products by hit and trial method.
S
(d) Write the symbols of physical states of each reactant and product in a balanced
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equation.
Solid = s, liquid = l, gas = g, heat = ∆, gas released or evolved = ↑,
precipitate formation = ↓, aqueous = aq (aqueous solution = solute is dissolved in water)
Note: Reaction conditions such as temperature, pressure, catalyst are indicated above or below
TH
the arrow in the equation.

l For example: Iron + Steam → Magnetic Oxide + Hydrogen
(a) Skeletal Equation: Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
O
(b) Count the number of Iron (Fe), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) atoms in reactants and
products.
BR
Element No. of atoms in reactants No. of atoms in products

Fe 1 3
H 2 2
O 1 4
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(c) Selecting the compound having maximum number of atoms (i.e. Fe3O4) and balancing
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the element with highest number of atoms, i.e, oxygen.

(i) There are 4 O-atoms on product side and 1 O-atom on reactant side. To balance
O-atoms, multiply H2O by 4 on reactant side.
Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
O
(ii) To balance Fe atoms on both sides.

There are 3 Fe atoms on product side and 1 Fe atom on reactant side. To balance
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Fe atoms, multiply Fe by 3 on reactant side.

3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
2 Science Class X
(iii) To balance H-atoms
There are 8 H atoms on reactant side and 2 H atoms on product side. To balance
H-atoms multiply H2 by 4 on product side. We get the following equation with
physical states:
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
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Now, check the correctness of the balanced equation.
The number of atoms are equal on both sides. Hence, the reaction is now balanced.
H
INTEXT QUESTIONS
1. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air?
AS
Ans. To remove the magnesium oxide layer formed on the magnesium surface due to the exposure
to air.
2. Write the balanced equation for the following chemical reactions.
AK
(i) Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen chloride
(ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride
(iii) Sodium + Water → Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
PR
Ans. (i) H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
(ii) 3BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 → 3BaSO4 + 2AlCl3
(iii) 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
3. Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following reactions.
S
(i) Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble barium
sulphate and the solution of sodium chloride.
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(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to
produce sodium chloride solution and water.
Ans. (i) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s)↓ + 2NaCl(aq)
(ii) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
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1.2 TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

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l Chemical reactions involve breaking and making of bonds between atoms to produce new
substances.
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1.2.1 Combination Reaction

l When two or more reactants (elements or compounds) combine to form a single product,
the reactions are called combination reactions.

A + B → AB
L

For examples
(i) Burning of Magnesium ribbon : 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
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(ii) Burning of coal: C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

(iii) Formation of water: 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
Activity 1.4: Reaction of quick lime and water:

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Reaction involved: CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + Δ

Quick lime Slaked lime
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Observation: Large amount of heat is released during the vigorous reaction of quick lime with
water.
Science Class X 3
Do You Know ?
A solution of slaked lime is used for whitewashing walls.
Slaked lime reacts slowly with the carbon dioxide in air to form a shiny finish of calcium carbonate
after 2 or 3 days of white washing.
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Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
l Exothermic reactions : The reactions in which heat is released during the product formation
are known as exothermic reactions. Various examples are:
H
(a) Reaction of quick lime with water:
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + Heat
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(b) Burning of natural gas: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + Heat
(c) Respiration: C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + Heat
(d) Decomposition of vegetable matter into a compost.
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1.2.2 Decomposition Reaction
l When a single reactant breaks down to give simpler products. This is known as a
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decomposition reaction.
AB → A + B
l The decomposition reactions require energy either in the form of heat, light or electricity
for breaking down the reactants. The reactions in which energy is absorbed are known as
endothermic reactions.
S
l Thermal decomposition: When a decomposition reaction is carried out by heating, it is
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called thermal decomposition.

For example: Decomposition of limestone on heating
CaCO (s) Heat
3 CaO(s) + CO (g) 2
Limestone Quick lime
TH
Activity 1.5: Heating ferrous sulphate crystals

Reaction involved:
FeSO4.7H2O (s) Heat FeSO4(s) + 7H2O
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Light green White

Heat
BR
2FeSO4(s) Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)

Reddish Brown
Observation involved: Smell of burning sulphur indicates the presence of SO2 gas and reddish
brown colouration of Fe2O3 appears at the bottom of the test tube.
L
Activity 1.6: Heating lead nitrate

YA
Heat
Reaction: 2Pb(NO3)2 (s) 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
Observation: Brown fumes of NO2 gas appear and yellow substance PbO is formed at the bottom of test
tube
O
l Electrolytic decomposition: When a decomposition reaction is carried out by the passage

G
of electricity, it is called electrolytic decomposition.
4 Science Class X
Activity 1.7: Electrolytic decomposition of water
Plastic mug
Oxygen Hydrogen
AN
Test tube
Water
Graphite rod Water
H
Rubber stopper
Anode Cathode
AS
Switch [Courtesy: NCERT]
Reaction involved:
Electricity
AK
2H2O 2H2(g) + O2(g)
at cathode at anode
Observations: (i) T here is the formation of bubbles at both the electrodes. These bubbles
displace water in the test tubes.
PR
(ii) When we bring a burning candle close to the mouth of both test tubes, it is
observed that the gas at the cathode produces pop sound. It indicates that
hydrogen gas is released at the cathode.
Photolytic decomposition: When a decomposition reaction is carried out by the exposure

l
S
to sunlight, it is called photolytic decomposition.
ER

For example: Photolytic decomposition of silver halides
Sunlight
2AgBr(s) 2Ag(s) + Br2(g) [reddish orange fumes]
Note: The above photolytic actions are used in black and white photography.
TH
Activity 1.8: Photolytic decomposition of silver chloride

Sunlight
Reaction involved: 2AgCl(s) 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)
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White Grey Greenish–yellow

Observation: White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight to form silver metal with the release
of greenish-yellow Cl2 gas.
BR
Carry out the following activity

Mix 2g barium hydroxide and 1g of ammonium chloride in a test tube with the help of a
glass rod. Touch the bottom of the test tube with your palm.
L
Reaction involved: Ba(OH)2(s) + 2NH4Cl(s) → BaCl2(s) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l)

YA
Observation: The bottom of the test tube becomes cold. This reaction is an endothermic
reaction as energy is absorbed during the reaction due to which there is fall in temperature.
INTEXT QUESTIONS
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1. A solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for whitewashing.

(i) Name the substance ‘X’ and write its formula.
G
(ii) Write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ named in (i) above with water.
Ans. (i) Quick lime (CaO), (ii) CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
Science Class X 5
2. Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes in Activity 1.7 double of the amount
collected in the other? Name this gas.
Ans. As per reaction of electrical decomposition of water, ratio of H2 to O2 = 2:1.
1.2.3 Displacement Reaction
AN
l The reaction in which more reactive elements displace less reactive elements from their
aqueous solutions. For example:

Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
H
Pb(s) + CuCl2(aq) → PbCl2(aq) + Cu(s)
AS
Activity 1.9: Reaction of iron nail with aqueous copper sulphate solution
Reaction involved: Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Observation:
(i) Grey iron nail becomes reddish brown in colour due to the deposition of copper
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on its surface.
(ii) The blue colour of copper sulphate gradually fades to light green due to the formation
of FeSO4 solution.
PR
1.2.4 Double Displacement Reaction
l The reactions in which there is an exchange of ions between the aqueous solutions of the
reactants are called double displacement reactions.

