ME 333

Heat Transfer

Lecture 1

Spring 2023
Instructor’s Profile Summary
TAQI AHMAD CHEEMA
Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering,
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology, Pakistan
[email protected]

EDUCATION RESEARCH INTERESTS

2014 PhD in Mechanical Engineering • Thermo-Fluids

Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
• Hemodynamics
2009 Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea. • Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI)

2005 Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering • CFD Applications

Univ. Engineering & Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
• Renewable Energy

2
 Course Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 2 - Introduction to conduction
Chapter 3 - Steady one-dimensional conduction
Chapter 4 - Two and three-dimensional steady state conduction
Chapter 6 - Introduction to convective heat transfer
Chapter 7 - External forced convection
Chapter 8 - Internal forced convection
Chapter 11 - Heat exchanger design
Chapter 12 - Radiation: Processes and properties
Chapter 13 - Radiation exchange between surfaces
3
 Course Material
Textbook
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 8th Edition
by
T. L. Bergman and A. S. Lavine
(E-copy Available at GIKI Digital Library)
Reference Books
• Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, 4th Edition,
By
Yunus A. Cengel

• Heat Transfer by J. P. Holman

Lecture Handouts

• PPT slides shown in the class available at \\10.1.17.20 4

 Grading Policy
Assignment Sessions (5): 13%
Quizzes (7): 7%
Complex Engineering Problem (1) 10%
Mid Exam (1): 30%
Final Exam (1): 40%
Note: Expectedly, there will be a quiz or assignment session every
week except for the 1st,9th and 15th week.
Attendance Policy
• 80% attendance is mandatory to appear in final exam.
• After 5 mins of start of class, no attendance will be marked.
• Institute leave policy will be followed.
• Re-take of quizzes/assignment session is not allowed.
5
Complex Engineering Problem-Schedule
Announcement: 24th February 2023
First Report Submission: 10th March 2023
Second Report Submission: 14th April 2023
Note: CEP group size should not be more than 3 members.

CEP Grading Policy

1st Report write up 02 Marks
2nd Report write up 01 Marks
New Design/Idea/Modification 03 Marks
Computational Ability 02 Marks
Conclusion and Referencing 02 Marks
Total 10 Marks
6
Course Learning Outcomes
ME333 HEAT TRANSFER
Blooms
Sr. No Course Learning Outcomes PLOs
Taxonomy
The students will be able:
To illustrate the basic principles of conduction, PLO1 C3
CLO_1
convection and radiation heat transfer. (Applying)
To conduct heat transfer analysis of various thermal
CLO_2 systems using various governing equations of heat PLO2 C4
flow. (Analyzing)
To design various industrial equipments based on
CLO_3 PLO3 C5
heat transfer calculations.
(Synthesizing)
To assess the design and performance of a thermal C6
CLO_4a system under various conditions using (Evaluating)
computational tools.
To respond to the inspiration steered by the PLO5 A2
CLO_4b
assigned problems. (Responding)
Course is evaluated at a level of C6 (Evaluating)

7
Review of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the science of energy.
Thermodynamics

Therme Energy Conversion Dynamics

(Heat) (Power)

• Work and Heat: Energy Interactions or Boundary Interactions.

• Thermodynamics is concerned with equilibrium states of matter.

• Determines amount of heat required for a system to pass from

one equilibrium state to another.
8
Limitations of Thermodynamics
• How Heat is Exchanged?
• Rate of Heat Exchange?
• Quantify the rate of heat exchange?
• Temperature Distribution?

Q: What is the difference between heat capacity and thermal

conductivity of a material?

9
 Heat Transfer and its Applications

• Heat transfer (or heat) is thermal energy in transit

due to a spatial temperature difference.
10
 How Heat is Transferred?
• Heat transfer is the study of how (mechanisms) energy is
transferred due to a temperature difference.
Modes of Heat Transfer
Conduction Convection Radiation

• Whenever there exists a temperature difference in a medium

or between media, heat transfer must occur. 11
Units and Notations

12
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 2

Spring 2023
Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more
energetic to the less energetic particles of a substance
due to interactions between the particles.

High energy
particles
due to T1

Less energy
particles
due to T2

Stationary Walls of the container

2
Conduction

3
Convection
Energy transfer due to energy transfer by the
random molecular motion + bulk motion of the fluid
(Diffusion) (Advection)

4
Types of Convection Heat Transfer

5
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 3

Spring 2023
Radiation
The changes in the electron configurations of the constituent
atoms or molecules results in the emission of electromagnetic
waves (photons).

Thermal radiations can be absorbed, reflected and transmitted by a

body.
2
Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation

• The magnitude of the radiation varies with wavelength.

3
Radiation Heat Transfer

4
Conservation of Energy-Closed System

5
Conservation of Energy- Open System

6
Surface Energy Balance

7
Problem 1.59
During its manufacture, plate glass at 600oC is cooled by passing
air over its surface such that the convection heat transfer
coefficient is h= 5W/m2 K. To prevent cracking, it is known that the
temperature gradient must not exceed 15 oC/mm at any point in
the glass during the cooling process. If the thermal conductivity of
the glass is 1.4 W/m-K and its surface emissivity is 0.8, what is the
lowest temperature of the air that can initially be used for the
cooling? Assume that the temperature of the air equals that of the
surroundings.

8
Practice Problems

Chapter 1:
Examples: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6

Exercise Problems: 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.14, 1.19, 1.24, 1.25, 1.35, 1.39,
1.48, 1.50, 1.51, 1.59

9
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 4

Spring 2023
Ch.2: Introduction to Conduction
• Simplified Conditions
• One-dimensional
Linear Temperature
• steady-state
Distribution
• plane wall

• Objectives of Ch.2:

• A deeper understanding of Fourier’s law

• Thermal conductivity dependence on the nature of the

medium

• Heat Equation that governs the temperature distribution in

a medium
2
Fourier’s Law

One-Dimensional Flow:

• Two Characteristics of 1-D flow  ?

3
Heat Flux Vector

4
The Temperature Distribution
 The temperature distribution represents how temperature
varies with position in the medium.

 If this distribution is known, it helps in determining

• Conduction heat flux at any point in the medium using
Fourier’s law,
• Thermal stresses in solids,
• Thermal Expansions,
• Structural deflections.
• Optimized Thickness of Insulation
• Compatibility of Special Thermal Coatings for high-
speed moving objects like rockets, space shuttles etc 5
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 5

Spring 2023
 Thermal Conductivity

For an isotropic material;

ksolid>kliquid>kgas

• In solids, transport of thermal energy may be due to the migration of free

electrons and lattice vibrational waves.

