Basic Geometry

By: Fizah Mudassar

 INTRODUCTION TO GEOMETRY

Geometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with the study of shapes, sizes, positions,
and properties of various figures in 2D and 3D space. It encompasses the understanding of
points, lines, angles, curves, surfaces, and solids, and their relationships with each other.
 Significance of Geometry in Real Life:
Geometry plays a crucial role in various aspects of our daily lives and has significant practical applications in different fields:

ARCHITECTURE ART AND NAVIGATION ROBOTICS AND

AND MEDICINE
DESIGN AND GPS MANUFACTURING
ENGINEERING

Architects and engineers Artists and designers use Geometry is essential in Geometry is critical in Medical imaging
use geometry to design geometric principles to navigation systems, such robotics for motion techniques, such as
and construct buildings, create aesthetically as GPS, to calculate planning and kinematics. computerized
bridges, and other pleasing and symmetrical distances, angles, and In manufacturing, it aids tomography (CT) scans
structures. It helps them patterns, designs, and routes accurately. in designing precise and Magnetic resonance
ensure structural stability artworks. components. imaging (MRI), rely on
and optimize space geometric principles to
utilization. visualize and analyze
internal body structures.

Geometry, a crucial mathematical discipline, holds immense practical

significance with applications in technology, engineering, design, and our
understanding of the world.
 BASIC GEOMETRIC SHAPES

POINT LINE LINE SEGMENT RAY ANGLE

A line is a straight path that extends A ray is part of a line with one
A point represents a specific location in A line segment is a part of a line with An angle is formed by two rays with a
infinitely in both directions. endpoint extending infinitely in one
space and has no size or dimensions. two endpoints. common endpoint called the vertex.
It has no thickness and is defined by two
It is usually represented by a dot (.), and it It has a finite length and is named direction. It is measured in degrees and is
is named using a capital letter.
points (endpoints).
It can be named using any two points on using its two endpoints with a line It is named using its endpoint and denoted by the symbol ( ).∠
segment symbol (e.g., AB). another point on the ray (e.g., AC).
the line or a single lowercase letter.
Point: The tip of a pencil, the Line: A railroad track, the edge of Line Segment: The side of a piece of paper, Ray: A sunbeam, a laser beam, the Angle: The corners of a book, the opening of a door,
REAL-LIFE location where two roads intersect, a segment of a fence, the length of a
a ruler, a beam of light. rays of the sun. the hands of a clock at a specific time.
EXAMPLES the center of a clock. bookshelf.

TRIANGLE QUADRILATERAL CIRCLE

A quadrilateral is a 2D shape with four A circle is a 2D shape with all points
A triangle is a 2D shape with three
straight sides and four angles. equidistant from its center.
straight sides and three angles.
Common types include square, It is defined by its radius (distance
It is classified based on its angles: acute
rectangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, from center to any point on the circle)
(all angles < 90°), obtuse (one angle > etc.
90°), or right-angled (one angle = 90°). and diameter (twice the radius).

REAL-LIFE Triangle: The roof of a house, a Quadrilateral: The screen of a computer or Circle: The wheels of a bicycle, the face of a clock,
road sign with three sides, a slice of TV, a photo frame, a window pane. the top of a soda can.
EXAMPLES pizza.

These shapes can be found all around us in everyday objects and structures, and understanding their
properties is essential for solving problems in geometry and practical applications.
 Definition of Angles
An angle is the "bend" or "turn" between two lines or surfaces meeting at
a point. It's measured in degrees. Small angles mean close lines, while

ANGLES AND large angles mean distant lines. Angles are commonly used in geometry
and trigonometry to describe the relationship between shapes and the
measurement of rotation.

THEIR TYPES Formation of Angles

Angles are formed by taking two rays or line segments and connecting
them at their endpoint to create a vertex. The opening between the two
rays represents the angle, and its size is determined by the amount of
rotation between the rays.
 Types Of Angles

ACUTE ANGLE RIGHT ANGLE OBTUSE ANGLE STRAIGHT ANGLE REFLEX ANGLE

An acute angle is an angle that A right angle is an angle that An obtuse angle is an angle that A straight angle is an angle A reflex angle is an angle that
measures less than 90 degrees measures exactly 90 degrees. measures more than 90 degrees that measures exactly 180 measures more than 180 degrees
(but greater than 0 degrees). but less than 180 degrees. degrees. but less than 360 degrees.

Practical Example: The angle Practical Example: The corners Practical Example: The angle Practical Example: The angle Practical Example: The angle
formed by the hands of a clock of most rectangular objects, formed by opening a book formed by a straight line, such formed when folding a paper
at most times. such as book pages or doors, beyond 90 degrees. as a ruler or a level surface. beyond 180 degrees.
form right angles.
 Properties of Triangles

EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE ISOSCELES TRIANGLE

All three sides are of equal length. It has two sides of equal length.
All three angles are equal, each measuring 60 degrees. The two angles opposite the equal sides are equal.
It has three lines of symmetry. The third angle is different from the other two.
Real-Life Example: A traffic sign with three equal sides. Real-Life Example: The roof of a traditional house
with two equal sides.