S
l Any reaction that produces an insoluble substance or precipitate is formed. Such reaction
is known as precipitation reaction.

ER
For example:
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s)↓ + 2KNO3(aq)
Yellow precipitate
Activity 1.10: Reaction of aqueous solutions of sodium sulphate and barium chloride
TH
Reaction involved:
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Observation: White precipitate of BaSO4 is formed.
O
Recall Activity 1.2: Reaction of lead nitrate solution with potassium iodide solution
BR
Reaction involved: Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s)↓ + 2KNO3(aq)

Observation: Yellow precipitate of lead iodide is formed. There is an exchange of ions between the two
aqueous solutions. Hence, it is a double displacement reaction.
L
1.2.5 Oxidation and Reduction

YA
Activity 1.11: Heating copper powder

(i) Heat copper powder
(ii) Pass hydrogen gas over the above product
O
Reaction involved:
(i) 2Cu(s) + O2(g) ∆ 2CuO(s) (ii) CuO + H2 ∆ Cu + H2O
G
Observation:
(i) The surface of copper powder becomes coated with black copper (II) oxide.
6 Science Class X
(ii) The black coating on the surface turns brown as the reverse reaction takes place
and copper is obtained.
l Oxidation-reduction reactions are also known as redox reactions.

l Oxidation reaction may involve addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen or
AN
loss of electron.
l Reduction reaction may involve removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen or
gain of electron.
Examples:
H
Oxidation
AS
(i) Heat
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
Reduction
Oxidised substance – H2,
AK
Reduced substance – CuO
(Addition of oxygen in H2 and removal of oxygen in CuO)
(ii) ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Oxidised substance – C,
PR
Reduced substance – ZnO
(Addition of oxygen in carbon and removal of oxygen in ZnO)
(iii) MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
Oxidised substance – HCl,
Reduced substance – MnO2
S
(removal of hydrogen in HCl and removal of oxygen in MnO2)
ER
(iv) 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

Oxidised substance – Mg,
Reduced substance – O2
TH
(Mg is losing 2 electrons, oxygen is gaining 2 electrons)
1.3 HAVE YOU OBSERVED THE EFFECTS OF OXIDATION REACTIONS IN

EVERYDAY LIFE?
O
1.3.1 Corrosion
BR
l
The process of slow eating up of the metals due to the attack of atmospheric gases such
as oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, water vapour etc. on the surface of the
metals to convert the metal into its oxide, carbonate, sulphide etc., is known as corrosion.
l Examples:
(i) The most common example of corrosion is rusting, i.e., corrosion of iron. When
L
an iron article is exposed to moist air for a long time, its surface get covered
YA
with a brown, flaky (non-sticky) substance called rust. Rust is mainly hydrated
ferric oxide (Fe2O3.xH2O).
(ii) Copper objects lose their lustre or shine after some time and forms green coating
of CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 on exposure to CO2, O2 and water vapours. Cu also forms
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a black coating of CuO.

(iii) The surface of silver metal gets tarnished (i.e., loses lustre and becomes dull) on
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exposure to air. This is due to the formation of a coating of black silver sulphide
(Ag2S) on its surface by the action of H2S gas present in the air.
Science Class X 7
l Prevention of Corrosion : Some common methods used for prevention of corrosion
are:
(i) By painting
(ii) By greasing or oiling
AN
(iii) By galvanisation, i.e., coating the surface of iron objects with a thin layer of
zinc.
1.3.2 Rancidity
H
l Rancidity is defined as the slow oxidation of oils and fats present in food materials
when kept for longer time resulting in some bad smell and taste.
AS
l Some common methods to prevent rancidity:
(i) By adding antioxidants such as BHA (Butylated hydroxyanisole) and BHT
(Butylated hydroxytoluene).
AK
(ii) Vacuum packing
(iii) Replacing air by nitrogen
(iv) Refrigeration of the food-stuff.
PR
INTEXT QUESTIONS
1. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped in it?
Ans. Iron is more reactive than copper, so iron displaces the copper from copper solution.
S
2. Give an example of a double displacement reaction other than the one given in Activity 1.10.
ER
Ans. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
3. Identify the substances that are oxidised and the substances that are reduced in the following
TH
reactions.
(i) 4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)
(ii) CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(l)
O
Ans. (i) Oxidised substance – Na, Reduced substance – O2

(ii) Oxidised substance – H2, Reduced substance – CuO.
BR
TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
1. Which of the statements about the reaction below are incorrect?

2PbO(s) + C(s) → 2Pb(s) + CO2(g)
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(a) Lead is getting reduced.
YA
(b) Carbon dioxide is getting oxidised.

(c) Carbon is getting oxidised.
(d) Lead oxide is getting reduced.
(i) (a) and (b) (ii) (a) and (c)
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(iii) (a), (b) and (c) (iv) all

Ans. (i) There is removal of oxygen from PbO and there is addition of oxygen in carbon. So, lead
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oxide is reduced and carbon is oxidised
8 Science Class X
2. Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe

The above reaction is an example of a
(a) combination reaction. (b) double displacement reaction.
(c) decomposition reaction. (d) displacement reaction.
Ans. (d) Aluminium is more reactive than iron, it displaces iron from iron(III) oxide.
AN
3. What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to iron fillings? Tick the correct answer.
(a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced.
(b) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are produced.
H
(c) No reaction takes place.
(d) Iron salt and water are produced.
AS
Ans. (a) Iron is more reactive than hydrogen. Hence, iron displaces hydrogen from HCl and form
iron chloride.
4. What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should chemical equations be balanced?
AK
Ans. A balanced chemical equation has an equal number of atoms of different elements in the
reactants and products in order to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.
5. Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then balance them.
PR
(a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.
(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and sulpur dioxide.
(c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium chloride and a precipitate
of barium sulphate. S
(d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Ans. (a) 3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g)
ER
(b) H2S(g) + 3O2(g) → SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(c) 3BaCl2(aq) + Al2(SO4)3(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3BaSO4(s)↓
(d) 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
TH
6. Balance the following chemical equations.

(a) HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
(b) NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
(c) NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
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(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + HCl

Ans. (a) 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O
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(b) 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

(c) NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl
L
7. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions.

(a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide → Calcium carbonate + Water
YA
(b) Zinc + Silver nitrate → Zinc nitrate + Silver

(c) Aluminium + Copper chloride → Aluminium chloride + Copper
(d) Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Potassium chloride
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Ans. (a) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O

(b) Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2 Ag
G
(c) 2Al + 3CuCl2 → 2AlCl3 + 3Cu

(d) BaCl2 + K2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2KCl
Science Class X 9
8. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the type of reaction in
each case.
(a) Potassium bromide(aq) + Barium iodide(aq) → Potassium iodide(aq) + Barium bromide(s)
(b) Zinc carbonate(s) → Zinc oxide(s) + Carbon dioxide(g)
(c) Hydrogen(g) + Chlorine(g) → Hydrogen chloride(g)
AN
(d) Magnesium(s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq) → Magnesium chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g)
Ans. (a) 2KBr + BaI2 → 2KI + BaBr2 — Double displacement reaction
(b) ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2 — Decomposition reaction
H
(c) H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl — Combination reaction
(d) Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 — Displacement reaction
AS
9. What does one mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions? Give examples.
Ans. Those reactions in which heat is evolved are known as exothermic reactions.
For example: CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat

AK

Those reactions in which heat is absorbed are known as endothermic reactions.