• The lattice vibration quanta are termed phonons.

2
Thermal Conductivity (2)
For Solids;

For Conducting Solids For Non-Conducting Solids

For Fluids;

3
The Heat Diffusion Equation

4
The Heat Diffusion Equation (2)

5
The Heat Diffusion Equation (3)

6
The Heat Diffusion Equation (4)

7
The Heat Diffusion Equation (5)

8
The Heat Diffusion Equation (6)

9
The Heat Diffusion Equation (7)

10
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 6

Spring 2023
Problem 2.23
The steady-state temperature distribution in a one-dimensional
wall of thermal conductivity 50 W/m-K and thickness 50 mm is
observed to be T(°C) = a + bx2, where a = 200°C, b = −2000°C/m2,
and x is in meters.
(a) What is the heat generation rate 𝑞𝑞̇ in the wall?
(b) Determine the heat fluxes at the two wall faces. In what
manner are these heat fluxes related to the heat generation
rate?

2
 Problem 2.33
A plane layer of coal of thickness L=1m experiences uniform
volumetric generation at a rate of 𝑞𝑞̇ = 20𝑊𝑊/𝑚𝑚3 due to slow
oxidation of the coal particles. Averaged over a daily period, the top
surface of the layer transfers heat by convection to ambient air for
which h= 5W/m2 –K and T∞ = 25𝑜𝑜𝐶𝐶, while receiving solar irradiation
in the amount GS= 400 W/m2. Irradiation from the atmosphere may
be neglected. The solar absorptivity and emissivity of the surface are
each 0.95. (a) Write the steady-state form of the heat diffusion
equation for the layer of coal. Verify that this equation is satisfied by a
temperature distribution of the form
3
Problem 2.33
From this distribution, what can you say about conditions at the bottom surface
(x = 0)? Sketch the temperature distribution and label key features.
(b) Obtain an expression for the rate of heat transfer by conduction per unit
area at x = L. Applying an energy balance to a control surface about the top
surface of the layer, obtain an expression for Ts. Evaluate Ts and T(0) for the
prescribed conditions.

4
Practice Problems Chapter 2
Examples:
2.1, 2.3, 2.4

Exercise Problems:
2.6, 2.7, 2.11, 2.15, 2.21, 2.22, 2.29, 2.33, 2.38, 2.39, 2.40

Assignment Session #1
15th Feb, 10:00am
Course Syllabus: Ch.1 & 2

5
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 7

Spring 2023
Chapter 3: 1D, Steady State Conduction
Main Objectives of Chapter 3:

1. To determine expressions for the

• Temperature distribution in common geometries.

• Heat transfer rate in common geometries.

2. To introduce the concept of thermal resistance

3. The effect of internal heat generation in common geometries.

4. Special case of 1D, steady state conduction for extended

surfaces (Fins). 2
Temperature Distribution in Plane Wall

𝒒𝒒𝒙𝒙 ≠ 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)

3
Thermal Resistance
Resistance is the ratio of a driving potential to the
corresponding flow rate

4
 The Composite Wall

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient:

5
The Composite Wall (2)

6
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 8

Spring 2023
 Temperature Distribution in Radial Systems

For 1-D, steady-state conditions

with no heat generation,
General solution:

2
The Composite Cylindrical Wall

3
An Alternative Conduction Analysis

If A is uniform and k is independent of temperature, Then;

4
 Example 3.4
The diagram shows a conical section fabricated from pyroceram. It is
of circular cross section with the diameter D=ax, where a=0.25. The
small end is at x1=50 mm and the large end at x2=250 mm. The end
temperatures are T1=400 K and T2=600 K, while the lateral surface is
well insulated.
1. Derive an expression for the temperature distribution T(x) in
symbolic form, assuming one-dimensional conditions. Sketch the
temperature distribution.
2. Calculate the heat rate 𝒒𝒒𝒙𝒙 through the cone.

5
Solution ex. 3.4

6
Temperature Distribution in Radial Systems

For 1-D, steady-state conditions with no heat generation,

7
Summary of 1-D Conduction Results

8
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 9

Spring 2023
Optimum insulation thickness for radial systems
• The conduction resistance increases with the addition of
insulation.
• The convection resistance decreases due to increasing outer
surface area.
• Hence there may exist an insulation thickness that minimizes
heat loss by maximizing the total resistance to heat transfer.

2
Critical Radius of Insulation

Contact Resistance

3
Problem 3.16
The composite wall of an oven consists of three materials, two of
which are of known thermal conductivity, kA=20 W/m-K and kC=50
W/m-K, and known thickness, LA=0.30 m and LC=0.15 m. The third
material, B, which is sandwiched between materials A and C, is of
known thickness, LB=0.15 m, but unknown thermal conductivity kB.
Under steady-state operating conditions, measurements reveal an
outer surface temperature of Ts,o=20°C, an inner surface
temperature of Ts,i=600°C, and an oven air temperature of
T∞=800°C. The inside convection coefficient h is known to be 25
W/m2 K. What is the value of kB?
4
Fig. Problem 3.16

5
 Problem 3.41
A thin electrical heater is inserted between a long circular rod and a
concentric tube with inner and outer radii of 20 and 40 mm. The rod
A has a thermal conductivity of kA=0.15 W/m-K, while the tube B has
a thermal conductivity of kB=1.5 W/m-K and its outer surface is
subjected to convection with a fluid of temperature T∞ = −15°C and
heat transfer coefficient 50 W/m2-K. The thermal contact resistance
between the cylinder surfaces and the heater is negligible.
(a) Determine the electrical power per unit length of the cylinders
(W/m) that is required to maintain the outer surface of cylinder B at
5°C.
(b) What is the temperature at the center of cylinder A? 6
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 10

Spring 2023
 Temperature Distribution with Heat Generation
Plane Wall:

For 1-D, steady-state conditions with heat generation,

General solution:

Asymmetrical B.C

With generation the heat flux is no longer independent of x.

So, Thermal Resistance Concept is not applicable. 2
Temperature Distribution with Heat Generation (2)
Plane Wall:

Symmetrical B.C

Non-dimensional Form
3
 Temperature Distribution with Heat Generation (3)
Solid Cylinder:

For 1-D, steady-state conditions

with heat generation,
General solution:

Ratio of generalized temperature distribution with

distribution at centerline gives non- dimensional form.
4
Summary of Results

5
Problem 3.86

6
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 11

Spring 2023
Extended Surfaces or Fins
• Fins extend the primary bare surface and add surface area to
enhance the heat transfer.
• There is both conduction and Convection resistance.
• They are used in air cooled engines, electronics cooling, heat
exchangers and other thermal equipment.