SCALENE TRIANGLE RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE

One angle is a right angle, measuring 90 degrees.
All three sides have different lengths. The side opposite the right angle is the longest and called the
All three angles have different measures. hypotenuse.
Real-Life Example: The shape of most irregularly The sum of the other two angles is 90 degrees (acute + acute = 90
shaped objects. degrees).
Real-Life Example: The shape of a ruler or the corner of a book.

TRIANGLES IN ENGINEERING AND DESIGN

Triangles are extensively used in engineering and design due to their inherent strength and stability. Some applications include:

Bridge and Tower Design: Many bridges and Pyramids: Ancient and modern structures like pyramids use Aerospace Design: Triangular panels are used in
towers have triangular cross-sections, offering triangular faces to ensure stability and even weight aircraft and spacecraft construction to minimize weight
structural integrity. distribution. and ensure strength.
 PERIMETER AND AREA

Perimeter: The perimeter of a 2D shape refers to the Area: The area of a 2D shape is the measure of the region
total length of its boundary or the distance around the enclosed by the shape. It represents the amount of space
shape. It measures how much distance is needed to go covered by the shape's surface.
around the outer edge of the shape.

Rectangle: Square: Triangle: Circle:

Perimeter: P = 2 × (length + width) Perimeter: P = 4 × side Perimeter: P = side1 + side2 + side3 Perimeter : P = 2 × π × radius
Area: A = length × width Area: A = side × side (or A = side^2) Area: A = 0.5 × base × height Area: A = π × radius^2

Formulas for Perimeter and Area of Common 2D Shapes

 SYMMETRY
Symmetry is a fundamental concept in geometry and design that refers to the balanced and harmonious arrangement of elements. It is a quality of
having identical or similar forms, shapes, patterns, or objects on opposite sides of a dividing line or center. Symmetry is aesthetically pleasing and
often found in nature, art, architecture, and various other disciplines.

Reflection Symmetry (Mirror Symmetry): Rotational Symmetry: Translational Symmetry:

Reflection symmetry occurs when one half of Rotational symmetry exists when an object Translational symmetry, also known as slide
an object or pattern is a mirror image of the or pattern can be rotated around a central symmetry, occurs when an object or pattern
other half with respect to a line or plane of point or axis by a certain angle, and it can be moved in a straight line, and nothing
reflection. appears the same in multiple positions. except its position changes.
The line of reflection is called the mirror line The angle of rotation is the smallest angle by The repeating unit is called a translation.
or axis. which the object or pattern looks Examples: A brick wall, a set of railway
Examples: A butterfly's wings, and many unchanged. tracks, and a chevron pattern.
letters of the alphabet (e.g., "A," "B," "H," ) Examples: A pinwheel, a star, a circle, and
a snowflake.

Some examples of symmetric art and architecture are: The Taj Mahal, Kaladescopes, Islamic architecture, and Butterfly wings
3D SHAPES PYRAMID CYLINDER
A cylinder is a 3D shape with two parallel
A sphere is a perfectly symmetrical 3D shape
circular bases connected by a curved lateral
with all points equidistant from its center.
3D SHAPES, ALSO KNOWN AS SOLID surface.
Properties: It has no edges or vertices. Its
Properties: The bases are congruent circles,
FIGURES, HAVE THREE DIMENSIONS: surface is curved.
and the height is the perpendicular distance
LENGTH, WIDTH, AND HEIGHT (OR Difference from 2D Shapes: While a circle is
between the bases.
a 2D shape with no thickness, a sphere has
DEPTH). UNLIKE 2D SHAPES, THEY Difference from 2D Shapes: Unlike a 2D
volume and takes up space in three
OCCUPY SPACE AND HAVE circle, a cylinder has volume and is a solid
dimensions.
figure.
VOLUME.

Here are some common 3D shapes and

their properties: CUBE SPHERE
A cube is a six-sided 3D shape where all sides A sphere is a perfectly symmetrical 3D shape
(faces) are equal squares. with all points equidistant from its center.
Properties: All angles are right angles (90 Properties: It has no edges or vertices. Its
degrees). All edges have the same length. surface is curved.
Difference from 2D Shapes: Unlike 2D Difference from 2D Shapes: While a circle is a
shapes, a cube has volume in addition to its 2D shape with no thickness, a sphere has
surface area. volume and takes up space in three dimensions.
BASIC GEOMETRY

IN CONCLUSION
In Conclusion, Geometry is a branch of
mathematics that studies shapes, sizes, and their
relations in 2D and 3D space. It has practical and
real-life applications in various fields and helps us
understand the physical world.

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