For examples: Thermal decomposition reaction
Heat
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
PR
10. Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction? Explain.
Ans. During respiration, glucose combines with oxygen in the cells of our body to form carbon
dioxide and water along with the production of heat energy.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Heat
S
11. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination reactions? Write equations
for these reactions.
ER
Ans. In a decomposition reaction, a single compound breaks down to produce two or more simpler
substances.
Heat
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
TH

While, in a combination reaction, two or more substances simply combine to form a new
substance.
CaO(s) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s)
12. Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in the form of
O
heat, light or electricity.

Heat
BR
Ans. CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Sunlight

2AgBr(s) 2Ag(s) + Br2(g)
Electricity

2H2O 2H2(g) + O2(g)
13. What is the difference between displacement and double displacement reactions? Write equations
L
for these reactions.

Ans. In displacement reactions, a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its solution.
YA
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

In double displacement reactions, two reactants in aqueous solutions exchange their ions.
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
O
14. In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution involved displacement
by copper metal. Write down the reaction involved.
G
Ans. Copper is more reactive than silver, it will displace silver.

2AgNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
10 Science Class X
15. What do you mean by a precipitation reaction? Explain by giving examples.
Ans. A reaction in which an insoluble solid called precipitate is formed that separates from the
solution is called a precipitation reaction.
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s)↓ + 2NaCl(aq)
White ppt
AN
16. Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen with two examples each.
(a) Oxidation
(b) Reduction
H
Ans. The addition of oxygen to a substance is called oxidation. The removal of oxygen from a
substance is called reduction.
AS
For example:
1. ZnO + C → Zn + CO

There is an addition of oxygen in carbon and removal of oxygen in ZnO.
AK

Oxidised substance – C, Reduced substance = ZnO
2. CuO + H2 → H2O + Cu

Oxidised substance = H2, Reduced substance = CuO
PR
17. A shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ on heating in air becomes black in colour. Name the
element ‘X’ and the black coloured compound formed.
Ans. X = Copper, Black coloured compound = Copper(II) oxide (CuO)
18. Why do we apply paint on iron articles?

S
Ans. To avoid exposure of iron articles to moist air i.e., to prevent corrosion or rusting of iron.
ER
19. Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why?
Ans. Nitrogen prevents exposure of food items to air (or oxygen). Hence, it prevents oxidation of
TH
food or rancidity.
20. Explain the following terms with one example each.

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(a) Corrosion
(b) Rancidity
BR
Ans. (a) Refer to text 1.3.1, Page 7

(b) Refer to text 1.3.2, Page 7.
OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

L
Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the most appropriate option.
YA
1. Consider the following reaction:

Fe2O3 + aCO bFe + cCO2

where a, b, c are coefficients. For balancing of above reaction the values of a, b and c
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must be
(a) 5, 3, 3 (b) 3, 3/2, 3
G
(c) 3, 2, 3 (d) 1, ½, 3
Ans. (c) Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
Science Class X 11
2. Given are the three types of reaction in column I and their example is anomalously arranged
in column II. Match the column I with column II and select the correct option.
Column I Column II
(A) Thermal decomposition reaction (i) 2NaCl → 2Na + Cl2
AN
(B) Electrolytic decomposition reaction (ii) 3O2 → 2O3
(C) Photolytic decomposition reaction (iii) NH4Cl → NH3 + HCl
H
(a) A – i, B – ii, C – iii (b) A – ii, B – i, C – iii
(c) A – iii, B – i, C – ii (d) A – iii, B – ii, C – i
AS
Ans. (c) Electricity is required for the decomposition of NaCl, UV rays are required for O3 formation
and heat is required for the decomposition of NH4Cl.
3. A metal ribbon 'X' burns in oxygen with a dazzling white flame forming a white ash 'Y'. The
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correct description of X, Y and the type of reaction is : [2023]
(a) X = Ca; Y = CaO; Type of reaction = Decomposition
(b) X = Mg; Y = MgO; Type of reaction = Combination
PR
(c) X = Al; Y = Al2O3; Type of reaction = Thermal decomposition
(d) X = Zn; Y = ZnO; Type of reaction = Endothermic
Ans. (b) Magnesium burns with white dazzling flame.
4. Which of the following is not a chemical reaction?
S
(a) Souring of milk (b) Rusting of iron
(c) Dissolution of sugar in water (d) Digestion of food in our body
ER
Ans. (c) No new substance is formed on dissolution of sugar in water.
5. [2023]
TH
Tong
Magnesium
ribbon
Burner Watch-glass
O
Magnesium
oxide
[Courtesy: NCERT]
BR
Which of the following is the correct observation of the reaction shown in the above set up?
(a) Brown powder of magnesium oxide is formed.
(b) Colourless gas which turns lime water milky is evolved.
(c) Magnesium ribbon burns with brilliant white light.
(d) Reddish brown gas with a smell of burning sulphur has evolved.
L
Ans. (c) Magnesium ribbon burns with dazzling white flame.

YA
6. On placing a copper coin in a test tube containing green ferrous sulphate solution, it will be
observed that the ferrous sulphate solution
(a) turns blue, and a grey substance is deposited on the copper coin.
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(b) turns colourless and a grey substance is deposited on the copper coin.
(c) turns colourless and a reddish–brown substance is deposited on the copper coin.
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(d) remains green with no change in the copper coin.

Ans. (d) Copper being less reactive than iron, cannot displace iron from iron sulphate solution.
12 Science Class X
7. A student puts one big iron nail each in four test tubes containing solutions of Zinc sulphate,
Aluminium sulphate, Copper sulphate and Iron sulphate. A reddish brown coating was observed
only on the surface of iron nail which was put in the solution of [2022]
(a) Zinc sulphate (b) Iron sulphate
(c) Copper sulphate (d) Aluminium sulphate
AN
Ans. (c) Iron can displace copper due to more reactivity of iron than copper.
8. Refer to the picture given below.

Following observations are observed when ferrous sulphate crystals are heated.
H
Wafting gas gently
towards nose
AS
Do not point the
Boiling tube
AK
mouth of boiling
tube at your Ferrous
neighbours or sulphate
yourself Burner crystals
PR
[Courtesy: NCERT]

Identify incorrect observations –
(i) It is an endothermic reaction (ii) Light green colour gets discharged
(iii) Light green colour turns to reddish brown (iv) It is an exothermic reaction.
(v) Burning sulphur smell appears. S (vi) Burning SO2 smell appears.
(a) (iv) and (vi) (b) (ii) and (v) (c) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii), (iv) and (vi)
Ans. (d) Thermal decomposition reaction is always endothermic reaction. Burning sulphur smell of
ER
SO2 gas appears with the formation of reddish-brown iron(III) oxide.
9. When dry hydrogen is passed over a heated oxide of metal X using the apparatus shown below,
a reddish brown residue is obtained.
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Glass tube
H2O(g)
H2(g) and
H2(g)
O
Laboratory burner
BR

The reddish brown residue and reaction involved could be
(a) Copper, redox (b) Lead, combination
(c) Silver, redox (d) Zinc, combination
Ans. (a) CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O, It is a redox reaction.
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10. Calcium oxide can be reduced to calcium, by heating with sodium metal. Which compound
YA
would act as an oxidizing agent in the above process?