• Increase h by pump/fan (Extra

energy)
• Decrease T∞ (Impractical)
• Increase Surface Area A
(Economical)

2
Fin Configurations
• Fins come in many shapes and configurations, but the basic
principles are the same.

Finned Tube heat exchangers

3
 1-D Conduction with Convection

• In general, heat transfer from the boundaries of a solid is in the

same direction as the heat conduction in solids.

• In contrast, for an extended surface, the direction of heat

transfer from the boundaries is perpendicular to the principal
direction of heat transfer in the solid.
4
A General Conduction Analysis
Knowing the extent to which particular extended surfaces or fin
arrangements could improve heat transfer from a surface.

5
Fin Energy Equation

6
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 12

Spring 2023
Fins of Uniform Cross-sectional Area

2
Fins of Uniform Cross-sectional Area (2)

Boundary Conditions:

B.C (1):

B.C (2):
Case A:

3
Fins of Uniform Cross-sectional Area (3)

Case B: Fin tip is adiabatic (No Convective Heat Loss)

4
Fins of Uniform Cross-sectional Area (4)
Case C: Temperature of Fin tip is prescribed

Case D: Very Long Fin

5
Summary of Results

6
 Problem 3.108
Circular copper rods of diameter D=1 mm and length L=25 mm are
used to enhance heat transfer from a surface that is maintained at
Ts,1 =100°C. One end of the rod is attached to this surface (at x=0),
while the other end (x=25 mm) is joined to a second surface, which is
maintained at Ts,2 =0°C. Air flowing between the surfaces (and over
the rods) is also at a temperature of T∞=0°C, and a convection
coefficient of h=100 W/m2-K is maintained.

(a) What is the rate of heat transfer by convection from a single

copper rod to the air? (b) What is the total rate of heat transfer from
a 1-m by 1-m section of the surface at 100°C, if a bundle of the rods
is installed on 4-mm centers? 7
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 13

Spring 2023
 Assessing the Performance of a Fin
• Fins are used to increase the heat transfer from a surface by
increasing the effective surface area.
• However, the fin itself represents a conduction resistance to heat
transfer from the original surface.
• For this reason, there is no assurance that the heat transfer rate
will be increased through the use of fins.
• An assessment can be made by evaluating the fin effectiveness
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑞𝑞𝑓𝑓
𝜀𝜀𝑓𝑓 = =
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 𝜃𝜃𝑏𝑏

• For 𝛆𝛆𝐟𝐟 =1; No effect of Fin

• For 𝜺𝜺𝒇𝒇 <1; Fin acting as Insulation (Low Thermal Conductivity Fin Material)
• For 𝜺𝜺𝒇𝒇 >1; Effective heat transfer enhancement by fin

2
Fin Effectiveness
Consider Case D: Very Long Fin

Fin Effectiveness can be enhanced;

• By using a material of high thermal conductivity. Aluminum
alloys and copper.
• By increasing the ratio of the perimeter to the cross-sectional
area. The use of thin, but closely spaced fins, is preferred unless
convection coefficient is affected.
• By using fluids with small convection coefficient. For example,
Automobile radiator.
3
Fin Resistance

• If the fin is to enhance heat transfer, its resistance must not

exceed that of the exposed base.
• Fin Resistance is useful when considering systems with multiple
heat flow paths and use in thermal circuits. 4
Fin Efficiency
• The ratio of actual fin heat transfer rate to the idealized fin heat
transfer rate is called as fin efficiency.
• An Ideal Case would exist if the entire fin surface is at the base
temperature.

Case B: Fin tip is adiabatic (No Convective Heat Loss)

• Fin efficiency indicates good use of material 0<𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓 <1.

• If 𝜼𝜼𝒇𝒇 <<, then the fin has large temperature drop along its length.
• If 𝜼𝜼𝒇𝒇 >1; then the fin is nearly isothermal.
5
Corrected Fin Length
Convection Tip Condition:
Case A:

Complex form..?

Fins subjected to convection at their

tips can be treated as fins with
insulated tips by replacing the actual
fin length by the corrected length.
6
Overall Surface Efficiency
The overall surface efficiency characterizes an array of fins and the
base surface to which they are attached.

7
Thermal Resistance of a Fin Array

8
Topics Uncovered of Ch.3
• Fins of Non-Uniform Cross sectional Area
• Bio-heat Equation

9
Practice Problems Chapter 3
Examples:
3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10

Exercise Problems:
3.4, 3.9, 3.11, 3.13, 3.16, 3.25, 3.26, 3.33, 3.34, 3.42, 3.45, 3.47,
3.55, 3.5, 3.68, 3.69, 3.76, 3.81, 3.86, 3.94, 3.95, 3.97, 3.103,
3.105, 3.106, 3.108, 3.110, 3.113, 3.117, 3.122, 3.124, 3.125

Assignment Session #2
14th March (Mon), 10:00am
Course Syllabus: Ch.3 (Problems)
Problems on Fin arrays (shaded) may be skipped for AS only
10
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 14

Spring 2023
Ch.6: Introduction to Convection
Till now we have considered convection only to the extent that it
provides a possible boundary condition for conduction problems.
Energy transfer due to energy transfer by the
random molecular motion + bulk motion of the fluid
(Diffusion) (Advection)

Objectives:
• The physical mechanisms of convection
• Perform convection transfer calculations
• Development of dimensionless parameters,
• Development of important analogies

2
 The Convection Boundary Layers
Velocity Boundary Layer:

𝜹𝜹 is the velocity boundary layer thickness, defined as the value of y

for which u = 0.99u∞

3
 The Convection Boundary Layers
Thermal Boundary Layer:

𝜹𝜹𝒕𝒕 is the thermal boundary layer thickness, defined as the value of y

𝑻𝑻𝒔𝒔−𝑻𝑻 𝑻𝑻−𝑻𝑻∞
for which =0.99 or =0.01
𝑻𝑻𝒔𝒔−𝑻𝑻∞ 𝑻𝑻𝒔𝒔−𝑻𝑻∞

4
Local and Average Convection Coefficients

Since;

