CELLULAR STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS ⚫ Membrane lipids , mostly phospholipids have a

hydrophilic phosphate which is polar in nature and a

THREE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS IN THE BODY
hydrophobic which is a non-polar end
⚫ Cells
FUNCTION OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
⚫ Intercellular substances
⚫ Gives shape to the cell
⚫ Body fluids
⚫ Delimits or separate the cell from the environment
CELL
⚫ Regulates the passage of materials in and out of the
⚫ Smallest functional and structural units of the body cell

⚫ Basic unit of life ⚫ Serves as the recognition site acting as antigenic

determinants
TWO BASIC CELL TYPES
⚫ Serves as the selective barriers providing for the
⚫ Eukaryotic cell selection of what enters and leaves the cell
⚫ Prokaryotic cell ⚫ Selective permeability
EUKARYOTIC CELL MODIFICATION OR SPECIALIZATION OF THE CELL
MEMBRANE
⚫ Cell which has a true nucleus and surrounded by a
nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope ⚫ Junctional complex
PROKARYOTIC CELL ⚫ Invaginations
⚫ Cell which has no presence of nucleus ⚫ Microvilli
⚫ Lacking of nuclear envelope ⚫ Cilia
⚫ Nuclear substance is mixed or in direct contact with JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES
the rest of the cytoplasm
⚫ Structures that provide for cell attachments
PHYSIOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF PROTOPLASM
TYPES OF JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES
⚫ Irritability
⚫ Desmosomes
⚫ Contractility
⚫ Intermediate junction
⚫ Conductivity
⚫ Nexus / gap junction
⚫ Absorption and secretion
⚫ Tight junction
⚫ Excretion
DESMOSOMES
⚫ Respiration
⚫ Macula adherens
⚫ Growth and reproduction
⚫ Points of firm intercellular adhesions
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE CELL
⚫ Abundant in stratified epithelia of the mouth ,
⚫ Cell membrane esophagus , skin and vagina
⚫ Cytoplasm SIGNIFICANCE OF DESMOSOME
⚫ Nucleus ⚫ Site of attachment of the cytoskeleton to the cell
surface
CELL MEMBRANE
⚫ Sites of cell to cell adhesions
⚫ Trilaminar layer
INTERMEDIATE JUNCTION

⚫ Zonula adherens
 ⚫ Fascia adherens ⚫ Found in the cells lining the upper respiratory tract

⚫ The intercellular space is filled with electron dense CYTOPLASM

amorphous materials
⚫ Protoplasm outside the nucleus which contains
⚫ It is quite extensive in the intercalated discs of organelles and inclusions
cardiac muscle
⚫ Contains the biochemical components of the
GAP JUNCTION cytoplasm

⚫ Concerned with cell to cell communication ⚫ Contains chons , lipids and cho

⚫ Usually seen in epithelial , muscular and nervous ⚫ 1. Organelles – living substances performing definite
tissue or specific functions

TIGHT JUNCTION ⚫ 2. Inclusions – inert or non living substances that do

not perform definite function
⚫ Zonula occludens
⚫ - examples: vacuoles , crystals ,
⚫ Important in the formation of a barrier prevents the
droplets , lipids , glycogen , secretory granules
free passage of the substances across the epithelium
TYPES OF ORGANELLES
⚫ Commonly found in th git and inter-endothelial
contacts of brain tissue as well as capillary ⚫ 1. Membrane bound organelles – mitochondria , er ,
golgi complex , lysosomes and microbodies
INVAGINATIONS
⚫ 2. Non-membrane bound organelles – ribosomes ,
⚫ Vesicular pits
centrioles , microtubules and microfilaments
⚫ Infoldings
MITOCHONDRIA
VESICULAR PITS
⚫ Powerhouse of the cell
⚫ Occur as phagocytic and pinocytic vesicles
⚫ Concerned primarily with the production of energy
INFOLDINGS and are abundant with high metabolic rates