(a) sodium
(b) sodium oxide
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(c) calcium
(d) calcium oxide
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Ans. (d) CaO is getting reduced and hence it is oxidizing sodium to sodium oxide and itself reduces
to calcium.
Science Class X 13
11. In the reaction of iron with copper sulphate solution: CuSO4 + Fe → Cu + FeSO4. Which
option in the given table correctly represents the substance oxidised and the reducing agent?
[2022]
Option Substance Oxide Reducing Agent
AN
(a) Fe Fe
(b) Fe FeSO4
(c) Cu Fe
(d) CuSO4 Fe
H
Ans. (a) Iron undergoes oxidation due to loss of 2 electrons. Hence, it is an oxidized substance and
AS
a reducing agent.
12. [2022]
Heated
Limestone X + CO2
Step 1
AK
+H2O
Step 2
Slaked Lime
PR
Identify the correct option from the given table which represents the type of reactions occurring
in step 1 and step 2.
endothermic
S exothermic
(a) 7 3
(b) 3 7
ER
(c) 3 3
(d) 7 7
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Ans. (c) Step 1 requires heat. So, it is an endothermic process while step 2 releases heat. Hence, it
is an exothermic process.
13. A student added 10 g of calcium carbonate in a rigid container, secured it tightly and started
O
to heat it. After some time, an increase in pressure was observed, the pressure reading was
then noted at intervals of 5 min and plotted against time, in a graph as shown below. During
which time interval did maximum decomposition took place?
BR
1.25
1.00
Pressure (atm)
L
0.75
YA
0.50
0.25
5 10 15
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Time (min)
(a) 15-20 min (b) 10-15 min (c) 5-10 min (d) 0-5 min
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Ans. (d) Between 0-5 min, the slope of graph increases continuously.
14 Science Class X
14. In the given experimental diagram of electrolysis of water, the gases produced are
Plastic mug
Test tube
AN
Water
Graphite rod
Rubber stopper
H
Anode Cathode
6V
Switch Battery
[Courtesy: NCERT]
AS
Electrolysis of water
(a) hydrogen at anode and carbon dioxide at anode
(b) oxygen at anode and nitrogen at cathode
(c) oxygen at anode and hydrogen at cathode
AK
(d) hydrogen at anode and oxygen at cathode
Ans. (c) On electrolytic decomposition of water, H2 gas is released at cathode and O2(g) is released
at anode.
PR
15. Which of the following is an endothermic process?
(a) Condensation of water vapours
(b) Dilution of sulphuric acid
(c) Evaporation of water S
(d) Combustion of LPG
Ans. (c) Evaporation requires heat energy.
ER
Assertion-Reasoning Based Questions

These consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions by selecting
TH
the appropriate option given below:

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
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(d) A is false but R is true
1. Assertion: Decomposition of silver bromide is used in black and white photography.

BR

Reason: Light provides energy for this exothermic reaction. [2023]
Ans. (c) This reaction is not exothermic in nature. It requires energy in the form of sunlight
2. Assertion: Combustion reactions are also called exothermic oxidation reactions.

L

Reason: In these reactions, oxygen is added and heat is released.
YA
Ans. (a) Combustion of any substance takes place in presence of oxygen gas and releases large
amount of energy.
3. Assertion: Decomposition of vegetable matter into compost is an endothermic reaction.

O

Reason: Decomposition reaction involves breakdown of a single reactant into simpler
products. [2022]
G
Ans. (d) Decomposition of organic matter is an exothermic process.
Science Class X 15
4. Assertion: After white washing the walls, a shiny white finish on walls is obtained after two
to three days. [2021]

Reason: Calcium oxide reacts with carbon dioxide to form calcium hydrogen carbonate which gives
shiny white finish.
Ans. (c) CaCO3 deposition causes shiny appearance.
AN
5. Assertion: The balancing of chemical equation is based on law of conservation of mass.

Reason: In a balanced equation, the total number of atoms of each element must be equal on
both sides of the equation.
H
Ans. (a) Balancing of a chemical equation is done in order to satisfy law of conservation of mass
in a chemical reaction.
AS
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Parth added dilute hydrochloric acid to four metals and recorded her observations as shown
in the table given below: [2023]
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Metal Gas Evolved
Copper Yes
Iron Yes
PR
Magnesium No
Zinc Yes
Select the correct observation(s) and give chemical equation(s) of the reaction involved.
Ans. Iron, magnesium and zinc are more reactive than hydrogen. They displace hydrogen from HCl.
S

In case of iron and zinc, observations are correct.
Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2
ER
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
2. (a)
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(b)

Identify the types of reaction mentioned above in (a) and (b). Give one example for each type
in the form of a balanced chemical equation.
Ans. (a) Displacement reaction:
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Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

(b) Double displacement reaction:
BR
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

3. The table given below shows the displacement reaction of a few elements, A, B, C and D with
following solutions one by one: [2021]
L
Metal Copper sulphate Zinc sulphate Silver nitrate

A
YA
B
C
D
O
(a) Arrange these metals in increasing order of their reactivity.

(b) Write a balanced chemical equation if copper reacts with silver nitrate.
G
Ans. (a) D < C < A < B

(b) Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
16 Science Class X
4. Zinc granules were added to zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, aluminium sulphate and iron
sulphate solution as shown below. [2021]
AN
Zinc sulphate Copper sulphate
Zinc Zinc
H
Aluminium sulphate Iron sulphate
AS
Zinc Zinc
In which of the above beakers, a chemical reaction will occur? Write a balanced chemical equation.
AK
Ans. In beaker II, and IV, chemical reactions occur.
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
Zn + FeSO4 →ZnSO4 + Fe
PR
5. Define oxidant. Identify an oxidised substance in the given equation:
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
Ans. Oxidising agent is the reactant which oxidizes the other substance and gets reduced itself.

Oxidised substance = H2

Oxidant (Oxidising agent) = CuO
S
6. Justify that burning of a magnesium ribbon is a redox reaction.
ER
Ans. 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
Magnesium looses 2 electrons and undergoes oxidation to form Mg2+.

Oxygen gains 2 electrons and undergoes reduction to form O2-.

As both oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously, so it is a redox reaction.
TH
7. Write an example for

(a) A reaction which is a combination reaction as well as an exothermic reaction.
(b) A reaction which is a redox reaction as well as a combination reaction.
O
Ans. (a) CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat

(b) 2Na + H2 → 2NaH
BR
8. Are all displacement reactions also known as redox reactions? Justify with an example.
Ans. Yes. Zn + H2SO4 (dil.) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2

Zn is losing 2 electrons and undergoes oxidation. Hydrogen is gaining electron and undergoes
reduction.
L
9. (a) Metal A reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to produce a gas which is seen due to the
YA
evolution in the form of bubbles near the metal granules. This gas burns with a popping
sound. Write a balanced chemical equation, given that the metal is aluminium.
(b) Name two metals which cannot show this reaction?
O
Ans. (a) The gas that burns with a pop-sound is hydrogen gas. When aluminium reacts with sulphuric
acid, it displaces hydrogen from sulphuric acid and produces a salt, that is, aluminium
sulphate and releases hydrogen gas.
G
2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)

(b) Copper and mercury
Science Class X 17
10. Give the characteristic chemical test for (a) CO2, (b) H2.
Ans. (a) CO2 turns lime water milky due to the formation of CaCO3.