Equating the two heat rates given above

5
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 15

Spring 2023
Laminar and Turbulent Flow

2
Variation of 𝜹𝜹 and h along a flat plate

3
Problem 6.8
Air at a free stream temperature of T∞ =20°C is in parallel flow
over a flat plate of length L=5 m and temperature Ts=90°C.
However, obstacles placed in the flow intensify mixing with
increasing distance x from the leading edge, and the spatial
variation of temperatures measured in the boundary layer is
correlated by an expression of the form

where x and y are in meters. Determine and plot the manner in

which the local convection coefficient h varies with x. Evaluate the
average convection coefficient for the plate.
4
Problem 6.16
A fan that can provide air speeds up to 50 m/s is to be used in a
low-speed wind tunnel with atmospheric air at 25°C. If one wishes
to use the wind tunnel to study flat-plate boundary layer behavior
up to Reynolds numbers of Rex=108, what is the minimum plate
length that should be used? At what distance from the leading
edge would transition occur if the critical Reynolds number were
Rex,c=5×105?
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 16

Spring 2023
 Governing Equations for Fluid Flow
Conservation of Mass

Conservation of Momentum

Net Rate of
Momentum Net Surface Net Body
Transfer Forces Forces

The governing equations in Cartesian coordinates, for the steady, two-dimensional Laminar flow of
an incompressible fluid with constant properties. 2
 Governing Equations for Heat Transfer
Conservation of Energy

Net Rate of Heat Net Rate of Heat Heat Generation

Transfer by Fluid Transfer by Conduction
Flow (Advection) (Diffusion)

Viscous Dissipation
(Mechanical Work
Conversion to Heat)

The governing equations in Cartesian coordinates, for the steady, two-dimensional Laminar flow of
an incompressible fluid with constant properties.
3
Boundary Layer Equations for Laminar Flow
Assumptions and Approximations
• Body forces are negligible (X=Y=0)
• No thermal energy generation
• Boundary layer thicknesses are very small relative to the size of
the object (gradients normal to surface are much larger than
that are along the surface).

Modified Form of
Governing Equations

4
Similarity Between Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer
If the pressure gradient term (in Momentum Equation) and Viscous Dissipation
Term (in Energy Equation) are ignored.

Advection Term Diffusion Term

5
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 17

Spring 2023
Boundary Layer Similarity Parameters
Define Dimensionless independent variables

𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 2 ∗ 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢∗ 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 2 ∗ 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢 ∗ 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 2 𝜕𝜕𝑝𝑝∗ 𝜇𝜇𝑉𝑉 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢∗

𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 =− +
𝐿𝐿 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 ∗ 𝐿𝐿 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 ∗ 𝐿𝐿 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 ∗ 𝐿𝐿2 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 ∗2

𝐿𝐿
Multiply by ;
𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 2

2
Non-Dimensional B.L Equations with y- Boundary Conditions

3
Functional Forms of the Solutions

4
Functional Forms of the Solutions (2)

It provides a measure of the

convection heat transfer
occurring at the surface.

The Nusselt number is to the thermal boundary layer what the

friction coefficient is to the velocity boundary layer. 5
Boundary Layer Analogies

6
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 18

Spring 2023
The Empirical/Experimental Method
For a fixed geometry;

The problem of convection is obtaining these functions by

• Theoretical approach
• Experimental approach

2
The Empirical Method (2)
For Fluid 1: Pr1 For Fluid 2: Pr2 For Fluid 3: Pr3
S. No 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑳𝑳 ReL S. No 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑳𝑳 ReL S. No 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑳𝑳 ReL
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3

The coefficient C and the exponents m and n depends on

• the nature of the surface geometry and
• the type of flow
Film Temperature:
3
Methodology for Convection Calculation
1. What is the geometry? Flat plate, Cylinder, Sphere?
Choose appropriate geometry correlation.

2. What is the reference temperature for evaluating fluid

properties?
Usually film temperature.

3. Flow Regime; Laminar or Turbulent?

Calculate the Re.

4. Decide whether a local or surface average coefficient is

required.
Local means to determine flux at a particular location
Average means to determine flux over the entire surface.
5. Select the appropriate correlation.
4
Problem 6.26
Forced air at T∞=25°C and V=10 m/s is used to cool electronic
elements on a circuit board. One such element is a chip, 4 mm by
4 mm, located 120 mm from the leading edge of the board.
Experiments have revealed that flow over the board is disturbed
by the elements and that convection heat transfer is correlated by
an expression of the form
Estimate the surface temperature of the chip if it is dissipating 30
mW.

5
Reynolds Analogy

When Pr≅1; the case for most gases

; The case of flat plate when u= U∞ = 𝑉𝑉 in the free stream

Reynolds Analogy

6
Modified Reynolds Analogy: Chilton-Colburn Analogy

jH : Colburn Factor for Heat Transfer

7
Problem 6.39
A thin, flat plate that is 0.2 m by 0.2 m on a side with extremely
rough top and bottom surfaces is placed in a wind tunnel so that
its surfaces are parallel to an atmospheric air stream having a
velocity of 30 m/s. The air is at a temperature of T∞=20°C while
the plate is maintained at Ts=80°C. The plate is rotated 45° about
its center point, as shown in the schematic. Air flows over the top
and bottom surfaces of the plate, and measurement of the heat
transfer rate is 2000 W. What is the drag force on the plate?

8
Fig. P. 6.39

9
Practice Problems Chapter 6
Examples:
6.1, 6.4, 6.5

Exercise Problems:
6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.7, 6.9, 6.11, 6.15, 6.16, 6.18, 6.23, 6.24,
6.25, 6.30, 6.31, 6.32, 6.36, 6.37, 6.39, 6.41

Note: The Problems and topics related to mass transfer are

excluded.

10
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 19

Spring 2023
Ch. 7: External Flows
Determine convection coefficients using corresponding Nusselt
Number co-relations for various external flows of Low speed,
forced convection with no-phase changing.
Main topics to be covered are;
 Empirical Method of Nusselt Number development
 The flat plate in parallel flow
• Laminar, Turbulent and Mixed Boundary Layer
• Special Cases
 The cylinder in cross flow
• Convection Heat Transfer
 The Sphere
 Flow Across Banks of Tubes 2
 Laminar flow over an Isothermal Flat Plate

These results may be used to compute important laminar flow over

an isothermal flat plate parameters for 0 < x <xc. 3
Laminar flow over an Isothermal Flat Plate (2)

For fluids of small Pr i.e., liquid metals,

4
Turbulent Flow over an Isothermal Flat Plate
For turbulent flow;

The Mixed Boundary Layer

5
Problem 7.19
Steel (AISI 1010) plates of thickness 𝛿𝛿 = 6 mm and length L=1 m
on a side are conveyed from a heat treatment process and are
concurrently cooled by atmospheric air of velocity u∞=10 m/s and
T∞= 20oC in parallel flow over the plates. For an initial plate
temperature of Ti=300oC, what is the rate of heat transfer from
the plate? What is the corresponding rate of change of the plate
temperature? The velocity of the air is much larger than that of
the plate.