⚫ Greatly increase the cell surface because of their ⚫ Synthesize atp – energy source of the cell
inward projections
ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
MICROVILLI
⚫ 1. Accumulation of calcium
⚫ Non-motile cellular extensions which serves to
⚫ 2. Synthesis of nucleic acids and chons
increase the absorptive surface of cells
⚫ 3. Oxidation of fatty acids
⚫ Fascilitate movements and passage of substances in
between other cells and interstitial components ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

FORMS OF MICROVILLI ⚫ Chon synthesis

⚫ Striated borders – fd. In the absorptive cells of the ⚫ Complex network of paired membranes , saccules ,
intestinal epithelium vacuoles and tubules with flattened cisternae

⚫ Brush borders – fd. In the cells of the proximal TYPES OF ER

convoluted tubules of the kidney
⚫ 1.rough er – granular er because it contains attached
⚫ Stereocilia – fd. In the cells of some testicular ducts ribosomes and concerned with chon synthesis
as in the ductus epididymis and ductus deferens
⚫ 2. Smooth er – non-granular er and does not contain
CILIA ribosomes

⚫ Motile projections and characterized by a rapid

forward stroke and slow backward stroke
SEVERAL FUNCTIONS OF SMOOTH ER CENTRIOLES

⚫ 1. In striated muscles , it is concernedwith the ⚫ Center of activities associated with cell division
release and recapture of calcium ions during
⚫ Self duplicating organelles and are prominent in
contraction and relaxation of muscles
mitotic cell division
⚫ 2 .synthesis of steroid hormones in some endocrine
FUNCTIONS OF CENTRIOLES
glds.
⚫ 1. SERVES AS BASAL BODIES AND SITES OF
⚫ 3. Detoxification of toxic substances especially in the
EPITHELIAL CILIA
liver
⚫ 2. DETERMINE THE POLARITY OF THE CELLS
⚫ 4. Lipid and cholesterol metabolism in the liver
PEROXISOMES
⚫ 5.formation of hcl in the parietal cells of stomach
⚫ Microbodies
GOLGI COMPLEX
⚫ Producing hydrogen peroxide
⚫ Dictyosomes
⚫ Abundant in the liver , kidneys , bronchioles and
⚫ Packaging area of the cell
odontoblast
⚫ Accumulate and concentrate the secretory products
FILAMENTS
of the cell
⚫ 1. Microfilaments – contractile filaments
⚫ Site of sulfation
⚫ - actin and myosin filament in skeletal
CONSISTS OF GOLGI APPARATUS
muscles
⚫ Saccules
⚫ 2. Intermediate filaments – cytoskeleton in epithelial
⚫ Vesicles tissue

⚫ Vacuoles ⚫ - known as tonofilament

LYSOSOMES ⚫ - in nervous tissue – neurofilaments and

are seen in axons and dendrites
⚫ Suicide bag of the cell
MICROTUBULES
⚫ Contain hydrolytic enzymes called as acid hydrolases
which is responsible for the intracellular digestion ⚫ Functions :

TYPES OF LYSOSOMES ⚫ 1. Functional elements of the spindle apparatus

in dividing cells
⚫ 1. PRIMARY LYSOSOMES – NOT ENGAGED IN
ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES ⚫ 2. Form the mitotic spindles along which the
chromosomes move
⚫ 2. SECONDARY LYSOSOMES – INVOLVED IN
ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES ⚫ 3. Play an important rolein maintaining different
cell shape
FUNCTION OF LYSOSOMES

⚫ 1. DEFENSE MECHANISM – BEING THE SITE OF

DESTRUCTION OF FOREIGN BODIES

⚫ 2. PARTICIPATE IN THE NORMAL REPLACEMENT OF

CELL COMPONENTS AND ORGANELLES

⚫ 3. ITS DEFICIENCY CAN CAUSE METACHROMATIC

LEUKODYSTROPHY