(b) Hydrogen gas burns with a pop sound by bringing a burning matchstick close to it.
[2021]
AN
11. List two observations when ferrous sulphate crystals are heated.
Ans. (a) Smell of burning sulphur indicates the presence of SO2 gas.

(b) Reddish brown iron(III) oxide is formed.
H
12. A zinc can is used to store copper sulphate solution. It is observed that in a few days holes
appear in the can.
AS

Explain the observation and write the chemical equation in support of your answer.
Ans. Zinc is more reactive than copper. It displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.
Zn(s) + CuSO4 (aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
AK
13. Justify the given statements:
(a) A copper vessel gets covered with a green coating in rainy season.
(b) To preserve food items, we keep them in a refrigerator.
PR
Ans. (a) T
his is due to attack of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapours of the air on copper
forming green coloured basic copper carbonate CuCO3.Cu(OH)2.

(b) We lower down the temperature by keeping the food stuff in refrigerator. As a result,
oxidation of the food is slowed down. Hence, the food can be preserved for longer time.
S
14. Astha has two coins made up of different metals ‘X’ and ‘Y’. After few days, she observed
that the colour of both the coins changes. Coin 1 has got green coating while coin 2 has got
ER
reddish brown deposition. Identify the metals ‘X’ and ‘Y’ and the name of compounds formed
as their depositions.
Ans. ‘X’ = Copper, Compound = Basic copper carbonate [CuCO3.Cu(OH)2]
‘Y’ = Iron, Compound = hydrated ferric oxide. [Fe2O3.xH2O]

TH
15. Answer the following questions:

(a) Can rusting of iron take place in distilled water?
(b) Can oxidation or reduction take place alone? Why or why not?
O
Ans. (a) No, rusting of iron cannot take place in distilled water. Rusting of iron requires presence
of water and oxygen both.
BR

(b) No, oxidation or reduction cannot take place alone. When one substance is oxidised, the
other substance must be reduced.
Short Answer Type Questions

1. The following diagram displays a chemical reaction. Observe carefully and answer the following
L
questions: [2022]
YA
O
Sunlight
China dish
G
Silver Chloride
Decomposition of silver chloride
18 Science Class X
(a) Identify the type of chemical reaction that will take place and define it.
(b) How will the colour of the salt change? Write the chemical equation of the reaction that
takes place.
(c) Mention one commercial use of this salt.
Ans. (a) P
hotolytic decomposition reaction – The reaction in which a single substance decomposes
AN
to form two or more products in the presence of sunlight.

(b) White coloured AgCl changes to grey coloured Ag.
Sunlight
2AgCl 2Ag + Cl2
H

(c) This salt is used in black and white photography.
AS
2. Ferrous sulphate crystals are heated in a dry boiling tube.
(a) List any two observations.
(b) Name the type of chemical reaction taking place.
AK
(c) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
Ans. (a) T
wo observations are: change in colour from light green to reddish brown; smell of burning
sulphur

(b) Decomposition reaction,
PR
(c) 2FeSO4(s) ∆ Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)

3. What happens when?

(a) CO2 is passed through limewater.
S
(b) Excess of CO2 is passed through limewater.
ER
(c) Aqueous solution of lead nitrate is treated with potassium iodide.
Write the observations and balanced equation in each.
Ans. (a) Limewater turns milky due to the formation of calcium carbonate.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
TH

(b) Milkiness disappears when excess of CO2 is passed.
Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2 → Ca(HCO3)2 (colourless)
O

(c) Yellow precipitate of lead iodide appears.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s)↓ + 2KNO3(aq)
BR
4. (a) Which of the following reactions is/are an endothermic reaction(s) where decomposition
also happens? [2021]
• Respiration
• Heating of lead nitrate
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• Decomposition of organic matter

• Electrolysis of acidified water
YA

(b) Silver bromide when kept in the open turns grey. Illustrate this with a balanced chemical
equation.
Ans. (a) Heating of lead nitrate and electrolysis of acidified water
O

(b) Silver bromide on exposure to sunlight decomposes to form grey coloured Ag and reddish
brown Br2.
G
Sunlight
2AgBr (s) 2Ag (s) + Br2(g)
Science Class X 19
5. Complete the missing components/variables given as x and y in the following reactions :
[Exemplar Problem]

(a) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(x) + 2KNO3(y)

(b) Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + x
AN

(c) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(x) + H2(y)

(d) CaCO3(s)
x CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Ans. (a) x = s, y = aq (b) x = 2Ag
H
(c) x = s, y = g
(d) x = ∆
AS
6. (a) A substance X, which is an oxide of a group 2 element, is used intensively in the cement
industry. This element is present in bones also. On treatment with water it forms a solution
that turns red litmus blue. Identify X and also write the chemical reactions involved.
[Exemplar Problem]
AK

(b) Why do we store silver chloride in dark coloured bottles?
Ans. (a) X = CaO
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 (base turns red litmus blue)
PR

(b) On exposure to sunlight, silver chloride decomposes to form grey coloured Ag and greenish
yellow chlorine gas.
7. 1 g of copper powder was taken in a China dish and heated. What change takes place on
heating? When hydrogen gas is passed over this heated substance, a visible change is seen in
S
it. Give the chemical equations of reactions, the name and the colour of the products formed
[2020]
ER
in each case.
Ans. (i) 2 Cu(s) + O2(g) → 2CuO(s)
Observation: The surface of copper powder becomes coated with black copper(II)
oxide.
TH
(ii) CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O

Observation: The black coating on the surface of copper powder turns brown as the
reverse reaction takes place and copper is obtained.
O
8. When potassium iodide solution is added to a solution of lead (II) nitrate in a test tube, a
precipitate is formed.
BR
(a) What is the colour of this precipitate? Name the compound precipitated.
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
(c) List two types of reactions in which this reaction can be placed.
Ans. (a) Yellow precipitate = Lead iodide
L
(b) 2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → PbI2(s)↓ + 2KNO3(aq)

YA

(c) Displacement reaction and redox reaction.
9. Write the three main information conveyed by a balanced chemical equation.

O
Ans. (a) The chemical substances (reactants) taking part in a chemical reaction and chemical
substances (products) formed as a result of reaction.