6
Problem 7.24

7
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 20

Spring 2023
Unheated Starting Length
For Laminar flow;

For Turbulent flow; Average Nusselt #;

2
Flat Plates with Constant Heat Flux Conditions
For Laminar flow;

For Turbulent flow;

Average Surface Temperature;

3
Problem 7.32
An array of 10 silicon chips, each of length L=10 mm, on a side, is
insulated on one surface and cooled on the opposite surface by
atmospheric air in parallel flow with T ∞= 24°C and u ∞= 40 m/s.
When in use, the same electrical power is dissipated in each chip,
maintaining a uniform heat flux over the entire cooled surface. If
the temperature of each chip may not exceed 80°C, what is the
maximum allowable power per chip? What is the maximum
allowable power if a turbulence promoter is used to trip the
boundary layer at the leading edge? Would it be preferable to
orient the array normal, instead of parallel, to the airflow?
4
Problem 7.32

5
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 21

Spring 2023
External Flow: The Cylinder in Fluid Flow

Flow along cylinder (Like a flat plate)

Flow over (or across) a cylinder 2

Flow over (or across) a cylinder

3
The Cylinder in Cross Flow

4
Effect of Reynolds No on Separation

5
Convection Heat Transfer Over Cylinders

6
Convection Heat Transfer Over Cylinders (2)

7
Convection Heat Transfer Over Spheres
Boundary layer effects associated with flow over a sphere are
much like those for the circular cylinder, with transition and
separation playing prominent roles.

Conduction from a spherical surface to a stationary, infinite

medium around the surface

8
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 22

Spring 2023
Flow across Banks of Tubes

Aligned Staggered

For Aligned Configuration only at

transverse plane A1 2
Nature of Flow Through Banks of Tubes
Can also be used for Staggered
Configuration only at transverse
plane A1 if 2A2> A1 or 2(SD-D)>(ST-D)

Can also be used for Staggered

Configuration only at diagonal plane
A2 if 2A2<A1 or 2(SD-D)<(ST-D) or
SD<(ST+D)/2

3
Convection Heat Transfer Over Banks of Tubes (2)

where all properties except Prs are evaluated at the arithmetic

mean of the fluid inlet and outlet temperatures 4
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 23

Spring 2023
Flow across Banks of Tubes
The heat transfer rate could be significantly over predicted by using
∆T= Ts -T∞

where Ti and To are temperatures of the fluid

as it enters and leaves the bank, respectively.

where N is the total number of tubes in the

bank and NT is the number of tubes in each
row.

Fig. from Chapter 8 (For

reference only) 2
Effect of Pressure Drop across Bank of Tubes

3
Effect of Pressure Drop across Bank of Tubes (2)

4
Problem 7.73

A tube bank uses an aligned arrangement of 30-mm diameter

tubes with ST=SL=60 mm and a tube length of 1 m. There are 10
tube rows in the flow direction (NL=10) and 7 tubes per row
(NT=7). Air with upstream conditions of T∞=27°C and V=15 m/s is
in cross flow over the tubes, while a tube wall temperature of
100°C is maintained by steam condensation inside the tubes.
Determine the temperature of air leaving the tube bank, the
pressure drop across the bank, and the fan power requirement.

5
Practice Problems Chapter 7
Examples:
7.1, 7.2, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7
Exercise Problems:
7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11, 7.12, 7.14, 7.19, 7.15, 7.25, 7.26,
7.27, 7.31, 7.32, 7.33, 7.34, 7.35, 7.36, 7.41, 7.42, 7.44, 7.45, 7.54,
7.55, 7.57, 7.68, 7.69, 7.70, 7.71, 7.73, 7.74

Assignment Session #3
9th May (Mon), 10:00am
Course Syllabus: Ch.7 (Problems)

6
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 24

Spring 2023
Ch. 8: Internal Flow
An internal flow, is the one for which the fluid is
confined by a surface.
The boundary layer is unable to develop without
eventually being constrained.
Objectives:
• To develop a physical understanding of an internal flow

• An overall energy balance is applied to determine fluid

temperature variations in the flow direction.

• Correlations for estimating the convection heat

transfer coefficient for various internal flow conditions.

2
Internal Flow (Flow Conditions)

3
Internal Flow (Thermal Conditions)

4
Fully Developed Thermal Conditions

5
Variation of h in internal flow

6
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 25

Spring 2023
Temperature Distribution in Internal Flow

Solving;
Eq. (A)

Special Case: Uniform Surface Heat Flux

Differentiating the above equation along x-direction; we get

Putting in eq. A;

Hence the axial temperature gradient is independent of the radial location.

2
Temperature Distribution in Internal Flow (2)

Solving;

Special Case: Constant Surface Temperature

Hence the axial temperature gradient depends on the radial coordinate.

3
The Energy Balance
To determine how the mean temperature Tm(x) varies with position
along the tube

4
Determining Mean Temperature

Special Case: Uniform Surface Heat Flux

5
Determining Mean Temperature (2)

Special Case: Constant Surface Temperature

6
Determining Mean Temperature (3)

7
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 26

Spring 2023
 Log mean Temperature Difference

Log mean temperature difference,

Arithmetic mean temperature difference

2
Special Case: Hot Fluid Outside Pipe

If the temperature of an external fluid is fixed

3
Convection Correlations

4
Correlations for Turbulent Flow in Circular Tube

5
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 27

Spring 2023
Problem 8.16 (6th Ed.)
Atmospheric air enters the heated section of a circular tube at a
flow rate of 0.005 kg/s and a temperature of 20°C. The tube is of
diameter D=50 mm, and fully developed conditions with h=25
W/m2-K exist over the entire length of L=3 m. (a) For the case of
uniform surface heat flux at 1000 W/m2, determine the total heat
transfer rate q and the mean temperature of the air leaving the
tube Tm,o. What is the value of the surface temperature at the tube
inlet Ts,i and outlet Ts,o? (b) If the surface heat flux varies linearly
with x, such that 500x(m), what are the values of q, Tm,o, Ts,i, and
Ts,o?
2
Problem 8.36 (6th Ed.)
Water flows through a thick-walled tube with an inner diameter of 12
mm and a length of 8 m. The tube is immersed in a well-stirred, hot
reaction tank maintained at 85oC, and the conduction resistance of the
tube wall (based on the inner surface area) is 0.002 m2 -K/W. The inlet
temperature of the process fluid is Tm,i=20C, and the flow rate is 33 kg/h.
(a) Estimate the outlet temperature of the process fluid, Tm,o. Assume,
and then justify, fully developed flow and thermal conditions within
the tube.
(b) Do you expect Tm,o to increase or decrease if combined thermal and
hydrodynamic entry conditions exist within the tube? Estimate the
outlet temperature of the water for this condition.
3
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 28

Spring 2023
 Heat transfer in a concentric tube annulus
• Fluid passes through the space (annulus) formed by the concentric
tubes.
• Convection heat transfer may occur to or from both the inner and
outer tube surfaces.

