Nur-Aiza A.

Alamhali
STM 125 Final Term Reviewer

Unit III: Newton’s Law of Motion and Application

Lesson 4: Dynamics

Isaac Newton

- Published three laws of motion in the Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis in 1687.
- Law of Inertia, Law of Acceleration, and Law of Interaction

Forces

- Push or pull of an object.

- Occur when objects interact

Contact Force

- Occur when there is a physical contact between two objects

 Normal Force
- The support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with another stable object
 Tension Force
- transmitted through a string, rope, cable, or wire
 Friction
- A force that resists the motion of an object
 Applied Force
- A force that is applied to an object by a person or another object
 Weight
- Force of gravity exerted by Earth on an object

Noncontact Force

- Occurs even if without a physical contact between objects or separated by empty space.
 Electromagnetic Force
- explains how both moving and stationary charged particles interact.
 Gravitational Force
- the force of gravity is the force with which the earth, moon, or other massively large object attracts another
object towards itself
 Strong or Nuclear Force
- the force which can hold a nucleus together

Friction

- force that resists the motion of an object

Kinetic Friction

- the force that prevents the motion of sliding object and tries to
decrease the speed at which the object slides against another object
- Magnitude of Kinetic Friction: 𝑓𝑘=𝜇𝑘𝑁

Static Friction

- Force between two surfaces in objects in contact and stationary

- Magnitude of Static Friction: 𝑓𝑠≤𝜇𝑠𝑁

- It is important to identify the materials

involved because different materials will
give different values of coefficient of
friction
Nur-Aiza A. Alamhali
STM 125 Final Term Reviewer

Free-Body Diagram Steps in illustrating the free-body diagram:

- When objects interact, there are different forces acting on it. 1. Identify the objects acting on an object
2. Represent the object as dot and draw an arrow
Ex. Draw a free-body diagram of a wrecking ball representing each force signifying the direction
and label it.

Step 1: Step 2:
Tension – exerted by the rope on the
ball
Weight – exerted by the earth on the
ball

Newton’s Law of Motion

- Isaac Newton
- Published in the Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis in 1687.

First Law of Motion

- Law of Inertia
- An object at rests will remain at rest and object in motion will remain in motion with constant speed and
direction unless acted by an unbalanced force.
- The object will accelerate if the sum of the forces or net force acting on an object is not equal to zero

Second Law of Motion

- Law of Acceleration
- The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to and is the same direction as the net force acting
on it, and inversely proportional to its mass. F net
- 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕=𝒎𝒂 Fnet – High; Acceleration - High m∨a
- This means that the acceleration of an object depends on the net
force acting on the object and the mass of an object. Fnet – Low; Acceleration – Low

Acceleration – High; Mass – Low

Third Law of Motion
Acceleration – Low; Mass – High
- Law of Interaction
- For every action, there’s an equal and opposite reaction. The force that object A exerts on B is the same
as the force that object B exerts on A but is in the opposite direction.
- 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = −𝐹𝐵𝐴
- Forces 𝐹𝐴𝐵 and 𝐹𝐵𝐴 always come in pairs, known as the “action-reaction pairs”

Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion

Mass 𝑊= 𝑚𝑔
- The measure of an object’s inertia or its quantity of matter
Weight

- Magnitude of the force of gravity

Nur-Aiza A. Alamhali
STM 125 Final Term Reviewer

Unit IV: Temperature and Heat

Lesson 4: Thermodynamics

Thermal Equilibrium

- A phenomenon in which the thermometer and its surroundings have the same temperature or no further
change happens
- Thermometer gains thermal equilibrium with its surroundings, its temperature as the temperature of an
object it is in contact with.

Zeroth Law

- If Object A is in thermal equilibrium with object B and B is in thermal equilibrium with Object C, then
Objects A and C are in thermal equilibrium
- If Ta=Tb and Tb=Tc, then Ta=Tc.

Thermal Expansion

- Objects expand when temperature increases.

Linear Expansion

- Increase in length of the material due to the increase of temperature of the

material
- Δ𝐿=𝛼𝐿0Δ𝑇
- Lf=L0(1+αΔT) (New/ Final Length)
- The coefficient of linear expansion (𝛼) is constant for specific materials

Volume Expansion

- Increase in volume of the solid as temperature increases

- Δ𝑉=𝛽𝑉0Δ𝑇
- The coefficient of volume expansion is constant for specific materials and is
usually higher for liquids than for solids

Formulas:

Newton’s Law of Motion Application of Newton’s Law of Motion

F net ⃗ ⃗
W =mg
F AB=−⃗
F BA
m∨a Thermal Dynamics

Contact Force Tension Force Linear Expansion Volume Expansion

⃗A (Tension in the string) (Tension along the string)
a= ∆ L=α Lo ∆ T ∆ V =β V O ∆ T or
m1 +m 2 (m2−m 1 )g m g
a⃗ = a= 1 Final Length ∆ V =β V O (T F −T O )
c⃗ =m2 a m 1+ m2 m1 +m 2
⃗ Final Volume
2m 1 m2 g T =m 2 a
⃗
T= LF =LO (1+ α ∆ T )
m 1 +m 2 V F=V O + ∆ V
Thermodynamics

Celsius to Fahrenheit Celsius to Kelvin Kelvin to Celsius Fahrenheit to Celsius

T C =T K −273.15 5
T F =T c +273.15 T K =T c +273.15 T C =( T ¿¿ F−32) ¿
9
9
T F =( )T C +32 T F−32
5 T C=
9
5
Nur-Aiza A. Alamhali
STM 125 Final Term Reviewer