(b) The number of atoms or molecules of all substations participating in the reaction.
G

(c) The conditions required for the reaction and physical states of reactants and products.
20 Science Class X
10. (i) T
he following observations were made by a student on treating four metals P, Q, R and S
with the given salt solutions :
Sample MgSO4(aq) Zn(NO3)2(aq) CaSO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq)
AN
P No reaction Reaction Reaction No reaction
occurs occurs
Q Reaction occurs Reaction Reaction Reaction
H
occurs occurs occurs
AS
R No reaction Reaction No reaction No reaction
occurs
S No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction
AK

Based on the above observations:
(a) Arrange the given samples in the increasing order of reactivity.
(b) Write the chemical formulae of products formed when Q reacts with CuSO4 solution.
PR
(ii) By adding dilute hydrochloric acid to copper oxide powder, the solution formed is bluish
green. Predict the new compound formed that imparts the colour to the solution. [2021]
Ans. (i) (a) S < R < P < Q
(b) Q = Potassium (as Q is more reactive than sodium).
2K(s) + CuSO4(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + Cu(s)
S

(ii) CuCl2 is formed.
ER
CuO + 2HCl → CuCl2 + H2O
Case-Based Questions
1. Read the following passage and answer the following questions:
TH

The reaction between MnO2 with HCl is depicted in the following diagram. It was observed
that a gas with bleaching abilities was released.
HCl(aq)
O
BR
MnO2(S)
Reactants Products
(a) What type of the chemical reaction occurs between MnO2 and HCl?
L
(b) Which substance undergoes oxidation and which substance undergoes reduction?
YA
(c) If zinc is used instead of MnO2 in the above reaction, which observation will be recorded?
(d) Identify the oxidising agent and reducing agent in the reaction given in passage.
And. (a) Redox reaction.
(b) MnO2 is getting reduced whereas HCl is getting oxidised.
O
(c) Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2(g)

The evolution of hydrogen gas is observed.
G
(d) Oxidising agent = MnO2, Reducing agent = HCl.
Science Class X 21
2. Three groups of students were assigned on separately the experiment of heating copper carbonate
strongly. Each group recorded the observations as given below in the table:
Group of Initial Final Evolved

students colour colour gas
AN
A Yellow Red Pop sound
B Black Green Effervescence
C Green Black Effervescence
H
(a) Which type of reaction is observed in given experiment?
AS
(b) Which group of students recorded all the observations correctly?
(c) Why there is a change in colour? Write the reaction involved.
(d) Give another example of such reaction.
AK
Ans. (a) Decomposition reaction

(b) C

(c) CuCO3 decomposes to form black coloured copper (II) oxide and carbon dioxide gas is
released with effervescence.
PR
CuCO3(s) ∆ CuO(s) + CO2(g)↑
green black effervescence

(d) CaCO3(s) ∆ CaO(s) + CO2(g)↑
Long Answer Type Questions

S
ER
1. Write the balanced chemical equation involved and write the suitable observations when:
(a) Copper(II) oxide is treated with hydrochloric acid.
(b) Zinc granules are added to dilute sulphuric acid.
(c) Silver bromide is photolytically decomposed.
TH
(d) Lead nitrate is thermally decomposed.

(e) Quick lime reacts with water
Ans. (a) CuO + 2HCl → CuCl2 + H2O
O
Bluish-green copper(II) chloride is formed.

(b) Zn + H2SO4 (dil.) → ZnSO4 + H2(g)

BR
Hydrogen gas is released which produces pop sound when burning candle is taken near it.
Sunlight

(c) 2AgBr(s) 2Ag(s) + Br2(g)
On exposure to sunlight, silver bromide decomposes to form grey coloured Ag and reddish
brown Br2.
L
(d) 2Pb(NO3)2 ∆ 2PbO + 4NO2(g)↑ + O2

YA
Yellow coloured PbO and brown fumes of NO2 are formed.

(e) CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat

The reaction vessel becomes hot due to the release of heat energy.
O
2. Give one example as a balanced chemical equation in each case of the following reactions:
(a) When a more active metal displaces a less active metal from its aqueous salt solution.
G
(b) When an active metal displaces hydrogen from dilute sulphuric acid.
22 Science Class X
(c) When two elements react to form a compound.
(d) When an element and a compound react to form another compound.
(e) When two compounds react to form another compound.
Ans. (a) Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
AN
(b) Zn(s) + H2SO4(dil.) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

(c) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
(d) 2CO + O2 → 2CO2

(e) CaO(s) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s)
3. (i) During the reaction of some metals with dilute hydrochloric acid, following observations were
AS
made. [Exemplar Problem]
(a) Silver metal does not show any change.
(b) The temperature of the reaction mixture rises when aluminium (Al) is added.
AK
(c) The reaction of sodium metal is found to be highly explosive.
(d) Some bubbles of a gas are seen when lead (Pb) is reacted with the acid.
Explain these observations giving suitable reasons.
PR

(ii) Z
inc liberates hydrogen gas when reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid, whereas copper does
not. Explain why?
Ans. (i) (a) Silver is less reactive than hydrogen.
(b) Aluminium is more reactive than hydrogen, it displaces hydrogen with release of heat energy
due to an exothermic process.
S
(c) Sodium is a very reactive metal. Hence, it displaces hydrogen vigorously.
ER
(d) Lead displaces hydrogen from HCl to release bubbles of hydrogen gas.
Pb + 2HCl → PbCl2 + H2

(ii) Zinc is more reactive than hydrogen and hence displaces hydrogen easily. While copper
cannot displace hydrogen, being less reactive than hydrogen.
TH
Zn + 2HCl (dil.) → ZnCl2 + H2(g)

O
BR
L
YA
O
G
Science Class X 23
CBSE SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER
Max. Marks : 80 Time Allowed : 3 hours
AN
General Instructions :
(i) This question paper consists of 39 questions in 5 sections.
(ii) All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some questions.
A student is expected to attempt only one of these questions.
H
(iii) Section A consists of 20 objective type questions carrying 1 mark each.
(iv) Section B consists of 6 Very Short questions carrying 02 marks each. Answers to these questions
AS
should be in the range of 30 to 50 words.
(v) Section C consists of 7 Short Answer type questions carrying 03 marks each. Answers to these
(vi) Section D consists of 3 Long Answer type questions carrying 05 marks each. Answer to these
AK
(vii) Section E consists of 3 source-based/case-based units of assessment of 04 marks each with
sub-parts.
SECTION A
PR
Select and write the most appropriate option out of the four options given for each of the
questions 1 - 20. There is no negative mark for incorrect response.
1. [1]
S
ER
Test tube containing solution

of sodium sulphate
TH
Test tube containing

O

BR
Identify the product which represents the solid state in the above reaction.
(a) Barium chloride (b) Barium sulphate
L
YA
solution is [1]
(a) Blue (b) Colourless
(c) Dirty green (d) Reddish Brown
O
3. Mild non-corrosive basic salt is [1]

(a) Ca(OH)2 (b) NaCl
G
(c) NaOH (d) NaHCO3
Science Class X 329

4. On adding dilute sulphuric acid to a test tube containing a metal ‘X’, a colourless gas is
produced when a burning match stick is brought near it. Which of the following correctly
represents metal ‘X’? [1]
(a) Sodium (b) Sulphur (c) Copper (d) Silver
AN
5. Which one of the following correctly represents Sodium oxide? [1]
–2 –2
×× ××
(a) Na+2
2 ×O× (b) 2Na+2 ×O×
× × × ×
×× ××
H
–1 –2
×× ××
AS
(c) 2Na+2 ×O× (d) Na+ 1 ×O×
2
× × × ×
×× ××
6. An element with atomic number will form a basic oxide. [1]
AK
(a) 7 (2,5) (b) 17 (2,8,7)
(c) 14 (2,8,4) (d) 11 (2,8,1)
7. An element ‘M’ has 50% of the electrons filled in the 3rd shell as in the 2nd shell. The
PR
atomic number of ‘M’ is: [1]
(a) 10 (b) 12
(c) 14 (d) 18
S
8. Generally, food is broken and absorbed within the body of organisms. In which of the
following organisms is it done outside the body? [1]
ER
(a) Amoeba (b) Mushroom
(c) Paramecium (d) Lice
9. Receptors are usually located in sense organs. Gustatory receptors are present in [1]
TH
(a) tongue (b) nose

(c) eye (d) ear
10. A farmer wants to grow banana plants genetically similar enough to the plants already
O
available in his field. Which one of the following methods would you suggest for this
purpose? [1]
BR
(a) Regeneration (b) Budding

(c) Vegetative propagation (d) Sexual reproduction
11. Height of a plant is regulated by: [1]

(a) DNA which is directly influenced by growth hormone.
L
(b) Genes which regulate the proteins directly.

