B.

TECH (CSE) III YEAR II-SEM

CS3201 Compiler Design 3L:0T:0P 3 Credits

Course Objectives:
1. To understand and list the different stages in the process of compilation.
2. Identify different methods of lexical analysis.
3. Design top-down and bottom-up parsers.
4. Identify synthesized and inherited attributes.
5. Develop syntax directed translation schemes.
6. Develop algorithms to generate code for a target machine

Detailed Contents:
Module 1:
Overview of compilation: The structure of a compiler and applications of compiler
technology; Lexical analysis: The role of a lexical analyzer, specification of tokens,
recognition of tokens, hand-written lexical analyzers, LEX, examples of LEX programs.

Module 2:
Introduction to syntax analysis: Role of a parser, use of context-free grammars(CFG) in the
specification of the syntax of programming languages, techniques for writing grammars for
programming languages (removal left recursion, etc.), non- context-free constructs in
programming languages, parse trees and ambiguity, examples of programming language
grammars.
Top-down parsing: FIRST & FOLLOW sets, LL(1) conditions, predictive parsing, recursive
descent parsing, error recovery.
LR-parsing: Handle pruning, shift-reduce parsing, viable prefixes, valid items, LR(0)
automaton, LR-parsing algorithm, SLR(1), LR(1) and LALR(1) parsing. YACC, error
recovery with YACC and examples of YACC specifications

Module 3:
Syntax-directed definitions (attribute grammars): Synthesized and inherited attributes,
Examples of SDDs, Evaluation orders for attributes of an SDD, Dependency graphs, S-
attributed and L-attributed SDDs and their implementation using LR-parsers and recursive-
descent parsers respectively.
Semantic analysis: Symbol tables and their data structures, Representation of “scope”,
Semantic analysis of expressions, assignment and control-flow statements, Declarations of
variables and functions, function calls etc., using S- and L-attributed SDDs (treatment of arrays
and structures included), Semantic error recovery.

Module 4:
Intermediate code generation: Different intermediate representations like quadruples, triples,
trees, flow graphs, SSA forms, and their uses, Translation of expressions (including array
references with subscripts) and assignment statements.
Translation of control-flow statements: if- then-else, while-do and switch, Short-circuit code
and control-flow translation of Boolean expressions, Back patching, Examples to illustrate
intermediate code generation for all constructs.
Run-time environments: Stack allocation of space and activation records, Access to non-local
data on the stack in the case of procedures with and without nesting of procedures.
Module 5:
Code Generation: Issues in the Design of a Code Generator, the Target Language,
Addresses in the Target Code Basic Blocks and Flow Graphs, Optimization of Basic Blocks,
Peephole Optimization, Register Allocation and Assignment.
Machine Independent Optimizations: The Principal Sources of Optimizations, Introduction
to data flow analysis, Foundation of data flow analysis.

Suggested books:
1. Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools , by A.V. Aho, Monica Lam, Ravi
Sethi, and J.D. Ullman, (2nd ed.), Addison-Wesley, 2007 (main text book, referred to
as ALSU in lab assignments).
2. K.D. Cooper, and Linda Torczon, Engineering a Compiler, Morgan Kaufmann, 2004.

Suggested reference books:

Course Outcomes:
1. For a given grammar specifications develop the lexical analyzer.
2. For a given parser specification design top-down and bottom-up parsers.
3. Develop syntax directed translation schemes.
4. Develop algorithms to generate code for a target machine.