1 surface insulated & 1 surface Ts= constant

FD Laminar Flow

Uniform Heat Flux at both Surfaces

FD Laminar Flow

2
Heat transfer in a concentric tube annulus

3
Internal Flow Heat transfer Enhancement

4
Practice Problems Ch. 8

Examples:
8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.6

Exercise Problems:
8.1, 8.5, 8.9, 8.10, 8.20, 8.24, 8.42, 8.49,
Exercise Problems (6th Ed.):
8.12, 8.15, 8.26, 8.29, 8.42, 8.59, 8.77

Assignment Session #4
16th May (Mon), 10:00am
Course Syllabus: Ch.8 (Problems)
5
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 29
Spring 2023
Ch. 11: Heat Exchangers
Heat exchangers are the devices which facilitate the exchange of
heat between two fluids without mixing.
• Different from the mixing chambers
Applications
• Heating and Air-conditioning systems
• Power plants
• Chemical Processing
• Waste Heat Recovery

Classification of Heat Exchanger

• Flow arrangement
• Type of construction

2
Types of Heat Exchangers
Concentric Tube/Double Pipe Heat exchangers

Parallel Flow Counter Flow

3
Types of Heat Exchangers (2)
Cross Flow Heat exchangers
The fluids move in cross flow (perpendicular to each other).

4
Types of Heat Exchangers (3)
Shell and Tube Heat exchangers

Pass: No of paths in contact

between the two fluid streams.

(a) One shell pass and two tube passes. (b) Two shell passes and four tube passes. 5
Types of Heat Exchangers (4)
Compact Heat exchangers

6
Fouling and Fouling Factor
Deposition of a film or scale on the surfaces of HE leads
to fouling because of;
• fluid impurities,
• rust formation, or
• reactions b/w the fluid and the wall material.
The additional thermal resistance of the fouling is called
as Fouling Factor. It depends on,
• operating temperature,
• Fluid velocity, and
• length of service of HE

7
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 30
Spring 2023
Analysis of Heat Exchangers
Two techniques are generally used for the analysis of the HE, i.e.
• LMTD Method
• Ɛ-NTU Method
The use of each method depends on the
• known parameters
• unknown parameters
Two objectives for any analysis of HE are the determination of,
• Rating of HE
• Sizing (or design) of HE

2
Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method
Energy Balance b/w two fluids of Heat exchangers

Assumptions:
1. The heat exchanger is insulated from its surroundings.
2. Axial conduction along the tubes is negligible.
3. Potential and kinetic energy changes are negligible.
4. The fluid specific heats are constant.
5. The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant. 3
LMTD Method (2)

The temperatures appearing in the expressions refer to the mean fluid

temperatures at the designated locations.

Similar to Newton’s Law

of Cooling

Before performing heat exchanger analysis, the specific form of

∆𝑻𝑻𝒎𝒎 must be established. 4
LMTD Method: Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger
Surface Energy Balance:
Local Temperature
difference

5
LMTD Method: Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger (2)

6
LMTD Method: Counter Flow Heat Exchanger

7
LMTD Method: Special Cases

8
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 31
Spring 2023
Heat Exchanger Effectiveness
The performance of a heat exchanger is measured by the
dimensionless parameter known as effectiveness and is defined
as;
Actual Rate of Heat Transfer
𝜀𝜀 =
Maximum possible Rate of Heat Transfer
Actual Rate of Heat Transfer:

𝒒𝒒 = 𝑪𝑪𝒄𝒄 𝑻𝑻𝒄𝒄,𝒐𝒐 − 𝑻𝑻𝒄𝒄,𝒊𝒊

Or,
𝒒𝒒 = 𝑪𝑪𝒉𝒉 𝑻𝑻𝒉𝒉,𝒊𝒊 − 𝑻𝑻𝒉𝒉,𝒐𝒐

Maximum possible Rate of Heat Transfer…….?

2
Maximum Heat transfer in Heat Exchanger
̇ 𝒑𝒑 ∆𝑻𝑻
𝒒𝒒 = 𝒎𝒎𝒄𝒄

𝒒𝒒𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝑪𝑪𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑻𝑻𝒉𝒉,𝒊𝒊 − 𝑻𝑻𝒄𝒄,𝒊𝒊

3
Effectiveness - NTU
Different heat exchangers have different effectiveness relations because it
depends on the
• Geometry of heat exchanger
• Flow arrangement

The number of transfer units(NTU) is a dimensionless parameter;

NTU is a measure of heat transfer surface area of heat exchanger.

Larger the NTU, larger is the heat exchanger. 4
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 32
Spring 2023
Effectiveness–NTU Relations

If;

2
Effectiveness–NTU Relations (2)

Add and Subtract Th,i on L.H.S;

3
Effectiveness–NTU Relations (3)

Precisely, the same result may be obtained for Cmin=Cc.