(c) Growth hormones under the influence of the enzymes coded by a gene.
YA
(d) Growth hormones directly under the influence a gene.
12. A sportsman, after a long break of his routine exercise, suffered muscular cramps during a
heavy exercise session. This happened due to: [1]
O
(a) lack of carbon dioxide and formation of pyruvate.

(b) presence of oxygen and formation of ethanol.
G
(c) lack of oxygen and formation of lactic acid.

(d) lack of oxygen and formation of carbon dioxide.
330 Science Class X

13. An object is placed in front of a convex mirror. Its image is formed: [1]
(a) at a distance equal to the object distance in front of the mirror.
(b) at twice the distance of the object in front of the mirror.
(c) half the distance of the object in front of the mirror.
(d) behind the mirror and it’s position varies according to the object distance.
AN
14. When light enters the atmosphere it strikes on extremely fine particles, which deflect the
rays of light in all possible directions, This is due to – [1]
(a) reflection of light
H
(b) atmospheric refraction
(c) scattering of light
AS
(d) dispersion of light
15. In 1987, an agreement was formulated by the United Nations Environment Programme
AK
(UNEP) to freeze the production of “X” to prevent depletion of “Y”. “X” and “Y”
respectively referred here are: [1]
(a) Ozone; CFCs (b) CFCs; UV rays
(c) CFCs; Ozone (d) UV rays; Diatomic oxygen
PR
16. Which of the following features relates to biodegradable substances? [1]
(a) Broken down by biological processes
(b) Remain inert
(c) Persist in environment for long time
(d) May harm the ecosystem
S
ER
Direction: Question No. 17 to 20 consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer
these questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.
TH
(c) A is true but R is false.

(d) A is false but R is true.
17. Assertion: Rusting of Iron is endothermic in nature. [1]

O
Reason: As the reaction is slow, the release of heat is barely evident.

BR
18. Assertion: Probability of survival of an organism produced through sexual reproduction is

more than that of organism produced through asexual mode. [1]

Reason: Variations provide advantages to individuals for survival.
L
19. Assertion : A compass needle is placed near a current carrying wire. The deflection of the
YA
compass needle decreases when the magnitude of the current in the wire is increased. [1]
Reason : The strength of a magnetic field at a point near the conductor increases on

increasing the current.
O
20. Assertion: Biodegradable substances result in the formation of compost and natural
replenishment. [1]
G

Reason: It is due to breakdown of complex inorganic substances into simple organic
substances.
Science Class X 331

SECTION B
Question No. 21 to 26 are very short answer questions
21. “Dil. HCl is added to Zn granules.” How will you prove that chemical change has taken
AN
place here? Support your response with two arguments. [2]
22. State the post-fertilisation changes that lead to fruit formation in plants. [2]
H
AS
23. What is the purpose of making urine in the human body? Name the organs that stores and
releases the urine. [2]
OR
AK
Why do arteries have thick and elastic walls whereas veins have valves?
24. The refractive indices of three media are given below: [2]
Medium Refractive Index
PR
A 1.6
B 1.8
C 1.5

A ray of light is travelling from A to B and another ray is travelling from B to C.
(a) In which
S
of the two cases the refracted ray bends towards the normal?
(b) In which case does the speed of light increase in the second medium?
ER
Give reasons for your answer.
25. A piece of wire of resistance R is cut into three equal parts. These parts are then connected
in parallel. If the equivalent resistance of this parallel combination is R1, what is the value
TH
of the ratio R1 : R? [2]

OR
solenoid
Refer to the image below and state how the magnetic
O
field pattern indicates regions where the magnetic field

is stronger outside the magnet? What happens to the magnetic
BR
magnetic field when the current in the circuit is reversed? field line
26. Study the food chain given below and answer the questions that follow: [2]
L
Leaf Caterpillar Chameleon

YA
O
Mongoose Snake
(a) If the amount of energy available at the third trophic level is 100 joules, then how
G
much energy will be available at the producer level? Justify your answer.
(b) Is it possible to have 2 more trophic levels in this food chain just before the fourth
trophic level? Justify your answer.
332 Science Class X

SECTION C
Question No. 27 to 33 are short answer questions
27. The given reaction shows one of the processes to extract the metals like Iron and
AN
Manganese. [3]
MnO2(s) + Al(s) → Mn(l) + Al2O3(s) + Heat
(a) Give reason why the above reaction is known as a thermite reaction.
(b) Identify the substance oxidised and reduced in the above reaction.
H
(c) Give a reason why Aluminium is preferably used in thermite reactions.
28. An element ‘M’ with electronic configuration 2, 8, 3 combines separately with Cl–, SO42–
AS
anions. Write the chemical formulae of the compounds formed. Predict with the suitable
reason the nature of the bond formed by element ‘M’ in general. How will the electrical
conductivity of the compounds formed vary with respect to ‘M’? [3]
AK
OR
A reddish-brown metal ‘X’, when heated in air, gives a black compound ‘Y’, which when
heated in presence of H2 gas gives ‘X’ back. ‘X’ is refined by the process of electrolysis;
this refined form of ‘X’ is used in electrical wiring.
PR
Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’. Draw a well-labelled diagram to represent the process of refining ‘X’.
29. We are advised to take iodised salt in our diet by doctors. Justify it’s importance in our
body. S [3]
ER
30. What is the probability of a girl or a boy being born in a family? Justify your answer. [3]
TH
31. (i) Explain why the refractive index of any material with respect to air is always greater
than 1. [1+1+1]
(ii) In the figure below a light ray travels from air into the semi-circular plastic block.
O
Give a reason why the ray does not deviate at the semi-circular boundary of the plastic
block.
BR
normal
plastic block
40°
L
YA
light ray
(iii) Complete the ray diagram of the above scenario when the light ray comes out of the
plastic block from the top flat end.
O
32. (i) State the law that explains the heating effect of current with respect to the measurable
properties in an electrical circuit. [2+1]
G
(ii) List the factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends.
Science Class X 333

33. Anannya responded to the question: Why do electrical appliances with metallic bodies are
connected to the mains through a three pin plug, whereas an electric bulb can be connected
with a two pin plug?
She wrote: Three pin connections reduce heating of connecting wires. [2+1]
(i) Is her answer correct or incorrect? Justify.
AN
(ii) What is the function of a fuse in a domestic circuit?
SECTION D
Question No. 34 to 36 are long answer questions
H
34. (a) Rehmat classified the reaction between Methane and Chlorine in presence of sunlight as
AS
a substitution reaction. Support Rehmat’s view with suitable justification and illustrate
the reaction with the help of a balanced chemical equation. [5]
(b) Chlorine gas was prepared using electrolysis of brine solution. Write the chemical
equation to represent the change. Identify the other products formed in the process
AK
and give one application of each.
OR
Raina while doing certain reactions observed that heating of substance ‘X’ with vinegar
PR
like smell with a substance ‘Y’ (which is used as an industrial solvent) in presence of conc.
Sulphuric acid on a water bath gives a sweet-smelling liquid ‘Z’ having molecular formula
C4H8O2. When heated with caustic soda (NaOH), ‘Z’ gives back the sodium salt of ‘X’ and
the compound ‘Y’.
Identify ‘X’, ‘Y’, and ‘Z’. Illustrate the changes with the help of suitable chemical equations.
S
35. Given below are certain situations. Analyze and describe its possible impact on a person: [5]
ER
(a) Testes of a male boy are not able to descend into scrotum during his embryonic
development.
(b) Vas deferens of a man is plugged.
(c) Prostate and seminal vesicles are not functional.
TH
(d) Egg is not fertilised in a human female.

(e) Placenta does not attach to the uterus optimally.
OR
(a) A doctor has advised Sameer to reduce sugar intake in his diet and do regular exercise
O
after checking his blood test reports. Which disease do you think Sameer is suffering
from? Name the hormone responsible for this disease and the organ producing the
BR
hormone. [3+2]
(b) Which hormone is present in the areas of rapid cell division in a plant and which
hormone inhibits the growth?
36. The below image shows a thin lens of focal length 5 m. [1+2+2]
L
YA
principal
F2 F1 axis
O
(i) What is the kind of lens shown in the above figure?

(ii) If a real inverted image is to be formed by this lens at a distance of 7 m from the
G
pole, then show with calculation where should the object be placed?
(iii) Draw a neatly labelled diagram of the image formation mentioned in (ii)
334 Science Class X

OR
A 10 cm long pencil is placed 5 cm in front of a concave mirror having a radius of curvature
of 40 cm. [2+1+2]
(i) Determine the position of the image formed by this mirror.
AN
(ii) What is the size of the image?
(iii) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image as mentioned in the part (i).
SECTION E
Question No. 37 to 39 are case-based/data-based questions with 2 to 3 short
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sub-parts. Internal choice is provided in one of these sub-parts.
AS
37. The table given below shows the hints given by the quiz master in a quiz. [4]
S.No. HINT
AK
(i) Substance ‘C’ is used as a preservative.
‘C’ has two carbon atoms; ‘C’ is obtained by the reaction of ‘A’ in
(ii)
presence of alkaline Potassium permanganate followed by acidification.
Misuse of ‘A’ in industries is prevented by adding Methanol, Benzene,
PR
(iii)
and pyridine to ‘A’.
(iv) ‘F’ is formed on heating ‘A’ in presence of conc. Sulphuric acid.
‘F’ reacts with Hydrogen gas in presence of Nickel and Palladium
(v)
catalyst. S
Based on the above hints answer the following questions:
(a) Give the IUPAC names of A and F.
ER
(b) Illustrate with the help of chemical equations the changes taking place.
(A → C and A → F)
OR
TH
Name the chemical reactions which occur in steps 2 and 5. Identify the compounds formed
in these steps if ‘A’ is replaced with its next homologue.
38. Figures (a) to (d) given below represent the type of ear lobes present in a family consisting
O
of 2 children – Rahul, Nisha and their parents. [4]

BR
(a) Rahul’s Father

(b) Rahul (c) Rahul’s Mother (d) Rahuls’s sister Nisha
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YA
O
(e) (f)
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Type of ear lobes
Science Class X 335

Excited by his observation of different types of ear lobes present in his family, Rahul
conducted a survey of the type of ear lobes found {Figure (e) and (f)} in his classmates.
He found two types of ear lobes in his classmates as per the frequency given below:
Sex Free Attached
AN
Male 36 14
Female 31 19
H
On the basis of above data answer the following questions:
(a) Which of the two characteristics - ‘free ear lobe’ or ‘attached ear lobe’ appears to be
AS
dominant in this case? Why?
(b) Is the inheritance of the free ear lobe linked with sex of the individual? Give reason
for your answer.
(c) What type of ear lobe is present in father, mother, Rahul and his sister Nisha? Write
AK
the genetic constitution of each of these family members which explains the inheritance
of this character in this family?
(Gene for Free ear lobe is represented by F and gene for attached ear lobe is represented
PR
by f for writing the genetic constitution).
OR
Suresh’s parents have attached ear lobes. What type of ear lobe can be seen in Suresh and
his sister Siya? Explain by giving the genetic composition of all.
S
A
39. [1 + 1 + 2]
ER
1
3 2
12 V 4.0 Ω 4.0 Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
TH
Vinita and Ahmed demonstrated a circuit that operates the two headlights and the two
sidelights of a car, in their school exhibition. Based on their demonstrated circuit, answer
O
the following questions:

(i) State what happens when switch A is connected to
BR
(a) Position 2 (b) Position 3

(ii) Find the potential difference across each lamp when lit.
(iii) Calculate the current.
(a) in each 12 Ω lamp when lit.
L
(b) In each 4 Ω lamp when lit.

OR
YA
(iv) Show, with calculations, which type of lamp, 4.0 Ω or 12 Ω, has the higher power.
O
G
336 Science Class X

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YA
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BR
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AN

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THE BOOK IS STRICTLY BASED ON

Rationalised textbooks The latest syllabus The latest Sample Paper

Notes on each topic/

video explanation for each explanation for each

The latest CBSE Sample Model Test Papers along

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l A universal indicator is a mixture of several indicators. It shows different colours at different

INTEXT 8 Tap water

(b) Sodium hydrogencarbonate

pregnancy. oxidation in the exercise in

Features of this DIGI SMART Book. . .

Chapter-wise Question Bank based on the

latest CBSE Exam Pattern

Multiple Choice Questions

Ans. (i) Estrogen hormone

Features of this DIGI SMART Book. . .

CBSE Sample Paper and Model Test Papers

Identify the product which representsSECTION A in the above reaction.

3. Mild non-corrosive basic salt is Test tube containing solution [1]

34. (a) What do (i) (b)Find

35. (a) Draw37.a When

2. Acids, Bases and Salts ... ... ... 24-50

3. Metals and Non-Metals

4. Carbon and its Compounds ... ... ... 82-114

• Bonding in carbon – The covalent bond • Versatile nature of carbon

• Textbook Questions • Other Important Questions

5. Life Processes ... ... ... 115-145

6. Control and Coordination ... ... ... 146-165

• Animals — Nervous system • Coordination in plants • Hormones in animals

7. How do Organisms Reproduce? ... ... ... 166-185

• Do organisms create exact copies of themselves? • Modes of

• Textbook Questions • Other Important Questions

12. Magnetic Effects of Electric Current ... ... ... 290-312

13. Our Environment ... ... ... 313-328

the environment? • Textbook Questions • Other Important Questions

SECTION B : CBSE SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER

(RELEASED BY THE CBSE FOR THE BOARD EXAMINATION

l CBSE Sample Question Paper ... ... ... 329-336

SECTION C : MODEL TEST PAPER

l Model Test Paper 1 ... ... ... 337-345

l Model Test Paper 2 ... ... ... 346-353

(a) The milk sours quickly if not kept at low temperature.

other kind of change.

Reaction involved: Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s)↓ + 2KNO3(aq)

Observation: Yellow precipitate of lead iodide is observed.

Activity 1.3: Reaction of zinc granules with sulphuric acid

l Changes that occur during a chemical reaction are:

(i) Change in state (ii) Change in colour (iii) Evolution of a gas

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