4
Heat Exchanger Effectiveness Relations

5
Heat Exchanger NTU Relations

6
Heat Exchanger NTU Relations

7
Heat Exchanger NTU Relations

8
Heat Exchanger NTU Relations

9
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 33
Spring 2023
Problem 11.16 (6th Ed.)
A counter flow, concentric tube heat exchanger is designed to heat water
from 20 to 80°C using hot oil, which is supplied to the annulus at 160°C
and discharged at 140°C. The thin-walled inner tube has a diameter of
Di=20 mm, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 500 W/m2-K. The
design condition calls for a total heat transfer rate of 3000 W.
(a) What is the length of the heat exchanger?
(b) After 3 years of operation, performance is de-graded by fouling on
the water side of the exchanger, and the water outlet temperature is
only 60°C for the same fluid flow rates and inlet temperatures. What
are the corresponding values of the heat transfer rate, the outlet
temperature of the oil, the overall heat transfer coefficient, and the
water-side fouling factor, R”ƒ,c? 2
 Problem 11.23
In a dairy operation, milk at a flow rate of 250 liter/hour and a cow-body
temperature of 38.6oC must be chilled to a safe-to-store temperature of
13oC or less. Ground water at 10C is available at a flow rate of 0.72 m3/h.
The density and specific heat of milk are 1030 kg/m3 and 3860 J/kg-K,
respectively. (a) Determine the UA product of a counter flow heat
exchanger required for the chilling process. Determine the length of the
exchanger if the inner pipe has a 50-mm diameter and the overall heat
transfer coefficient is U=1000 W/m2-K. (b) Determine the outlet
temperature of the water? (c) Using the value of UA found in part (a),
determine the milk outlet temperature if the water flow rate is doubled.
What is the outlet temperature if the flow rate is halved?
3
Problem 11.33
A shell-and-tube heat exchanger (1 shell pass, 2 tube passes) is to be used
to condense 2.73 kg/s of saturated steam at 340 K. Condensation occurs
on the outer tube surfaces, and the corresponding convection coefficient is
1000 W/m2-K. The temperature of the cooling water entering the tubes is
15oC, and the exit temperature is not to exceed 30oC. Thin-walled tubes of
19-mm diameter are specified, and the mean velocity of water flow
through the tubes is to be maintained at 0.5 m/s. (a) What is the minimum
number of tubes that should be used, and what is the corresponding tube
length per pass? (b) To reduce the size of the heat exchanger, it is proposed
to increase the water-side convection coefficient by inserting a wire mesh
in the tubes. If the mesh increases the convection coefficient by a factor of
two, what is the required tube length per pass? 4
Heat Exchanger NTU Relations

5
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 34
Spring 2023
LMTD for Multi-pass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers

2
Correction Factor for Shell and Tube HE with Multi-passes

3
Correction Factor for Cross Flow Heat Exchangers

4
Example 11S.1
A shell-and-tube heat exchanger must be designed to heat 2.5
kg/s of water from 15 to 85°C. The heating is to be accomplished
by passing hot engine oil, which is available at 160°C, through the
shell side of the exchanger. The oil is known to provide an average
convection coefficient of ho=400 W/m2- K on the outside of the
tubes. Ten tubes pass the water through the shell. Each tube is
thin walled, of diameter D=25 mm, and makes eight passes
through the shell. If the oil leaves the exchanger at 100°C, what is
its flow rate? How long must the tubes be to accomplish the
desired heating?
5
Solution 11S.1(b)

6
Practice Problems Chapter 11
Examples:
11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11S.1

Exercise Problems:
11.3, 11.8, 11.12, 11.13, 11.20, 11.37, 11.43, 11.45, 11.46

Assignment Session #5
30th May (Mon), 10:00am
Course Syllabus: Ch.11
(Problems) 7
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 35
Spring 2023
 Ch. 12: Radiation- Processes and Properties
• Conduction and Convection requires the presence of a temperature
gradient in some form of matter.
• Heat Transfer by thermal radiation requires no matter.
• Thermal radiation is relevant in
• Industrial heating, cooling, and drying processes,
• Energy conversion methods involving combustion and Solar
radiation.
Objectives:
• How thermal radiation is generated?
• The specific nature of the radiation, and
• The manner in which radiations interact with matter. 2
Fundamental Concept of Radiation
• Thermal radiation is the rate at which energy is emitted by
matter as a result of its finite temperature.

• The mechanism of emission is related to energy released as a

result of oscillations or transitions of the many electrons that
constitute matter.

• Emission of thermal radiations are due to thermally excited

conditions within the matter.

3
 Radiation Transport
Radiation can be viewed
• as the propagation of a collection of particles termed photons or
quanta.

• as the propagation of electromagnetic waves.

Volumetric phenomenon
Surface phenomenon
4
Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation

• The magnitude of the radiation varies with wavelength.

5
 Radiation Emitted by or Incident on a Surface
• The term spectral is used to refer to the magnitude of radiation
dependence on wavelength.
• A surface may emit preferentially in certain directions, creating a
directional distribution of the emitted radiation.

• How the surface responds to the incident radiation depends on the

direction. 6
 Radiation Intensity: Basic Definitions
Plane Angle: For a circle of unit radius, the length of an arc is equivalent
in magnitude to the plane angle it subtends.

It is defined by a region between the rays of a circle.

7
Radiation Intensity: Basic Definitions (2)
Solid Angle: The area of a surface on a sphere of unit radius is
equivalent in magnitude to the solid angle it subtends

8
Radiation Intensity: Solid Angle

For a hypothetical hemisphere above the surface.

9
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 36
Spring 2023
Emitted Radiation: Radiating Area & Spectral Intensity
• The radiating area dA1 as seen by
an observer on dAn, which varies
from a maximum of dA1 when dAn
is at the top directly above dA1
(𝜃𝜃=0˚) to a minimum of zero when
dAn is at the bottom (𝜃𝜃= 90˚).
Spectral Intensity
The rate at which radiant energy is emitted at the wavelength 𝜆𝜆 in
the (𝜃𝜃,𝜙𝜙) direction, per unit area of the emitting surface normal to
this direction, per unit solid angle about this direction, and per
unit wavelength interval 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 about 𝜆𝜆.

2
 Emitted Radiation: Spectral Radiative Flux

The rate at which radiation of wavelength 𝜆𝜆 leaves dA1 and passes

through dAn.

Spectral, Hemispherical Emissive Power

The rate at which radiation of wavelength
𝜆𝜆 is emitted in all directions from a surface
per unit wavelength interval d𝜆𝜆 about 𝜆𝜆 and
per unit surface area.

3
 Total, Hemispherical Emissive Power
The rate at which radiation is emitted per unit area at all possible
wavelengths and in all possible directions.

Special Case: Diffuse Emitter

It is a surface for which the intensity of radiation is independent of
direction.

Emissive power is based on the actual surface area whereas the

intensity is based on the radiating area (projected area).
4
 Irradiation (Incident Radiation)
The irradiation is defined as the rate at which radiant energy of
wavelength 𝜆𝜆 is incident from the (𝜃𝜃,𝜙𝜙) direction, per unit area of
the intercepting surface normal to this direction, per unit solid angle
about this direction, and per unit wavelength interval 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 about 𝜆𝜆.

The Irradiation, encompasses radiation incident from all directions.

5
 Spectral Irradiation (Spectral Irradiative Power)
The spectral irradiation G 𝜆𝜆 (W/m2.𝜇𝜇m) is defined as the rate at
which radiation of wavelength 𝜆𝜆 is incident on a surface, per unit
area of the surface and per unit wavelength interval d𝜆𝜆 about 𝜆𝜆.

Total Irradiation

For diffused incident radiation:

6
Radiosity
Radiosity, accounts for all the radiant energy leaving a surface,
which includes the reflected portion of the irradiation, as well as
direct emission.
The spectral radiosity J 𝜆𝜆 (W/m2. 𝜇𝜇 m)
represents the rate at which radiation of
wavelength 𝜆𝜆 leaves a unit area of the
surface, per unit wavelength interval
d𝜆𝜆 about 𝜆𝜆.

7
 Radiosity
Total Radiosity

If the surface is both a diffuse reflector and a diffuse emitter,

8
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 37

Spring 2023
Problem 12.5 (6th Ed.)
A small radiant source A1 emits diffusely with an intensity 𝐼𝐼1 = 1.2 ×
105 𝑊𝑊/(𝑚𝑚2 . 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠). The radiation detector A2 is aligned normal to the source at a
distance of Lo=0.2 m. An opaque screen is positioned midway between A1 and
A2 to prevent radiation from the source reaching the detector. The small surface
Am is a perfectly diffuse mirror that permits radiation emitted from the source
to be reflected into the detector.
(a) Calculate the radiant power incident on Am due to emission from the source
A1, .
(b) Assuming that the radiant power, , is perfectly and diffusely reflected,
calculate the intensity leaving Am, 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 𝑊𝑊/(𝑚𝑚2 . 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠).
(c) Calculate the radiant power incident on A2 due to the reflected radiation
leaving Am,
2
Figure Problem 12.5 (6th Ed.)

3
 Problem 12.12
The spectral distribution of the radiation emitted by a diffuse surface
may be approximated as follows.

(a) What is the total emissive power?

(b) What is the total intensity of the radiation emitted in the normal
direction and at an angle of 30° from the normal?

4
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 38
Spring 2023
Blackbody
• A body at a temperature above absolute zero emits radiation in all
directions over a wide range of wavelengths.
• The amount of radiation energy emitted from a surface at a given
wavelength depends on:
• the material of the body
• the condition of its surface
• the surface temperature

A blackbody is defined as a perfect emitter and absorber

of radiation.

2
Characteristics of Blackbody
1. A blackbody absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of
wavelength and direction.
2. For a prescribed temperature and wavelength, no surface can
emit more energy than a blackbody.
3. Although the radiation emitted by a blackbody is a function of
wavelength and temperature, it is independent of direction. That
is, the blackbody is a diffuse emitter.

3
A near blackbody

4
 Plank’s Distribution
Spectral Intensity:

Plank’s Constant: Boltzmann Constant:

Speed of light in vacuum:

Spectral Emissive Power of Blackbody:

The 1st and 2nd

radiation constants

5
Plank Distribution- Wien’s Displacement Law

Differentiate w.r.t 𝜆𝜆 to get 𝜆𝜆max.

The maximum spectral

emissive power is
displaced to shorter
wavelengths with
increasing
temperature.
6
The Stefan–Boltzmann law

Integration gives;

7
Band Emission
It is often necessary to know the fraction of the total emission
from a blackbody that is in a certain wavelength interval or band.

To obtain the fraction of the radiation

between any two wavelengths 𝜆𝜆1 and 𝜆𝜆2.

8
Blackbody Radiation Function

9
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 39
Spring 2023
 Emission from Real Surfaces
Emissivity: The ratio of the radiation emitted by the real surface
to the radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature.
The spectral radiation emitted by a real surface differs from
• The Planck distribution
• The diffuse emitter

Spectral, Directional Emissivity:

Total Directional Emissivity:

2
Emission From Real Surfaces (2)
Spectral, hemispherical emissivity:

Total, Hemispherical Emissivity:

3
Spectral Irradiation

For an opaque medium;

Irradiation is a surface phenomenon
for opaque medium.
4
Absorptivity
Spectral, Directional Absorptivity:
No T dependence

Spectral, Hemispherical Absorptivity:

5
Absorptivity (2)
Total Hemispherical Absorptivity:

Total absorptivity to solar radiation

6
Self Study (Ch. 12)

Similar relations can be obtained for

• Reflectivity

• Transmissivity

• Special Considerations

7
 ME 333
Heat Transfer

Lecture 40
Spring 2023
Problem 12.42 (6th Ed.)
A large body of nonluminous gas at a temperature of 1200K has
emission bands between 2.5 and 3.5𝜇𝜇m and between 5 and 8 𝜇𝜇m.
The effective emissivity in the first band is 0.8 and in the second
0.6. Determine the emissive power of this gas.

2
 Problem 12.59
Radiation leaves a furnace of inside surface temperature 1500 K
through an aperture 20 mm in diameter. A portion of the radiation is
intercepted by a detector that is 1 m from the aperture, has a
surface area of 10-5 m2, and is oriented as shown. (a) If the aperture
is open, what is the rate at which radiation leaving the furnace is
intercepted by the detector? (b) If the aperture is covered with a
diffuse, semitransparent material of spectral transmissivity 𝜏𝜏𝜆𝜆 = 0.8
for 𝜆𝜆 ≤ 2𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 and 𝜏𝜏𝜆𝜆 = 0 for 𝜆𝜆 > 2𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇, what is the rate at which
radiation leaving the furnace is intercepted by the detector?

3
Fig. 12.59

4
Problem 12.66 (6th Ed.)
Consider an opaque horizontal plate that is well insulated on its back side. The
irradiation on the plate is 2500 W/m2, of which 500 W/m2 is reflected. The plate
is at 227°C and has an emissive power of 1200 W/m2. Air at 127°C flows over
the plate with a heat transfer convection coefficient of 15 W/m2.K. Determine
the emissivity, absorptivity, and radiosity of the plate. What is the net heat
transfer rate per unit area?

5
Practice Problems Ch. 12

Examples:
12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8

Exercise Problems:
12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.10, 12.12, 12.14, 12.17, 12.20, 12.27, 12.28,
12.29, 12.31, 12.34, 12.36, 12.41, 12.45, 12.46, 12.47, 12.50,
12.58, 12.59
Note: Article 12.7, 12.8 and 12.9 and the relevant problems are
not included.